Math Q3 - W2 Axiomatic Structure

MATHEMATICAL
SYSTEM
AXIOMATIC
STRUCTURE IN
GEOMETRY
Learning
Competencies
Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a

mathematical system in general, and in Geometry
in particular: (a) defined terms; (b) undefined
terms; (c)postulates; and (d) theorems.
M8GE-IIIa-c-1
Learning Objectives
1. define axiomatic system;

2. determine the importance of an axiomatic
system in geometry;
3. illustrate the undefined terms; and
4. cite definitions, postulates, and theorems
involving points, lines and planes
A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
ILLUSTRATING THE NEED FOR AN AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE OF A

MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM IN IN GEOMETRY
In this lesson you will learn

about the terms in geometry
which are said to be the bases
in defining other geometric
terms and formulating
postulates which could be
used to derive a logical result.
These terms are said to be the
building blocks of geometry.
The discussion in this module will help you
answer the question
Why is there a
need for an
axiomatic
structure in
geometry?
1(4) =4
x+2 =
4(1) =
2+x
Questions:
1. Where you
able to recall
the axioms for
real numbers
illustrated in
each polygon?
Questions:
2. What
axiom will
justify the
given
statement, 10
+ (−10) = 0?
Questions:
3. Do you
know that
psychological
reactions to
color could
alter
attention,
mode, and
motivation to
learn?
Colors have effects on children’s

bodily functions, mind and
emotions (Renk Etkis, 2017). Blue
and green colors are associated to
calmness, comfort, happiness and
contentment, pink reduces
aggressive behavior, while little
red and yellow is helpful in
drawing children’s attention.
What about you?
What color do you

think would
motivate you to
learn?
B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson
Now that you had picked your

color, have it with you so it will
get you motivated to learn and
will make you ready to perform
the next activity.
C. Presenting examples/ instances of the lesson
ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!
top of the table edge of a book stretched rope

top of the table
corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book stretched rope

edge of a book top of the table
corner of a rectangular tray edge of the cabinet stretched rope

edge of a book top of the table

stretched rope
corner of a rectangular tray edge of the cabinet tip of a marker

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

stretched rope
edge of a ruler edge of the cabinet tip of a marker


stretched rope
edge of the cabinet
edge of a ruler tip of a pencil tip of a marker


tip of a marker stretched rope
edge of the cabinet
edge of a ruler tip of a pencil wall of a classroom


edge of the cabinet
edge of a ruler
cellphone screen tip of a pencil wall of a classroom


tip of a pencil edge of the cabinet
edge of a ruler
cellphone screen wall of a classroom


tip of a marker stretched rope wall of a classroom
tip of a pencil edge of the cabinet
edge of a ruler
cellphone screen

tip of a marker stretched rope wall of a classroom
tip of a pencil edge of the cabinet cellphone screen
edge of a ruler
D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
Robots are increasingly used in many industries

in the whole world, from healthcare and
manufacturing to defense and education.
For instance, a certain robot is being used in an
industry or establishment to do a particular activity.
Suppose that the statements below describe the
routine for such robot to control activity in a
warehouse:
Set of statements:
Statement 1: Every robot has at least two paths.
Statement 2: Every path has at least two robots.
Statement 3: A minimum of one robot exist.
Set of statements:
Statement 1: Every robot has at least two paths.

Statement 2: Every path has at least two robots.
Statement 3: A minimum of one robot exist.
In this set of statements, which do you think are terms that
need to be defined?
Suppose you are asked to prove another statement, say, “a
minimum of one robot exists”, can you use these three
statements to prove it?
The set of statements above are true and contain terms that
are undefined or needs to be defined.
These statements can be used to create and to prove another
statement.
These set of statements are examples of an axiomatic system.
An axiomatic
system is a logical
system which
possesses an
explicitly stated set
of axioms from
which theorems can
be derived.
From the definition, you
could say that axiomatic

system consists of some
undefined terms (also
called the primitive terms),
defined terms, list of
axioms or postulates
concerning the undefined
terms, a system of logic (or
proofs) to be used in
deducing new statements
called theorems.
From the definition, you
could say that axiomatic

system consists of some
undefined terms (also
called the primitive
terms), defined terms, list
of axioms or postulates
concerning the undefined
terms, a system of logic
(or proofs) to be used in
deducing new statements
called theorems.
The axiomatic
structure of a
mathematical
system can be
compared to a
tree.
The ground is not part

of the tree but it is
necessary for the tree
to be planted and to
grow.
Like the ground, an
axiomatic system needs
a logical system of
rules that allows one to
make inferences.
LOGICAL SYSTEM
The roots at the base of the tree

