Problem Solutions for Chapter 4

2πkBT3/2 3/4  Eg 
4-1. From Eq. (4-1), ni = 2  2  (memh) exp - 2k T
 h   B 

3/ 2
 2π(1.38 × 10−23 J / K) 
=2  T
3 /2
[(.068)(.56)(9.11× 10 −31
kg) ]
2 3/ 4

 (6.63 × 10 J.s) 
−34 2

 (1.55 − 4.3 × 10 −4 T)eV 

× exp −
 2(8.62 × 10 eV / K)T 
−5

3/2  1.55 ×   4.3 10 −4 

= 4.15×1014 T exp −  exp 
 2(8.62 × 10 ) 
−5 −5
 2(8.62 × 10 )T 

3/2  8991
= 5.03×1015 T exp - T 
 

4-2. The electron concentration in a p-type semiconductor is nP = ni = pi

Since both impurity and intrinsic atoms generate conduction holes, the total
conduction-hole concentration pP is
pP = NA + ni = NA + nP
2
From Eq. (4-2) we have that nP = ni /pP . Then
2 2 2
pP = NA + nP = NA + ni /pP or pP - NApP - ni = 0

so that

NA 
2
pP = 2
 4ni
1+ 2 +1

 
 NA 

If ni << NA , which is generally the case, then to a good approximation

2 2
pP ≈ NA and nP = ni /pP ≈ ni /NA

4-3. (a) From Eq. (4-4) we have 1.540 = 1.424 + 1.266x + 0.266x2 or

1
 x2 + 4.759x - 0.436 = 0. Solving this quadratic equation yields (taking the plus
sign only)

1
x = 2 [ - 4.759 + (4.759)2 + 4(.436) ] = 0.090

1.240
The emission wavelength is λ = 1.540 = 805 nm.

(b) Eg = 1.424 + 1.266(0.15) + 0.266(0.15)2 = 1.620 eV, so that

1.240
λ = 1.620 = 766 nm

4-4. (a) The lattice spacings are as follows:

o
a(BC) = a(GaAs) = 5.6536 A
o
a(BD) = a(GaP) = 5.4512 A
o
a(AC) = a(InAs) = 6.0590 A
o
a(AD) = a(InP) = 5.8696 A

a(x,y) = xy 5.6536 + x(1-y) 5.4512 + (1-x)y 6.0590 + (1-x)(1-y)5.8696

= 0.1894y - 0.4184x + 0.0130xy + 5.8696

o
(b) Substituting a(xy) = a(InP) = 5.8696 A into the expression for a(xy) in (a),
we have

0.4184x 0.4184x
y = 0.1894 - 0.0130x ≈ 0.1894 = 2.20x

(c) With x = 0.26 and y = 0.56, we have

Eg = 1.35 + 0.668(.26) - 1.17(.56) + 0.758(.26)2 + 0.18(.56)2

- .069(.26)(.56) - .322(.26)2(.56) + 0.03(.26)(.56)2 = 0.956 eV

4-5. Differentiating the expression for E, we have

2
 hc λ2
∆E = ∆λ or ∆λ = ∆E
λ2 hc

For the same energy difference ∆E, the spectral width ∆λ is proportional to the
wavelength squared. Thus, for example,

∆λ 1550  1550  2
= = 1.40
∆λ 1310  1310 

4-6. (a) From Eq. (4-10), the internal quantum efficiency is

1
ηint = = 0.783, and from Eq. (4-13) the internal power level is
1 + 25/ 90

hc(35 mA )
Pint = (0.783) = 26 mW
q(1310 nm)

(b) From Eq. (4-16),

1
P= 2 26 mW = 0.37 mW
3.5(3.5 + 1)

4-7. Plot of Eq. (4-18). Some representative values of P/P0 are given in the table:

f in MHz P/P0
1 0.999
10 0.954
20 0.847
40 0.623
60 0.469
80 0.370
100 0.303

4-8. The 3-dB optical bandwidth is found from Eq. (4-21). It is the frequency f at
which the expression is equal to -3; that is,

 
1
10 log 1/ 2  = −3
[
 1 + (2πfτ )
2
] 

3
 (
10 0.6 − 1) = 9.5 MHz
1
With a 5-ns lifetime, we find f =
2π (5 ns )

4-9. (a) Using Eq. (4-28) with Γ = 1

1  1 2
gth = ln 0.32 + 10 cm-1 = 55.6 cm-1
0.05 cm  

(b) With R1 = 0.9 and R2 = 0.32,

1  1 
gth = 0.05 cm ln 0.9(0.32) + 10 cm-1 = 34.9 cm-1
 

(c) From Eq. (4-37) ηext = ηi (gth - α )/gth ;

thus for case (a): ηext = 0.65(55.6 - 10)/55.6 = 0.53

For case (b): ηext = 0.65(34.9 - 10)/34.9 = 0.46

4-10. Using Eq. (4-4) to find Eg and Eq. (4-3) to find λ, we have for x = 0.03,

1.24 1.24
λ= E = = 1.462 µm
g 1.424 + 1.266(0.3) + 0.266(0.3)2

From Eq. (4-38)

dP(mW)
ηext = 0.8065 λ(µm) dI(mA)

Taking dI/dP = 0.5 mW/mA, we have ηext = 0.8065 (1.462)(0.5) = 0.590

4-11. (a) From the given values, D = 0.74, so that ΓT = 0.216

Then n 2eff = 10.75 and W = 3.45, yielding ΓL = 0.856

(b) The total confinement factor then is Γ = 0.185

4-12. From Eq. (4-46) the mode spacing is

λ2 (0.80 µm)2
∆λ = 2Ln = = 0.22 nm
2(400 µm)(3.6)

Therefore the number of modes in the range 0.75-to-0.85 µm is

4
 .85 − .75 .1
−3 = .22 ×10 = 455 modes
3
.22 × 10

 (λ - 850 nm)2
4-13. (a) From Eq. (4-44) we have g(λ) = (50 cm-1) exp - 
 2(32 nm)2 

 (λ - 850)2
= (50 cm-1) exp - 2048 
 

(b) On the plot of g(λ) versus λ, drawing a horizontal line at g(λ) = αt

= 32.2 cm-1 shows that lasing occurs in the region 820 nm < λ < 880 nm.

(c) From Eq. (4-47) the mode spacing is

λ2 (850)2
∆λ = 2Ln = = 0.25 nm
2(3.6)(400 µm)

Therefore the number of modes in the range 820-to-880 nm is

880 - 820
N= 0.25 = 240 modes

m
4-14. (a) Let Nm = n/λ = 2L be the wave number (reciprocal wavelength) of mode m.
The difference ∆N between adjacent modes is then

1
∆N = Nm - Nm-1 = 2L (a-1)

We now want to relate ∆N to the change ∆λ in the free-space wavelength. First

differentiate N with respect to λ:

dN d  n 1 dn n 1  dn
=   = - 2 = - 2 n - λ 
dλ dλ λ λ dλ λ λ  dλ

Thus for an incremental change in wavenumber ∆N, we have, in absolute values,

1  dn 
∆N = 2 n - λ  ∆λ (a-2)
λ  dλ

5
 λ2
Equating (a-1) and (a-2) then yields ∆λ =
 dn
2Ln - λ 
 dλ

(.85 µm)2
(b) The mode spacing is ∆λ = = 0.20 nm
2(4.5)(400 µm)

4-15. (a) The reflectivity at the GaAs-air interface is

 n-1 2  3.6-1 2
R1 = R2 = n+1 = 3.6+1 = 0.32
   

1 1 1 
Then Jth = α + ln = 2.65×103 A/cm2
β  2L R1R2 

Therefore

Ith = Jth × l × w = (2.65×103 A/cm2)(250×10-4 cm)(100×10-4 cm) = 663 mA

(b) Ith = (2.65×103 A/cm2)(250×10-4 cm)(10×10-4 cm) = 66.3 mA

4-16. From the given equation

∆E11 = 1.43 eV +
(6.6256 × 10 −34
J ⋅ s) 
2
1
+
1 
8(5 nm )  6.19 × 10 kg 5.10 × 10 kg 
−32 −31
2

= 1.43 eV + 0.25 eV = 1.68 eV

Thus the emission wavelength is λ = hc/E = 1.240/1.68 = 739 nm.

4-17. Plots of the external quantum efficiency and power output of a MQW laser.

4-18. From Eq. (4-48a) the effective refractive index is

mλB 2(1570 nm)

ne = = 2(460 nm) = 3.4
2Λ

Then, from Eq. (4-48b), for m = 0

6
 2
λB 1 (1.57 µm)(1570 nm)
λ = λB ± 2n L 2 = 1570 nm ± = 1570 nm ± 1.20 nm
e   4(3.4)(300 µm)

Therefore for m = 1, λ = λB ± 3(1.20 nm) = 1570 nm ± 3.60 nm

For m = 2, λ = λB ± 5(1.20 nm) = 1570 nm ± 6.0 nm

4-19. (a) Integrate the carrier-pair-density versus time equation from time 0 to td (time
for onset of stimulated emission). In this time the injected carrier pair density
changes from 0 to nth.

 J 
n= n th
 J
td n th
1 n
t d = ∫ dt = ∫ dn = −τ − = τ ln  
0 0
J n
−  qd τ  J − J th 
n= 0
qd τ

 Ip 
where J = Ip/A and Jth = Ith/A. Therefore td = τ ln I - I 
 p th

(b) At time t = 0 we have n = nB, and at t = td we have n = nth. Therefore,

 J − nB 
td n th
1  qd τ 
td = ⌠
⌡ dt = ∫ J n dn = τ ln  J n th 
0 nB − −
qd τ  qd τ 

In the steady state before a pulse is applied, nB = JBτ/qd. When a pulse is applied,
the current density becomes I/A = J = JB + Jp = (IB + Ip)/A

 I - IB   Ip 
Therefore, td = τ ln I - I  = τ ln I I - I 
 th  p + B th

4-20. A common-emitter transistor configuration:

4-21. Laser transmitter design.

