Integumentary System

Part 2

I Ketut Adnyana

School of Pharmacy
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Integumentary System
“How many of the sun-lover who the
beaches on a warm day ever stop to
consider the contributions and
sacrifices made by their skins? The skin
adsorbs UV radiation, prevents
dehydration, preserves normal body
temperature, and tolerates the chafing
and abrasion of the sand”
Review of Lecture 3
Components of
Integumentary system
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin Color
Hypodermis
Nail
Hair
Glands
Two types of skin glands:

Sweat Glands:
1. Apocrine sweat glands
2. Merocrine (eccrine) sweat
glands

Sebaceous glands
Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands

Communcate with hair follicles,
coiled tubular glands that
produce a sticky, cloudy, &
odorous secretion.

Begin secreting at puberty

The function is controlled by
the nervous system & hormone

Armpit, nipples & groin
 Glands
Merocrine sweat glands

Far more numerous & smaller than
apocrine galnds

2 – 5 million merocrine sweat glands

Its secretion depends on
temperature, humidity, physical
activity & stress condition

99% water, NaCl, organic nutrient &
waste product
 Glands
Function of Merocrine sweat glands

Cooling the surface of the skin to
reduce body temperature (sensible
perspiration)

Excretion of water & electrolytes

Protection from environmental
hazards
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands

Its secretion is called sebum, a mixtures
of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins &
electrolytes

Sebum provides lubrication to the skin &
hair, & inhibits the growth of bacteria

Sebaceous follicles are large sebaceous
glands, which never produce hairs, are
loated on the face, back, chest & nipples.
Sebaceous Galnds
Function of Integumentary System

Protection

Maintenance of normal body
temperature

Excretion (salts, water & organic
wastes)

Storage of nutrients

Sensation (touch, pressure &
temperature)

Synthesis of Vitamin D
Function of Integumentary System

Protection

Physical Barrier

Protects the body from UV light
exposure

Prevents from loss of body fluid

pH acid (4-6.8) inhibits the
growth of microorganism
Maintenance of body temperature

Increase of body temperature

Dilation of blood vessels

Increase of blood flow

Heat excretion in the sweat

 Sensation
Stimulus (touch, pressure, etc)

Sensoric receptor

Nervous system

Response (effector organ

Simple or complex)
Produksi Vitamin D
Sterol (7-dehydrocholesterol)
UV

Vitamin D3

Absorption of calcium & phosphate

Growth & bone regeneration

Clinical Conditions
Acne

Inflammation caused by
Corynobacterium acnes infection,
excessive sebum secretion form
blackhead & dandruff.

Close related to sex hormones
 Dermatitis
Dermatitis — an inflammation of the
skin — usually appears as swollen,
red and itchy skin.
It has many causes and occurs in
many forms, including contact
dermatitis and atopic dermatitis.
Dermatitis isn't life-threatening or
contagious, but it can be
uncomfortable or even painful.
Eczema
Eczema is a general term encompassing various
inflamed skin conditions. One of the most common
forms of eczema is atopic dermatitis (or "atopic
eczema").