correspond to the undefined and
defined terms of the system.
These are the basic term from
which statements in the
axiomatic system are made.
Like the tip roots combined to
build up roots of the tree,
undefined terms are the starting
point for every definition and
statement of the system.
They are combined in various ROOTS– Defined terms
ways into a statement called the ROOT – Undefined terms
definition.
LOGICAL SYSTEM - Ground
Terms are defined for us to be precise and concise
on its meaning.
But there are some basic terms of the system that
are necessarily left undefined.
When we define a term, we will be using different
terms that we also need to define.
For instance, we want to define the word “set”.
Looking up for the word “set” in the dictionary, you
will find that “set is a group of objects or numbers.”
Then you also have to define the term “group”,
which means “collection”, and collection means
“set”.
The process is a circular definition. Thus, there are
basic terms left undefined to prevent circular
definition.
The trunk of the

tree corresponds
to the axioms or
postulates while
the branches
growing out of TRUNK - AXIOMS
that trunk are the ROOTS– Defined terms
theorems. ROOT – Undefined terms

Axioms are the

statements that
serve as a starting
point for the
system.
Axioms are the TRUNK - AXIOMS
basic truths and we
used them to prove ROOTS– Defined terms
ROOT – Undefined terms

other statements.
Theorems, on
the other
hand, are
LEAVES AND BRANCHES - THEOREMS
statements
TRUNK - AXIOMS
deduced from ROOTS– Defined terms
the axioms. ROOT – Undefined terms

AXIOMATIC SYSTEM has three
parts.
parts.
CONSISTENCY INDEPENDENCE COMPLETENESS
CONSISTENCY
An axiomatic system is said to be

consistent if there are no axiom or
theorem that contradict each other.
This means that it is impossible to
derive both a statement and its negation
from the axiom set of system.
CONSISTENCY
Example:
Axiom statement: There exist two lines that are
parallel.
Negation: No two lines are parallel.
Notice that the negation is not an axiom nor a

theorem.
The system where a statement and its negation
are both true is said to be inconsistent.
CONSISTENCY
An axiomatic system should be

consistent for it to be logically
valid. This means that there are no
axiom or theorems that contradict
each other. Otherwise, the
axiomatic system is faulty or
inaccurate.
parts.
INDEPENDENCE
In an axiomatic system, an axiom or

postulate is said to be independent if it
is not a theorem that follows the other
axioms.
It is not a theorem that can be derived
or cannot be proven true using other
axioms in the system.
INDEPENDENCE
For instance, you have four different

axioms.
If you can make a model showing that
one axiom is independent of the other,
that is, you cannot use the other three
axioms to prove such axiom, then the
axiom is independent.
INDEPENDENCE
An example to this is Euclid’s fifth postulate.

Many people tried to prove this axiom using
the other four postulates but either failed or
used faulty reasoning.
This problem led to the development of other
geometries where the fifth theorem of Euclid
was shown to be independent of the other
postulates.
INDEPENDENCE
Independence is not
a necessary
requirement for an
axiomatic system.
parts.
COMPLETENESS
An axiomatic system is complete if

for every statement, either itself or its
negation, is derivable in that system.
In other words, every statement is
capable of being proven true or false.
COMPLETENESS
Now that you have learned the

axiomatic system, let us try to apply
it in the situation mentioned earlier
about the artificial axiomatic system
describing a routine for a computer
to control activity of the robot in a
warehouse.
COMPLETENESS
The set of axioms given were:

Axiom 1. Every robot has at least two paths.
Axiom 2. Every path has at least two robots.
Axiom 3. There exists at least one robot.
a. What are the undefined terms in this axiom set?

In this system, the undefined terms are “robot”, “path” and “has”.
The terms “robot” and “path” are elements and the term “has” is a
relation.
This indicates that there is some relationship between robot and
path.
These undefined terms can be used to build construct to various
proofs.
COMPLETENESS
Notice that Axiom 3
The set of axioms given were: is a consequence of
Axiom 1. Every robot has at least two paths. Axiom 1 and Axiom
2.
b. If you are asked to prove say, “Theorem 1. There exists at least one
path.”, how would you do it?
Notice that Axiom 3 guarantees that a robot exists but no axiom clearly
states that there is a path.
The sequence of proof could be as follow:
Proof:
1. By the third axiom, there is an existence of a robot.
2. By the first axiom, each robot must have at least two paths.
3. Therefore, there exist at least one path.
COMPLETENESS
The set of axioms given were:

Axiom 1. Every robot has at least two paths.
c. What is the minimum number of paths? Prove it.

