European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol.53 No.3 (2011), pp.491-515

© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar

Fluid Flow through a Porous Medium with
Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes

M. M. Haque
Mathematics Discipline; Science, Engineering and Technology School
Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
E-mail: haque@yahoo.com

M. M. Alam
Mathematics Discipline; Science, Engineering and Technology School
Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
E-mail: alam_mahmud2000@yahoo.com

M. Ferdows
Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
E-mail:ferdowsmohammad@yahoo.com; ferdows.mohammad@jaea.go.jp

Adrian Postelnicu
Department of Thermo & Fluid Mechanics, Transilvania University
Bdul Eroilor, 29, Brasov, 2200, Romania.
E-mail: adip@unitbv.ro

Abstract

Unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer by free convective micropolar fluid flow
over an infinite vertical porous medium under the action of transverse magnetic field with
thermal diffusion have been studied numerically in the presence of constant heat source.
This investigation is performed for both cooling and heating problem with constant suction
velocity when the medium is subjected to constant heat and mass fluxes. A finite difference
technique with stability and convergence analysis is used to solve the non-dimensional
momentum, angular momentum, energy and concentration equations. The computed values
of fluid velocity, angular velocity, temperature and concentration distributions, wall shear
stress, wall couple stress, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are shown graphically.
Finally, a qualitative comparison with previous work is tabulated.

Keywords: Free convective, Micropolar, Heat generating, Constant heat and mass fluxes
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 492

1. Introduction
The behaviors of fluid that contain suspended, metal or dust particles in many practical situations are
first observed by the micropolar fluid theory of Eringen(1966) with internal structures in which
coupling between the spin of each particle and the macroscopic velocity field is taken into account.
Physically, the micropolar fluids contain dilute suspension of small, rigid, cylindrical macromolecules
with individual motion and are influenced by spin inertia. Since the theory is used to investigate the
flow character of polymeric fluids, colloidal suspension; Hadimoto and Tokioka (1969), human and
animal blood; Ariman, Turk and Sylvester (1974), liquid crystal; Lockwood, Benchaitra and Friberg
(1987) and exotic lubricants so many scientists have been received a great interest to observe the
micropolar fluid dynamics at present time.
Peddision and McNitt (1970) have recognized the boundary layer situation for steady
micropolar fluid flow past a semi-infinite flat plate due to its important role in a number of technical
processes. The thermo-micropolar fluid theory of Eringen (1972) is developed by extending the theory
of micropolar fluid. The microinertia effects on the flow of a micropolar fluid past a semi-infinite plate
are investigated by Ahmadi (1976).
The free convective micropolar fluid flow induced by the simultaneous action of buoyancy
forces is of great interest in nature and in many industrial applications as drying processes,
solidification of binary alloy as well as in astrophysics, geophysics and oceanography. Jena and Mathur
(1981) have obtained a similarity solution for laminar free convective flow of thermo-micropolar fluid
from a non-isothermal vertical flat plate. An numerical boundary layer solution for a steady free
convective micropolar fluid flow from a vertical isothermal plate is computed by Takhar and Slaouti
(1998). El-Hakiem, Mohammadein, El-Kabeir and Gorla (1999) have studied the Joule heating effect
on MHD free convection flow of a micropolar fluid for the several values of material properties and
the magnetic field strength parameter.
The MHD heat and mass transfer occur due to buoyancy forces caused by temperature
difference and concentration difference play a decisive role in power engineering, metallurgy, drying
of solid materials, extraction, condensation, rectification, evaporation, distillation and absorption of a
fluid. An analysis for the problem of free convection with mass transfer flow for a micropolar fluid
bounded by a vertical surface under the action of a transverse magnetic field is presented by El-Amin
(2001). The combined effect of internal heat generation and magnetic field on free convective mass
transfer micropolar fluid flow over a vertical infinite surface with constant suction is investigated by
El-Amin (2004). Ibrahim, Hassanien and Bakr (2004) has been studied unsteady MHD micropolar floe
with heat transfer through vertical porous plate in presence of thermal and mass diffusion with a
constant heat source the but the thermal and mass diffusion terms were absent in the energy and
concentration equations respectively as well as the Soret and Dufor effects on flow behavior are not
shown in the paper. The problem becomes more complicated when the medium is subjected to constant
heat and mass fluxes. These types of problems have special importance in power engineering, plasma
studies, geothermal energy extractions, generators and boundary layer control in the field of
aerodynamics.
The main objective of the present work is to investigate the Joule heating and thermal diffusion
effects on unsteady MHD free convective heat and mass transfer flow of a micropolar fluid through a
vertical infinite porous medium under the action of a transverse magnetic field taking into account a
constant heat source with constant heat and mass fluxes.
493 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