7
4-22. Since the dc component of x(t) is 0.2, its range is -2.36 < x(t) < 2.76. The power
has the form P(t) = P0[1 + mx(t)] where we need to find m and P0. The average
value is
< P(t)> = P0[1 + 0.2m] = 1 mW

The minimum value is

1
P(t) = P0[1 - 2.36m] ≥ 0 which implies m ≤ 2.36 = 0.42

Therefore for the average value we have < P(t)> = P0[1 + 0.2(0.42)] ≤ 1 mW,
which implies

1
P0 = 1.084 = 0.92 mW so thatP(t) = 0.92[1 + 0.42x(t)] mW and

i(t) = 10 P(t) = 9.2[1 + 0.42x(t)] mA

4-23. Substitute x(t) into y(t):

y(t) = a1b1 cos ω1t + a1b2 cos ω2t

+ a2(b12 cos2 ω1t + 2b1b2 cos ω1t cos ω2t + b 22 cos2 ω2t)

+ a3(b13 cos3 ω1t + 3b12 b2 cos2 ω1t cos ω2t + 3b1 b 22 cos ω1t cos2 ω2t+ b 32 cos3 ω2t)
+a4(b14 cos4 ω1t + 4b13 b2 cos3 ω1t cos ω2t + 6b12 b 22 cos2 ω1t cos2 ω2t
+ 4b1 b 32 cos ω1t cos3 ω2t + b 42 cos4 ω2t)

Use the following trigonometric relationships:

1
i) cos2 x = 2 (1 + cos 2x)
1
ii) cos3 x = 4 (cos 3x + 3cos x)
1
iii) cos4 x = 8 (cos 4x + 4cos 2x + 3)

iv) 2cos x cos y = cos (x+y) + cos (x-y)

1
v) cos2 x cos y = 4 [cos (2x+y) + 2cos y + cos (2x-y)]

8
 1 1 1
vi) cos2 x cos2 y = 4 [1 + cos 2x+ cos 2y + 2 cos(2x+2y) + 2 cos(2x-2y)]
1
vii) cos3 x cos y = 8 [cos (3x+y) + cos (3x-y) + 3cos (x+y) + 3cos (x-y)]

then
1 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 constant
y(t) = 2 a2b1 + a2b2 + 4 a4b1 + 3a4b1b2 + 4 a4b2
  terms

fundamental
+ 4a3b1 + 2a3b1b2 cos ω1t + 4 a3b2 + 2b1b2 cos ω2t
3 3 2 3 3 2
terms

2 2
b1 b2
+ 2 a2 + a4b1 + 3a4b2 cos 2ω1t + 2 a2 + a4b2 + 3a4b1 cos 2ω2t
2 2 2 2

2nd-order harmonic terms

1 3 1 3
+ 4 a3b1 cos 3ω1t + 4 a3b2 cos 3ω2t 3rd-order harmonic terms

1 4 1 4
+ 8 a4b1 cos 4ω1t + 8 a4b2 cos 4ω2t 4th-order harmonic terms

+ a2b1b2 + 2 a4b1b2 + 2 a4b1b2[ cos (ω1+ω2)t + cos (ω1-ω2)t]

3 3 3 3

2nd-order intermodulation terms

3 2 3 2
+ 4 a3b1 b2 [ cos(2ω1+ω2)t + cos(2ω1-ω2)t] + 4 a3b1b2 [ cos(2ω2+ω1)t + cos(2ω2-ω1)t]
3rd-order intermodulation terms

1 3
+ 2 a4b1 b2 [ cos(3ω1+ω2)t + cos(3ω1-ω2)t]
3 2 2
+ 4 a4b1 b2 [ cos(2ω1+2ω2)t + cos(2ω1-2ω2)t]
1 3
+ 2 a4b1b2 [ cos(3ω2+ω1)t + cos(3ω2-ω1)t] 4th-order intermodulation
terms

This output is of the form

y(t) = A0 + A1(ω1) cos ω1t + A2(ω1) cos 2ω1t + A3(ω1) cos 3ω1t
+ A4(ω1) cos 4ω1t + A1(ω2) cos ω2t + A2(ω2) cos 2ω2t

9
 + A3(ω2) cos 3ω2t + A4(ω2) cos 4ω2t + ∑ ∑ Bmn cos(mω1+nω2)t
m n
where An(ωj) is the coefficient for the cos(nωj)t term.

-t/τm
4-24. From Eq. (4-58) P = P0 e where P0 = 1 mW and τm = 2(5×104 hrs) = 105
hrs.

(a) 1 month = 720 hours. Therefore:

P(1 month) = (1 mW) exp(-720/105) = 0.99 mW

(b) 1 year = 8760 hours. Therefore
P(1 year) = (1 mW) exp(-8760/105) = 0.92 mW
(c) 5 years = 5×8760 hours = 43,800 hours. Therefore
P(5 years) = (1 mW) exp(-43800/105) = 0.65 mW

E /k T
4-25. From Eq. (4-60) τs = K e A B or ln τs = ln K + EA/kBT

where kB = 1.38×10-23 J/°K = 8.625×10-5 eV/°K

At T = 60°C = 333°K, we have

ln 4×104 = ln K + EA/[(8.625×10-5 eV)(333)]

or 10.60 = ln K + 34.82 EA (1)

At T = 90°C = 363°K, we have

ln 6500 = ln K + EA/[(8.625×10-5 eV)(363)]

or 8.78 = ln K + 31.94 EA (2)

Solving (1) and (2) for EA and K yields

EA = 0.63 eV and k = 1.11×10-5 hrs

Thus at T = 20°C = 293°K

10
τ = 1.11×10-5 exp{0.63/[(8.625×10-5)(293)]} = 7.45×105 hrs
s

11
Problem Solutions for Chapter 5

5-3. (a) cosL 30° = 0.5

cos 30° = (0.5)1/L = 0.8660

L = log 0.5/log 0.8660 = 4.82

(b) cosT 15° = 0.5

cos 15° = (0.5)1/T = 0.9659

T = log 0.5/log 0.9659 = 20.0

5-4. The source radius is less than the fiber radius, so Eq. (5-5) holds:

2
PLED-step = π2rs B0(NA)2 = π2(2×10-3 cm)2(100 W/cm2)(.22)2 = 191 µW

From Eq. (5-9)

 1 2 2
PLED-graded = 2π2(2×10-3 cm)2(100 W/cm2)(1.48)2(.01)1 - 2 5  = 159 µW

5-5. Using Eq. (5-10), we have that the reflectivity at the source-to-gel interface is

 3.600 − 1.305 
2

R s− g =
 3.600 + 1.305  =
0.219

Similarly, the relfectivity at the gel-to-fiber interface is

 1.465 − 1.305 
2
−3
R g− f = = 3.34 × 10
1.465 + 1.305 

The total reflectivity then is R = R s− gR g−f = 7.30 × 10−4

The power loss in decibels is (see Example 5-3)

L = −10 log (1 − R) = −10 log (0.999) = 3.17 × 10 −3 dB

5-6. Substituting B(θ) = B0 cosm θ into Eq. (5-3) for B(θ,φ), we have

1
 rm

⌠ ⌠  θ0-max
2π

P =    2π ⌠

⌡ cos3 θ sin θ dθ  dθs r dr
⌡ 0 
⌡0
0

Using

θ0 θ0 sin θ0
⌠
⌡ cos3 θ sin θ dθ ⌡ ( 1 - sin2 θ) sin θ d(sin θ) = ⌠
=⌠ ⌡ ( x - x3) dx
0 0 0

we have

rm
⌠ 2π
P = 2π
 ⌠ sin2 θ0-max sin4 θ0-max
 -  dθs r dr
 ⌡ 2 4 
⌡0
0

rm
⌠ 2π
= π   NA2 - 2 NA4 dθs r dr
⌠ 1 
 ⌡ 
⌡0
0

rm 2π
π
= 2 [ 2NA - NA ] ⌠
2 4
⌡ r dr ⌠
⌡ dθs
0 0

5-7. (a) Let a = 25 µm and NA = 0.16. For rs ≥ a(NA) = 4 µm, Eq. (5-17) holds. For
rs ≤ 4 µm, η = 1.
(b) With a = 50 µm and NA = 0.20, Eq. (5-17) holds for rs ≥ 10 µm. Otherwise, η
= 1.

5-8. Using Eq. (5-10), the relfectivity at the gel-to-fiber interface is

2
  1.485 − 1.305 
2
R g− f = = 4.16 × 10 −3
 1.485 + 1.305 

The power loss is (see Example 5-3)

L = −10 log (1 − R) = −10 log (0.9958) = 0.018 dB

When there is no index-matching gel, the joint loss is

 1.485 − 1.000 
2

R a− f = = 0.038
 1.485 + 1.000 

The power loss is L = −10 log (1 − R) = −10 log (0.962) = 0.17 dB

1 1
5-9. Shaded area = (circle segment area) - (area of triangle) = 2 sa - 2 cy

d
s = aθ = a [2 arccos (y/a)] = 2a arccos 2a
 

 d21/2
c = 2 a2 - 2 
   

Therefore

d  d21/2
Acommon = 2(shaded area) = sa – cy = 2a2 arccos 2a - d a2 -  4 
    

5-10.
Coupling loss (dB) for
µ m)
Given axial misalignments (µ
Core/cladding diameters 1 3 5 10
µ m)
(µ
50/125 0.112 0.385 0.590 1.266
62.5/125 0.089 0.274 0.465 0.985
100/140 0.056 0.169 0.286 0.590

π
5-11. arccos x = 2 - arcsin x

x3 x5
For small values of x, arcsin x = x + 2(3) + 2(4)(5) + ...

3
 d d π d
Therefore, for 2a << 1, we have arccos 2a ≈ 2 - 2a

2 π d 5d  8d 
Thus Eq. (5-30) becomes PT = P2 - 2a - 6a  = P 1 - 
π    3πa

d/a PT/P (Eq.5-30) PT/P (Eq.5-31)

0.00 1.00 1.00
0.05 0.9576 0.9576
0.10 0.9152 0.9151
0.15 0.8729 0.8727
0.20 0.8309 0.8302
0.25 0.7890 0.7878
0.30 0.7475 0.7454
0.35 0.7063 0.7029
0.40 0.6656 0.6605

5-12. Plots of mechanical misalignment losses.

5-13. From Eq. (5-20) the coupling efficiency ηF is given by the ratio of the number of
modes in the receiving fiber to the number of modes in the emitting fiber, where
the number of modes M is found from Eq. (5-19). Therefore

1 1  2
k2NA2(0) 2 - a 2
MaR  α+2 R aR
ηF = M = =
aE 1 1  2 2
k2NA2(0) 2 - a aE
 α+2 E
a2 
Therefore from Eq. (5-21) the coupling loss for aR ≤ aE is LF = -10 log  2 
R

aE

5-14. For fibers with different NAs, where NAR < NAE

2  α  2
k2NAR(0)  a
MR 2α+4
LF = -10 log ηF = -10 log M = -10 log
E 2  α  2
k2NAE(0)  a
2α+4

4
 NA2 (0)
= -10 log  2 
R

NAE(0)

5-15. For fibers with different α values, where αR < αE

 αR 
k2NA2(0)  a2
2α + 4 αR(αE + 2)
 R 
LF = -10 log ηF = -10 log = -10 log  
 αE  α (α + 2)
 E R 
k2NA2(0)  a2
2α + 4
 E 

5-16. The splice losses are found from the sum of Eqs. (5-35) through (5-37). First find
NA(0) from Eq. (2-80b).

