Cleaning Optical Systems and Instruments: 6.1 Techniques For Instrument Cleaning

Chapter 6
Cleaning Optical Systems

and Instruments
This chapter discusses the methods used to clean various common
optical instruments. Each optical system is unique, but the methods
described here are simple enough to apply to most systems.
The first sections describe hand techniques, inspection methods,
commonly used tools, and marking methods to assist reassembly. The
middle sections detail the requirements for cleaning telescopes, micro-
scopes, and associated optics. Also explained is how to keep instruments
covered when not in use and stored properly. The simplest of optics—a
pair of eyeglasses—is covered in the final section.
6.1 Techniques for Instrument Cleaning

The techniques used to disassemble and assemble the elements in an
instrument require the following:
• Practice,
• Patience,
• Good judgment while following instructions,
• Refined manual dexterity (i.e., the ability to handle small parts,
position hands in unusual ways, and use finely timed movements),
• The ability to detect where to clean when line of sight is
impaired, and
• Consideration of ergonomics when working with instruments.
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Cleaning a larger optical system is always an assisted procedure.

Several people are needed to handle a large optic and the tools needed
to remove the optic from its mount. The procedures should be
reviewed by team members responsible for different components in
the instrument. Detailed written instructions or a flowchart are useful
to ensure that all procedures are followed. Consider the process
thoroughly, walk through the procedure, and practice on samples.
If cleaning must occur with the optic mounted in place, be aware
of any electrical or electronic components, electronic wiring, or
electronic devices such as sensors, detectors, imagers, or lighting
systems. The unit should be powered down, and it may be necessary to
wear a static grounding wire on the wrist or ankle. Hands should be
gloved or fingers covered with cots while handling or cleaning to
prevent accidental touching of the optical surfaces, critical baffles, or
textured surfaces. All jewelry should be removed from the hands and
arms: even a simple ring can cause significant damage to an optical
surface. Arm coverings, a lab coat, and hair covering provide
additional protection for the instrument and personnel. The system
should be positioned to prevent falling tools from landing on the
optical surface.
6.1.1 How to view instruments

Locating and viewing contaminants in an instrument will depend on
the type of instrument and whether all of the elements in the optical
system can be seen. If the instrument is a visual type, look through the
system in both directions with a diffused light source. If the instrument
is for outdoor use, looking through the instrument at the sky (away
from the sun) will show contaminants inside the eyepiece or reticle
(Fig. 6.1). If the system is an imager or detector, the contaminants will
reduce performance due to light lost and light scattering, show defects
in images, or produce erroneous data.
Optical testing is one method used to observe the location of a
contaminant that can induce an error in the resolution target, MTF,
wavefront, or RMS values. The contaminant can be viewed visually
during the alignment of the system using an interferometer, knife
tester, or optical rail. By rotating one element or series of elements, the

Cleaning Optical Systems and Instruments 89
Figure 6.1 Viewing a reticle with dust, smears, and fungus in the instrument. Note
the small particles of dust. Fungus appears as an irregular, fuzzy, light grey shape
with a dark center; smears are the dark lines in the upper right side of the image.
contaminant will rotate along with them. To observe the contaminant,

light the system using focused light or a portable light such as a
flashlight. Point the light into the system, and, starting with the first
element, check each element until the contaminant is located (Figs. 6.2
and 6.3). A different light source may be required to improve
visibility; it is important to have the correct lighting to observe the
contaminant during cleaning.
Due to eye safety reasons, lasers and laser pointers should never be used as
a light source to view instruments or contaminants—the reflected bright beam
can strike the eye. See Section 1.1.

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Figure 6.2 Viewing an instrument using an LED light source. Use a notebook to
record and map the areas to be cleaned. Be sure to position cleaning tools in the
work area.
The cleanliness of optics in an instrument is based on the

number and size of foreign particles, dirt, smears, stains, or moisture
on the optical surfaces, and the effect they have on the function of
the instrument. No instrument is completely free of contaminants.
To confirm the cleanliness of an instrument, a guide can be written
taking into account the size of the optic, the number of visible
surfaces, and the number and size of particles on each surface. An
acceptable limit of the number of particles should be established to
maintain the function of the instrument. Inspect with an unaided eye
using transmission and/or reflective light; refer to MIL-PRF-13830B
and ANSI/OEOSC OP1.002 for the preferred lighting.