2. Mathematical Analysis
A time dependent free convective MHD heat and mass transfer flow of electrically conducting,
incompressible, viscous micropolar fluid through an electrically non-conducting infinite vertical
porous medium with constant suction velocity is considered here. The flow is assumed to be in the x-
direction, which is chosen along the medium in upward direction and y-axis is normal to it. A
transverse magnetic field B is applied normal to the flow region.

Figure 1: Physical Configuration and Coordinate System

X
Velocity
U

B
V
Porous Medium

Angular Velocity

Y
T∞
Temperature
B0 C∞
V0

X′

Initially, it is considered that the fluid particles and the plate are at rest at the same temperature
T ( = T∞ ) with the same species concentration level C ( = C∞ ) at all points, where T∞ and C∞ are fluid
temperature and species concentration of uniform flow respectively. The physical configuration and
coordinate system of this study is presented in Fig. 1.
In addition the analysis is based on the following assumptions:
I. All the physical properties of fluid are considered to be constant but the influence of density
variation with temperature is assumed only in the body force term, in accordance with the well
known Boussinesq’s approximation.
II. Since the plate is of infinite extent and the fluid motion is unsteady so all the flow variables will
depend only upon y and time (τ ) .
III. The microrotation vector is of the form G = ( 0, 0, Γ ) , where Γ is the micro-rotational
component.
IV. The viscous dissipation and joule heating terms in the energy equation have been considered for
high speed flow as well as a constant heat source is used for heat generation.
V. The level of concentration of foreign mass has been taken very high for observing the effect of
Soret number on flow.
VI. The magnetic Reynolds number of the flow is taken to be small enough so that the induced
magnetic field is negligible in comparison with the applied transverse magnetic field
B = ( 0, By , 0 ) . The divergence equation of Maxwell’s equation ∇.H = 0 for magnetic field
implies ∇.B = 0 , that gives By = constant = B0 (say).
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 494

VII. The equation of conservation of electric charge, ∇.J = 0 gives J y = constant because the
direction of propagation is considered only along the y-axis and J does not have any variation
along the y-axis. Since the plate is electrically non-conducting, the constant is zero i.e. J y = 0
at the plate and everywhere.
Within the framework of the above stated assumptions, the equations relevant to the unsteady
free convective heat and mass transfer problem of micropolar fluid are governed by the following
system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations under the boundary-layer approximations,
∂v
Continuity equation =0 (1)
∂y
The momentum equation
∂u ∂u  χ  ∂ 2u χ ∂Γ υ σ B02u
+v = υ +  2 + + g β (T − T∞ ) + g β ∗ ( C − C∞ ) − u + (2)
∂τ ∂y  ρ  ∂y ρ ∂y K ρ
The angular momentum equation
∂Γ ∂Γ γ ∂ 2Γ χ  ∂u 
+v = 2
−  2Γ +  (3)
∂τ ∂y ρ j ∂y ρj ∂y 
The energy equation
2
∂T ∂T k ∂ 2T 1  χ   ∂u  σ B02u 2 Q
+v = + υ +    + + (T∞ − T ) (4)
∂τ ∂y ρ c p ∂y 2 c p  ρ  ∂y  ρcp ρcp
The concentration equation
∂C ∂C ∂ 2C D k ∂ 2T
+v = Dm 2 + m T (5)
∂τ ∂y ∂y cs c p ∂y 2
and the corresponding initial and boundary conditions with constant heat and mass fluxes are given
below,
τ ≤ 0, u = 0, Γ = 0, T → T∞ , C → C∞ everywhere (6)
∂u ∂T Q ∂C m
τ f 0, u = 0, Γ = − s , =− , =− at y = 0
∂y ∂y k ∂y Dm
u = 0, Γ = 0, T → T∞ , C → C∞ as y → ∞ (7)
where y is cartesian coordinate;u, v are velocity components; g is the local acceleration due to gravity,
β is thermal expansion coefficient, β ∗ is concentration expansion coefficient, υ is kinematic
viscosity, ρ is density, χ is vortex viscosity, σ is electrical conductivity, K is permeability of
medium, j is microinertia per unit mass, γ is spin-gradient viscosity, k is thermal conductivity, c p is
specific heat at constant pressure, Q is constant heat flux per unit area, Dm is coefficient of mass
diffusivity, kT is thermal diffusion ratio, cs is concentration susceptibility, m is constant mass flux per
unit area and s is a microrotational constant.
495 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

