LESSON III

RECAPITULATION
 Sound is a form of energy that enables us to hear. It is
produced by vibrating objects .
 Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating
particle from its mean position is known as amplitude of
vibration . Its S.I. unit is metre(m) .
 Time Period: The amount of time a vibrating particle
takes to complete one oscillation or vibration . Its S.I. unit
is second (s)
 Frequency : Frequency is the number of vibrations
completed in unit time ( or 1second).Its S.I. unit is
hertz(Hz) .
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
Loudness of sound is proportional to
the square of the amplitude of the
vibration producing the sound. For
example, if the amplitude becomes
twice, the loudness increases by a
factor of 4. The loudness is expressed
in a unit called decibel (dB).
THE FOLLOWING TABLE GIVES SOME IDEA OF THE
LOUDNESS OF SOUND COMING FROM
VARIOUS SOURCES.

Normal breathing 10 dB

Soft whisper (at 5m) 30 dB

Normal conversation 60 dB

Busy traffic 70 dB

Average factory 80 dB

*Above 80 dB the noise becomes

physically painful.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MUSIC AND NOISE.
MUSIC NOISE

 Musical sounds are  Noise is unpleasant to

pleasant to hear. hear .
 They are produced  They are produced due to

due to periodic and non-periodic and

regular vibrations . irregular vibrations .
NOISE POLLUTION IS GENERALLY DEFINED AS REGULAR
EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED SOUND LEVELS OR NOISE , THAT
MAY LEAD TO ADVERSE EFFECTS IN HUMANS OR OTHER
LIVING ORGANISMS.
Sources of noise pollution :
Traffic
Aircrafts
Construction sites
Industries
 Effects of noise pollution :
High blood pressure
Hearing loss
Stress
Sleep disturbance
Migraine
SOUND NEEDS A MATERIAL MEDIUM FOR ITS
PROPOGATION

Take a metal or glass tumbler. Make

sure that it is dry. Place a cell phone
in it. (Remember that the cell phone
must not be kept in water.) Ask your
friend to give a ring on this cell
phone from another cell phone.
Listen to the ring carefully.
Now, surround the rim of the
tumbler with your hands. Put your mouth on the
opening between your hands.
Indicate to your friend to give a ring
again. Listen to the ring while
sucking air from the tumbler.
Does the sound become fainter
as you suck air?
Yes.

Remove the tumbler from your

mouth. Does the sound become
loud again?
Yes
Is it possible that the decreasing amount
of air in the tumbler had something to
do with decreasing loudness of the ring?
Indeed, if you had been able to suck
all the air in the tumbler, you would not
hear any sound. Actually, sound needs
a medium to travel. When air has been
removed completely from a vessel, it is said
that there is a vacuum in the vessel. The
sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
 DOES SOUND TRAVEL IN LIQUIDS?
Take a bucket or a bathtub. Fill it
with clean water. Take a small bell
in one hand. Shake this bell inside
the water to produce sound. Make
sure that the bell does not touch
the body of the bucket or the tub.
Place your ear gently on the water
surface. (Be careful : the
water should not enter in your ear.)
Can you hear the sound of the bell?
Yes
Does it indicate that sound can
travel through liquids?
Yes
 LET US FIND OUT IF SOUND CAN TRAVEL
THROUGH SOLIDS ALSO.
Take a metre scale or a long metal
rod and hold its one end to your
ear. Ask your friend to gently
scratch or tap at the other end of
the scale.
Can you hear the sound of the
scratching?
Yes, we can hear the sound of
scratching.
Thus we can say that sound travels through solids.
You can also perform the above
activity by placing your ear at one end
of a long wooden or metallic table and
asking your friend to gently scratch the
other end of the table. You will observe that sound
of scratching is audible.
MAKE A TOY TELEPHONE
Speed of sound also varies with temperature of the medium
Diagram of the human ear
FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS PARTS OF
HUMAN EAR

 Pinna- collects the sound waves

 Tympanum or ear drum – vibrates when it
receives the sound and transfers it to the three
bones .
 Set of three bones – (Hammer , Anvil & Stapes)
the three bones amplify the vibrations and
transfer them to cochlea .
 Cochlea – transforms the sound signal into
electric signals
 Auditory nerve – it carries the electric signals
from the cochlea to the brain which interprets it .
HOW DO VARIOUS ANIMALS PRODUCE
SOUND ?

 Animals like dogs, cats, horses, lion & cow also

produce sound with their vocal cords like human
beings .

 Birds produce sound with a ring of cartilage

called syrinx in their wind pipe .

 Insects like mosquitoes and bees produce sound

by vibrating their wings rapidly .
HOMEWORK(N.C.E.R.T. QUESTIONS)- TO BE
DONE IN P.C.

1. Choose the correct answer.

Sound can travel through
(a) gases only (b) solids only
(c) liquids only (d) solids, liquids and gases.
3. In the following statements, tick ‘T’ against those
which are true, and ‘F’ against those which are
false.
(a) Sound cannot travel in vacuum. (T/F)
(b) The number of oscillations per second of a
vibrating object is called its time period. (T/F)
(c) If the amplitude of vibration is large, sound is
feeble. (T/F)
(d) For human ears, the audible range is 20 Hz to
20,000 Hz. (T/F)
(e) The lower the frequency of vibration, the higher
is the pitch. (T/F)
(f) Unwanted or unpleasant sound is termed as
music. (T/F)
(g) Noise pollution may cause partial hearing
impairment. (T/F)
4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is
called __________.
(b) Loudness is determined by the __________ of
vibration.
(c) The unit of frequency is __________
(d) Unwanted sound is called __________ .
(e) Shrillness of a sound is determined by the __________
of vibration
8. What is the difference between noise and music?
Can music become noise sometimes?
9. List sources of noise pollution in your
surroundings.
10. Explain in what way noise pollution is harmful
to human.
11. Your parents are going to buy a house. They
have been offered one on the roadside and
another three lanes away from the roadside.
Which house would you suggest your parents
should buy? Explain your answer.
12. Explain function of Larynx in your own words.
13. Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at the
same time and at the same distance from us.
Lightning is seen earlier and thunder is heard later.
Can you explain why?