Figure 6.3 Viewing an instrument using an LED light source and an applicator.
The following example uses a 50-mm diameter binocular system

(~17 surfaces), noting the number and size of particles allowed per
surface.
50-mm objective lens: 2–3 particles up to 1.5 mm in size are
allowed, ignore those under 0.3 mm unless heavily contami-
nated (2–4 surfaces).
Inside prisms: 4–5 particles 0.3 mm in size (6 surfaces).
Eyepiece:
Field lens: 3–5 particles 0.05 mm in size.
Eye lens: 3–5 particles 0.1 mm in size (6–8 surfaces).
Remove all smears, fingerprints, and moisture. Inspection is
performed by looking through the binocular in both directions.

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Optical systems can become “cloudy” or covered with a “film”

inside the instrument; this may be caused by moisture due to changes in
temperature and humidity. Oils or lubricants used for mechanical
components may give off vapors that will cling to or condense on
surfaces. Another cause may be improperly cleaned optical elements
where oils or other contaminants were not removed. Porous metals can
sweat moisture trapped within the metal. Iron and steel will rust when
exposed to moisture, and those rust particles can stain an optic. When
viewing the instrument, it is important to look for these environmental
sources of contamination. Coatings, paint, and anodizing can be
applied to the metal to reduce their effects.
6.1.2 Marking methods: identification

It may be necessary to mark optics with identification symbols, either
to serve as an inspection aid to locate the position of a contaminant or
to point to an area that requires further review.
During the production of optics, marks are used to identify steps
in the optical process, such as part identification, grit size, or wear
indicators. They are also used for the location and position of
mechanical variations in thickness or a wedge in an optic. Marks are
used to identify alignment positions required for the assembly or
reassembly of an optic into a system (Figs. 6.4 and 6.5). Short lines,
dots, or arrows are the typical symbols used. A tick mark can be used
to indicate a “clocked” position, such as 6, 9, 12, and 3 o’clock. The
6 o’clock position facing towards the technician is the starting point.
The mark or caret is made with a pencil, ink pen, permanent ink,
or china marker (grease pencil). A permanent mark can be made by
notching or scribing with a diamond scribe or beveling stone; the
beveling stone is preferred because a diamond scribe can easily cause
fractures. Use an edge of the beveling stone to mark the edge of the
optic with a small V-shaped groove.
Marks should be placed outside of the functional areas of the optic,
such as the clear aperture or mounting surface, and they should remain
visible for as long as needed. If the marks are accidentally removed
during the cleaning process, re-apply immediately. Look for any part of
the mark that has been removed; inspection under magnification may

Figure 6.4 Position marks on the mounting cell and surfaces of the lenses. Note
the slight movement of the lens to the cell reference mark. The lens was loose in
the cell and caused a small rotation of the lenses.
Figure 6.5 Marking the edge of a lens with a permanent ink pen to help with the
realignment after cleaning.

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be needed. During the cleaning process, the technician should verify

that the marks are maintained in their position and shape.
There are many types of marking methods that can be used on
optical components or elements.
• Make a simple drawing or schematic of the elements before
disassembling an optical system. This drawing should show the
positions of the elements, symbols, and tick marks, providing a
guide during reassembly.
• A graphite #2 pencil or a mechanical pencil (size 0.5 mm or
0.7 mm) works best on the ground edge or the optical housing of
the optical elements.
• A permanent marker can be used for clocking of the elements on
the outer-most surfaces; however, be careful not to stain the
glass or coating with the marker. The surfaces should be cleaned
to remove the marks when elements are reassembled.
• A china or grease-type marker can also be used (Fig. 6.6). The
symbols and marks should be easy to understand, of readable
size, and easy to remove.
Figure 6.6 Marking the lens and edge of the mounting cell for reference, using a
china marker.