2.1. Mathematical Model of Flow

In order to establish a mathematical model of this problem, it is required to make the governing
equations (1)-(7) dimensionless. From the equation (1), we get v = cons tan t = −V0 (Constant Suction
Velocity).
Now we use the dimensionless quantities,
yV u τV 2 Γυ kV0 ( T − T∞ ) DmV0 ( C − T∞ )
Y = 0 , U = , t= 0 , Γ= 2 , T = and C =
υ V0 υ V0 Qυ mυ
in equations (2)-(7), after simplification we obtain a system of nonlinear coupled partial differential
equations interms of dimensionless variables,
∂U ∂U ∂ 2U ∂Γ
− = GrT + GmC + (1 + ∆ ) 2 + ∆ − ( Da + M ) U (8)
∂t ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y
∂Γ ∂Γ ∂ 2Γ  ∂U 
− = Λ 2 − λ  2Γ + (9)
∂t ∂Y ∂Y  ∂Y 
2
∂T ∂T 1 ∂ 2T  ∂U  α
− = 2
+ (1 + ∆ ) Ec  2
 + MEcU − T (10)
∂t ∂Y Pr ∂Y  ∂Y  Pr
∂C ∂C 1 ∂ 2C ∂ 2T
− = + S 0 (11)
∂t ∂Y Sc ∂Y 2 ∂Y 2
with the initial and boundary conditions,
t ≤ 0, U = 0, Γ = 0, T = 0, C = 0 everywhere (12)
∂U ∂T ∂C
t f 0, U = 0, Γ = − s , = −1, = −1 at Y=0
∂Y ∂Y ∂Y
U = 0, Γ = 0, T = 0, C = 0 as Y → ∞ (13)
where t represents the dimensionless time, Y is the dimensionless cartesian coordinate, U is the
dimensionless velocity component, Γ is the dimensionless microrotational component, T be the
g β Qυ 2
dimensionless temperature, C be the dimensionless concentration, Gr = (Grashof Number),
kV04
g β ∗mυ 2 χ υ2
Gm = (Modified Grashof Number), ∆ = (Micro-rotational Number), Da = (Darcy
DmV04 υρ V02 K
γ χυ σ B02υ
Number), Λ = (Spin Gradient Viscosity Number), λ = (Vortex Viscosity), M =
υ jρ V02 j ρ ρV02
υρ c p kV03 Qυ 2
(Magnetic Force Number), Pr = (Prandtl Number), Ec = (Eckert Number), α =
k Qυ c p kV02
υ QDm2 kT
(Heat Source Number), Sc = (Schmidt Number) and S0 = (Soret Number).
Dm mkυ cs c p

2.2. Shear Stress, Couple Stress, Nusselt Number and Sherwood Number
From the velocity field, the effects of various parameters on the wall shear stress have been calculated.
The following equation represents the shear stress at the wall.
 ∂U   ∂U   ∂U 
The wall shear stress, τ w = ( µ + χ )   + χΓ Y = 0 = ( µ + χ )   − sχ  
 ∂Y Y =0  ∂Y Y =0  ∂Y Y =0
 ∂U 
=  µ + (1 − s ) χ   
 ∂Y Y =0
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 496

 ∂U 
which is proportional to   where µ is the coefficient of viscosity.
 ∂Y Y =0
From the angular velocity field, the effects of various parameters on the wall couple stress have
been investigated. The following equation represents the couple stress at the wall.
υ j ρ  ∂Γ   ∂Γ 
The wall couple stress, M w =   which is proportional to   .
γ  ∂Y Y =0  ∂Y Y =0
From the temperature field, the effects of various parameters on the Nusselt number have been
analyzed. The following equation represents the Nusselt number.
 ∂T   ∂T 
The Nusselt number, N u = µ  −  which is proportional to  −  .
 ∂Y Y =0  ∂Y Y =0
And from the concentration field, the effects of various parameters on the Sherwood number
have been observed. The following equation represents the Sherwood number.
 ∂C   ∂C 
The Sherwood number, S h = µ  −  which is proportional to  −  .
 ∂Y Y =0  ∂Y Y =0

