CLASS XI

OLYMPIC VALUE EDUCATION

Olympic movement is a term which provide us with the understanding of the development of
Olympic Games since their beginning to the present.
ANCIENT AND MODERN OLYMPICS (SUMMER AND WINTER)
Ancient Olympic Games
 When and how did the Ancient Olympic games begin? There is no authentic information or
definite fact about their origin, but there are various tales about the origin of these games in
Ancient Greek stories.
 Whatever the reason behind the beginning of Olympic Games was, it is certain that these
games were organised in the beautiful Valley name 'Olympia'. Therefore these games were
called Olympic games.
 The Ancient Olympic games continued for approximately 1000 years.
Rules For Competitions
 The competitor must be only a Greek, completely from a Hellenic Race and must be
physically fit.
 Savages and punished persons were not allowed to participate in this games.
 The competitive had to stay in Olympia for one month before the beginning of Olympic
games. They had to take an oath that they had already taken the training for 10 months in
their state.
 Women were not allowed to participate in competitions or see these games.
 For participation in games ,participants had to practice for one month
 Only amateur sports persons could participate in these games and not the professionals.

Opening Ceremony of Games

 On the day of opening ceremony, all the players, their brothers, fathers and trainers used to
assemble in the auditorium.
 The expert of sports and games made them to take the Oath that they were participate in
the games according to rules had got the training of 10 months.
 After that, a pig was killed and offered to the God name Zeus Harikos.
 After this ritual one by one, all the players used to come out of the sports Arena.
 Exactly at the time the players were introduced to the spectators.
 If one of the spectators had any objection against any player, he was not allowed to
participate in the competitions.
 Rest of the players, who faced no objection against them, were allowed to participate.
 After that the declaration was made to start the games.
 On the first day, only religious functions were performed.
 The second day was reserved for march past and introduction and after that chariot race
,horse race and Pentathlon were held.
 In the morning of 3rd day the ritual of sacrifice of animals was performed.
 After that, competition of races, wrestling and boxing were held.
 The four day was fixed for the athletic events, wrestling and boxing.
 And on the fifth day recreational programs were organised.

Awards
 Less attention was paid to awards in the Ancient Olympic Games.
  Only food grains and animals were given as a reward.
 After that, a crown made of olive leaves was given to the winners.
 More stress was laid on respect and honour, instead of awards to the players in these
games.
 Statues were also made of the winners.
 Poems were also composed in praise of winners and their names were recorded in the
annals of history.
 Even the players used to participate in these game for respect and Honour and not for the
sake of awards.

MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

 The credit to start the modern Olympic Games goes to Pierre,Baron de Coubertin of
France.
 Coubertin was born in Paris on 1st January 1862.
 His family members wanted him to join the army so he joined the Sainik Academy.
 But after some time, he left it and started studying political science.
 Having studied political science, he came to know about the national and international
problems.
 He thought National and international problem could easily be solved through Olympic
games.
 It was his idea to restart the Ancient Olympic games at World level.
 For this purpose he called a meeting of various countries Italy, Greece, Spain and Sweden
in favour of commencing these games in 1893.
 On 16 June 1894, a meeting of 13 countries was held in Paris in which 75 representatives
participated.
 In this meeting it was resolved sports competition should be held every fourth year on the
line of Greek Olympic games.
 First modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896, only 9 countries participated.
 This number gradually increased and in the 1972 Munich (West Germany )Olympic Games
122 countries participated.
 Three Olympics could not be held during the two world wars.
OLYMPIC MOTTO
 Olympic Motto comprises three Latin words Citius- Altius- Fortius which means faster-
higher- stronger respectively.
 The Motto was coined by a French educator father Didion in 1895.

OLYMPIC FLAG
 Olympic flag was created in 1913 at the suggestion of Baron De Coubertin.
 It was first inaugurated in Paris in June 1914.
 But it was hoisted for the first time in the Olympic Stadium at the Antwerp Olympic Games
which were held in 1920.
 Olympic flag is made of white silk and contain five interlocking rings/ circles in five colours
representing , five continents America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa.
 The five rings have five different colours yellow, green, red ,blue and black .
 Interlocking of rings/ circles symbolises cooperation and friendship.

