-1-

• Adjectives (new client, big account)

• Adverbs (seem unhappy, appear equal)
• Determiners (a car, that company)
• Noun Complements (head of, director of)

1
Grammar Notes

1 Adjectives

Adjectives modify nouns and come before or after a noun.

• No more Canadian products are available here. (NOT Canada products)

• The annual festival is held in the city park.
Im Adjectives never need to agree in number with the noun that they modify.
• He took a three-week vacation. (NOT three-weeks vacation)
• He carried two large files. (NOT two larges files)

2 Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, or a sentence.

• The woman quickly showed the guests into the conference room.
• He is an extremely quick thinker.
• It is a difficult task to finish, even for an expert.
• All of the workers stated they were treated fairly.
IImJ Linking verbs like sound, feel, and seem are followed by an adjective, NOT an adverb.
• Georgia seemed unhappy. (NOT seemed unhappily)

E:m) Even though words like friendly, costly, deadly, and lively end with -/y, they are adjectives and NOT adverbs.

3 Determiners

Determiners are articles, possessive pronouns, quantifiers, numerical adjectives, and demonstrative
adjectives that modify nouns.

• The local university will hold a career fair this Saturday. (article)
• My book was published last week. (possessive pronoun)
• All employees are required to attend the meeting. (quantifier)
• The president liked the first proposal. (numerical adjective)
• Despite support, the president rejected that proposal. (demonstrative adjective)

4 Noun Complements

Noun complements are adjectives, nouns, or pronouns that follow a linking verb. These can be either subject
or object complements.

• Marta is the head of the research department. (subject complement)

• Colin called himself a failure after the project failed to impress management. (object complement)

88 I Chapter 2
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E Xe
, I
r(i 5 e 5• Answer Key p.26

A Vocabulary Use
8. Expressions
Fill in the blank with the appropriate word. • condition
• probability
1. The contract will be _ _ if you do not follow the conditions in it.
• sociable
(A) disposed (B) terminated (C) completed (D) abolished at you r earliest

I!
-
•
convenience
2. Please _ _ my call at your earliest convenience. • to terminate

(A) respond (B) phone (C) message (D) return

"Cl

..."'~
3. The _ _ cause of the fire will never be known. 'f'
en
(A) probable (B) probably (C) probability (D) problematic 3:
0
a.
:;;
c;·
4. I photocopied and _ _ forty copies of the annual report for the meeting. ...a·
0

(A) stuck (B) created (C) stapled (D) contacted :,

B Incomplete Sentences

Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The job posting mentioned they are looking for a _ _ person.

(A) society (B) sociable (C) sociably (D) socially

2. These latest figures are _ _ difficult to interpret.

(A) more terrible (B) terribly (C) terrible (D) much terrible

3. The client didn't get _ _ e-mail I sent, so they didn't respond .

(A) a (B) the (C) these (D) some

4. There is no new _ _ in the warehouse.

(A) stock (B) stocking (C) stocked (D) stocks

C Text Completion

Choose the best word or phrase for each blank.

To: All network engineers

From: Mallory Thomas

I wish to remin d all network engineers that the CD changes to the system will take place
(A) schedule (B) scheduled (C) schedules (D) to schedule

this weekend. All network engineers are required to be present to assist with the changes.
Compensation will be paid at double the usual daily rate. This pay will be effective CV
(A) immediate (B) more immediate (C) immediately (D) most immediately

Any engineer unable to attend must inform his or her supervisor before the weekend or may be
subject to a temporary reduction in pay.

Grammar Pract ice I 89

 Part 5 Incomplete Sentences

1
Mini-Test

Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. D Answer Key p.26

1. Maria designed the new company brochures 5. The company had the _ _ support of the
board when deciding to merge with their rival
(A) quickly company.
(Bl quickness (A) completely
(C) quicken (Bl complete
(D) quickening (C) completed

2. Market research, performed before you even

ask for a bank loan, is _ _ part of
6.
(D) completes

The company scarcely had enough money to

remain solvent and could not pay _ _
l
establishing a successful business.
(A) essential
(B) that essential
(C) an essential
employees.
(A) them
(Bl his
(C) its
l,
(D) this essential (D) it

l
3. It is our company's wish that _ _ employee 7. Money is _ _ from that account to our
perform at least 4 hours of community service business accounts the 10t h of every month .
per year. (A) remitted
(A) all (Bl turned back
(Bl very (C) put
.
(C) most
(D) every