Figure 6.7 Marking the edge of a lens using a pencil with an upside down “V”.
• An arrow, arrow tip, caret, or “V” are simple marks that can be
used to show the direction of the light (Fig. 6.7). Dots or lines
are good for clocking the elements. Mark the optical cell with
the location of the optic relative to the cell.
6.1.3 Hand tools for instruments

A collection of high-quality hand tools, such as those shown in Fig. 6.8,
is required to work on optical instruments. These tools are used to
disassemble and reassemble optical elements mounted in instru-
ments, mechanical housings, and cells. Ergonomics should be taken
into account when judging the quality of a tool: hand tools should
feel comfortable and have an easy grip while using them. Technical
hand tools can be found in company-printed catalogs or on websites;
auction web sites and second-hand stores are also places to look
for quality tools. Specialty tools can be custom made in a machine or
tool shop.
The manner in which optics are mounted will determine what
tools are necessary to remove the mountings and elements from

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Figure 6.8 A collection of hand tools used in cleaning optics.
the instrument. Options range from a simple screwdriver to a

custom spanner wrench. Note that the hand tool used to mount
the optic may not be the one needed to remove it; additional tools
may be required. Soft-jaw pliers are used to remove an outside
threaded ring or the threaded part of an optical housing, whereas
a spanner wrench (Figs. 6.9 and 6.10) is used to remove the
internal threaded retaining ring. There are two types of spanner
wrenches, adjustable and custom.
When removing optics from a mechanical cell, a solid or ring
stand can help by floating the optic when the cell is lowered away
from the optic. A suction cup (manual or vacuum pump) is used to
remove optics inside an optical housing or to lift an optic that is in an
odd or difficult position.
Wood tools such as toothpicks, tongue depressors, or orangewood
sticks are helpful while positioning optics. They can guide a retaining
ring or remove small items. Small needle-nose pliers with rubber tips
are used to reach into a housing and guide a screw into place, or
remove loose items. A complete set of tweezers, ranging from small to
large (with and without plastic tips), and hemostats are good at
securing items. Wooden tweezers are helpful for handling larger
optics.

Figure 6.9 A spanner wrench is used in the removal of retainer rings from a lens
cell (image courtesy of FitTools, Inc.).
Figure 6.10 Spanner wrenches are made in various sizes. They adjust to fit a
range of retainer rings. A spanner wrench can be custom made for special
applications (image courtesy of FitTools, Inc.).
6.1.4 Instrument and optical-system cleaning

If the performance of an optical system is degraded due to
contamination on one or more of the optical elements, cleaning is
required. The appearance of contamination in the visual or video image

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is cause for concern. Start with any surfaces exposed to the environment
and carefully look at each surface or optic under normal room lighting.
If the contaminant is found, begin the cleaning process; if it is not easily
observed, it will require closer inspection of all surfaces with a better
light source and optical aids. The unit should be powered down for
safety and to prevent overexposure to the detector or imager. Always
check the instrument manual for directions: if the process of cleaning is
limited due to possible damage to the detector or imager or if the optics
cannot be removed, contact the manufacturer for further instructions.
A small or portable instrument can be examined on a worktable.
A diffused light source should be used to observe most contaminants on
the outer exposed surfaces. Tilt and move the instrument to examine
each surface under the light. If any surface is not observable, use a
handheld, portable light source instead. To view the optical system
correctly, look at each optic one surface at a time. Make notes about
what is observed.
The position of a contaminant can be found by comparing its size or
shape with the image on a TV, computer screen, or detector. Look at how
well focused the contaminant appears: outside of an image plane, a
contaminant will be out of focus, whereas a contaminant at the image
plane, such as a reticle or the surface of a CCD, will appear to be in focus.
Starting with the exposed surface, use compressed dry air to remove
dust and fibers, and then re-examine. If the contaminant has not been
removed, solvent on an applicator may be required. Use caution during
this process—solvent use should be limited to ensure that it does not
leak into the system. Afterwards, test the system performance: if the
contaminant is still visible, investigate further. Restart the process with
a different light source, such as fiber optic or focused light.
6.2 Internal Optics Cleaning

6.2.1 Instrument windows and view ports
When cleaning a window or view port in an instrument, position it so
that the area to be cleaned is accessible. The light source should
be positioned to illuminate the surfaces and the contaminant
during inspection; the instrument’s internal lighting can be used if

it is safe (i.e., it does not warm the surfaces or interfere with viewing due to
brightness). Review the instrument manual for safety concerns.
Note that lasers in the system should never be turned on or used as the light
source.
Carefully observe the optical area to be cleaned and remove any

particles or fibers by either blowing on the surface with compressed
(low-pressure) air or by wiping a soft brush across the surface and
away from the instrument. Using a dampened applicator with soap
and water, start at the center and gently stroke across the surface to
the edge, then observe the result. Do not allow any liquid to enter the
instrument. Dry with compressed air and check the surface. Do not
use the same applicator more than twice. If the contaminant is
difficult to remove, switch to a solvent: it is important to choose the
right solvent for the glass material and coating type, so test a small
area of the optical surface. If necessary, adjust the lighting or change
the viewing position to confirm that the contaminant is removed.
6.2.2 Disassembling an instrument