OLYMPIC FLAME
  The Olympic flame is a symbol of knowledge, life and happiness.
 It also symbolises peace.
 This flame or torch is lighted or kindled in Olympic village of Greece and it is carried by the
runners to the place where the Olympic games are going to be organised.
 During the process it keeps burning.
 At the end of the closing ceremony of these games this flame is extinguished.

OLYMPIC AWARDS
 The first, second and third position holders are awarded with gold ,silver and bronze medals
and a certificate respectively.
 The next five position holders are also awarded with certificates only.

OLYMPIC OATH
 During the opening of Olympic games, oath taking ceremony is held by the athletes who
assemble in the sport stadium.
 A representative of the host country comes forward holding the flag.
 The flag bearers of the competing Nations also take up their positions.
 The representative takes oath on the behalf of all the athletes who was their right arm and
repeat the oath after him or her.
"We swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the
regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of
sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports."

Rules for competitions

 All males and females participate in Olympic games if they are amateur.
 But nowadays professionals are also allowed to participate in some of the sports.
 These Sportspersons are sent by their National Olympic Committee.
 No sportsperson can participate in these days without the approval as well as
Recommendation of National Olympic Committee.

Opening ceremony of Olympic Games

 First of all, Olympic torch or flame is Lit through sunrays in Olympic village (Greece) and it
is brought to that city where the Olympic games are going to be held.
 The president or the prime minister declares the games open in the stadium. Before this
process all the sport persons take part in the march past and take oath.
 Later on recreational and cultural programs are organised
 Olympic flag is hoisted and Olympic flame of the stadium is Kindled by the torch.

Closing ceremony of Olympic games

 Sports person from all the countries assemble in the stadium for closing ceremony.
 The mayor of that city and the president of the Managing committee escort the president of
the International Olympic Committee to the stadium.
 He /she declares the games closed.
 After that, Olympic flag is lowered and is given to the mayor of the city.
 Various cultural programs are organised.
 Olympic flame is extinguished.
 At last the games comes to then end with Olympic song.
SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES
 The first Summer Olympic games were held in Athens in 1896
 Summer Olympics is a multi sports event that is hosted by different countries once in four
years.
 The International Olympic Committee organizes these games and inspect or supervises the
host city preparations.
 In each Olympic event gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded for the first, second and
third places respectively.
 The tradition to award the medals was started in 1904 Olympics which were held in St.
Louis (USA).
 The first Summer Olympic Games witnessed 245 sports person, of whom more than 200
were Greeks and 14 countries took part in this games.
 In these games female athletes were not allowed to participate.
 However only one woman named Stamata Revithi run the marathon race unofficially. She
was not allowed to participate by the committee.

WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES

Winter Olympic games are also a part of major International Sporting events.
 These games were also held in once in 4 years.
 These games are practiced on snow and ice.
 The first winter Olympic games were held in Chamonix (France) in 1924.
 These games were held continuously between 1924 to 1936.
 Then these Olympics were interrupted by the Second World War.
 But according to the decision taken by the International Olympic Committee, the winter
Olympics were held in 1994 instead of 1996.
 The two year gap between summer and winter Olympics was fixed by IOC.
 The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in three continents of the world by 11
different countries.
 United States of America has hosted these games four times , France 3 times, where as
Austria, Canada ,Japan ,Italy, Norwayand Switzerland twice each.
 Germany ,Yugoslavia and Russia organised winter Olympics only once.
 12 countries of the world have sent their sports person to participate in every winter
Olympic games.
 There are six countries who have won medals at every winter Olympics.
 Norway has secured the maximum number of gold medals for the maximum number of
times.
 In 2018 the winter Olympics will be hosted by South Korea and after that in 2022 it will be
held in Beijing China.

Olympic Symbol Or Emblem

 It comprises five interlinked rings or circles to represent the supporting friendship of all
people.
 The Rings also symbolise the five continents Africa, America, Asia, Australia and Europe.
 Each ring is of a different colour that is blue, yellow, black, green and red
 The colour of each ring was proposed by De Coubertin himself.
  However it is important to emphasize that Pierre De Coubertin never said or wrote that the
colours of the Rings were linked with different continents.
 So it is misconception to say that each of the coloured relates to a certain continent
 Olympic Motto comprises three Latin words Citius- Altius- Fortius which means faster-
higher- stronger respectively.

OLYMPIC IDEALS
Olympic games are remembered for the Bishop Pennsylvania's famous sermon, " The important
thing in Olympic is not to win, but to take part.The important thing in life is not the triumph, but
struggle. Essential thing is not to have a conquered but to have fought well.".

OBJECTIVES OF OLYMPICS
 To pay attention towards physical education and sports competitions in all the countries of
the world.
 To Develop personality, character, citizenship qualities and health among the youths.
 Formation of good habits among sports person so that they could lead a healthy and
prosperous life.
 To develop Patriotism and Fraternity among sportsperson.
 To develop International fraternity and peace.
 Not to have any discrimination on the basis of caste ,race and religion.

Development of values through Olympic movement

 Friendship – provide many opportunities to develop friendship among the participants and
among the nations also.
 Solidarity – provide ample opportunities to develop a feeling of brotherhood and unity
among various nations
 Fair play – enhance the chances of fair play based on justice
 Free from discrimination – no discrmination on the basis of caste, race and religion.

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE

 The International Olympic Committee is the governing body of the modern Olympic Games.
 It is committed to support and promote the participation in sports throughout the world.
 The International Olympic Committee has its headquarters in Laussanne, Switzerland.
 It was created by Pierre Baron de Coubertin on 23rd June 1894.
 Greek Demotrios Vikelas was its first president.
 Its membership consists of 105 active members and 32 honorary members.
 The IOC organises the modern olympic games held in summer and winter, every 4 years.
 The first Summer Olympic games by the International Committee were held in Athens,
Greece in 1896, winter Olympic games were held in Chamonix, France in 1924.
 Until 1992 both summer and winter Olympic games were held in the same year.
 That IOC change the winter Olympic Games to the even numbers between the Summer
Games to have the space the planning of the two even two years apart from the one and
other.

Members of the committee

The IOC consists of members of the various countries, which constitutes president, vice president,
executive board and Secretary General
President
 The president of the IOC is elected by its members.
 The president is elected for a term of 8 years.
 After the expiry of term he can be Re elected.
 The current IOC president is Thomas Bach.

Vice president
 In the IOC four Vice Presidents are elected.
 These officials are also elected by members of the committee.
 They are elected for a term of 4 years.
 They can be reappointed if the members of the committee Desire so.

Executive board
 The IOC executive board consists of the president for Vice President and the 10 other
members.
 All the members of the IOC executive board are elected by the IOC session in a secret
ballot by a majority of vote cast.
 The IOC executive board assumes general overall responsibility for the administration of
the IOC and the management of its affairs.

Main function of the IOC

 The place where the Olympics will be organised is decided by this committee.
 For conducting the competition and general programs for the Olympics fundamental rules
and regulations are set up by this committee
 It also ensure the regular conduct of the Olympic games
 It takes action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence of the
Olympic movement
 Acts against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement
 It leads the fight against the doping in sports.
 It encourages the development of sports for all.
 It opposes any political or commercial abuse of source and athletes.
 It encourages and supports the promotion of women's in sports at all level.

INDIAN OLYMPIC ASSOCIATION

 Indian Olympic Association was established in 1927
 Sir Dorabji Jamshedji Tata and Dr Noehren became the founder president and Secretary
General respectively of Indian Olympic Association
 It is affiliated to the IOC.
 The election of the office bearers of the IOA is held after every 4 years.
 The council consists of various members like president ,nine vice presidents, six joint
secretaries ,one Secretary General ,one Honorary ,Treasure ,seven representatives of state
Olympic association and twelve representatives of national sports Federation or
associations.

