CONSTRUCTION OF A HOMOGENOUS EQUATION

The general solution of the equation

(b0 Dn + b1 Dn−1 + ⋯ + bn−1 D + bn )y = R(x) → (2)

is: y = yc + yp

where: yc = the complimentary functions

= the general solution of the homogenous equations:

(b0 Dn + b1 Dn−1 + ⋯ + bn−1 D + bn )y = 0

and yp = any particular solution of the original equation.

There are various methods for getting a particular solution of (2) when b0 , b1 , … , bn are constants.

Methods of Solving Non-Homogenous Equations are:

1. Method of Undetermined Coefficients

2. Solution by Inspection
3. Inverse Operator
4. Exponential Shift
5. X -shift
6. Variation of Parameters

In preparation for the method of undetermined coefficients, it is wise to obtain proficiency in writing
a homogenous differential of which a given function of proper form is a solution.

Sample Exercises:

[Example 1] Obtain in factored form the LDE

y = 4e2x + 3e−x
[Example 2]

1
y = 7 − 2x + e4x
2
[Example 3]

1
y = −2x + e4x
2
[Example 4]

y = e−x sin2x
[Example 5]

y = xe−x sin2x + 3e−x cos2x

[Example 6]

y = 3xe2x
[Example 7]

y = 6 + 3xex − cosx
I. Method of Undetermined Coefficients:

Standard Form:

(a0 Dn + a1 Dn−1 + ⋯ + an−1 D + an )y = R(x) → (2)

where:

R(x) ≠ 0 and a0 , a1 , a2 … an are constants

Steps:

1. Determine the solution of the homogenous equation f(D) = 0 such that the solution is called
yc = complimentary solution.
2. Determined the particular solution: yp
3. Find the general solution: y = yc + yp

[Example 1]

(D2 − D − 2)y = 4x
[Example 2]

(D2 + 4D + 4)y = 2e2x

[Example 3]

(D2 + 9)y = 10sin2x

[Example 4]

(D2 + 4D + 4)y = 2e−2x

[Example 5]

y ′′′ + y ′′ = 3ex + 4x 2
[Example 6]

(D3 + 5D)y = 15
[Example 7]

(D2 + D − 2)y = 2x − 40cos2x

[Example 8]

(D2 + 4)y = 10cos3x

[Example 9]

(D2 − 3D − 4)y = 18e2x

[Example 10]

(D2 − D)y = 5cos2x