3. Numerical Solutions
In this section we want to solve the governing system of nonlinear coupled dimensionless partial
differential equations by a finite difference method. Callahan and Marner (1976) solved a transient free
convective flow past a semi-infinite plate with mass transfer by the conditionally stable explicit finite
difference technique. On the contrary, Soundalgekar and Ganesan (1980) studied the same problem by
the unconditionally stable implicit finite difference method. However, these two methods respectively
employed by Callahan and Marner(1976) and Soundalgekar and Ganesan(1980) and they observed
both technique give same results. Since the implicit finite difference method is less expansive from the
point of view of computer time, a free convective transient mass transfer on a vertical plate with
constant heat flux was solved using the method by Soundalgekar and Ganesan(1985).
From the basis of the above discussion, for simplicity the unconditionally stable implicit finite
difference method has been used to solve the equations (8)-(11) subject to the initial and bounder
conditions (12) and (13).
For this purpose, the present problem is required a set of finite difference equations. In this
case, the region within the boundary layer is divided by some perpendicular lines of Y-axis, where Y-
axis is normal to the medium as shown in Fig. 2. It is assumed that the maximum length of boundary
layer is Ymax ( = 20 ) as corresponds to Y → ∞ i.e. Y varies from 0 to 20 and the number of grid spacing
in Y directions is m (=100), hence the constant mesh size along Y axis becomes ∆Y = 0.20 ( 0 ≤ Y ≤ 20 )
with a smaller time-step ∆t = 0.01 .
497 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu
Figure 2: Finite Difference Grid System

t (i-1) (i) (i+1)

O Y

∆Y

i=0 i=1 i=2 i=3 i=m

Now, we can write equations (8)-(11) in the following finite difference form,
U in +1 − U in U in+1 − U in U in+1 − 2U in + U in−1 Ti +n1 − Ti n
− = GrTi + GmCi + (1 + ∆ )
n n
2
+∆ − ( Da + M ) U in
∆t ∆Y ( ∆Y ) ∆Y
Γin +1 − Γin Γin+1 − Γin Γ n − 2Γin + Γin−1  n U in+1 − U in 
− = Λ i +1 2
− λ  2Γi + 
∆t ∆Y ( ∆Y )  ∆Y 
2
Ti n +1 − Ti n Ti +n1 − Ti n 1 Ti +n1 − 2Ti n + Ti −n1  U in+1 − U in  2 α
− = 2
+ (1 + ∆ ) Ec  ( )
 + MEc U i
n
− Ti n
∆t ∆Y Pr ( ∆Y )  ∆Y  Pr
Cin +1 − Cin Cin+1 − Cin 1 Cin+1 − 2Cin + Cin−1 Ti +n1 − 2Ti n + Ti −n1
− = 2
+ S 0 2
∆t ∆Y Sc ( ∆Y ) ( ∆Y )
with the finite difference initial and boundary conditions,
U i0 = 0, Γi0 = 0, Ti 0 = 0, Ci0 = 0
U1n − U 0n n
U 0n = 0, Γ 0n = − s , T1 = T0n − ∆Y , C1n = C0n − ∆Y
∆Y
U Ln = 0, Γ nL = 0, TLn = 0, CLn = 0 where L → ∞
Here the subscript i designates the grid points with Y coordinate and the superscript n
represents a value of time, t = n∆t where n = 0, 1,2, …... The velocity (V), angular velocity( Γ ),
temperature(T) and concentration (C) at all interior nodal points may be computed by successive
applications of the above finite difference equations. The numerical values of the wall shear stress,
wall couple stress, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are evaluated by Five-point approximate
formula of derivative. The obtained values are also graphically shown in Figs. 3-40.
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 498

