Holy Angel University

College of Engineering and Architecture

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR LOGIC CIRCUITS AND SWITCHING THEORY

EXPERIMENT 3
EXCLUSIVE – OR AND EXCLUSIVE – NOR GATES
Members:
BONDOC, CYRILLE JAN
GOMEZ, IAN MARK
OCAMPO, BRENNAN
ORAÑA, CHZARINE
PECSON, SPENCER
OBJECTIVES

1. To demonstrate and verify the operation of exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR gates.

2. To develop the output states of the exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR circuit given the
input states

INTRODUCTION

One of the most widely used combinational logic circuits is the exclusive-OR. The
exclusive-OR is a two-input combinational logic circuit that produces a binary 1 output when
one, but not both, of its inputs is binary 1.
The standard OR logic circuit is generally referred to as an inclusive OR. The OR circuit
produces a binary 1 output if any one or more of its inputs are binary 1. The exclusive-OR
produces a binary 1 output only if the two inputs are complementary. The exclusive-OR of
inputs A and B is represented as C = A  B. Figure 3-A shows the logic symbol for the XOR gate.

Figure 3-A. Logic symbol of an exclusive-OR gate

The exclusive-OR function can be implemented using NAND or NOR gates. NAND gates
are used to implement the XOR function as shown in Figure 3-B.

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Holy Angel University
College of Engineering and Architecture
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR LOGIC CIRCUITS AND SWITCHING THEORY

Figure 3-B. XOR circuit implementation using NAND gates

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 With modern integrated circuits, exclusive-OR circuits are available in MSI form. The
74LS86 TTL IC contains four completely independent XOR gates.
The exclusive-NOR gate produces an output that is binary 1 when both inputs are equal.
It is also called as an equivalence circuit or comparator for this reason. The output of the XNOR
is the complement of the XOR gate. Figure 3-C presents the logic symbol and Boolean equation
expression of the XNOR circuit.

Figure 3-C. Symbol and Boolean expression for the XNOR function

Some of the widely used applications of the exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR circuits
include binary adder, parity generator/checker, and binary comparators.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Equipment ICs Miscellaneous

1 - Digital Trainer 1 – 74LS00 TTL 1 - Long Nose

1 – 74LS86TTL 1 - Wire Stripper

1 – 4001 CMOS Connecting Wires

PROCEDURES

STEP 1
Wire the circuit shown in Figure 3-1. Use the 74LS00 IC. The inputs to the circuit A and B
will come from data switches SW1 and SW2. The output C is indicated on L1. Be sure to connect
+5 volts to pin 14 and ground to pin7 on the IC.
 Figure 3-1. Experimental circuit for Steps 1 though 3

STEP 2
Apply power to the circuit. Using data switches SW1 and SW2, apply the four separate
sets of inputs indicated in Table 3-1. For each set of inputs, record the corresponding output C
and complete Table 3-1.

STEP 3
From the truth table you completed in Table 3-1, write the output equation for the circuit
you evaluated.
From the truth table and the equation, what logic function was performed?

STEP 4
Mount the 74LS86 IC on the bread boarding socket. Wire it as shown in Figure 3-2. The
pin connections for this IC are shown in Figure 3-3. As in earlier steps, data switches SW1 and
SW2 are used to supply the inputs to the circuit. Monitor the output on LED indicator L1.

Figure 3-2. Experimental circuit for steps 4 and 5.

 Figure 3-3. Pin connections for 74LS86 IC.

STEP 5
Apply the input states A and B as indicated in Table 3-2 to the experimental circuit. For
each set of inputs, monitor the output C and record the state in the appropriate space in Table
3-2. Study the truth table and determine the function the circuit is performing.

STEP 6
Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3-4. The inputs will come from the data switches.
Observe the outputs on the LED indicators. Switch SW4 and LED indicator L4 can be considered
to be the LSB of the four bit binary word input and output.

STEP 7
Set all of the input data switches to the binary 0 state. Observe the output state and
record your output value in Table 3-3.

Next, place the logic switch A in the up (ON) position. Observe the output indicators and
record the state presented in Table 3-3.

For each of the input states recorded in Table 3-3, record the output states with the logic
switch A in its normal position (off) and in its up position (on).
 SW1
1
2 3 L1

SW2
4
6 L2
5

SW3 9
10 8 L3

SW4
LSB 12
11 L4
13

A
from logic switch A

Figure 3-4. Experimental circuit for steps 6, 7, and 8

STEP 8
Study the results in Table 3-3. Using this information and the circuit in Figure 3-4 as well
as the results of your previous steps, determine the function of this circuit.

STEP 9
Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3-5. Use the 4001 CMOS quad NOR gate. Inputs A
and B will come from data switches SW1 and SW2 as before. Observe the output C on indicator
L1.

Figure 3-5. Experimental circuit for steps 9, 10 and 11.

STEP 10
Apply the input states shown in Table 3-4. Record the output C for each of the
corresponding input states. Study the table and determine the function performed by the
circuit.

From Table 3-4, write the Boolean equation expressing the operation of this circuit.

STEP 11
Study the circuit shown in Figure 3-5. Write the output expression C for the circuit in
terms of A and B. Use Boolean algebra and DeMorgan’s theorem to manipulate the output
expression into its simplest for. Studying the results of your equation, determine the function of
the circuit. What is this circuit known as?
 DATA AND RESULTS

Step 2. Table 3-1

A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Step 3. Output expression C = C = A’ B+A B’;

Logic function: XOR Gate

Step 5. Table 3-2

A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Logic function: XOR Gate

Step 7. Table 3-3

INPUTS OUTPUTS
SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 A NORMAL A in UP position
L1 L2 L3 L4 L1 L2 L3 L4

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

Step 8. Logic circuit function: XOR GATE

Step 10. Table 3-4

A B C
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Logic function: XNOR Gate
Boolean function equation for output, C = A B+A’ B’;

Step 11. Another name for this circuit: Exclusive NOR Gate

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. When the inputs to an exclusive-OR circuit are alike, the output is binary ____.
2. An exclusive-NOR gate is also known as __________.
3. The expression A B indicates the ________ function.
4. How many exclusive-NOR’s are needed to make a comparator for two six-bit words?

Answers to Review Questions

1. 0
2. XNOR gate (sometimes ENOR, EXNOR or NXOR)
3. Boolean expression of XNOR Gate
4. 12

Discussion of Findings:

XOR (Exclusive-OR), the simplest XOR gate is a two-input digital circuit that outputs a logical “1” if the two
input values differ. As shown in table 3-1 and 3-2, if the two input are similar the output will be zero on the other
hand if the input are dissimilar the output will be one. If an XOR gate has more than two inputs, then its behavior
depends on its implementation. In the table 3-3 we can see that the output in A normal (off) are the reciprocal of the
input if its 1 the result will be 0 or vice versa, while in A up position (on) the input are similar to the output if its 1 the
result will be 1 as well in 0 the result will be 0. Therefore, we can see the that its logic circuit function is XOR gate.

XNOR (Exclusive-NOR), is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output that performs logical
equality. The output of an XNOR gate is true when all of its inputs are true or when all of its inputs are false. If some of
its inputs are true and others are false, then the output of the XNOR gate is false. As shown in table 3-4 if the two
input are similar the output will be 1 if not the output will be 0.
Screenshots:

Step 2-3:

Step 5:
Step 7-8:

Step 10: