ADDITIONAL TOPICS ON EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE

A. Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

We are concerned with equations that are simple enough to enable us to find integrating factors by
inspection. The ability to do so, depends largely upon recognition of certain common exact
differentials and upon experience.

FOUR EXACT DIFFERENTIALS THAT FREQUENTLY OCCUR

1. d (xy) = xdy + ydx

x ydx−xdy
2. d (y) = y2

𝑦 xdy−ydx
3. d ( x ) = x2

y xdy−ydx
4. d(Arctan x ) = x2 +y2

NOTE: The homogeneity of the coefficients of dx and dy in each of these differentials.

A differential involving only one variable, such as x −2 dx is an exact differential.

Sample Problems:

Obtain the General Solution

[Example 1]

y(2xy + 1)dx – xdy = 0

[Example 2]

(𝐱 𝟑 𝐲 𝟑 + 𝟏) 𝐝𝐱 + (𝐱 𝟒 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲)
[Example 3]

(𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 + (𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐱)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎
[Example 4]

y(𝐲 𝟑 − 𝐱)dx + x(𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐱)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

[Example 5]

y(𝐱 𝟑 − 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱(𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐲)𝐝𝐲

Assign:

Solve problem no. 2, 4, 5, 9, 15 pp. 66-67