Eczema outbreaks can usually be avoided with

some simple precautions.
- Moisturize frequently
- Avoid sudden changes in temperature or humidity
- Avoid sweating or overheating
- Reduce stress
- Avoid scratchy materials (e.g., wool or other
irritants)
- Avoid harsh soaps, detergents, and solvents
- Avoid environmental factors that trigger allergies
(e.g., pollens, molds, mites, and animal dander)
- Be aware of any foods that may cause an outbreak
and avoid those foods
Stasis Dermatitis
Stasis dermatitis occurs when
varicose veins or other
circulatory conditions cause
fluids to build up in the lower
legs. The swelling produces
pressure beneath the skin and
prevents adequate blood and
oxygen from reaching the skin.
This causes the skin at your
ankles and shins to become
discolored (red or brown),
thick and itchy. Open sores or
ulcers also may develop.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis is
characterized by greasy,
scaly, itchy, red skin. It's
often found on oily areas of
the body, such as the face,
upper chest and back. Self-
care measures, such as
using over-the-counter
medicated shampoos or
hydrocortisone cream and
washing frequently, help
lessen the problem.
Perioral Dermatitis
Perioral dermatitis usually
affects the area around the
mouth, causing small red
bumps, pus-filled bumps or mild
peeling. The exact cause of
perioral dermatitis is unknown,
but makeup, moisturizers,
topical corticosteroids or some
dental products containing
fluoride may play a role.
Treatment may include
prescription-strength anti-acne
medications.
 Neurodermatitis
Neurodermatitis,
Neurodermatitis, also known as
lichen simplex chronicus,
chronicus, occurs
because of repeated scratching.
Chronic scratching can cause
patches of thickened, brownish
skin. These patches have definite
margins that are thick and leather-
leather-
like (lichenified
(lichenified).
lichenified).
Treatment of neurodermatitis is difficult. It takes many
weeks to months for the skin to return to normal.
Successful treatment includes identifying and eliminating
factors that may be aggravating the problem. Treatment
may also include prescription-
prescription-strength corticosteroid
creams.
 Atopic Dermatitis
This form of dermatitis, commonly
referred to as eczema, is a chronic
condition that causes itchy, inflamed
skin. Most often, it occurs in the folds
of the elbows, backs of the knees or
the front of the neck. It tends to flare
periodically and then subside for a
time, even up to several years.
The exact cause of this skin disorder is unknown, but it may
result from a malfunction in the body's immune system.
system.
Even mild cases of atopic dermatitis can be extremely itchy.
Self-
Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and
applying creams or ointments, help. See your doctor if your
symptoms distract you from your daily routines or prevent you
from sleeping.
Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Irritant contact dermatitis

due to glass fibers.

ACD due to topical

vitamin E cream.

Irritant contact dermatitis in a taxidermist due

to contact with adhesives used in the occupati
 Allergic Contact Dermatitis

ACD due to nickel allergy ACD due to chemicals

in shampoo.

ACD due to allergic reaction ACD due to rubber

to adhesives in a shoe.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis (sel-u-LI-tis) is a
potentially serious bacterial
infection of your skin. Cellulitis
appears as a swollen, red area
of skin that feels hot and tender,
and it may spread rapidly.
Cellulitis occurs when one or
more types of bacteria enter
through a crack or break in your
skin. The two most common
types of bacteria that cause
cellulitis are streptococcus and
staphylococcus.
Cellulitis
Wash your wound daily with soap and water.
Do this gently as part of your normal bathing.
Apply an antibiotic cream or ointment.
For most surface wounds, a single- or double-antibiotic
ointment provides adequate protection.
Cover your wound with a bandage.
This helps keep the wound clean and bacteria out. If you
have draining blisters, keep them covered until a scab
forms.
Change bandages often.
Change them at least daily or whenever the bandage
becomes wet or dirty.
Watch for signs of infection.
Redness, pain and drainage all signal possible infection
and the need for medical evaluation.
Athlete's foot
Athlete's foot is a skin
disease caused by a fungus,
usually occurring between the
toes.
Avoid walking barefoot; use
shower shoes.
Reduce perspiration by using
talcum powder.
Wear light and airy shoes.
Wear socks that keep your
feet dry, and change them
frequently if you perspire
heavily.
 Clinical Conditions
Burn

Level I: damage epidermis, erythema
& pain. Exp. sunburn

Level II: damage all epidermis layers &
several parts of dermis. Do not
damage the accossories structures.
Swelling & pain. It can be cured about
1 – 2 weeks.
Clinical Conditions
Burn

Level III: damage the epidermis,
dermis & even hypodermis tissue.

Swelling, painless due to sensory
nerve & accessory structures damage.

The body can not cure itself
Treatment of Burn Level III

Fluid & electrolyte replacement

Proper nutrition to increase the
metabolism for thermoregulation
& healing

Prevent infection

Tissue regeneration (skin graft)
Injury & Repair
Injury & Repair
Aging & Integumentary System

Activity of germinative cells decrease

Number of Langerhans cells decrase

Vitamin D3 production decreases

Activity of melanocyte cells decrease

Activity of glands decrease

Blood supply decreases

Hair follicle function stops

Elasticity of dermis decreases

Skin regeneration decreases
Development of Integumentary System
Development of Integumentary System
Development of Integumentary System