4. Results and Discussion

In order to investigate the physical situation of the problem, the numerical values of velocity (U ) ,
angular velocity ( Γ ) , temperature (T ) and species concentration ( C ) within the boundary layer have
been computed for different values of magnetic force number ( M ) , Soret number ( So ) , Grashof
number ( Gr ) , Darcy number ( Da ) , micro-rotational number ( ∆ ) , Eckert number ( Ec ) , heat source
number (α ) , Prandtl number ( Pr ) and Schmidt number ( Sc ) with the help of a computer programming
language Compaq Visual Fortran 6.6a.
This computation has been performed for the turbulent boundary layer flows i.e. the value of
microrotational constant ( s ) is taken to be 1.0. The Grashof number,
Gr = 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, − 3.0, − 4.0, − 5.0 for heat transfer and the modified Grashof number,
Gm = 1.0, − 1.0 for mass transfer are chosen respectively, the values Gr > 0 with Gm > 0 correspond to
an externally cooled plate while the values Gr < 0 with Gm < 0 correspond to an externally heated
plate. The important three fluids, atmospheric air ( Pr = 0.71) , salt water ( Pr = 1.0 ) and water ( Pr = 7.0 )
are liked in this observation at 20o C. The values of Schmidt number ( Sc ) that represent the specific
condition of particles are taken 0.30 corresponds to helium, 0.60 corresponds to water vapor, 0.97
corresponds to methanol at 25o C temperature and 1 atmospheric pressure. In this computation the
values of other parameters are taken arbitrarily.
To obtain the steady-state solutions, the computation has been carried out upto t = 10 . It is
observed that the numerical values of U, Γ , T and C however, show little changes after t = 4 . Hence at
t = 10 , the solutions of all variables are steady-state solution. The velocity, angular velocity,
temperature of fluid and species concentration versus co-ordinate variable (Y ) are illustrated in Figs. 3-
26 at t = 1 , 2 and 10.
The velocity profiles have been shown in Figs. 3-11 for different values of M , So , Da , Gr , ∆ ,
α , Ec , Pr and Sc in case of cooling and heating of the plate. The effect of the magnetic force number
on the velocity field is presented in Fig. 3. It is observed that the increase of M leads to a decrease in
velocity for an externally cooled plate which indicate the magnetic field tends to retard the motion of
fluid but U increases for an externally heated plate with the rise of M . In Figs. 4-11 we see, the fluid
velocity increases with increasing So , Gr or Ec while decreases in case of strong Da , ∆ , α , Pr or Sc
for an externally cooled plate. The reverse effects are found from these figures for an externally heated
plate.
The effect of M , So , Da , Gr , ∆ , α , Ec , Pr and Sc on the angular velocity are displayed in
Figs. 12-20 in case of cooling and heating of the plate. From these figures it is found that, the angular
velocity rises with increasing M , Da , ∆ , α , Pr or Sc while decreases with the rise of So , Gr or Ec
for an externally cooled plate. For an externally heated plate, reverse effects are observed from these
figures.
Fig. 21-23 represent the effect of Pr , α and Ec on temperature distributions and we see, the
temperature decreases with the rise of Pr or α while it is increasingly affected by Ec . It is observed
from Figs. 24-26 that the rise of So leads to an increase in species concentration while it is
decreasingly affected by Pr or Sc .
499 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Since the chief physical interest of the problem are wall shear stress, wall couple stress, Nusselt
number and Sherwood number so the steady-state wall shear stress, wall couple stress, Nusselt number
and Sherwood number versus non-dimensional time(t) are illustrated in Figs. 27-40.
The steady-state shear stresses at the wall in case of cooling and heating of the plate are
displayed in Figs. 27-32. It is found from Fig. 27, the wall shear stress increases with the rise of So or
Ec while decreases with increasing M for an externally cooled plate but a reverse effect on it for an
externally heated plate is observed from Fig. 28. Decreasing effects of Da , Pr or Sc on the wall shear
stress for an externally cooled plate are investigated from Fig. 29 while reverse effects for an externally
heated plate are noted from Fig. 30. The Grashof number ( Gr ) enhances the wall shear stress while ∆
or α decrease it for an externally cooled plate as plotted in Fig. 31 and reverse effects are observed
from Fig. 32 for an externally heated plate.
In case of cooling and heating of the plate, the steady-state couple stresses at the wall are drawn
in Figs. 33-38. We see from Figs. 33-34, the wall couple stresses rise in case of strong So or Gr while
decrease with the increase of M for an externally cooled plate but reverse effects are found for an
externally heated plate. Fig. 35 shows that the wall couple stresses are increasingly affected by Da , ∆
or Sc for an externally cooled plate while reverse effects are observed from Fig. 36 for an externally
heated plate. The Eckert number ( Ec ) increases the wall couple stresses but α or Pr decrease it for an
externally cooled plate as observed from Fig. 37 while reverse effects are found for an externally
heated plate in Fig. 38.
The distributions of steady-state Nusselt number for various values of Ec , Pr and α are
displayed in Fig. 39 and we see that the Nusselt numbers increase in case of strong Pr or α while
decrease for the rise of Ec . The profiles of steady-state Sherwood number are shown in Fig. 40. It is
highlighted from this figure, the Sherwood numbers are increasingly affected by So , Pr or Sc .
Figure 3: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Velocity