For fiber 1: NA 1 (0) = n1 2∆ = 1.46 2(0.01) = 0.206

For fiber 2: NA 2 (0) = n1 2∆ = 1.48 2(0.015) = 0.256

(a) The only loss is that from index-profile differences. From Eq. (5-37)

1.80(2.00 + 2)
L 1→ 2 (α) = −10 log = 0.24 dB
2.00(1.80 + 2)

(b) The losses result from core-size differences and NA differences.

 50 
L 2→1 (a) = −20 log
 62.5  =
1.94 dB

L 2→1 (NA) = −20 log 

.206 
= 1.89 dB
 .256 

5-17. Plots of connector losses using Eq. (5-43).

5-18. When there are no losses due to extrinsic factors, Eq. (5-43) reduces to

5
 LSM;ff = -10 log  
4
W1 + W2 
2

W2 W1 
 4 
For W1 = 0.9W2 , we then have LSM;ff = -10 log 4.0446 = - 0.0482 dB
 
5-19. Plot of Eq. (5-44).

5-20. Plot of the throughput loss.

6
Problem Solutions for Chapter 6

6-1. From Eqs. (6-4) and (6-5) with Rf = 0, η = 1 - exp(-αsw)

To assist in making the plots, from Fig. P6-1, we have the following representative
values of the absorption coefficient:

λ (µ
µ m) αs (cm-1)
.60 4.4×103
.65 2.9×103
.70 2.0×103
.75 1.4×103
.80 0.97×103
.85 630
.90 370
.95 190
1.00 70

w
w ⌠ -αsx
6-2. Ip = qA ⌠
⌡ G(x) dx = qA Φ0 αs ⌡ e dx
0 0

 -αsw P0(1 - Rf)  -αsw

= qA Φ0 1 - e  = qA 1 - e 
hνA

ηq ηqλ
6-3. From Eq. (6-6), R= = hc = 0.8044 ηλ ( in µm)
hν

Plot R as a function of wavelength.

6-4. (a) Using the fact that Va ≈ VB, rewrite the denominator as

Va - IMRMn VB - VB + Va - IMRMn

1-  = 1 -  
 VB   VB 

 VB - Va + IMRMn
= 1 - 1 - 
 VB 

VB - Va + IMRM
Since VB << 1, we can expand the term in parenthesis:

1
  VB - Va + IMRMn  n( VB - Va + IMRM) 
1 - 1 -  ≈ 1 - 1 - 
 VB   VB 

n( VB - Va + IMRM) nIMRM
= VB ≈ VB

IM VB VB
Therefore, M0 = I ≈ ≈ nI R
p n( VB - Va + IMRM) M M

IM VB 2 IpVB  VB 1/2
(b) M0 = I = nI R implies IM = nR , so that M0 = nI R 
p M M M  p M

T 2π/ω
2 1⌠ 2 ω ⌠ 2 2
6-5. < > is (t) = T ⌡ is (t)dt = R P (t) dt
2π ⌡ 0
(where T = 2π/ω),
0 0

2π/ω
ω 2 2
= R0 P0 ⌠
⌡ (1 + 2m cos ωt + m2 cos2 ωt) dt
2π
0

Using
2 π/ω
1
∫
t = 2π / ω
cos ωt dt = sin ωt t=0 =0
0 ω

2π
2π/ω
1 ⌠ 1 1  π
and ⌠
⌡ cos2 ωt dt = ω  2 + 2cos 2x dx =
⌡  ω
0 0

2 2 m2
we have < i2s(t)> = R0 P0 1 + 2 
 

6-6. Same problem as Example 6-6: compare Eqs. (6-13), (6-14), and (6-17).

ηqλ
(a) First from Eq. (6-6), I p = P0 = 0.593 µA
hc

Then σ Q = 2qI p B = 2(1.6 × 10 C)(0.593 µA)(150 × 10 Hz) = 2.84 × 10

2 −19 6 −17 2
A

2
 (b) σ 2DB = 2 qID B = 2(1.6 × 10−19 C)(1.0 nA)(150 × 10 6 Hz) = 4.81× 10 −20 A 2

4(1.38 × 10 −23 J / K)(293 K)

(c) σ =2
T
4k B T
RL
B=
500 Ω
(
150 × 10 Hz) = 4.85 × 10 A
6 −15 2

ηqλ
6-7. Using R 0 = hc = 0.58 A/W, we have from Eqs. (6-4), (6-11b), (6-15), and (6-
17)

1
 
S (R0 P0 m) M 2
2
R0P0m2
N = 2 = = 6.565×1012 P0
 Q 2qI p BM M
1/ 2 2
4qBM1/2

2
S ( R0P0m) 2
N = = 3.798×1022 P0
 DB 4qIDBM1/2

2 2
 
S ( R0 P 0 m) M 2
N = = 3.798×1026 P0
 DS 4qILB

1 2
( R0P0m) M2
 
S 2 2
N = 4k TB/R = 7.333×1022 P0
 T B L

 P0 
where P0 is given in watts. To convert P0 = 10-n W to dBm, use 10 log  -3 =
10 
10(3-n) dBm

6-8. Using Eq. (6-18) we have

1 2 2
S 2 ( R0P 0m) M
N = 2qB(R0P0 + ID)M5/2 + 2qILB + 4kBTB/RL

1.215 × 10 −16 M 2
=
2.176 × 10−23 M 5/ 2 + 1.656 × 10 −19

The value of M for maximum S/N is found from Eq. (6-19), with x = 0.5:
Moptimum = 62.1.

3
  1 2 2 
d S d  2 I pM 
0 = dM N = dM 
+ 2qIL + 4kBT/RL
6-9.
  2q(Ip + ID)M2+x

1 2
2 (2+x)M1+x 2q(Ip + ID)2 IpM2
0 = Ip M -
2q(Ip + ID)M2+x + 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

2+x 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

Solving for M: Mopt = xq(Ip + ID)

6-10. (a) Differentiating pn, we have

∂p n 1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp -αsx

= L pn0 + Be  e - αsBe
∂x p

∂ 2 pn 1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp
 e 2 -αsx
2 = - 2 pn0 + Be + αs Be
∂x Lp

∂ 2 pn
Substituting pn and into the left side of Eq. (6-23):
∂x2

Dp  -αsw (w-x)/Lp -αsx

- 2 pn0 + Be  e 2
+ Dp αs Be
Lp

1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp
 e B -αsx -αsx
+ pn0 + Be - e + Φ0 αs e
τp τp

  2 1  -αsx
= BDp αs -  + Φ0 αs e
τp
   

2
where the first and third terms cancelled because Lp = Dpτp .

Substituting in for B:

Φ 2  -α x
 0 αsLp  2 1
Dp αs -  + Φ0 αs e
s
Left side = D 
2 2 τ
 1 - αs Lp 
p
p 

4
Problem Solutions for Chapter 6

6-1. From Eqs. (6-4) and (6-5) with Rf = 0, η = 1 - exp(-αsw)

To assist in making the plots, from Fig. P6-1, we have the following representative
values of the absorption coefficient:

λ (µ
µ m) αs (cm-1)
.60 4.4×103
.65 2.9×103
.70 2.0×103
.75 1.4×103
.80 0.97×103
.85 630
.90 370
.95 190
1.00 70

w
w ⌠ -αsx
6-2. Ip = qA ⌠
⌡ G(x) dx = qA Φ0 αs ⌡ e dx
0 0

 -αsw P0(1 - Rf)  -αsw

= qA Φ0 1 - e  = qA 1 - e 
hνA

ηq ηqλ
6-3. From Eq. (6-6), R= = hc = 0.8044 ηλ ( in µm)
hν

Plot R as a function of wavelength.

6-4. (a) Using the fact that Va ≈ VB, rewrite the denominator as

Va - IMRMn VB - VB + Va - IMRMn

1-  = 1 -  
 VB   VB 

 VB - Va + IMRMn
= 1 - 1 - 
 VB 

VB - Va + IMRM
Since VB << 1, we can expand the term in parenthesis:

1
  VB - Va + IMRMn  n( VB - Va + IMRM) 
1 - 1 -  ≈ 1 - 1 - 
 VB   VB 

n( VB - Va + IMRM) nIMRM
= VB ≈ VB

IM VB VB
Therefore, M0 = I ≈ ≈ nI R
p n( VB - Va + IMRM) M M

IM VB 2 IpVB  VB 1/2
(b) M0 = I = nI R implies IM = nR , so that M0 = nI R 
p M M M  p M

T 2π/ω
2 1⌠ 2 ω ⌠ 2 2
6-5. < > is (t) = T ⌡ is (t)dt = R P (t) dt
2π ⌡ 0
(where T = 2π/ω),
0 0

2π/ω
ω 2 2
= R0 P0 ⌠
⌡ (1 + 2m cos ωt + m2 cos2 ωt) dt
2π
0

Using
2 π/ω
1
∫
t = 2π / ω
cos ωt dt = sin ωt t=0 =0
0 ω

2π
2π/ω
1 ⌠ 1 1  π
and ⌠
⌡ cos2 ωt dt = ω  2 + 2cos 2x dx =
⌡  ω
0 0

2 2 m2
we have < i2s(t)> = R0 P0 1 + 2 
 

6-6. Same problem as Example 6-6: compare Eqs. (6-13), (6-14), and (6-17).