Before disassembling an optical instrument for cleaning, it is important
to understand the instrument’s function, be able to reassemble it, and
test its performance after cleaning. Use a simple instrument such as a
light microscope for practice: with its optics mounted in lens cells, it can
be disassembled, cleaned, and reassembled with minimal alignment and
testing. A complex instrument, such as a reflective telescope, requires
removal of the main mirror and other optics from the tube assembly.
Reassembling a telescope involves critical alignments and testing to
ensure peak performance.
Optical drawings, specifications, or manuals should be reviewed first to ensure

that the disassembly of the instrument will not damage the optics and their
mounts. Proceed after all the technical information is reviewed. Notes or
photos should be taken during the cleaning procedure.

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Prepare the workstation with the proper tools and lighting. The
instrument should be disassembled in a clean area, such as a laboratory or
under a flow bench. Small containers are handy to store various screws,
nuts, washers, springs, and other parts. The optics should be handled with
the utmost care and stored either on a tray or in a labeled, covered box; a
tray can be sectioned off to identify each optic as it is removed from the
instrument. Place alignment marks on the edge of each optic.
If the optics are easily accessible and the surfaces are exposed,
cleaning in place is an option; however, this option depends on what needs
to be cleaned and how it is mounted. Dust and fibers can be blown off
using a hand puffer or dry, low-pressure air (high pressure will blow the
dust and fibers into the instrument). Cleaning oils, stains, smears, or
fingerprints will require the use of solvents and will be difficult to do—a
strippable coating or the CO2 cleaning process may be viable alternatives.
6.2.3 Refractor telescope

Refractor-telescope lens cleaning requires attention to detail; Fig. 6.11
illustrates the system components involved. Prepare the workstation
(Fig. 6.12) and equipment, secure the optical tube assembly, and then
remove the lens cover and light shield. Inspect the lens with a light
source (diffused or focused) and observe the type and position of the
contaminant. If the internal surfaces require cleaning, determine how
the lens is held in place (common methods use a retaining ring, spring
Figure 6.11 Optical elements of a refractor telescope.

Figure 6.12 A typical work area arranged for cleaning a refractor lens.
washer, or set screws). If the lens is glued, in the cell only the outer
surfaces can be cleaned.
Before removing the lens cell from the tube, check the alignment
of the lens to the tube. If needed, test the optical performance before
disassembly. Note the position and mark its location to the tube.
Carefully remove the lens cell from the tube, then rotate or loosen the
set screws. Place the lens cell on the workstation (Fig. 6.13), and
inspect the lens again.
Clean the outer surfaces—first with soap and DS water on an
applicator, then with a solvent if needed—and re-inspect. If the inside
surfaces need to be cleaned, use a china marker or pencil to mark the
clock position of the lenses in relation to the cell with tick marks on
the outer surface and cell and the inner surface and cell.
Remove the retainer ring with a spanner wrench. (If other methods
are used, choose the corresponding tool.) Lay the lens assembly on the
covered post, then slowly remove the lens from the cell by lowering the
cell (Fig. 6.14). Mark the edges with a pencil and clean the lens using
the normal procedure (Fig. 6.15), but avoid removing the tick marks.
Re-inspect the lens and repeat as needed (Fig. 6.16).

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Figure 6.13 After the lens cell is removed from the tube assembly, position the
cell on a foam mat and remove the retaining ring.
Figure 6.14 Removing the lens from the cell by lowering the cell using the
methods described in this section.

Figure 6.15 Cleaning the individual lenses using a wipe and a hemostat.
Figure 6.16 Inspecting the lens using a light-colored background (note the air
gap spacers).