t=1

Curves M
1.0
t=2 2.0
3.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 500

Figure 5: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, M = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

Velocity
t=1

Curves Da
1.0
2.0
t=2 3.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 7: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, M = 1, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Velocity

t=1

Curves ∆
1.0
1.5
t=2 2.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 4: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Velocity

t=1

Curves So
1.0
2.0
t=2 3.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
501 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 6: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, M = 1, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

Velocity
t=1

Curves Gr
5.0
6.0
t=2 7.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 8: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, M = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Velocity

t=1
Curves α
1.0
2.0
t=2 3.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 9: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Velocity

t=1
Curves Ec
.01
t=2 .04
.07
t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 502

Figure 11: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

Velocity
t=1

Curves Sc
.30
.60
t=2 .97

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 13: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Angular Velocity

t=1

Curves So
1.0
t=2 2.0
3.0
t = 10(Steady-state)

Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 10: Velocity Profiles for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Cooling of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Velocity

t=1
Curves Pr
.71
1.0
t=2 7.0

t = 10(Steady-state)
Heating of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
503 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 12: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

Angular Velocity
t=1

Curves M
1.0
t=2 2.0
3.0
t = 10(Steady-state)
Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 14: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, M = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Angular Velocity

t=1

Curves Da
1.0
t=2 2.0
3.0
t = 10(Steady-state)

Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 15: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, M = 1, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Angular Velocity

t=1

Curves Gr
5.0
t=2 6.0
7.0
t = 10(Steady-state)
Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 504

Figure 17: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, M = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

Angular Velocity
t=1

Curves α
1.0
t=2 2.0
3.0
t = 10(Steady-state)
Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 19: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Angular Velocity

t=1

Curves Pr
.71
t=2 1.0
7.0
t = 10(Steady-state)

Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 16: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, M = 1, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Angular Velocity

t=1

Curves ∆
1.0
t=2 1.5
2.0
t = 10(Steady-state)
Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
505 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 18: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

Angular Velocity
t=1

Curves Ec
.01
t=2 .04
.07
t = 10(Steady-state)

Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 20: Angular Velocity for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Ec = .01.

Heating of the Plate

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2
Angular Velocity

t=1

Curves Sc
.30
t=2 .60
.97
t = 10(Steady-state)

Cooling of the Plate

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 21: Temperature for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Curves Pr
.71
1.0
Temperature

7.0

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

t=1

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 506

Figure 23: Temperature for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Temperature
t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2 Curves Ec
t=1 .01
.04
.07

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 25: Concentration for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Concentration

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2 Curves Pr
.71
t=1 1.0
7.0

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
Figure 22: Temperature for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, M = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Curves α
.50
1.0
Temperature

1.5

t = 10(Steady-state)

t=2

t=1

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)
507 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 24: Concentration for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

t = 10(Steady-state)

Concentration
t=2
Curves So
1.0
t=1 2.0
3.0

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 26: Concentration for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Ec = .01.

t = 10(Steady-state)
Concentration

t=2 Curves Sc
.30
t=1 .60
.97

Co-ordinate Variable(Y)

Figure 27: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Wall Shear Stress

Curves M So Ec
1.0 1.0 .01
2.0 1.0 .01
3.0 1.0 .01
1.0 2.0 .01
1.0 3.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .04
Cooling of the Plate 1.0 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 508

Figure 29: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Ec = .01.