Notice that Axiom 1 states that every robot has at least two paths.
Hence, the minimum number of paths is two.
Proof:
1. By the third axiom, a robot exists, call it .
2. By the first axiom, must have at least two paths call them and .
3. Therefore, at least two paths exist.
COMPLETENESS
The example clearly shows that an

axiomatic system is a collection of
axioms, or statement about
undefined terms, from which
proofs and theorems or logical
arguments are built
COMPLETENESS
The example clearly shows that an

axiomatic system is a collection of
axioms, or statement about undefined
terms, from which proofs and
theorems or logical arguments are
built
The following are some examples and illustrations
of each part in the axiomatic structure.
The following are some examples and illustrations of
each part in the axiomatic structure.
UNDEFI DEFIN AXIOM

NED ED S AND THEOR
POSTUL EMS
TERMS TERMS ATES
WHAT’S IN
This session will help you understand the three
foundations of Geometry: points, line and
planes and the three classifications of
statements: definition, postulate and theorem.
These terms are used to define and understand
more complicated concepts by applying them in
real-life.
Basic Definitions Using the Undefined
Terms
Basic Definitions Using the Undefined
Terms
Three classifications of statements: definition,
postulate, and theorem
A definition uses undefined terms or terms

previously defined to give a clear meaning of a word
or a phrase.
A postulate is a statement that is accepted without
proof.
A theorem is a statement needs to be proven first
before accepted as true.
Basic Postulates and Theorems
WHAT IS IT LET US TRY
To deepen your understanding
about the undefined terms in
Geometry and its
classifications, answer the
activities.
Activity 2: Check It Too
Direction: Check the column Correct if
the given statement is right and
Incorrect if it is not. Refer to the figure
below. First one is done for you.
Always
Never
Always
Always
Sometimes
LET US DO
Since you can already illustrate
geometry terms and its
classifications, you can apply
this knowledge in real-life
situations.
LET US DO
LET US DO
PERFORMANCE
TASK #5
AXIOMATIC
STRUCTURE
IN GEOMETRY
Part I. Please choose the letter of your choice.
1. What is an axiomatic system?

A) A system of mathematical proofs
B) A system of ethical principles
C) A system of logical assumptions
D) A system of scientific theories
2. What is the purpose of an axiomatic system?

A) To provide a framework for mathematical reasoning
B) To establish moral guidelines for society
C) To describe the natural world
D) To provide a basis for political systems
3. What are axioms?
A) Logical assumptions that form the basis of an axiomatic
system
B) Scientific theories that have been proven true
C) Ethical principles that guide behavior
D) Mathematical formulas used to solve problems
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an

axiomatic system?
A) Consistency
B) Completeness
C) Simplicity
D) Independence
5. What is the difference between an axiomatic system
and a theory?
A) A theory is based on empirical evidence, while an
axiomatic system is based on logical assumptions.
B) An axiomatic system is used to describe the natural
world, while a theory is used to establish moral
guidelines.
C) An axiomatic system is used in mathematics, while a
theory is used in science.
D) A theory is a collection of statements that explain
phenomena, while an axiomatic system is a
collection of logical assumptions that form the basis
of a mathematical system.
6. What is an axiomatic system in geometry?
A) A set of postulates and theorems that
describe the properties and relationships
of geometric objects
B) A method of constructing geometric
shapes using a compass and straightedge
C) A system of coordinates used to plot
points and graph functions
D) A set of rules for measuring angles and
distances in Euclidean space
7. Why are axiomatic systems
important in geometry?
A) They provide a framework for
developing geometric proofs
B) They establish a standard set of
geometric definitions and postulates
C) They allow for the development of
new geometric theories and concepts
D) All of the above
8. What is the difference between an axiom and a
theorem?
A) An axiom is a statement that is assumed to be true
without proof, while a theorem is a statement that
has been proven using axioms and other theorems.
B) An axiom is a statement that can be proved using
other axioms, while a theorem is a statement that is
assumed to be true without proof.
C) An axiom is a statement that is only true in certain
circumstances, while a theorem is always true.
D) An axiom is a statement that is based on empirical
evidence, while a theorem is based on logical
assumptions.
9. Which of the following is an example of
an axiom in geometry?
A) Two lines that intersect must form a
right angle.
B) The sum of the angles in a triangle is
always 180 degrees.
C) A straight line can be drawn between
any two points.
D) The length of a circle's circumference is
proportional to its radius.
10. What is the significance of Euclid's
axioms in geometry?
A) They established a foundation for the
development of geometry as a mathematical
discipline.
B) They provided a standard set of definitions
and postulates that are still used today.
C) They allowed for the development of new
geometric theories and concepts.
D) All of the above.
11.Which of the following is an example of a defined term
in geometry?
A) Point B) Line C) Plane D) Angle
12. Why are certain terms left undefined in geometry?