ηqλ
(a) First from Eq. (6-6), I p = P0 = 0.593 µA
hc

Then σ Q = 2qI p B = 2(1.6 × 10 C)(0.593 µA)(150 × 10 Hz) = 2.84 × 10

2 −19 6 −17 2
A

2
 (b) σ 2DB = 2 qID B = 2(1.6 × 10−19 C)(1.0 nA)(150 × 10 6 Hz) = 4.81× 10 −20 A 2

4(1.38 × 10 −23 J / K)(293 K)

(c) σ =2
T
4k B T
RL
B=
500 Ω
(
150 × 10 Hz) = 4.85 × 10 A
6 −15 2

ηqλ
6-7. Using R 0 = hc = 0.58 A/W, we have from Eqs. (6-4), (6-11b), (6-15), and (6-
17)

1
 
S (R0 P0 m) M 2
2
R0P0m2
N = 2 = = 6.565×1012 P0
 Q 2qI p BM M
1/ 2 2
4qBM1/2

2
S ( R0P0m) 2
N = = 3.798×1022 P0
 DB 4qIDBM1/2

2 2
 
S ( R0 P 0 m) M 2
N = = 3.798×1026 P0
 DS 4qILB

1 2
( R0P0m) M2
 
S 2 2
N = 4k TB/R = 7.333×1022 P0
 T B L

 P0 
where P0 is given in watts. To convert P0 = 10-n W to dBm, use 10 log  -3 =
10 
10(3-n) dBm

6-8. Using Eq. (6-18) we have

1 2 2
S 2 ( R0P 0m) M
N = 2qB(R0P0 + ID)M5/2 + 2qILB + 4kBTB/RL

1.215 × 10 −16 M 2
=
2.176 × 10−23 M 5/ 2 + 1.656 × 10 −19

The value of M for maximum S/N is found from Eq. (6-19), with x = 0.5:
Moptimum = 62.1.

3
  1 2 2 
d S d  2 I pM 
0 = dM N = dM 
+ 2qIL + 4kBT/RL
6-9.
  2q(Ip + ID)M2+x

1 2
2 (2+x)M1+x 2q(Ip + ID)2 IpM2
0 = Ip M -
2q(Ip + ID)M2+x + 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

2+x 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

Solving for M: Mopt = xq(Ip + ID)

6-10. (a) Differentiating pn, we have

∂p n 1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp -αsx

= L pn0 + Be  e - αsBe
∂x p

∂ 2 pn 1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp
 e 2 -αsx
2 = - 2 pn0 + Be + αs Be
∂x Lp

∂ 2 pn
Substituting pn and into the left side of Eq. (6-23):
∂x2

Dp  -αsw (w-x)/Lp -αsx

- 2 pn0 + Be  e 2
+ Dp αs Be
Lp

1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp
 e B -αsx -αsx
+ pn0 + Be - e + Φ0 αs e
τp τp

  2 1  -αsx
= BDp αs -  + Φ0 αs e
τp
   

2
where the first and third terms cancelled because Lp = Dpτp .

Substituting in for B:

Φ 2  -α x
 0 αsLp  2 1
Dp αs -  + Φ0 αs e
s
Left side = D 
2 2 τ
 1 - αs Lp 
p
p 

4
 Φ0  αsLp αs Lp - 1  -α x
2 2
+ Dpαs e
s
=D   
p 1-α L2 2 τ
 s p p  

Φ0 -αsx
= D ( -Dpαs + Dpαs) e =0 Thus Eq. (6-23) is satisfied.
p

 ∂pn 
(b) Jdiff = qDp
 ∂x  x =w

1  -αsw -α w
= qDp L pn0 + Be  - αsBe s 

 p 

-αsw Dp
= qDp BL - αs e
1
+ qpn0 L
 p  p

 αsL2  1 - α L
p  s p -αsw Dp
= qΦ0  
2 2  Lp   e + qp n0 Lp
1 - αs Lp

αsLp -αsw Dp
= qΦ0 e + qpn0 L
1 + αsLp p

c) Adding Eqs. (6-21) and (6-25), we have

 -αsw  αsLp  -αsw Dp

Jtotal = Jdrift + Jdiffusion = qΦ0 1 - e + e  + qpn0 L
 1 + αsLp  p

 -αsw 
 e  -αsw Dp
= qΦ0 1 -  e + qpn0 L
 1 + αsLp p

6-11. (a) To find the amplitude, consider

-jωtd
J J*  1/2 = qΦ ( S S*) 1/2 where S =
1-e
 tot tot 0
jωtd
sc

1/2 1
We want to find the value of ωtd at which ( S S*) = .
2

1/2
Evaluating ( S S*) , we have

5
  -jωtd +jωtd1/2
1/2 1 - e 1 - e 
( S S*) =   
 jωtd  -jωtd 

1/2 1/2
  +jωtd -jωtd  2 - 2 cos ωt
 
1 - e + e  + 1  ( d)
= =
ωtd ωtd

1/2 ωtd
[ ( 1 - cos ωtd) /2] sin  2  ωtd
 
= = = sinc  2 
ωtd/2 ωtd  
2

1/2 1
We want to find values of ωtd where ( S S*) = .
2

x sinc x x sinc x
0.0 1.000 0.5 0.637
0.1 0.984 0.6 0.505
0.2 0.935 0.7 0.368
0.3 0.858 0.8 0.234
0.4 0.757 0.9 0.109

By extrapolation, we find sinc x = 0.707 at x = 0.442.

ωtd
Thus 2 = 0.442 which implies ωtd = 0.884

w 1
(b) From Eq. (6-27) we have td = v = . Then
d αsvd

1
ωtd = 2πf3-dB td = 2πf3-dB = 0.884 or
αsvd

f3-dB = 0.884 αsvd/2π

6-12. (a) The RC time constant is

Rε0KsA (10 4 Ω)(8.85 × 10 −12 F / m)(11.7)(5 × 10 −8 m 2 )

RC = = = 2.59 ns
w 2 × 10 −5m

(b) From Eq. (6-27), the carrier drift time is

6
 w 20 × 10 −6 m
td = v = = 0.45 ns
d 4.4 × 10 4 m / s

1 1
c) = 10-3 cm = 10 µm = 2 w
αs

Thus since most carriers are absorbed in the depletion region, the carrier diffusion
time is not important here. The detector response time is dominated by the RC
time constant.

6-13. (a) With k1 ≈ k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-10), we have

2 2
k1(1 - k1) k1 - k1 k2 - k1
(1) 1- 1-k =1- 1-k ≈1- 1-k = 1 – keff
2 2 2

2 2
(1 - k1)2 1 - 2k1 + k1 1 - 2k2 + k1
(2) 1 - k2 = 1 - k2 ≈ 1 - k2

2
1 - k2 k2 - k1
=1-k - 1-k = 1 - keff
2 2

Therefore Eq. (6-34) becomes Eq. (6-38):

Fe = keffMe + 2(1 - keff) - M (1 - keff) = keffMe + 2 - M (1 - keff)

1 1
e  e

'
(b) With k1 ≈ k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-40), we have

2
k2(1 - k1) k2 - k1 '
(1) 2 ≈ 2 = keff
k1(1 - k2) k1(1 - k2)

2
(1 - k1)2k2 k2 - 2k1k2 + k2k1
(2) 2 = 2
k1(1 - k2) k1(1 - k2)

k2 - k2 - k2 - k2k2

 1  1 1 '
≈ 2 = keff - 1
k1(1 - k2)

7
 '  1  '
Therefore Eq. (6-35) becomes Eq. (6-39): Fh = keff Mh - 2 - M (keff - 1)
 h

6-14. (a) If only electrons cause ionization, then β = 0, so that from Eqs. (6-36) and (6-
37), k1 = k2 = 0 and keff = 0. Then from Eq. (6-38)

1
Fe = 2 - M ≈ 2 for large Me
e

(b) If α = β, then from Eqs. (6-36) and (6-37), k1 = k2 = 1 so that

keff = 1. Then, from Eq. (6-38), we have Fe = Me.

8
Problem Solutions for Chapter 7


We want to compare F1 = kM + (1 - k) 2 −  and F2 = Mx.
1
7-1.
 M

For silicon, k = 0.02 and we take x = 0.3:

M F1(M) F2(M) % difference

9 2.03 1.93 0.60
25 2.42 2.63 8.7
100 3.95 3.98 0.80

For InGaAs, k = 0.35 and we take x = 0.7:

M F1(M) F2(M) % difference

4 2.54 2.64 3.00
9 4.38 4.66 6.4
25 6.86 6.96 1.5
100 10.02 9.52 5.0

For germanium, k = 1.0, and if we take x = 1.0, then F1 = F2.

7-2. The Fourier transform is

∞ ∞
e j2πft
∫ HB (f )e df = R ∫ 1 + j2πfRC df
j2πft
hB(t) =
−∞ −∞

Using the integral solution from Appendix B3:

∞
e jpx 2 π(p) n−1 e − βp
∫ β + jx) n dx =
Γ(n)
for p > 0, we have
−∞ (

∞
1 e j 2πft 1 -t/RC
hB(t) = ∫ 
df = e
+ jf 
2πC 1 C
−∞
 2πRC 

7-3. Part (a):

∞ αTb/2
1 1 αTb αTb
∫ h p (t) dt = αTb ⌠ dt
⌡ = 
αTb 2
+ 2 

=1
−∞ -αTb/2

1
 Part (b):
∞ ∞
1 1  t2 
∫h p (t) dt =
2 π αTb ∫ exp  −
 2( αTb ) 
2 dt
−∞ −∞

1 1
= π αTb 2 = 1 (see Appendix B3 for integral solution)
2π αTb

Part (c):
∞ ∞
 t 
dt = - [e −∞ − e −0 ]= 1
1
∫ h p (t) dt = αTb ∫ exp −
 αT 
−∞ 0 b

7-4. The Fourier transform is

∞ ∞ ∞

∫ ∫ ∫
− j2 πft
F[p(t)*q(t)] = p(t)* q(t)e dt = q(x) p(t − x) e − j2πft dt dx
−∞ −∞ −∞

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
− j2πfx − j2πf( t − x)
= q(x) e p(t − x) e dt dx
−∞ −∞

∞ ∞

= ∫ q(x) e − j2πfx dx ∫ p(y) e − j 2πfy dy where y = t - x

−∞ −∞

= F[q(t)] F[p(t)] = F[p(t)] F[q(t)] = P(f) Q(f)

7-5. From Eq. (7-18) the probability for unbiased data (a = b = 0) is

1
Pe = [P0 (v th ) + P1 (v th )].
2

Substituting Eq. (7-20) and (7-22) for P0 and P1, respectively, we have

1 1  ∞ −v 2 / 2σ 2 V /2

2πσ 2  V∫/ 2 ∫
− (v−V ) 2 / 2σ 2
Pe = e dv + e dv 
2 −∞ 

In the first integral, let x = v/ 2 σ2 so that dv = 2 σ2 dx.