Wall Shear Stress

Curves Da Pr Sc
1.0 .71 .30
2.0 .71 .30
3.0 .71 .30
1.0 1.0 .30
1.0 7.0 .30
1.0 .71 .60
Cooling of the Plate 1.0 .71 .97

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 31: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = 2, Pr = .71, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Wall Shear Stress

Curves ∆ Gr α
1.0 5.0 1.0
1.5 5.0 1.0
2.0 5.0 1.0
2.0 6.0 1.0
2.0 7.0 1.0
2.0 5.0 2.0
Cooling of the Plate 2.0 5.0 3.0

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 33: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = 2, Pr = .71, Λ = 1, λ = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Da = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Wall Shear Stress

Curves M So Ec
1.0 1.0 .01
2.0 1.0 .01
3.0 1.0 .01
1.0 2.0 .01
1.0 3.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .04
Heating of the Plate 1.0 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)
509 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 28: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = −2, Gr = −5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Wall Shear Stress

Curves M So Ec
1.0 1.0 .01
2.0 1.0 .01
3.0 1.0 .01
1.0 2.0 .01
1.0 3.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .04
Heating of the Plate 1.0 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 30: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = −2, Gr = −5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Ec = .01.
Wall Shear Stress

Curves Da Pr Sc
1.0 .71 .30
2.0 .71 .30
3.0 .71 .30
1.0 1.0 .30
1.0 7.0 .30
1.0 .71 .60
Heating of the Plate 1.0 .71 .97

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 32: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = −2, Pr = .71, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.
Wall Couple Stress

Curves M So Gr
1.0 1.0 5.0
2.0 1.0 5.0
3.0 1.0 5.0
1.0 2.0 5.0
1.0 3.0 5.0
1.0 1.0 6.0
Heating of the Plate 1.0 1.0 7.0

Non-dimensional Time(t)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 510

Figure 34: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = −2, Pr = .71, Λ = 1, λ = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Da = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Wall Couple Stress

Curves M So Gr
1.0 1.0 5.0
2.0 1.0 5.0
3.0 1.0 5.0
1.0 2.0 5.0
1.0 3.0 5.0
1.0 1.0 6.0
Heating of the Plate 1.0 1.0 7.0

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 28: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = −2, Gr = −5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, Da = 1, Pr = .71, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Sc = .3 .
Wall Shear Stress

Curves M So Ec
1.0 1.0 .01
2.0 1.0 .01
3.0 1.0 .01
1.0 2.0 .01
1.0 3.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .04
Heating of the Plate 1.0 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 30: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = −2, Gr = −5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1 & Ec = .01.
Wall Shear Stress

Curves Da Pr Sc
1.0 .71 .30
2.0 .71 .30
3.0 .71 .30
1.0 1.0 .30
1.0 7.0 .30
1.0 .71 .60
Heating of the Plate 1.0 .71 .97

Non-dimensional Time(t)
511 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 32: Wall Shear Stress for Gm = −2, Pr = .71, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Da = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.

Wall Shear Stress

Curves ∆ Gr α
1.0 5.0 1.0
1.5 5.0 1.0
2.0 5.0 1.0
2.0 6.0 1.0
2.0 7.0 1.0
2.0 5.0 2.0
Heating of the Plate 2.0 5.0 3.0

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 34: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = −2, Pr = .71, Λ = 1, λ = 1, ∆ = 2, α = 1, Da = 1, Sc = .3 & Ec = .01.
Wall Couple Stress

Curves M So Gr
1.0 1.0 5.0
2.0 1.0 5.0
3.0 1.0 5.0
1.0 2.0 5.0
1.0 3.0 5.0
1.0 1.0 6.0
Heating of the Plate 1.0 1.0 7.0

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 35: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Pr = .71, α = 1 & Ec = .01.

Wall Couple Stress

Curves Da ∆ Sc
1.0 2.0 .30
2.0 2.0 .30
3.0 2.0 .30
1.0 1.0 .30
1.0 1.5 .30
1.0 2.0 .60
Cooling of the Plate 1.0 2.0 .97

Non-dimensional Time(t)
MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 512

Figure 37: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, So = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Wall Couple Stress

Curves Pr α Ec
.71 1.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .01
7.0 1.0 .01
.71 2.0 .01
.71 3.0 .01
.71 1.0 .04
Cooling of the Plate .71 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)
Figure 39: Nusselt Number for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, So = 1 & Sc = .3 .
Nusselt Number

Curves Pr α Ec
.71 1.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .01
7.0 1.0 .01
.71 2.0 .01
.71 3.0 .01
.71 1.0 .04
.71 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 36: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = −2, Gr = −5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, M = 1, So = 1, Pr = .71, α = 1 & Ec = .01.
Wall Couple Stress

Curves Da ∆ Sc
1.0 2.0 .30
2.0 2.0 .30
3.0 2.0 .30
1.0 1.0 .30
1.0 1.5 .30
1.0 2.0 .60
Heating of the Plate 1.0 2.0 .97

Non-dimensional Time(t)
513 M.M. Haque, M.M. Alam, M. Ferdows and Adrian Postelnicu

Figure 38: Wall Couple Stress for Gm = −2, Gr = −5, Λ = 1, λ = 1, Da = 1, M = 1, ∆ = 2, So = 1 & Sc = .3 .