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Reassemble the lens, using the edge and tick marks to realign. Place
the lens on the cover post. Carefully lift the cell to fit the lens inside, and
then remove the lens assembly from the post. Secure the lens with the
retainer ring or set screws. Check the tick mark positions—if the lens
rotated, realign it. Reassemble the telescope and realign the optics to
telescope performance specifications.
6.2.4 Reflector telescope

Cleaning a reflector telescope, such as a Newtonian (Fig. 6.17) or
Cassegrain, requires the disassembly and removal of the mirrors from
the tube and mounting cells. Develop a procedure that lists the steps
needed to remove the optics. The procedure is a guide to assist in the
disassembly and reassembly of the optics, reducing the risk of damage
to the optics.
The workstation should have the proper equipment to handle
the removal of the optics from the telescope. Identify and obtain
any necessary hand and power tools and cleaning equipment. All
of the necessary equipment should be within easy reach of the
workstation.
Figure 6.17 Optical elements of a Newtonian reflector telescope.

Figure 6.18 Looking down the tube of a typical small-size reflector (152 mm). The
primary mirror is located at the bottom. The mount for the folding mirror or
secondary is supported by the 4 vanes. The eyepiece focuser is visible in the upper
left corner of the image.
Check if the telescope tube assembly (<250 mm in diameter) can

be removed from the mount, as seen in Fig. 6.18. Place and secure
the tube assembly near the workstation. The telescope tube assembly
(>250 mm in diameter) should remain attached to the mount due to
its size and weight. If needed, test the optical performance before
disassembly.
Before removing the primary mirror cell, make a reference
mark to indicate its position relative to the tube assembly.
Secure the telescope to prevent movement when the optics are
removed. Be careful: removal will cause a shift in the weight of the
telescope tube assembly. To prevent any items or optics from
falling and causing damage, point the tube assembly in a safe
direction.
Using the proper tools, carefully remove the primary cell. Remove
the fold or secondary mirror cell from its support mounting. Place
both cells on the workstation, with the optical surfaces facing up.

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Check what method is used to secure both mirrors in their cells.

Clips, set screws, rings, or glue are the most-common mechanical
methods. If needed, test the optics in their cell for reference.
If the mounting cell allows easy access to the surface and won’t
interfere with the cleaning process, it may not be necessary to remove
the optic. Either way, the surface must be completely exposed. If the
optics can be held in place without the assistance of the mechanical
parts, remove them to gain access to the entire surface; the weight of
the optic should hold it in the cell. The mounting cell should not be
easily contaminated with water or solvent during the cleaning process.
Make sure that cleaning liquids do not flow into the cell, or around or
under the optic. If removal is required, mark the position of the
mirrors relative to their cell for reference before removing them.
View the primary mirror under diffused or fiber optic light, and
inspect the type of contaminant. Blow clean, dry air across the surface
and around the edge to remove any loose particles and dust. Wash the
edge of the mirror with a damp wipe.
Depending on the size of the optic, place the mirror surface-side up in
a sink or plastic tub on the workstation (Fig. 6.19). The bottom of the tub
Figure 6.19 The primary mirror removed from the mounting cell and placed in a
tray ready to be cleaned.

should be covered with a foam or rubber mat. If needed, raise the mirror
up on wooden or plastic blocks. Make sure that the mirror is properly
secured before tilting it at a slight angle to drain the cleaning liquid.
Pour warm (20–30 °C) distilled water over the surface to flush away
any large particles. With a gloved hand and a large wipe (dampened
with warm distilled water), using only the weight of the wipe, slowly
wipe the surface in a random pattern. Rinse with clean DS water, then
blow with clean, compressed air and inspect the mirror.
A small mirror (<250 mm) can be soaked in a tub of warm soap and water; use
a large wipe in a random pattern to clean the surface. See Figs. 6.20 and 6.21.
A large mirror (>250 mm) lying flat or tilted on the workstation, or in a large
sink, can be washed in sections with soap and water.
Rinse the mirror with distilled water only. Dry by patting with a wipe
(Fig. 6.22) or use clean, dry air. Finish cleaning with a solvent and
applicator if needed. Be sure to dry the sides and bottom of the optic; it
may be necessary to dry under a flow bench. Inspect the surface, and
Figure 6.20 The pouring of distilled water and soap directly onto the surface.

