ASSIGNMENT 3

Bhanu Chandu Makineni

170040100
1) In the study 11 types of reinforcing steel have been used:
1. Black steel:
It is the conventional uncoated alternative for the corrosion resistance reinforcement which are
the remaining 10 types. Material is made of normal TMT steel now a days.
These Kind of steel will be used where there is less chance of corrosion or corrosion resistance is
not needed. Now a days use of both black steel at some parts and galvanised steel in the
remaining parts for the whole construction is increasing as it will lead to a high cost-effective
usage of resources
2. Epoxy coated:
These types of reinforcements have protective organic layer which prevents protection from
harmful agents that penetrate into the concrete. The properties of the coating are such that
they should be able to cover the reinforcement uniformly. The coating should be flexible
enough to bend easily in construction without damage and also it should be able to provide
sufficient bond strength between bars and concrete. These properties will be satisfied at a
better level with “epoxy resins”.
These coatings are not completely impermeable to oxygen, water and chlorides. Protection
provided by the coating increases as the thickness of the coating increases and also price when
compared to carbon steel is high for epoxy coated reinforcement.
After many tests and assessments, it has been concluded that using of epoxy coated
reinforcement bars is doing more harm than protection in water bridge structures (because
they allow very high corrosion rates at the defected areas by forming macrocells).
3. Hot-dip galvanised:
These are produced by hot dipping the steel/iron reinforcement in the bath of molten zinc. If
the pH is high in the concrete environment, the galvanised reinforcement has a very much high
resistance when compared with carbon steel. The protective layer that forms on the top of the
zinc layer not only reduces the rate of corrosion but also reduces the oxygen reduction
reactions & hydrogen development. Bond strength remains unchanged here because it was
developed by mechanical interlocking.
In case of low chloride content, the corrosion in the galvanised steel reinforcement is very much
lower and in the presence of chloride content it may be affected by pitting corrosion
4. Tin-plated zinc-clad:
Steel reinforcement is cladded with zinc with a tin foil plating
5. Un-plated zinc-clad:
Made similar to Tin plated zinc-clad reinforcement but without any tin plating
Both the zinc-clad reinforcement types are evaluated as zinc coatings. When we come to bond
strength these have less bond strength than black steel. In regard of performance these
reinforcements had shown a crack width significantly larger than the black bars.
6. Zbar:
These are the reinforcement bars that are double coated with epoxy and zinc with epoxy layer
on the outside, by this we can prevent the corrosion in high chloride content environment as
well, in a very efficient manner yet as whole if we consider corrosion resistance will be lower
when compared to galvanized steel
When we compare the properties bond strength will not be changed, yield strengths were also
similar to black bars
 STAINLESS STEEL BARS: (From 7-10)
Now a day’s stainless-steel reinforcements are extensively used in the structures exposed with
aggressive environmental conditions and also in repairing of corroding structures.
Based on the material components composition stainless-steel bars are classified into four
categories but currently only specific grades of austenitic and Austenitic-ferritic (duplex) are
being used.
7. Ferritic: Contain high ferrite content
8. Austenitic: These are hardened by cold treatment and they are non-magnetic, the austenite
material will provide better rust resistance environment than chromium steel
9. Martensitic: They are hardened by heat treatment and these will be used in the environment
where moderate corrosion resistance is needed and These will also provide high strength over
hardness
10. Austenitic-Ferritic: age hardened by solution quenching followed by substantial heating for
many times at high temperatures.
Properties:
Chromium content (Duplex>Austenitic>Ferritic)
Nickel content (Austenitic>Duplex>Ferritic)
Stainless steel rebars don’t exhibit a unique yield point, high nickel content will provide a good
weldability to the steel.
Stainless steel has a high stability of passive film than normal carbon steel and also have a much
higher chloride threshold level than the black steel bars.
11. MMFX II micro composite:
Micro composite steel bars are made of chromium alloy low carbon steel, the chromium will
help these bars to have higher corrosion resistance
Bond strength will be similar to black steel bars but will have just a little more corrosion
resistance than black bars. Similar to stainless steel bars MMFX II will not have well defined
yield point.

2) Many Tests had been carried out to get the performance analysis of different reinforcements:
1. Macrocell & Crack width tests: These are done to evaluate the corrosion performance or corrosion
extent deposited on the steel reinforcement and the crack width developed in the structure due to
this corrosion. The usually used macrocells are mentioned in ASTM G109 (2005) or ASTM A955
(2009)
2. Beam-end tests: Crushing of the beam ends by hydraulic compression, these tests help us to assess
overall compressive strength performance of the RC structures after corrosion. We follow ACI 318-
08 (2008) to conduct this test
3. Tension and flexural tests: These are needed, to evaluate the structural performance of different
types of reinforcements, relevant ACI standards had been chosen to perform these tests.
4. Bond strength tests: Because the manufacturing of different kinds of reinforcement is different, the
bond strength between the concrete and the bars will be varied for them. It can be a big factor
during concrete shrinkage.
Splice tests are recommended to evaluate the bond strength and development length of the
reinforcing steel
3) Grading the different types of reinforcement bars: (From Highest to lowest in all cases)
i. Corrosion resistance:
Austenitic-ferritic
Austenitic
Ferritic
Martensitic
Zinc-clad
Galvanized
Zbar
Epoxy coated
MMFX II
Black steel
ii. Bond strength:
Stainless steel
MMFX II
Black steel
Galvanized steel
Zbar
epoxy coated
Un-plated Zinc-clad
Tin-plated Zinc-clad
iii. Cracking performance:
MMFX II
Galvanized
Black steel
Stainless steel
Zbar
epoxy coated
Un-plated Zinc-clad
Tin-plated Zinc-clad
iv. Economic viability:
Black steel
Galvanised
Epoxy
Zbar
MMFX II
Zinc-clad
Stainless steel

4)
Considering all the factors I can simply choose to use the stainless stell reinforcement in a construction
project because these reinforcements will better resist the failure/distresses in the RC structures which 95
percent of the failures are caused by corrosion.
Usage of stainless steel for the whole construction project will be very costly and so we have to develop a
selective usage of stainless-steel bars i.e. limited usage only at more vulnerable parts of the structure and
carbon steel bars in the remaining places