Wall Couple Stress

Curves Pr α Ec
.71 1.0 .01
1.0 1.0 .01
7.0 1.0 .01
.71 2.0 .01
.71 3.0 .01
.71 1.0 .04
Heating of the Plate .71 1.0 .07

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Figure 40: Sherwood Number for Gm = 2, Gr = 5, Λ = 1,

Sherwood Number

Curves Pr Sc So
.71 .30 1.0
1.0 .30 1.0
7.0 .30 1.0
.71 .60 1.0
.71 .97 1.0
.71 .30 2.0
.71 .30 3.0

Non-dimensional Time(t)

Finally, a qualitative comparison of the recent result at steady-state with the previous result of
the free convective mass transfer micropolar fluid steady flow given by El-Amin[11] is presented in
Table 1. In case of cooling of the plate, if the medium is not subjected to constant heat and mass fluxes,
neglecting the viscous dissipation and joule heating terms in energy equation with absence of thermal
diffusion and heat source then the present problem reduces to the problem that investigated by El-
Amin[11]. The accuracy of the recent results may be described as good in case of all the flow
variables.

Table 1: Qualitative comparison of present result with previous result

Previous Results of Approximate Present Results of

Increased
Solution due to El-Amin[11] Numerical Solution
Parameter
U Γ T C U Γ T C
M Dec. Dec. No Effect No Effect Dec. Inc. No Effect No Effect
Gr Inc. Inc. No Effect No Effect Inc. Dec. No Effect No Effect
∆ Dec. Dec. No Effect No Effect Dec. Inc. No Effect No Effect
Ec Inc. Inc. Inc. No Effect Inc. Dec. Inc. No Effect

Pr Dec. Dec. Dec. No Effect Dec. Inc. Dec. Dec.

Sc Dec. Dec. No Effect Dec. Dec. Inc. No Effect Dec.

MHD Free Convective Heat Generating Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Flow through
a Porous Medium with Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes 514

5. Conclusions
The Joule heating and thermal diffusion effects on heat generating unsteady MHD free convective heat
and mass transfer flow of a micropolar fluid through a vertical infinite porous medium have been
studied under the action of a transverse magnetic field with constant heat and mass fluxes. The
numerical solutions of the governing equations are obtained by an implicit finite difference method and
the physical situation is shown by graphs. Important findings of this investigation are given below,
1. The motion of micropolar fluid is more for lighter particles and air than heavier particles and
water respectively.
The angular motion of microlpolar fluid is greater for heavier particles and water than lighter
particles and air respectively.
The skin friction is larger for lighter particles and air than heavier particles and water respectively.
The wall couple stress is higher for lighter particles and air than heavier particles and water
respectively.
The micropolar fluid temperature is more for air than water.
The species concentration is greater for lighter particles and air than heavier particles and water
respectively.
The rate of heat transfer is for water than air.
And the rate of mass transfer is higher for lighter particles and air than heavier particles and water
respectively.
The findings (1- 4) are noted for an externally cooled plate while reverse effects are observed
for an externally heated plate and the findings (5-8) are noted for an externally cooled or heated plate.
It is hoped that the findings of this investigation may be useful for plasma studies as well as in power
engineering, geothermal energy extractions, generators and boundary layer control in the field of
aerodynamics.

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over a semi- infinite plate”, International Journal of Engineering Science 14, pp. 639-646.
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International Journal of Engineering Science 12, pp. 273-293.
[3] Callahan, G.D. and W.J. Marner 1976. “Transient free convection flow with mass transfer on
an isothermal vertical flat plate”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 19, 165-174.
[4] Eringen, A. C., 1972. “Theory of Thermomicropolar fluids”, Journal of Mathematical Analysis
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[12] Lockwood, F., M. Benchaitra and S. Friberg, 1987. “Study of polyotropic liquid crystals in
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