In the second integral, let q = v-V, so that dv = dq. The second integral then
becomes

2
 V / 2 −V −V / 2 2σ 2

∫e ∫
−q 2 / 2σ 2 − x2
dq = 2σ 2
e dx where x = q/ 2σ2
−∞ −∞

Then

2σ 2  
∞ − V / 2 2σ 2
1
2πσ 2  V / 2∫ 2σ 2 ∫
− x2 − x2
Pe = e dx + e dx 
2 −∞ 

 ∞ −x 2
1
V / 2 2σ 2
−x 2

= ∫ e dx − 2
2 π  −∞ ∫ e dx
0 

Using the following relationships from Appendix B,

∞ t
− p2 x 2 π 2 −x 2
∫
−∞
e dx =
p
and
π ∫
0
e dx = erf(t), we have

1  V 
Pe = 1− erf
2  2σ 2  

V V
7-6. (a) V = 1 volt and σ = 0.2 volts, so that = 2.5. From Fig. 7-6 for = 2.5,
2σ 2σ
we find Pe ≈ 7×10-3 errors/bit. Thus there are (2×105 bits/second)(7×10-3
errors/bit) = 1400 errors/second, so that

1
1400 errors/second = 7×10-4 seconds/error

V
(b) If V is doubled, then = 5 for which Pe ≈ 3×10-7 errors/bit from Fig. 7-6.
2σ
Thus

1
−7 = 16.7 seconds/error
(2 × 10 bits / sec ond)(3 × 10 errors / bit )
5

7-7. (a) From Eqs. (7-20) and (7-22) we have

∞
1 1  V 
∫ e− v
2
/ 2σ 2
P0(vth) = dv = 1− erf
2πσ2 2  2σ 2  
V /2

and

3
 1  V 
V /2
1
∫e
− ( v− V) 2
/ 2σ 2
P1(vth) = dv = 1− erf
2πσ2 −∞
2   2σ 2  

Then for V = V1 and σ = 0.20V1

1  1  1  2 
P0(vth) = 2 1 - erf  = 2 1 - erf0.8
 2(.2) 2   

1 1
= 2 [ 1 - erf( 1.768) ] = 2 ( 1 - 0.987) = 0.0065

Likewise, for V = V1 and σ = 0.24V1

1  1  1  2 
P1(vth) = 2 1 - erf  = 2 1 - erf0.96
 2(.24) 2    

1 1
= 2 [ 1 - erf( 1.473) ] = 2 ( 1 - 0.963) = 0.0185

(b) Pe = 0.65(0.0185) + 0.35(0.0065) = 0.0143

(c) Pe = 0.5(0.0185) + 0.5(0.0065) = 0.0125

7-8. From Eq. (7-1), the average number of electron-hole pairs generated in a time t is

ηE ηPt 0.65(25 × 10 −10 W)(1 × 10 −9 s)(1.3 × 10 −6 m)

N= = = = 10.6
(6.6256 × 10 − Js)(3 × 10 m / s)
34 8
hν hc/λ

Then, from Eq. (7-2)

e-N e-10.6 133822

P(n) = Nn n! = (10.6)5 5! = 120 e-10.6 = 0.05 = 5%

7-9. v N = v out - v out

[v ]
2
v2N = out − vout

2 2 2
= vout -2 vout + vout

2
= v2out - vout

7-10. (a) Letting φ = fTb and using Eq. (7-40), Eq. (7-30) becomes

4
 2 ∞ 2
H p (0) H'out (φ) dφ I 2
∫
2
Bbae = Tb ' =
Hout (0) 0 H p (φ) Tb Tb

since Hp(0) = 1 and Hout(0) = Tb. Similarly, Eq. (7-33) becomes

2 ∞ 2
H p (0) Hout (f)
Be = ∫ (1 + j2πfRC ) df
Hout (0) 0
H p (f)

∞ 2

(1 + 4π f ) df
1 Hout (f)
∫
2 2 2 2
= 2 RC
Tb 0 H p (f)

2 2
1
∞
Hout (f) (2πRC)2 ∞
Hout (f) 2 I2 (2πRC)2
= 2
Tb ∫ H p (f)
df +
Tb2 ∫ H p (f)
f df = T
b
+
Tb
3 I3
0 0

(b) From Eqs. (7-29), (7-31), (7-32), and (7-34), Eq. (7-28) becomes

< v2N > = < v2s > + < v2R > + < v2I > +< v2E >
4kBT
= 2q <i0 > <m2 > BbaeR2A2 + R BbaeR2A2 + SIBbaeR2A2 + SEBeA2
b

 4kBT 
= 2q <i0 > M2+x + R + SI BbaeR2A2 + SEBeA2
 b 

R2A2I2 
2+x + B + S + E
4k T S (2πRCA)2
= Tb  2q < i0 > M I + SE I 3
Rb R2 3
Tb

7-11. First let x = (v − boff )/ ( 2 σ off ) with dx = dv / ( 2 σoff ) in the first part of Eq. (7-

49):

∞ ∞
2σ off
exp(− x ) dx =
1
∫ ∫ exp (−x 2 ) dx
2
Pe =
2πσ off v th − b off π Q/ 2
2σ off

Similarly, let y = (−v + b on ) / ( 2 σon ) so that

dy = -dv/ ( 2σon )in the second part of Eq. (7-49):

5
 − v th +b on
2σ on ∞
1 1
∫ exp(−y ) dy = ∫ exp (−y ) dy
2 2
Pe = -
π ∞ π Q/ 2

V K
7-12. (a) Let x = = For K = 10, x = 3.536. Thus
2 2σ 2 2

2
e-x
Pe = = 2.97×10-7 errors/bit
2 πx

2
e-x 2
-5
(b) Given that Pe = 10 = then e-x =2 π 10-5 x.
2 πx

This holds for x ≈ 3, so that K = 2 2 x = 8.49.

7-13. Differentiating Eq. (7-54) with respect to M and setting dbon/dM = 0, we have

dbon
dM =0

1/ 2
Q(hν / η)  2+ x  η   2+x  η  
1/ 2
 
=-  + + − γ + 
Μ 2    
M b I
 hν  on 2 W M b I
 hν  on 2 (1 W


1 /2
 1 1 
Q(hν / η)  (2 + x)M 1+ x
b I
on 2 (2 + x)M 1+x
b I
on 2 (1− γ) 
2 + 2
+  1/ 2 
M(hν/ η)  2+ x  η  
1/ 2
 2+x  η  
 M M  hν  bon I 2 (1− γ) + W  
 hν  on 2 + 
b I W


η
Letting G = M2+x  bonI2 for simplicity, yields
hν


( G 1/2 1/2

G  1 (1-γ) 
 + W) + [ G(1-γ) + W]  = 2 (2 + x) 1/2 + 1/2
(G + W) [ G(1-γ) + W] 

1/2 1/2
Multiply by (G + W) [ G(1-γ) + W] and rearrange terms to get

1/2  Gx  1/2 Gx 

(G + W) W - 2 (1-γ) = [ G(1-γ) + W]  2 - W
   

6
 Squaring both sides and collecting terms in powers of G, we obtain the quadratic
equation

x2γ  x2γ 
G2 4 (1-γ) + G 4 W(2-γ) - γW2(1+x) = 0
   

Solving this equation for G yields

1
x2  x4 2
- 4 W(2-γ) ±  W2(2-γ)2 + x2(1-γ)W2(1+x)
16 
G=
x2
2 (1-γ)

 1

W(2-γ)   1+x 1-γ 2
= 1 - 1 + 16  2  
2(1-γ)    x  (2-γ)2 

where we have chosen the "+" sign. Equation (7-55) results by letting

2+x η
G = Mopt bonI2  
hν

7-14. Substituting Eq. (7-55) for M2+xbon into the square root expressions in Eq. (7-
54) and solving Eq. (7-55) for M, Eq. (7-54) becomes

hν 1/(2+x)
W(2-γ)
Q  bon 1 1
η  
 2 W 2
bon =  K + W +  2 (2-γ)K + W
hν W(2-γ) 1/(2+x)  2(1-γ)    
 η 2I (1-γ) K
 2 

Factoring out terms:

(1+x)/(2+x) hν(1+x)/(2+x) x/2(2+x) 1/(2+x)

bon = Q  W I2
η

 (2-γ)
1 1
  (2-γ)K1/(2+x)
 2 1 2
×  K + 1 + 2 (2-γ)K + 1 ÷  
2(1-γ)      2(1-γ) 

(2+x)/(1+x)hν x/2(1+x) 1/(1+x)

or bon = Q   W I2 L
η

7
7-15. In Eq. (7-59) we want to evaluate
1+x 1+x 1+x
lim  (2 − γ)K  2+x lim  (2 − γ)K  2+x lim  1  2+x
=
γ →1  2(1− γ )L  γ →1  2(1− γ)  γ →1 L 

Consider first

lim (2 − γ)  
1
lim  (2 − γ)K   (1 − γ )  2 
= −1 + 1 + B 
γ →1  2(1− γ)  γ →1 2(1− γ )   (2 − γ)  
2

 

where B = 16(1+x)/x2 . Since γ→1, we can expand the square root term in a
binomial series, so that

lim  (2 − γ)K  lim (2 − γ)   1 (1− γ) 2


=  −1 + 1 + B − Order(1 − γ )
 
γ →1  2(1− γ)  γ →1 2(1− γ )   2 (2 − γ) 2

lim B B 1+x
= =4 =4
γ →1 4(2 − γ ) x2

1+x 1+x
lim  (2 − γ )K  2+x  1+x2+x
Thus = 4 2 
γ → 1  2(1 − γ )   x 

Next consider, using Eq. (7-58)

1+ x
lim  1  2+x
γ →1  L 

 1 1
2
1/(2+ x)
lim  (2 − γ)K   (2 − γ) 2 1
= ÷  K + 1 + (2 − γ )K + 1 
γ →1  2(1− γ)    2(1− γ)  2  
 

From the above result, the first square root term is

1 1 1
 (2-γ) 2 x2 + 4x + 42
= 4 2 + 1
1+x 2 x+2
 K + 1 =  =
2(1-γ)   x   x2  x

lim
From the expression for K in Eq. (7-55), we have that K = 0, so that
γ →1

8
 1
lim  1
(2 − γ )K + 1 = 1
2
Thus
γ →1  2 

 1 1
lim  (2 − γ ) 2 1  2 = x + 2 2(1 + x)
 K + 1 + (2 − γ )K + 1  +1=
γ → 1  2(1 − γ )  2   x x
 

