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Voltage Divider Bias of a BJT Transistor

One way to bias a BJT transistor is a method called voltage divider bias.

Voltage divider bias is the most popular and used way to bias a transistor. It uses a few
resistors to make sure that voltage is divided and distributed into the transistor at correct
levels. One resistor, the emitter resistor, RE also helps provide stability against variations in
β that may exist from transistor to transistor.
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Below is a typical BJT receiving voltage divider bias:

For the circuit above, we're going to assume that β=100 for the transistor.

The base supply voltage, VBB, is calculated by:

calculation of Vbb

We calculate RB below, which we will use the next calculation for IE.
Then, we calculate for the emitter current using the following formula:

The collector current IC is approximately equal to the emitter current.

IC≈ IE

How Emitter Resistor, RE, Fights Against the Instability of β

The RE provides stability in gain of the emitter current of a transistor circuit. of a

transistor, its gain or amplification factor, can vary by large amounts from transistor
to transistor, even if they're the same exact type from the same batch. There is no way
to replicate the same exact βs across transistors. Therefore, when we are designing
transistor circuits where we want roughly the same gain in all of them, we must design
them in a way that produces the same gain despite fluctuations in the β values. We do
this by carefully choosing the emitter resistance, RE, which provides stability against
differences in β. RE provides stability in gain of the output current of a transistor
circuit.

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For the above transistor, the β was equal to 100. But let's say we have to swamp out
that transistor and the new transistor has a β of 150. What will the new calculation be,
and will the output current of the transistor swing largely in changes to the β or will it
vary little and still be stable?

The answer is, the transistor output current doesn't vary much despite the large
difference in β values of the transistors. Even though there is a difference of 50 of β in
the transistors, there is less than a half of milliampere difference in the output
current, IE. If wanted, an even larger value of RE can be used so that there is even
more stability against the β of transistors. However, realize that the larger RE is, the
more gain that is lost for amplification in the circuit. So there must be balance in the
design of the value of RE.

Advantages of the Voltage Divider Bias

Again, voltage divider bias is the most popular and used way to bias BJT transistors.
The resistors help to give complete control over the voltage and current that each
region receives in the transistor. And the emitter resistor, RE, allows for stability of
the gain of the transistor, despite fluctations in the β values.

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Anonymous · Apr 30, 2021

thank you

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1
Harsha(kinu) · Jan 5, 2021
Nice To meet you

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3
matt · Nov 12, 2020
what would be our operating point if R2 is short-circuited?
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Ameen · Oct 21, 2020

how did you get 16 Kohm for Rb?
acc. to the calculation it must be 2Kohm

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3
Anonymous · July 27, 2020
What is the another name of voltage divider bias method
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BK DE · May 13, 2020 2

Without any reference to numerical value of stability factor, the presentation is just a story of
self-bias. very bad.

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2
Semi · Apr 23, 2020
How can you nd the current at base (IB)

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3
didz · Apr 15, 2020
where 12 volts from ?
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P. · Apr 14, 2020 1

Good

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Tharu · Mar 31, 2020

Its good
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