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Figure 6.21 With the mirror submerged in the water, using a wipe to clean the
mirror.
Figure 6.22 Using a wipe to dry the surface.

record any defects on a map. Reassemble the optics into their cells using
the reference marks. Review the procedure on how best to secure the
optics with the mechanical parts. Secondary mirror cleaning (mounted
and surface-exposed) is shown in Figs. 6.23 and 6.24.
The mechanical parts should not affect the performance of the
optic. Test the optic in the cell to look for pinch points, if needed.
Reassemble the telescope and realign the optics to telescope
specifications.
6.2.5 Catadioptric optical system

A catadioptric optical system has both refractive and reflective optical
elements. A typical system (Fig. 6.25) has a refractive front element or
a series of lenses closer to the image plane. The refractive element (the
corrector) corrects the light for the primary reflective mirror.
Arrange the workstation and equipment, and then secure the
optical tube assembly. Inspect the corrector with a light source
(diffused or focused) and observe the type and position of the
contaminant to be cleaned.
Figure 6.23 Using a wipe to clean the secondary (folding) mirror.

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Figure 6.24 Using an applicator to clean a small area of the mirror.
Figure 6.25 Optical elements of a catadioptric telescope.
Blow away any dust or fibers with clean, dry, compressed air and
inspect the surface. If needed, clean with soap and distilled water or a
liquid lens cleaner.
Dampen the applicator or wipe and shake to remove any excess
liquid. Do not allow any liquid to leak into the cell. Using an outward
spiral pattern, stroke the applicator or wipe from the center out to the

Figure 6.26 Using an applicator to clean a small area on the correcting lens of a
catadioptric telescope.
edge (Fig. 6.26); inspect and repeat if necessary. Solvent use should be
limited to alcohol—some correctors have a painted spot in the center to
cover the back of the secondary mirror, and acetone or another strong
solvent can remove it.
Decide if the internal surface of the corrector needs to be cleaned. If
so, determine how the corrector is secured to the tube assembly (in most
cases, there is a threaded or flat retaining ring secured with screws).
Note the position of the corrector and mark its location relative to the
tube assembly; this is important during reassembly, as the optical
performance can be degraded if it is not positioned in the same location.
Test the telescope system prior to disassembly for reference.
Remove the retainer ring. Use care when removing the corrector
from the tube assembly (suction cups may be needed). Place the
corrector on the workstation. Under diffused light, inspect the
corrector. Follow the lens-cleaning procedure, and avoid removing
the reference marks. Inspect and, if clean, reassemble the corrector to
the tube assembly. The primary mirror can be cleaned using the
reflective telescope procedure. Test the telescope system to confirm
that its performance is within specifications.

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6.2.6 Binoculars and monocular

Cleaning a binocular or monocular (Fig. 6.27) is typically limited to
the outside surfaces of the main objective(s) and the eyepiece(s), as
shown in Fig. 6.28. Inspect the optics by looking through the
instrument in both directions. If cleaning is needed beyond these outer
surfaces, review the manufacturer’s manual for directions. Depending
Figure 6.27 Optical elements of binoculars or monocular.
Figure 6.28 Cleaning the objective of binoculars with a presoaked wipe.

on the manufacturer, type, and style of the instrument, it may be

possible to remove the main objectives and clean the front surface of
the prism assembly. If contaminants are found in the prism assembly,
the instrument should not be disassembled unless one has the skill and
test equipment to realign it and check its performance.
Most objective cells are attached to the main housing by screw
threads. A pair of soft-jaws pliers or a belt wrench can be used to
remove the lens cell. Once it is removed, blowing dry air or using a
hand puffer may be all that is required. However, if water or fungus
has contaminated the optical surfaces, it is best to return the
instrument to the manufacturer or take it to an optical repair shop.
The eyepiece assembly can be treated the same way, although special
tools and test equipment may be required to remove and reassemble it.
During the optic cleaning process there is an opportunity to remove old grease
from the mechanical threads and gears, and to apply new grease. Use
wooden sticks and a foam applicator (no solvent) first to remove most of the
gummed grease. Use a lightly dampened applicator with solvent for final
cleaning; be cautious of plastic parts. Apply new grease per the manufac-
turer’s instructions.
6.2.7 Light microscope