Combining the above results yields

1+x 1+x 1
lim  (2 − γ)K  2+x  1+x2+x  1+x2+x 2(1 + x) 2
= 4 2  4 2  =x
γ →1  2(1− γ )L   x   x  x

lim 1+x W1/2 2

so that Mopt = QI x
γ →1 2

'
7-16. Using Hp(f) = 1 from Eq. (7-69) for the impulse input and Eq. (7-66) for the
raised cosine output, Eq. (7-41) yields
∞ ∞
1
∫ ∫
' 2 2
I2 = H (φ) dφ =
out H'out (φ) dφ
0
2 −∞

1+β 1-β
1-β 2 - 2
2
1 ⌠ 1 πφ π 2 ⌠ 1 πφ π 2
=2 ⌠
⌡ dφ +  81-sin  -  dφ +  81-sin  -  dφ
1-β ⌡   β 2β ⌡   β 2β
- 2 1-β 1+β
2 - 2

πφ π
Letting y = - we have
β 2β

π
2
1 β
I2 = 2 (1 - β) + ⌠ [ 1 - 2sin y + sin2y] dy
4π ⌡
π
-2

1 β  π 1  β
= 2 (1 - β) + π - 0 + 2  = 2 1 - 4 
4π    

9
 Use Eq. (7-42) to find I3:
∞ ∞
1
2 2
∫ H (φ) φ dφ = ∫ Hout (φ) φ dφ
' 2 ' 2
I3 = out
0 2 −∞

1+β 1-β
1-β 2 - 2
2
1 ⌠ 1 πφ π 2 ⌠ 1 πφ π 2
=2 ⌠
⌡ φ2 dφ +  81-sin  -  φ2dφ +  81-sin  -  φ2dφ
1-β
⌡   β 2β ⌡   β 2β
- 2 1-β 1+β
2 - 2

πφ π
Letting y = -
β 2β

π
2
1 1-β3 β⌠ β2y2 βy 1
I3 = 3  2  +  [ 1 - 2sin y + sin2y]  2 + +  dy
  4π ⌡  π π 4
π
-2

π
 2 π 
β 
2
1 1-β3 ⌠ β2y2 1 2β
=3 2    2 + 4( 1 + sin y) dy - ⌠
2
π⌡
+ y sin y dy
  4π
 ⌡ π
π

π 
 -2 - 2 
where only even terms in "y" are nonzero. Using the relationships

π
2
π
⌠
⌡ sin2y dy = 4 ; ⌠
⌡ y sin ydy = -y cos y + sin y
0

x3 x2 1 x cos 2x
and ⌠
⌡ x2 sin x2 dx = 6 -  4 - 8 sin 2x -
  4

we have

1 1-β3 β β2 1π3 1π3 π 1π π 2β 

I3 = 3  2  +     +   +  +  +  - (1)
  2π π2 32  62  8  42 4  π 

10
 β3  1 1  1 1 β 1
= 16  2 - 6 - β2  2 - 8 - 32 + 24
π  π 

7-17. Substituting Eq. (7-64) and (7-66) into Eq. (7-41), with s2 = 4π2α2 and β = 1, we
have

1
⌠ Hout(φ)2
'
1⌠ s2φ2  π2
I2 =   '  dφ = 4e 1-sin πφ - 2  dφ
⌡   
⌡ p 
H (φ)
0
0

1 1
⌠ s φ 1 + cos πφ
2 2 2 ⌠ s2φ2 4 πφ
= e   dφ = e cos  2  dφ
⌡  2  ⌡  
0 0

π
2
πφ 2 ⌠ 16α2x2 4
Letting x = 2 yields I2 = ⌡e cos x dx
π
0

Similarly, using Eqs. (7-64) and (7-66), Eq. (7-42) becomes

1 π

⌠ s2φ2 4  πφ 2
3 2
2
∫
2 16α 2 x 2
I3 = e cos  2  φ dφ =
4
xe cos x dx
⌡    π
0
0

7-18. Plot of I2 versus α for a gaussian input pulse:

7-19. Plot of I3 versus α for a gaussian input pulse:

lim
7-20. Consider first K:
γ →1

11
 lim  
1
 γ  2
lim  1+ x  1−
K= −1+ 1+ 16 2   = -1 + 1 = 0
γ →1 γ →1   x (2 − γ) 2  
 

lim
Also (1 − γ) = 0. Therefore from Eq. (7-58)
γ →1

2+x
lim  2(1− γ) 
1/(1+ x)  1 1+x
lim
 (2-γ) 
K + 1 + 1
2
L=
γ →1 γ →1  (2 − γ)K  2(1-γ)  

Expanding the square root term in K yields

lim 2 − γ lim  2 − γ   
K =   −1+ 1+ 16 1 + x  1− γ + order(1− γ) 2  
γ →1 1− γ γ →1  1 − γ    2  x  (2 − γ)
2 2  

lim  8(1 + x) 1  8(1+x)

= =
γ → 1  x 2 2 − γ  x2

Therefore

2+x


1 

lim  2x 
2 1/(1+x)
4(1+x) + 12 + 1
1+x
L = 8(1+x)
γ →1    x2  

2+x x
 2x2 1/(1+x) x+2 1+x 21+x
= 8(1+x)  + 1  = (1+x) x
   x   

7-21. (a) First we need to find L and L'. With x = 0.5 and γ = 0.9, Eq. (7-56) yields K =
0.7824, so that from Eq. (7-58) we have L = 2.89. With ε = 0.1, we have γ' = γ(1 -
ε) = 0.9γ = 0.81. Thus L' = 3.166 from Eq. (7-80). Substituting these values into
Eq. (7-83) yields

2+x
 1 1+x L'  1 5/3 3.166
y(ε) = (1 + ε)  = 1.1 .9 2.89 = 1.437
1 - ε L  

12
 Then 10 log y(ε) = 10 log 1.437 = 1.57 dB
(b) Similarly, for x = 1.0, γ = 0.9, and ε = 0.1, we have L = 3.15 and L' = 3.35, so
that

 1 3/2 3.35
y(ε) = 1.1.9 3.15 = 1.37
 
Then 10 log y(ε) = 10 log 1.37 = 1.37 dB

7-22. (a) First we need to find L and L'. With x = 0.5 and γ = 0.9, Eq. (7-56) yields K =
0.7824, so that from Eq. (7-58) we have L = 2.89. With ε = 0.1, we have γ' = γ(1 -
ε) = 0.9γ = 0.81. Thus L' = 3.166 from Eq. (7-80). Substituting these values into
Eq. (7-83) yields

2+x
 1 1+x L'  1 5/3 3.166
y(ε) = (1 + ε)  = 1.1 .9 2.89 = 1.437
1 - ε L  
Then 10 log y(ε) = 10 log 1.437 = 1.57 dB
(b) Similarly, for x = 1.0, γ = 0.9, and ε = 0.1, we have L = 3.15 and L' = 3.35, so
that
 1 3/2 3.35
y(ε) = 1.1.9 3.15 = 1.37
 
Then 10 log y(ε) = 10 log 1.37 = 1.37 dB

7-23. Consider using a Si JFET with Igate = 0.01 nA. From Fig. 7-14 we have that α =
0.3 for γ = 0.9. At α = 0.3, Fig. 7-13 gives I2 = 0.543 and I3 = 0.073. Thus from
Eq. (7-86)

1  2(.01nA ) 4(1.38× 10 −23 J / K)(300 K) 

WJFET = + 0.543
B  1.6 × 10 −19 C (1.6 × 10 −19 C)2 10 5 Ω 

1  4(1.38× 10 −23 J / K)(300 K)(.7) 

+ 0.543
B  (1.6 × 10 −19 C)2 (.005 S)(10 5 Ω) 2 

 2π(10 pF)  4(1.38 × 10 J / K)(300 K)(.7)

2 −23
+ 0.073 B
1.6 × 10 −19 C  (.005 S)
or

13
 3.51× 1012
WJFET ≈ + 0.026B
B
3.39 × 1013
and from Eq. (7-92) WBP = + 0.0049B
B

7-24. We need to find bon from Eq. (7-57). From Fig. 7-9 we have Q = 6 for a 10-9
BER. To evaluate Eq. (7-57) we also need the values of W and L. With γ = 0.9,
Fig. 7-14 gives α = 0.3, so that Fig. 7-13 gives I2 = 0.543 and I3 = 0.073. Thus
from Eq. (7-86)

3.51× 1012
W= + 0.026B = 3.51×105 + 2.6×105 = 6.1×105
B

Using Eq. (7-58) to find L yields L = 2.871 at γ = 0.9 and x = 0.5. Substituting
these values into eq. (7-57) we have

bon = (6)5/3 (1.6×10-19/0.7) (6.1×105).5/3 (0.543)1/1.5 2.871 = 7.97×10-17 J

Thus Pr = bonB = (7.97×10-17 J)(107 b/s) = 7.97×10-10 W

or
Pr(dBm) = 10 log 7.97×10-10 = -61.0 dBm

7-25. From Eq. (7-96) the difference in the two amplifier designs is given by

1 2kBT
∆W = I2 = 3.52×106 for I2 = 0.543 and γ = 0.9.
Bq2 Rf
From Eq. (7-57), the change in sensitivity is found from
x .5
WHZ + ∆W2(1+x) 1.0 + 3.52 3
10 log  W  = 10 log  1.0  = 10 log 1.29 = 1.09 dB
 HZ   

7-26. (a) For simplicity, let

η Q η
D = M2+x  I2 and F = M  
hν hν

so that Eq. (7-54) becomes, for γ = 1,

14
b = F[ (Db + W)1/2 + W1/2]

Squaring both sides and rearranging terms gives

b2
- Db - 2W = 2W1/2 (Db + W)1/2
F2

Squaring again and factoring out a "b2" term yields

b2 - (2DF2)b + (F4D2 - 4WF2) = 0

Solving this quadratic equation in b yields

1
b = 2 [ 2DF2 ± 4F4D2 - 4F4D2 + 16WF2] = DF2 + 2F W

hν  x 2 2Q 
(where we chose the "+" sign) = M Q I2 + M W1/2
η  

(b) With the given parameter values, we have

 1.7× 10  4
bon = 2.286×10-19  39.1M +
0.5

 M 

The receiver sensitivity in dBm is found from

Pr = 10 log [b on (50 ×10 b / s)]

6

Representative values of Pr for several values of M are listed in the table below:

M Pr(dBm) M Pr(dBm)