A) To allow for flexibility in the application of geometric
principles
B) To simplify the development of geometric postulates and
theorems
C) To allow for the use of intuitive concepts that do not
require a precise definition
D) To limit the scope of geometric reasoning to only those
concepts that can be precisely defined
13. What is the relationship between undefined terms and
axiomatic systems in geometry?
A) Undefined terms provide the foundation for the development of
axiomatic systems in geometry.
B) Axiomatic systems provide the definitions for undefined terms in
geometry.
C) Undefined terms are not used in axiomatic systems in geometry.
D) Axiomatic systems are not necessary for the use of undefined
terms in geometry.
14. Which of the following statements about the concept of a point
in geometry is true?
A) A point has a finite size and can be measured.
B) A point has no dimensions and cannot be measured.
C) A point is defined as the intersection of two lines.
D) A point is defined as a segment of a line.
15. What are the three undefined terms in Euclidean
geometry?
A) Point, line, and plane
B) Circle, square, and triangle
C) Length, angle, and area
D) Volume, perimeter, and circumference
16.How is a line being described in geometry?

A) A location in space that has no size or shape
B) A flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions
C) A collection of points that extends infinitely in both
directions
D) A shape with four sides and four angles
17. How is a plane being described in geometry?
A) A location in space that has no size or shape
B) A flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions
C) A collection of points that extends infinitely in both
directions
D) A shape with three sides and three angles
18. What is the definition of a postulate in geometry?

A) A statement that is accepted without proof
B) A statement that has been proven using other postulates
and theorems
C) A statement that can be proved using other postulates
and theorems
D) A statement that is based on empirical evidence
19. Which postulate states that through any two points,
there is exactly one line?
a) The Ruler Postulate
b) The Segment Addition Postulate
c) The Protractor Postulate
d) The Line Postulate
20. Which theorem states that if two lines intersect, then

the vertical angles formed are congruent?
a) The Angle Addition Postulate
b) The Vertical Angles Theorem
c) The Congruent Supplements Theorem
d) The Corresponding Angles Theorem
Answer Key: 14. B.
1. C 15. A.
2. A 16. C.
3. A. 17. B.
4. C. 18. A.
5. D. 19. D
6. A. 20. B.
7. D.
8. A.
9.C.
10. D
11. D.
12. C
13. A.

Math Q3 - W2 Axiomatic Structure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math Q3 - W2 Axiomatic Structure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATHEMATICAL

Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a

1. define axiomatic system;

ILLUSTRATING THE NEED FOR AN AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE OF A

In this lesson you will learn

Colors have effects on children’s

What color do you

Now that you had picked your

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

top of the table edge of a book stretched rope

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

top of the table

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book stretched rope

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

edge of a book top of the table

corner of a rectangular tray edge of the cabinet stretched rope

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

edge of a book top of the table

corner of a rectangular tray edge of the cabinet tip of a marker

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

edge of a ruler edge of the cabinet tip of a marker

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

edge of a ruler tip of a pencil tip of a marker

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

edge of a ruler tip of a pencil wall of a classroom

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

cellphone screen tip of a pencil wall of a classroom

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

cellphone screen wall of a classroom

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

ACTIVITY : VISUALIZE ME!

corner of a rectangular tray edge of a book top of the table

Robots are increasingly used in many industries

Statement 1: Every robot has at least two paths.

could say that axiomatic

could say that axiomatic

The ground is not part

The roots at the base of the tree

The trunk of the

that trunk are the ROOTS– Defined terms

theorems. ROOT – Undefined terms

LOGICAL SYSTEM - Ground

Axioms are the

ROOT – Undefined terms

deduced from ROOTS– Defined terms

the axioms. ROOT – Undefined terms

LOGICAL SYSTEM - Ground

An axiomatic system is said to be

Notice that the negation is not an axiom nor a

An axiomatic system should be

In an axiomatic system, an axiom or

For instance, you have four different

An example to this is Euclid’s fifth postulate.

An axiomatic system is complete if

Now that you have learned the

The set of axioms given were:

a. What are the undefined terms in this axiom set?