Prior to cleaning a light microscope (Fig. 6.29), review a microscope
manual or guide for a description of the optics. Some optical surfaces
can be cleaned without disassembling, such as the exposed surfaces of
the objectives or eyepieces. (The eyepieces and prism assembly are
cleaned using methods described in other sections of this book.)
Starting with the base mirror or lighting system, inspect the exposed
surfaces. The mirror is typically coated on the back surface, whereas
the front surface is left uncoated. The front surface can be cleaned
with a folded damp cloth or a wipe with a mixture of mild soap and
distilled water. Gently clean the surface by wiping, and then dry it
with a new cloth.
The lighting system involves either a lens-focused system or light
that is projected on a frosted or ground window. The top surface of a

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Figure 6.29 Optical elements of a light or compound microscope.
focused system is typically plano or flat: clean this surface with a

dampened applicator (soap and DS water) or with a solvent (alcohol
or methanol). Rotate the applicator while stroking gently across the
surface, and repeat as needed.
The ground window (if removable) can be cleaned using soap and
water. Dry by patting the surfaces with a cloth. If the window is not
removable, then wipe it with a lightly dampened cloth or applicator.
Do not allow any liquid to flow under the window mount.

Remove the microscope objectives one at a time; the opened space

should be covered with masking or vinyl tape or a lens cover. Inspect
the outer surfaces under focused light using a 5–10× eye loupe or
under a low-power microscope. The first element may be depressed
inside the lens mount. Begin by blowing the surface with dry air. If
liquid cleaning is needed, use a very small, pointed applicator, lightly
dampened with solvent (shake off any excess), as shown in Fig. 6.30.
Caution should be used to prevent any cleaning liquid from getting
inside. Stroke the applicator starting in the center and moving out
towards the edge. When finished, blow with dry air and inspect.
During the optic cleaning process there is an opportunity to remove old

grease from the mechanical threads and gears and apply new grease. Use
wooden sticks and a foam applicator (no solvent) first to remove most of the
gummed grease. Use a lightly dampened applicator with solvent for final
cleaning. Be cautious of plastic parts. Apply new grease per the manufacturer’s
instructions.
Figure 6.30 Cleaning a microscope objective using a pointed-tip applicator.

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6.2.8 Eyepiece
Eyepieces used in microscopes, telescopes, spotting scopes, and
binoculars need special care when cleaning the exposed optical surfaces
of the field lens and eye lens (Fig. 6.31). The field lens is the closest element
to the image plane. Contaminants such as dust, stains, and fingerprints on
the field lens can be magnified by the eye lens. Contaminants on the eye
lens surfaces will interfere with viewing; small specks, moisture, or dots or
stains from eye tears degrade the appearance of images.
To inspect the eyepiece, point the instrument or eyepiece at a light-
colored screen or wall (Fig. 6.32). Look through the eyepiece in both
directions: the background should appear unfocused and flat without
structure. Slowly rotate the eyepiece a quarter of a turn and observe; note
the position of dust or other contaminants. In some instruments, other
optical surfaces can be in or near focus, such as surfaces on a prism,
mirror, or reticle, which can be mistaken for the eyepiece surfaces. If they
rotate with the eyepiece, remove the eyepiece from the instrument.
Inspect the field lens and eye lens in reflection under a diffused light,
and then blow each surface with dry air. Inspect the surfaces, and then
clean them with a solvent-dampened applicator by stroking from the
center out to the edge (Fig. 6.33). Solvent may not be necessary—moisture
or tear stains may require using soap and DS water or just water alone
to remove. Repeat, and then inspect the eyepiece using the
background. It may be difficult to remove all of the contaminants,
Figure 6.31 Diagram of an eyepiece.

Figure 6.32 Inspecting an eyepiece assembly using a lighted background, notice

the dust particles.
Figure 6.33 Cleaning the inside surface of a field lens of an eyepiece assembly.

118 Chapter 6
but it is important: even the smallest dust can appear 10–40× larger
due to magnification. Install the eyepiece back into the instrument to
verify that the dust and contaminant has been removed.
Outer surface cleaning should reduce the amount of dust and
contaminants and improve the performance of the eyepiece. It is a
personnel or functional decision whether further cleaning is required;
if so, the eyepiece will have to be taken apart.
6.2.9 Camera: single-lens reflex and video

On a standard single-lens reflex (SLR, either film or imager) or video
camera, only the front and rear surfaces are accessible and easily
cleaned. First, inspect the front surface under diffused light. Blow
away any dust or fibers with dry air, and then re-inspect. If particles or
contaminants remain, a solution cleaning method should be used:
dampen an applicator with a solvent or liquid lens cleaner, and shake
off the excess liquid. Wipe with the applicator in a spiral motion,
starting in the center of the surface, moving out towards the edge, and
then lifting the applicator up and away (see Figs. 6.34 and 6.35).
Inspect and repeat if needed.
Figure 6.34 Cleaning the front surface of a camera lens using a wipe.

