13--Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Exercise 13-1—Pseudosteady-State Dual Porosity

3800

p = 3,653 psi
3700

3600

3500 p1hr = 3,405 psi

pws, psi

3400

3300

3200

p = 3,220 psi
3100 4 HTR2 = 1,970
HTR1 = 7×10

3000
1E+07 1E+06 1E+05 1E+04 1E+03 1E+02 1E+01 1E+00
4
HTR1hr = 10
(tp+∆t)/∆t

Analyze the buildup test shown above, given the following data:

pwf = 2,858.33 psia h = 18 ft φ = 12 %

Bo = 1.314 bbl/STB µo = 0.599 cp ct = 12.2×10-6 psi-1
rw = 0.25 ft qo = 315 STB/D tp = 9,999 hr

Solution:

First, we calculate the permeability from the second semilog straight line, representing
infinite-acting radial flow in the total system (fracture+matrix):

3,653 − 3,220
m= = 61.9 psi ~
log(107 ) − log(1)

162.6qBµ
k=
mh

=
(162.6)(315)(1.314)(0.599)
(61.9)(18)
= 36.2 md

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Next, we estimate the skin factor, again using the second semilog straight line:

⎧⎪ p1hr − p wf ⎛ k ⎞ ⎫⎪
s = 1.151⎨ − log⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
+ 3.23 ⎬
⎪⎩ m ⎝ φµct rw ⎠ ⎪⎭
⎧ (3,405) − (2,858.33)
= 1.151⎨
⎩ (61.9 )
⎛
− log⎜⎜
(36.2 ) ⎞
⎟ +
⎫
⎬
⎝ (0.12 )(0.599 )(12.2 × 10 )(0.25) ⎠
−6 2 ⎟
3.23
⎭
= 3.73

Finally, we estimate ω and λ:

HTR2 1,970
ω= = = 0.028
HTR1 7 × 10 4

(φct ) f +m µrw 2
⎛ t p + ∆t ⎞
λ= ⎜ ⎟
0.0002637γkt p ⎜⎝ ∆t ⎟⎠ 2

=
(0.12)(12.2 × 10 −6 )(0.599)(0.25)2 (1,970)
(0.0002637)(1.781)(36.2)(9,999)

= 6.35 × 10 −7

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 13--Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Exercise 13-2—Pseudosteady-State Dual Porosity

Analyze the test from Exercise 13-1 using type curve matching. The data are in
PSS_TC_Exercise.xls.

Solution:

First, we find the type curve match, including the time and pressure match points and the
values of the matching stem parameters (CDe2s)f+m, λCD/ω(1-ω), and λCD/(1-ω):

1E+03
CDe2s
∆t/(tD/CD) = 1.950E-04
∆p/pD = 5.248E+01
10125
CDe2s = 1.209E+05
1E+02 λCD/ω(1-ω) = 9.908E-04 1060

λCD/(1-ω) = 2.600E-05 1030

1015
108
103
1E+01
0.01 1
0.001
pD, tD*pD'

1E+00

1E-01

1E-02

1E-03
1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07

∆p/pD
2s
CDe
tD/CD
∆t/(tD/CD)
λCD/ω(1-ω)

λCD/(1-ω)

Next, we calculate the permeability from the pressure match point:

qBµ ⎛ p D ⎞
k= ⎜ ⎟
0.00708h ⎜⎝ ∆p ⎟⎠

=
(315)(1.314)(0.599) ⎛ 1 ⎞
(0.00708)(18) ⎜⎝ 52.48 ⎟⎠
= 37.1 md

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Next, we calculate the dimensionless WBS coefficient from the time match point:

0.0002637k ⎛ t ⎞
CD = ⎜ ⎟
φµct rw 2 ⎜⎝ t D C D ⎟⎠

=
(0.0002637)(37.1) (1.950 × 10 −4 )
(0.12 )(0.599 )(12.2 × 10 )(0.25)
−6 2

= 34.8

Next, we calculate the skin factor from the matching stem parameter CDe2s for total
system behavior:

⎛ C e2s ⎞
s = 0.5 ln⎜⎜ D ⎟⎟
⎝ CD ⎠
⎛ 1.209 × 105 ⎞
= 0.5 ln⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 34.8 ⎟⎠
= 4.08

Next, we calculate the wellbore storage coefficient:

φhct rw 2
C= CD
0.894
(0.12 )(18)(12.2 × 10 −6 )(0.25)
2
= (34.8)
0.894
= 6.41 × 10 −5 bbl psi

Finally, we calculate ω and λ:

λC D (1 − ω )
ω=
λC D ω (1 − ω )
2.600 × 10 −5
=
9.908 × 10 −4
= 2.62 × 10 −2

⎛ λC D ⎞ 1 − ω
λ=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − ω ⎠ CD

= (2.600 × 10 −5 )
(1 − 2.62 × 10 )
−2

34.8
−7
= 7.28 × 10

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 13--Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Exercise 13-3—Transient Dual Porosity