8.
(D) handed in

The president, Naoki Mtsumi, asked that _ _

l
j
4. The _ _ information available on the be the one to announce the new product.
mysterious offshore company frustrated (A) his
investigators looking into the fraud. (Bl him
1
(A) little (C) he
(B) a little (D) himself
(C) few
(D) many

90 I Ch ap te r 2 -::: ~--- First News

 9. The publicity from the article caused the 13. Being _ _ qualified to respond to the
company to increase brand _ _ . questions, the director of marketing answered
the reporter.
I!
-
(A) awareness
(B) alertness (A) almost
(C) knowledge (B) the most
(D) scene (C) of the more "D
~
(D) the mostly .,..
'f'
en

I 10. Because Ivan was not feeling _ _ well, he

decided he would go home early and rest.
(A) ever
(B) much
(C) most
14. Whether he wants to or not is irrelevant; he is
_ _ obligated to finish the job.
(A) contractual
(B) contracts
(D) very (C) contracting
(D) contractually

l 11. Interviews at the _ _ company don't come

very often.
(A) nation
1 S. Bernhard registers for _ _ conference he can
in the hope of increasing his professional
network.

I
(B) nationality
(C) nationally (A) any
(D) national (B) little
(C) few
(D) none
12. The corporate party was held in hopes of
_ _ up the atmosphere of the company.
(A) lived
(B) live
(C) livening
(D) liven

__--__,. First News

-~ Grammar Practice I 91
 Part 6 Text Completion

1
Mini-Test

Choose the best word or phrase for each blank. Answer Key p.26

Questions 1 - 4 refer to the following letter. rll

Dear Mr. Athlestad,

_ __ about the rental property on 54 Front Street, the lease of which will expire on December 31 .
1.

I would like to inform you that we are leaving upon the end of this lease. We _ __ to a new area.
2.

Despite your recent offer, we are unable to stay here at the cu rrent monthly rent price. We will be leaving

l
on December 27 for another property.---· We have looked at several other properties but have not
3.

yet signed a contract. Let me know if a _ _ _ offer can be made. I would be more than happy to meet
4.

you at your office to discuss another arrangement.

Xavier Zahar
l
l
1. (A) write 3. (A) I sent the contract to you last week.
(B) am writing (B) This place has a lot to offer us.
(C) will write (C) We are still open to further negotiation.
(D) would write (D) The space is much bigger than our
current one.

2. (A) have moved

(Bl moved 4. (A) better
(C) is moving (B) good
(D) will be moving (C) well
(D) best

92 I Ch a pt e r 2 :::::~;;:;;,. First .Ye;::r.•s

I

I Questions 5 - 8 refer to the following e-mail. rll

!
'
To: hgeld@freenet.com
From: snaito@greenhotel.com

I Subject: Charge Error

Date: March 12

I!
Dear Ms. Geld,

Following your request on January 20, we reviewed our bank statements for your deposit of $164.23 made
through our website. While our system _ ___ the order, an error occurred, which resulted in your
-
.,,
1.
'f'

I
en
5.

credit card being charged twice. This often happens when the button is ____ pressed twice.
6.

Therefore, we have refunded the full amount to you. ____ Please check with your bank to make sure
7.

the funds have been credited to your account. If they have not been received, please contact us again. We
apologize for this error, and we appreciate your ____ at our hotel. Please let us know if you have
8.

any questions.

I
Satomi Naito
Guest Services

5. (A) processes 7. (A) The credit card is in the name of

(B) proceseed someone else.
(C) is processing (B) Please send us a receipt of your order.
(D) was processing (C) This refund will show within seven
business days.
(D) The hotel will be closed on those days.
6. (A) accidents
(B) accidental
(C) accident 8. (A) hospitality
(D) accidentally (B) patronage
(C) well-being
(D) kindness

:~_- jf First News Grammar Practic e I 93