30 - 50.49 80 -51.92

40 -51.14 90 -51.94

50 -51.52 100 -51.93

60 -51.74 110 -51.90

70 -51.86 120 -51.86

15
7-27. Using Eq. (E-10) and the relationship

∞ 1 πa
∫ x
2 dx =
2
1+ 
0

 a

from App. B, we have from Eq. (7-97)

1 ∞ (AR) 2 π 1 1
BHZ =
(AR) 2 ∫0 1+ (2πRC) f2 2
df = 2
2πRC
= 4RC

where H(0) = AR. Similarly, from Eq. (7-98)

1 ∞ 1 π A A
1 ∫0
BTZ = 2 df = 2 = 4RC
 2πRC  2 2πRC
1+ f
 A 

7-28. To find the optimum value of M for a maximum S/N, differentiate Eq. (7-105)
with respect to M and set the result equal to zero:

d(S/N) (Ipm)2M
dM = 4kBTB
2q(Ip+ID)M2+x B + R FT
eq

q(Ip+ID) (2+x) M1+x B (Ipm)2M2

- 2 =0
 4kBTB 
2q(Ip+ID)M2+x B + R FT
 eq 

Solving for M,
2+x 4kBTBFT/Req
Mopt = q(Ip+ID)x

7-29. (a) For computational simplicity, let K = 4kBTBFT/Req; substituting Mopt from
Problem 7-28 into Eq. (7-105) gives

16
 2
2+x
1 2M2
1 2 K 
S 2 (I pm) opt 2 (Ipm) q(Ip+ID)x
N = 2+x = 2q(I +I )K
p D
2q(Ip+ID)Mopt B + KB
q(Ip+ID)x B + KB

2
xm2Ip  Req x/(2+x)
= 2/(2+x) 4kBTFT
2B(2+x) [ q(Ip+ID)x]

(b) If Ip >> ID, then

2
S xm2Ip  Req x/(2+x)
N = 2/(2+x) 2/(2+x) 4kBTFT
2B(2+x) ( qx) Ip

 2(1+x) 1/(2+x)
m2  ( xIp) 
= 2Bx(2+x)  2( x
q 4kBTFT/Req) 

7-30. Substituting Ip = R0Pr into the S/N expression in Prob. 7-29a,

2
S xm2 ( R0Pr)  Req x/(2+x)
N = 2B(2+x) 2/(2+x) 4kBTFT
[ q(R0Pr+ID)x]

 10 4 Ω / J 
1 /3
(0.8)2 (0.5 A / W)2 Pr2
=
2(5 × 10 / s) 3 [1.6 × 10 C(0.5Pr + 10 ) A]  1.656 × 10 −20 
6 −19 −8 2 /3

1.530 × 1012 Pr 2
= where Pr is in watts.
(0.5P + 10 )
r
−8 2 / 3

17
 Pr
We want to plot 10 log (S/N) versus 10 log 1 mW . Representative values are

shown in the following table:

Pr (W) Pr (dBm) S/N 10 log (S/N) (dB)

2×10-9 - 57 1.237 0.92

4×10-9 - 54 4.669 6.69

1×10-8 - 50 25.15 14.01

4×10-8 - 44 253.5 24.04

1×10-7 - 40 998.0 29.99

1×10-6 - 30 2.4×104 43.80

1×10-5 - 20 5.2×105 57.18

1×10-4 - 10 1.13×107 70.52

18
Problem Solutions for Chapter 8

8-1. SYSTEM 1: From Eq. (8-2) the total optical power loss allowed between the light
source and the photodetector is

PT = PS - PR = 0 dBm - (-50 dBm) = 50 dB

= 2(lc) + αfL + system margin = 2(1 dB) + (3.5 dB/km)L + 6 dB

which gives L = 12 km for the maximum transmission distance.

SYSTEM 2: Similarly, from Eq. (8-2)

PT = -13 dBm - (-38 dBm) = 25 dB = 2(1 dB) + (1.5 dB/km)L + 6 dB

which gives L = 11.3 km for the maximum transmission distance.

8-2. (a) Use Eq. (8-2) to analyze the link power budget. (a) For the pin photodiode,
with 11 joints

PT = PS - PR = 11(lc) + αfL + system margin

= 0 dBm - (-45 dBm) = 11(2 dB) + (4 dB/km)L + 6 dB

which gives L = 4.25 km. The transmission distance cannot be met with these
components.
(b) For the APD

0 dBm - (-56 dBm) = 11(2 dB) + (4 dB/km)L + 6 dB

which gives L = 7.0 km. The transmission distance can be met with these
components.

8-3. From g(t) = ( 1 - e-2πBt) u(t) we have

 -2πBt10  -2πBt90
1 - e  = 0.1 and 1 - e  = 0.9

so that

1
 -2πBt10 -2πBt90
e = 0.9 and e = 0.1

Then
2πBtr 2πB(t90-t10) .9
e =e = .1 = 9

It follows that

ln 9 0.35
2πBtr = ln 9 or tr = = B
2πB

8-4. (a) From Eq. (8-11) we have

 t2 
1  1/2  1 1
exp- 2 = 2 which yields t1/2 = (2 ln 2)1/2 σ
2π σ  2σ  2π σ

(b) From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which

1  (2πf3dB)2 σ2 1
G(ω) = 2 G(0), or exp -  =
 2  2

Using σ as defined in Eq. (8-13), we have

(2 ln 2)1/2 2 ln 2 0.44
f3dB = = =t
2πσ π tFWHM FWHM

8-5. From Eq. (8-9), the temporal response of the optical output from the fiber is

1  t2 
g(t) = exp- 2
2π σ  2σ 

If τe is the time required for g(t) to drop to g(0)/e, then

1  τe2  g(0) 1
g(τe) = exp- 2 = e =
2π σ  2σ  2π σe

2
 from which we have that τe = 2 σ. Since te is the full width of the pulse at the

1/e points, then te = 2τe = 2 2 σ.

From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which
1
G(f3dB) = 2 G(0). Therefore with σ = te/(2 2 )

1  1  1 1
G(f3dB) = exp  - 2(2πf3dB σ)2 = 2
2π   2π
Solving for f3dB:

2 ln 2 2 ln 2 2 2 0.53
f3dB = = t = t
2πσ 2π e e

8-6. (a) We want to evaluate Eq. (8-17) for tsys.

Using Dmat = 0.07 ns/(nm-km), we have

 440(7)0.7 350 
2 2 1/2

tsys = (2) + (0.07) (1) (7) +  800  +  90 
2 2 2 2
     

= 4.90 ns
1 1
The data pulse width is Tb = B = 90 Mb/s = 11.1 ns

Thus 0.7Tb = 7.8 ns > tsys, so that the rise time meets the NRZ data requirements.

(b) For q = 1.0,

 2 21/2
 440(7) 350 
tsys = (2) + (0.49) +  800  +  90 
2 2 = 5.85 ns
     

1
8-7. We want to plot the following 4 curves of L vs B = T :
b

(a) Attenuation limit

PS - PR = 2(lc) + αfL + 6 dB, where PR = 9 log B - 68.5
so that L = (PS – 9 log B + 62.5 - 2lc)/αf

(b) Material dispersion

3
 tmat = Dmat σλ L = 0.7Tb or

0.7Tb 0.7 104

L= = = B (with B in Mb/s)
Dmat σλ BDmat σλ

(c) Modal dispersion (one curve for q = 0.5 and one for q = 1)

q 1/q
0.440L 0.7  800  0.7
tmod = 800 = B or L = 0.44 B 
  
With B in Mb/s, L = 1273/B for q =1, and L = (1273/B)2 for q = .5.

1
8-8. We want to plot the following 3 curves of L vs B = T :
b

(a) Attenuation limit

PS - PR = 2(lc) + αfL + 6 dB, where PR = 11.5 log B - 60.5, PS = -13 dBm, αf =
1.5 dB/km, and lc = 1 dB,

so that L = (39.5 - 11.5 log B)/1.5 with B in Mb/s.

(b) Modal dispersion (one curve for q = 0.5 and one for q = 1)

q 1/q
0.440L 0.7  800  0.7
tmod = 800 = B or L = 0.44 B 
  
With B in Mb/s, L = 1273/B for q =1, and L = (1273/B)2 for q = .5.

8-9. The margin can be found from

PS - PR = lc + 49(lsp) + 50αf + noise penalty + system margin

-13 - (-39) = 0.5 + 49(.1) + 50(.35) + 1.5 + system margin

from which we have
system margin = 1.6 dB

4
8-10. Signal bits

Signal bits 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

Baseband (NRZ-L) data

Clock signal

Optical Manchester

8-11. The simplest method is to use an exclusive-OR gate (EXOR), which can be
implemented using a single integrated circuit. The operation is as follows: when
the clock period is compared with the bit cell and the inputs are not identical, the

EXOR has a high output. When the two inputs are identical, the EXOR output is
low. Thus, for a binary zero, the EXOR produces a high during the last half of the
bit cell; for a binary one, the output is high during the first half of the bit cell.
A B C
L L L
L H H
H L H
H H L

5
8-12.

NRZ data

Freq. A

Freq. B

PSK data

8-13.

Original 010 001 111 111 101 000 000 001 111 110
code

3B4B 0101 0011 1011 0100 1010 0010 1101 0011 1011 1100
encoded

8-14. (a) For x = 0.7 and with Q = 6 at a 10-9 BER,

Pmpn = -7.94 log (1 - 18k2π4h4) where for simplicity h = BZDσλ

6
(b) With x = 0.7 and k = 0.3, for an 0.5-dB power penalty at
140 Mb/s = 1.4×10-4 b/ps [to give D in ps/(nm.km)]:
0.5 = -7.94 log {1 - 18(0.3)2[π(1.4×10-4)(100)(3.5)]4D4}
or
0.5 = -7.94 log {1 - 9.097×10-4D4} from which D = 2 ps/(nm.km)
B (Mb/s) D [ps/(nm.km)]
140 2
280 1
560 0.5

7
Problem Solutions for Chapter 10

10-1. In terms of wavelength, at a central wavelength of 1546 nm a 500-GHz channel

spacing is

λ2 (1546 nm )2 −1
∆λ = ∆f = 500 × 10 s = 4 nm
9

3 × 10 m / s
8
c

The number of wavelength channels fitting into the 1536-to-1556 spectral band
then is

N = (1556 – 1536 nm)/4 nm = 5

10-2. (a) We first find P1 by using Eq. (10-6):

 200 µW 
10 log   = 2.7 dB yields P1 = 10
(log 200 −0.27 )
= 107.4 µW
 P1 

200 −0.47)
Similarly, P2 = 10(log = 67.8 µW

 200  = 0.58 dB
(b) From Eq. (10-5): Excess loss = 10 log 
107.4 + 67.8 

P1 107.4 P2 67.8
(c) = = 61% and = = 39%
P1 + P2 175.2 P1 + P2 175.2

10-3. The following coupling percents are are realized when the pull length is stopped at
the designated points:

Coupling percents from input fiber to output 2

Points A B C D E F
1310 nm 25 50 75 90 100 0
1540 nm 50 88 100 90 50 100

10-4. From A out = s 11A in + s 12 Bin and Bout = s 21A in + s 22 Bin = 0 , we have

s 21  s s 
Bin = − A in and A out = s 11 − 12 21 A in
s 22  s 22 

1
 Then
2
s  
2 2 2
A s s B s s 
T = out = s11 − 12 21 and R = in =  21  ÷  s11 − 12 21 
A in s 22 Ain  s 22   s 22 

10-5. From Eq. (10-18)

P2
= sin 2 (0.4z )exp(− 0.06z ) = 0.5
P0

One can either plot both curves and find the intersection point, or solve the
equation numerically to yield z = 2.15 mm.

