Revision Lecture 2: Phasors

Revision Lecture 2: Phasors
• Basic Concepts
• Reactive Components
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
• Complex Power in
Components
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-1802) Revision Lecture 2 – 1 / 7

Basic Concepts

• Basic Concepts • Phasors and Complex impedances are only relevant to sinusoidal
• Phasors
sources.
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
• Complex Power in ◦ A DC source is a special case of a zero-frequency cosine
Components
wave.

Basic Concepts

• Phasors
sources.
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
wave.
• For two sine waves, the leading one reaches its peak first, the
lagging one reaches its peak second. So sin ωt lags cos ωt.

Basic Concepts

• Phasors
sources.
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
wave.
• For two sine waves, the leading one reaches its peak first, the
lagging one reaches its peak second. So sin ωt lags cos ωt.
• If A cos (ωt + θ) = X cos ωt − Y sin ωt, then
√
◦ A = X 2 + Y 2 , θ = tan−1 X Y
.
◦ X = A cos θ , Y = A sin θ .
◦ In CMPLX mode, Casio fx-991ES can do complex arithmetic
and can switch between the two forms with SHIFT,CMPLX,3 or
SHIFT,CMPLX,4

Reactive Components

1 −j
• Basic Concepts
• Impedances: R, jωL, jωC = ωC .
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram 1 1 −j
• Complex Power ◦ Admittances: ,
R jωL = ωL , jωC
Components

Reactive Components

1 −j
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
R jωL = ωL , jωC
Components
• In a capacitor or inductor, the Current and Voltage are 90◦ apart :
◦ CIVIL: Capacitor - current leads voltage; Inductor - current lags

voltage

Reactive Components

1 −j
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
R jωL = ωL , jωC
Components

voltage
• Average current (or DC current) through a capacitor is always zero

• Average voltage across an inductor is always zero

Reactive Components

1 −j
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
R jωL = ωL , jωC
Components

voltage
• Average current (or DC current) through a capacitor is always zero

• Average voltage across an inductor is always zero
• Average power absorbed by a capacitor or inductor is always zero

Phasors

• Basic Concepts
A phasor represents a time-varying sinusoidal waveform by a fixed complex
• Reactive Components number.
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
Waveform Phasor
v(t) = X cos ωt − Y sin ωt V = X + jY

Phasors

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
Waveform Phasor
v(t) = X cos ωt − Y sin ωt V = X + jY Note minus sign

Phasors

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
Waveform Phasor
v(t) = A cos (ωt + θ) V = Aejθ = A∠θ

Phasors

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
Waveform Phasor
max (v(t)) = A |V | = A

Phasors

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
Waveform Phasor
max (v(t)) = A |V | = A
v(t) is the projection of a rotating rod onto

the real (horizontal) axis.
V = X + jY is its starting position at t = 0.

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
Draw phasors as vectors. Join vectors end-to-end to show how voltages in
• Reactive Components series add up (or currents in parallel).
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Find y(t) if x(t) = cos 300t .
Components

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1

Y
Y =X× X

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1

Y
Y =X× X
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦ 0
-0.2
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1
-0.4
Y
Y =X× X 0 0.5 1
Real
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦ 0
-0.2
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1
-0.4
Y
Y =X× X 0 0.5 1
Real
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦
y(t) = 0.1 cos 300t + 0.3 sin 300t

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦ 0
-0.2
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1
-0.4
Y
Y =X× X 0 0.5 1
Real
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦
y(t) = 0.1 cos 300t + 0.3 sin 300t
= 0.32 cos (300t − 1.25)
= 0.32 cos (300 (t − 4.2ms))

Phasor Diagram

• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power
Components
1
Y jωC 1
X = 1
R+ jωC
= jωRC+1
1
= 1+3j
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦ 0
-0.2
x(t) = cos 300t ⇒ X = 1
-0.4
Y
Y =X× X 0 0.5 1
Real
= 0.1 − 0.3j = 0.32∠ − 72◦
w = 300 rad/s, Gain = 0.32, Phase = -72°
1
y(t) = 0.1 cos 300t + 0.3 sin 300t x
x=blue, y=red
0.5
y
= 0.32 cos (300t − 1.25) 0
-0.5
= 0.32 cos (300 (t − 4.2ms)) -1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (ms)

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
e = √1 × V to be the
If V = |V | ∠θV is a phasor, we define V
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
corresponding r.m.s. phasor. The r.m.s. voltage is V = 2
× |V |.
• Complex Power
Components

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
Components Power Factor cos φ = cos (θV − θI )

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
Complex Power S = Ve × Ie∗ = P + jQ ∗
= complex conjugate

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
Complex Power S = Ve ×Ie∗ = P + jQ ∗
= complex conjugate

Apparent Power |S| = Ve × Ie

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
= complex conjugate

Apparent Power |S| = Ve × Ie
Average Power P = < (S) = |S| cos φ unit = Watts → heat

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
= complex conjugate

Apparent Power |S| = Ve × Ie unit = VAs
Reactive Power Q = = (S) = |S| sin φ unit = VARs

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
= complex conjugate

Conservation of power (Tellegen’s theorem): in any circuit the total complex

power absorbed by all components sums to zero
⇒ P = average power and Q = reactive power sum separately to zero.

Complex Power

• Basic Concepts
2
e √1
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
× |V |.
• Complex Power
= complex conjugate

Conservation of power (Tellegen’s theorem): in any circuit the total complex

power absorbed by all components sums to zero
⇒ P = average power and Q = reactive power sum separately to zero.
VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors.
φ > 0 for inductive impedance.

φ < 0 for capacitive impedance.

Complex Power in Components
Revision Lecture 2: Phasors 2 2

|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
S = Ve Ie∗ = Z∗ = Ie Z
• Phasors
Resistor: positive real (absorbs watts)
• Phasor Diagram
• Complex Power Inductor: positive imaginary (absorbs VARs)
Components Capacitor: negative imaginary (generates VARs)


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram
Power Factor Correction


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ve = 230. Motor is 5||7j Ω.


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S|
= cos 36◦ = 0.81


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S|
= cos 36◦ = 0.81
Add parallel capacitor: 300 µF


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S|
= cos 36◦ = 0.81
Ie = 46 − 11j = 47∠ − 14◦


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S|
= cos 36◦ = 0.81
Ie = 46 − 11j = 47∠ − 14◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.9∠14◦ kVA


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S|
= cos 36◦ = 0.81
Ie = 46 − 11j = 47∠ − 14◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97


|Ve |
• Basic Concepts
• Phasors
• Phasor Diagram

Ie = 46 − 33j = 56.5∠ − 36◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 13∠36◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S|
= cos 36◦ = 0.81
Ie = 46 − 11j = 47∠ − 14◦
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97
0.81
Current decreases by factor of 0.97 . Lower power transmission losses.

Revision Lecture 2: Phasors

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Revision Lecture 2: Phasors