3800
p* = 3,680

3600

p1hr = 3,258
3400

3200
pws, psi

3000

2800 p = 2,952

2600

2400 HTR1 = HTR* =

4

2200
1E+07 1E+06 1E+05 1E+04 1E+03 1E+02 1E+01 1E+00
HTR1hr =
4 (tp+∆t)/∆t

Analyze the buildup test shown above, given the following data:

pwf = 2,129.16 psia h = 8 ft φ = 9 %

Bo = 1.188 bbl/STB µo = 1.700 cp ct = 9.42×10 psi-1
-6

rw = 0.25 ft qo = 650 STB/D tp = 4,999 hr

Solution:

First, we calculate the permeability from the third semilog straight line, representing
infinite-acting radial flow in the total system (fracture+matrix):

3,680 − 2,952
m= = 104 psi ~
log(107 ) − log(1)

162.6qBµ
k=
mh

=
(162.6)(650)(1.188)(1.7 )
(104)(8)
= 257 md

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Next, we estimate the skin factor, again using the third semilog straight line:

⎧⎪ p1hr − p wf ⎛ k ⎞ ⎫⎪
s = 1.151⎨ − log⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
+ 3.23 ⎬
⎪⎩ m ⎝ φµct rw ⎠ ⎪⎭
⎧ (3,258) − (2,129.16)
= 1.151⎨
⎩ (104)
⎛
− log⎜⎜
(257) ⎞
⎟ +
⎫
⎬
⎝ (0.09 )(1.7 )(9.42 × 10 )(0.25) ⎠
−6 2 ⎟
3.23
⎭
= 5.33

Finally, we estimate ω and λ:

tp + 1 4,999 + 1
∆t * = = = 5.56 hr
HTR * 900

km 532.3(φct )m µ
=
hm
2
∆t *

≅
(532.3)(0.09)(9.42 × 10 −6 )(1.7)
5.56
−4
= 1.38 × 10 md ft 2

− 4 (0.25)
⎛ k m ⎞ rw 2
= (12 )(1.38 × 10 )
2
⎜
λ ≅ 12⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ = 4.0 × 10 −7
⎝ hm ⎠ k (257 )
Because the first semilog straight line does not appear, we can only obtain an upper
bound on ω, by drawing a semilog straight line parallel to the third semilog straight line,
tangent to the data at the end of WBS:

HTR * 9.0 × 10 2
ω= = = 6.43 × 10 −2
HTR1 1.4 × 10 4

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 13--Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Exercise 13-4—Transient Dual Porosity

Analyze the test from Exercise 13-3 using type curve matching. The data are in
USS_TC_Exercise.xls.

Solution:
First, we find the type curve match, including the time and pressure match points and the
values of the matching stem parameters (CDe2s)f, (CDe2s)f+m, and λCD/(1-ω)2:

1E+03
CDe2s
∆t/(tD/CD) = 1.820E-04
∆p/pD = 9.550E+01
10125
(CDe2s)f+m = 1.281E+06
1E+02 1060
(CDe2s)f = 5.634E+07
λCD/(1-ω)2 = 1.742E-05 1030
1015
108
103
1E+01
0.01 1
0.001
pD, tD*pD'

1E+00

1E-01

1E-02

1E-03
1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07

(CDe )f+m
∆p/pD

(CDe )f
2s
2s
tD/CD
∆t/(tD/CD)

λCD/(1-ω)2

Next, we calculate the permeability from the pressure match point:

qBµ ⎛ p D ⎞
k= ⎜ ⎟
0.00708h ⎜⎝ ∆p ⎟⎠

=
(650)(1.188)(1.7 ) ⎛ 1 ⎞
(0.00708)(8) ⎜⎝ 95.5 ⎟⎠
= 243 md

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Next, we calculate the dimensionless WBS coefficient from the time match point:

0.0002637k ⎛ t ⎞
CD = ⎜ ⎟
φµct rw 2 ⎜⎝ t D C D ⎟⎠

=
(0.0002637)(243) (1.820 × 10−4 )
(0.09)(1.7)(9.42 × 10 )(0.25)
−6 2

= 129

Next, we calculate the skin factor from the matching stem parameter (CDe2s)f+m for total
system behavior:

⎛ C e2s ⎞
s = 0.5 ln⎜⎜ D ⎟⎟
⎝ CD ⎠
⎛ 1.281 × 106 ⎞
= 0.5 ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 129 ⎠
= 4.6

Next, we calculate the wellbore storage coefficient:

φhct rw 2
C= CD
0.894
(0.09 )(8)(9.42 × 10 −6 )(0.25)
2
= (129 )
0.894
= 6.12 × 10 −5 bbl psi

Finally, we calculate ω and λ:

(C e ) 2s
f +m
ω=
D

(C e ) D
2s
f

1.281 × 10 6
=
5.634 × 10 7
= 2.27 × 10 −2

⎛ λC D ⎞ (1 − ω )2
λ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝ (1 − ω ) ⎠ CD

= (1.742 × 10 −5 )
(1 − 2.27 × 10 )
−2 2

129
−7
= 1.29 × 10

94 © 2006, Phoenix Reservoir Engineering 9/1/06