10-6. Since β z ∝ n , then for nA > nB we have κA < κB. Thus, since we need to have
κALA = κBLB, we need to have LA > LB.

10-7. From Eq. (10-6), the insertion loss LIj for output port j is

P 
L Ij = 10 log i −in 
 Pj −out 

Let
Pi −in L /10
aj = = 10 Ij , where the values of LIj are given in Table P10-7.
P j− out

Exit port no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Value of aj 8.57 6.71 5.66 8.00 9.18 7.31 8.02

Then from Eq. (10-25) the excess loss is

 
 P   Pin   1 
10 log  in  = 10 log  = 10 log  = 0.22 dB
 ∑ Pj   Pin
 1 1 1  0.95
+ + ... +  
  a1 a 2 an  

10-8. (a) The coupling loss is found from the area mismatch between the fiber-core
endface areas and the coupling-rod cross-sectional area. If a is the fiber-core radius
and R is the coupling-rod radius, then the coupling loss is

2
 Pout 7πa2 7(25)2
Lcoupling = 10 log P = 10 log = 10 log = -7.11 dB
in πR2 (150)2

(b) Similarly, for the linear-plate coupler

7πa2 7π(25)2
Lcoupling = 10 log = 10 log 800(50) = -4.64 dB
l∞w

10-9. (a) The diameter of the circular coupling rod must be 1000 µm, as shown in the
figure below. The coupling loss is

7πa2 7(100)2
Lcoupling = 10 log = 10 log = -5.53 dB
πR2 (500)2

200 µm

400
µm

Coupling rod
diameter

(b) The size of the plate coupler must be 200 µm by 2600 µm.

7π(100)2
The coupling loss is 10 log 200(2600) = -3.74 dB

10-10. The excess loss for a 2-by-2 coupler is given by Eq. (10-5), where P1 = P2 for a 3-
dB coupler. Thus,

3
  P0  
Excess loss = 10 log   = 10 log  P0  = 0.1 dB
 P1 + P2   2P1 

This yields

 P0   P0 
P1 = ÷ 10 0.01 = 0.977
2  2

Thus the fractional power traversing the 3-dB coupler is FT = 0.977.

Then, from Eq. (10-27),

 log FT   log 0.977 

Total loss = −10 log  − 1 log N = −10 log  − 1 log 2 n ≤ 30
 log 2   log 2 
Solving for n yields

−3
n≤ = 9.64
 log 0.977 
log 2 −1
 log 2 

Thus, n = 9 and N = 2 = 2 = 512

n 9

10-11. For details, see Verbeek et al., Ref. 34, p. 1012

For the general case, from Eq. (10-29) we find

M 11 = cos (2κd) ⋅ cos (k∆L / 2) + j sin (k∆L / 2)

M 12 = M 21 = j sin (2κd )⋅ cos (k∆L / 2)

M 22 = cos (2κd )⋅ cos (k∆L / 2) − j sin (k∆L / 2)

The output powers are then given by

Pout ,1 = [cos2 ( 2κd ) ⋅ cos2 ( k∆L / 2 ) + sin 2 ( k∆L / 2 )]Pin,1

+[sin 2 (2 κd ) ⋅ cos2 (k∆L / 2)]Pin,2

4
 Pout ,2 = [sin 2 (2κd) ⋅cos 2 ( k∆L / 2)]Pin,1

+[cos 2 (2κd ) ⋅ cos2 (k∆L / 2) + sin 2 (k∆L / 2 )]Pin,2

10-12. (a) The condition ∆ν = 125 GHz is equivalent to having ∆λ = 1 nm. Thus the
other three wavelengths are 1549, 1550, and 1551 nm.

(b) From Eqs. (10-42) and (10-43), we have

c c
∆L1 = = 0.4 mm and ∆L 3 = = 0.8 mm
2n eff (2∆ν) 2n eff ∆ν

10-13. An 8-to-1 multiplexer consists of three stages of 2 × 2 MZI multiplexers. The first
stage has four 2 × 2 MZIs, the second stage has two, and the final stage has one
2 × 2 MZI. Analogous to Fig. 10-14, the inputs to the first stage are (from top to
bottom) ν, ν + 4∆ν, ν + 2∆ν, ν + 6∆ν, ν + ∆ν, ν + 5∆ν, ν + 3∆ν, ν + 7∆ν.
In the first stage

c
∆ L1 = = 0.75 mm
2n eff (4 ∆ν)

In the second stage

c
∆L 2 = = 1.5 mm
2neff (2 ∆ν)

In the third stage

c
∆L 3 = = 3.0 mm
2n eff (∆ν)

10-14. (a) For a fixed input angle φ, we differentiate both sides of the grating equation to
get

k dθ k
cos θ dθ = dλ or =
n'Λ dλ n'Λ cos θ

kλ
If φ ≈ θ, then the grating equation becomes 2 sin θ = .
n'Λ

5
 k dθ
Solving this for and substituting into the equation yields
n'Λ dλ

dθ 2 sin θ 2 tan θ
= =
dλ λ cos θ λ

(b) For S = 0.01,

1/ 2
 Sλ 1/2  0.01(1350) 
tan θ =   =  = 0.2548
2∆λ (1+m)  2(26)(1 + 3) 
or θ = 14.3°

10-15. For 93% reflectivity

R = tanh (κL) = 0.93 yields κL = 2.0, so that L = 2.7 mm for κ = 0.75 mm-1.
2

10-16. See Bennion et al., Ref. 42, Fig. 2a.

10-17. Derivation of Eq. (10-49).

10-18. (a) From Eq. (10-45), the grating period is

λ uv 244 nm 244
Λ= = = nm = 523 nm
θ 2 sin(13.5°) 2(0.2334 )
2 sin
2

(b) From Eq. (10-47), λ Bragg = 2 Λn eff = 2(523 nm) 1.48 = 1547 nm

(c) Using η = 1− 1/ 2 = 0.827 , we have from Eq. (10-51),

π δn η π (2.5 × 10 )(0.827)
−4

κ= = = 4.2 cm −1
λ Bragg 1.547 × 10−4 cm

(1.547 µm )2
[(2.1) + π2 ]
1 /2
(d) From Eq. (10-49), ∆λ = 2
= 3.9 nm
π (1.48) 500 µm

6
 (e) From Eq. (10-48), R max = tanh (κL) = tanh (2.1) = (0.97) = 94%
2 2 2

10-19. Derivation of Eq. (10-55).

10-20. (a) From Eq. (10-54),

λ0 1.554 µm
∆L = m = 118 = 126.4 µm
nc 1.451

(b) From Eq. (10-57),

x n s cd n c
∆ν =
L f mλ2 n g

25 µm 1.453 (3 × 10 8 m / s)(25 × 10 −6 m) 1.451

= = 100.5 GHz
9.36 × 103 µm 118 (1.554 × 10 −6 m)2 1.475

λ2 (1.554 × 10 −6 m) 2
∆λ = ∆ν = 100.5 GHz = 0.81 nm
c 3 × 108 m / s

(c) From Eq. (10-60),

c 3 × 108 m / s
∆νFSR = = = 1609 GHz
n g ∆L 1.475(126.4 µm)

Then
λ2 (1.554 × 10 −6 m)2
∆λ = ∆νFSR = 8 1609 GHz = 12.95 nm
c 3 × 10 m / s

(d) Using the conditions

2(25 µm)
sin θ i ≈ θ i = = 5.33 × 10 −3 radians
9380 µm

and
−3
sin θ o ≈ θo = 21.3 × 10 radians

7
 then from Eq. (10-59),

c
∆νFSR ≈
ng [∆L + d(θ i + θ o )]

3 × 10 8 m / s
= = 1601 GHz
1.475[(126.4 × 10−6 m) + (25 × 10 −6 m)( 5.33 + 21.3) × 10−3 ]

10-21. The source spectral width is

λ2 ν (1550 nm )2 (1.25 × 10 9 s −1 )
∆λ signal = = = 1 × 10 −2 nm
c (3 × 10 8 m / s)(109 nm / m )

Then from Eq. (10-61)

∆n eff
∆λ tune = λ = (1550 nm )(0.5%) = 7.75 nm
n eff

Thus, from Eq. (10-63)

∆λ tune 7.75 nm
N= = = 77
10 λ signal 10(0.01 nm )

10-22. (a) From Eq. (10-64), the grating period is

λ Bragg 1550 nm
Λ= = = 242.2 nm
2neff 2(3.2)

(b) Again, from the grating equation,

∆λ 2.0 nm
∆Λ = = = 0.3 nm
2n eff 2(3.2 )

10-23. (a) From Eq. (10-43)

c λ2 1
∆L = = = 4.0 mm
2n eff ∆ν ∆λ 2neff

4 mm
(b) ∆L eff = ∆n eff L implies that ∆ n eff = = 0.04 = 4%
100 mm

8
10-24. For example, see C. R. Pollock, Fundamentals of Optoelectronics, Irwin, 1995,
Fig. 15.11, p. 439.

10-25. (a) The driving frequencies are found from

v a ∆n va ∆n
fa = νo =
c λ

Thus we have

Wavelength (nm) 1300 1546 1550 1554

Acoustic 56.69 47.67 47.55 47.43
frequency (MHz)

(b) The sensitivity is (4 nm)/(0.12 MHz) = 0.033 nm/kHz