OBJECTIVES OF IOA
 Development and promotion of the Olympic movement
 Enforcement of all the rules and regulations of the IOC and IOA
  To be the official organisation in complete form and responsible for all the matters related to
the Olympic event
 Promotion and encouragement of the physical moral and culture education of the young
people of the nation so that their character can be developed
 To undertake with assistance of national sports Federation the financial management
transportation, maintenance and welfare of teams from India taking part in the Olympic
game and other games which are organised under the patronage of IOC
 In cooperation with the national sports Federation Association organised and controlled
selection training coaching of the team that will represent India
 To enforce and Defend the Exclusive rights of the association to use the Olympic flag and
Olympic Insignia
 To take disciplinary action against any Federation of misbehaviour or any other individual
activity bringing discredit to the country.
 Admitting the membership of the state Olympic association and the national sports
Federation for the submission of the annual sports and audited statement of account is
necessary.

OLYMPICS, PARALYMPICS, SPECIAL OLYMPICS

For proper understanding of olympics it would be better to study it under the following heads
Ancient Olympic games
And modern olympic games

PARALYMPIC GAMES
 These games are a major International multi sport event for athletes with various disabilities
such as athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, cerebral palsy
 Olympic games are held at an interval of every 4 years following the Olympic games
 These games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee.
 The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome in 1960
 The Paralympic world was used officially in 1988 Summer Olympic games which were held
in Seoul. This was summer Paralympic Games
 Olympic games were held in 1976 in Seden. They are also held after every 4 years.
Opening ceremony
 It begins with the hosting of the host country flag and rendition of its national anthem.
 After the national anthem that was come for march past in to the stadium group according
to their Nations.
 All the Nations enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country chosen
language.
 After that host Nation presents is culture in the form of music ,dance and singing
 Formal opening of the games is announced
 At last the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches to the
final torchbearer who finally light the paralympics flame

Closing ceremony
 After the conclusion of all the sports event the closing ceremony begins.
 Flag bearers from each participating country and the stadium followed by the athletes who
enter together without any national distinction.
 The Paralympic flag is taken down.
  The games are officially close and the Olympic flame is extinguished

International paralympic Committee

 It is a global governing body of the Paralympic movement
 The national committee organises the summer and winter Paralympic Games
 It also serves the international Federation for 9 sports for which supervisors and
coordinates the world championship and other competitions
 Its vision is ‘to enable Paralympic athletes to achieve Sporting excellence and inspire and
excite the world.’
 It was established on 22 September 1989
 Its headquarters is in Bonn (Germany)
 Main aim is to develop sports opportunity for all the people with environment from the
beginning to the elite level.
Categories of disability
 It includes physical, visual and intellectual impairment.
 Athletes with these disabilities can participate in this games every sport can allow for every
disability category.
 Physical impairment disability includes muscle power, impaired passive range of movement
,loss of Limb, leg length difference, short stature etc.
 Visual impairment includes impairment of one or more component of visual system.
 The intellectual disability include significant impairment of intellectual functioning
 The International Olympic Committee mainly serves athletes with physical and visual
disabilities whereas the intellectual disability has been added to some Paralympic Games.
 There are 22 sports at the summer Olympics and 6 at the winter paralympics.
Special Olympics
 Special Olympics was started by Eunice Kennedy Shriver , sister of John F. Kennedy the
former President of USA.
 She believed that with equal opportunities and experience as anyone else people with
special needs could complete far more than ever thought possible
 She was convinced that children with intellectual disabilities could be exceptional athletes
sports person and that through sports they can realise the potential for growth and
development.
 Keeping this in mind she started a day camp for children with intellectual disabilities at
home.
 She invested a lot of efforts to start these games.
 Owing to her efforts special Olympics were held in July 1968 in Chicago.
 About thousand athletes from USA and Canada participated in one day event was a joint
venture by Kennedy foundation and chicago Park district
Symbol
 The official Olympic logo is based on the sculpture “joy and happiness to all the children of
the world.”
 The logo is the symbol of growth ,confidence ,enjoy among children and adults with
disabilities who are learning coordination mastering skills and participating in the
competitions and preparing themselves for richer and more productive lives.
Special Olympic flame
 The” flame of hope” is the name given to the torch that is carried to and lead at the special
Olympic games.
  Games like badminton, basketball, bowling ,cricket ,cycling, and ball Judo ,netball
,volleyball ,Tennis ,Table Tennis, swimming etc are included in Special Olympics.

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