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Chapter 2 Numericals
Chapter 2 Numericals
Heat Transfer
𝑉2
Isochoric Process ∴W= 𝑉1
𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 0, As, 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
Isobaric Process
Isothermal Process
W12 mRT1 ln V2 V1
Polytropic Process
mR (T2 T1 )
W12
1 n
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 3
Example 2.1
A piston-cylinder arrangement is containing a fluid at 10 bar, the
initial volume being 0.05 m3. Find the work done by the fluid
when it undergoes the following reversible processes.
a. constant volume to a final pressure of 2 bar.
b. constant pressure to a final volume of 0.2 m3.
c. according to linear law to a final volume of 0.2 m3 and a final
pressure of 2 bar.
d. according to a law of PV = constant to a final volume of 0.1 m3.
e. according to a law PV3 = constant to a final volume of 0.06 m3.
𝑏
f. according to law 𝑃 = 𝑎 + to a final volume of 0.2 m3 and a
𝑉
final pressure of 2 bar.
[0, 150 kJ, 90 kJ, 34.67kJ, 7.64 kJ, 63.936kJ]
V2
1
W12 PdV P1 P2 V2 V1
V1
2
(c)
W12 PdV
V1 1 n
W12 PdV
V1 Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 11
Example 2.2
A gas undergoes a polytropic process from an initial state of
500 kPa and 0.02 m3 to a final state of 100 kPa and 0.05 m3.
Determine the work transfer.
V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 16
Example 2.3
Solution:
P – V diagram = ?
Total work transfer, Wt = ?
Process 1 – 2:
Using pressure – volume relationship to find final pressure, P2
PV
1 1
1.3
PV
2 2
1.3
P2 = P1 (V1/V2)1.3 =
= 246.23 kPa
= 3.082 kJ
The negative sigh indicates that the work is done on the system due to
compression.
Process 2 – 3: constant pressure process
P3 = P2 = P = 246.23 kPa
V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3
Work transfer in a constant pressure process 2 - 3 is given by
W23 P2 (V3 V2 )
= 4.9246 kJ
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 18
Example 2.3
Solution:
Process 3 1: constant volume process
V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3 dV = 0
Work transfer in a constant volume process 2 - 3 is
2
W31 PdV 0
1
Process 1-2: V = C
Process 2-3: P = C
Initial State, 1 Intermediate state, 2 Final state, 3
P1 = 100 kPa P2 = 149.05 kPa P3 = P2 = 149.05 kPa
V1 = 0.0015 m3 V2 = V1 = V3 =
T1 = 200C = 293 K T2 = T3 =
P1 1000 103
Initial pressure of the system is 1000 kPa and pressure
required to support the piston is 500 kPa. Hence,
during initial stage of cooling piston remain stationary
although heat is removed from the system, so process
is constant volume cooling (Process 1-2). During
constant volume cooling, pressure of the system
decreases from 1000 kPa to 500 kPa.
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 30
Example 2.5
Solution:
Process 1-2: V= C
Process 2-3: P = C
Initial State 1 Intermediate state 2 Final state 3
P1 = 1 MPa = 1000 kPa P2 = 0.5 MPa = 500 kPa P3 = P2 = 500 kPa
V1 = 0.11093 m3 V2 = V1 = 0.11093 m3 V3 =
T1 = 5000C = 773 K T2 = T3 = 500C = 323 K
P,kPa T,º C
P1 1 T1 1
3 T2 2
P3 = P2 2
T3 3
V,m3 V,m3
V3 V1 = V2 V3 V1 = V2
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 31
Example 2.5
Solution:
Hence, we can define state 2 as
State 2: P2 = 500 kPa, V2 = 0.11093 m3
Temperature of air at state 2,
PV 500 10 3
0.11093
T2 2 2 386.52 K 113.52C
mR 0.5 287
P3 500 103
Then, total work transfer is given by
W = W12 + W23= 0 + P2 (V3 - V2) = 500 (0.092701 - 0.11093)
= - 9.115 kJ
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 32
Example 2.6
A piston cylinder arrangement with two set of stops is restrained by a
linear spring (𝑘 = 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚) as shown in Figure. The cross sectional
area of the piston is 0.05 m2.The initial pressure of the gas is 500 kPa
and the pressure required to lift the piston is 1000 kPa. Heat is
supplied to the gas until its pressure reaches 6000 kPa. Sketch the
process on P-V diagram and determine the total work transfer.
P2 AP P3 AP
FBD at state 2 FBD at state 3
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 35
Example 2.6
Solution:
Again, referring to the free body diagram (FBD) of the piston at state
3, equation for the pressure inside the cylinder is
P3 AP Patm AP W Fspring
P3 Patm W AP Fspring AP P2 kx AP
=
= 1096000 Pa
= 1096 kPa