Figure 6.35 Cleaning the front surface of a camera lens using an applicator.
Check the camera manufacturer’s manual or operator’s guide for

instructions on how to access the internal back surface of the lens.
Camera lenses are typically attached to the main housing by screw
threads that are tightened by hand. Begin by placing the camera on
the workstation with the lens pointing up, then hold the camera body
and gently loosen the lens by hand. If the lens is too tight, use a pair of
soft-jaw pliers or a belt wrench to twist it off, but do not force the lens
off of the camera body. If the lens is still too difficult to remove, check
for locking set screws. Inspect the rear surface under diffused light.
Blow away any dust or fibers with dry air, and then inspect the
surface. If particles or contaminants remain, use the solution cleaning
method listed above.
If the contaminant is still visible, inspect it under a microscope or
10× magnifier. If dust, water, or fungus is inside the lens assembly, it is
best to have an expert disassemble the lens housing, as this type of
repair requires special tools and test equipment to ensure that the lens
is repaired correctly. Cleaning a simple point-and-shoot camera is
limited to the front cover window only. If the contaminant is inside the
lens, have a camera repair technician inspect it.

120 Chapter 6
6.2.10 Video CCD and CMOS sensor chips

The charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) sensor chip is a very sensitive electronic
device that should be handled with the utmost care when cleaning.
The sensor (see Fig. 6.36) is located at the final image plane, and any
dust, stains, smears, or other contaminants on the protective glass
window of the imager chip displayed in the image. It is very important
to follow the cleaning instructions provided by the manufacturer or
those found in the operation manual.
To inspect the CCD or CMOS chip, point the imager or camera
body at a uniformly illuminated flat white or other light-colored
background. Observe the number and position of particles on a
viewing screen. If the number and size of the particles, smears, or
stains do not interfere with the image, it is best not to clean them.
Particles that are visible in an image are commonly called “dust
donuts” or “dark donut shapes,”12 as shown in Fig. 6.37. An example
of these can be seen in the raw images from the Cassini spacecraft that
is orbiting Saturn. They are removed in the final images using software.
In an obscured optical system, such as a Newtonian telescope, the
particles will appear in the CCD image as dark circles with a faded
Figure 6.36 A typical CMOS digital eyepiece for a microscope with a USB
connector for computer imaging. The sensor is the small rectangle inside the tube
(image courtesy of Dino-Lite Company).

Figure 6.37 Image of “Dust Donuts” caused by dust located on the internal
surfaces of a digital camera.
center, thus the name. In unobscured systems, such as camera lenses or

refractor telescopes, the particles will appear as faint circles in the
image. Software is available to help locate the affected surface.
The sensor is a delicate optic and extreme care must be used when
choosing the cleaning method. Protect the sensor from any static
discharge. Power down the imager and inspect the window surface
under a flow bench with diffused light. Use an eye loupe or
microscope to locate the contaminant. Blow off the dust using clean
dry air or a hand puffer and re-inspect. In most cases this should
remove the particles.
If solvent is needed to remove the contaminant, use a pointed tip
applicator. The swab should have a tight weave to avoid loose fibers.
Using a high-grade solvent, (no acetone) lightly dampen the
applicator and shake off any excess solvent. While looking under a
microscope or using a magnifier, locate and dab the particle and the
area around it. The particle should adhere to the applicator; repeat as
needed.

122 Chapter 6
Figure 6.38 Cleaning the cover plate of a CCD imager using a pointed applicator.
If a cleaning of the whole sensor is needed, start in the center of

the sensor using light pressure, stroke out towards the edge and lift
away (Fig. 6.38). Clean only the glass area; avoid any exposed bond
wires or electronics around the chip. Use clean dry air to blow off the
surface. Re-inspect the surface and repeat as needed. Re-test the image
quality to be sure the contaminant is removed.
If the sensor is in a SLR digital camera, access to the sensor may be
limited. Follow the directions in the camera manual on the procedure for
shut down and cleaning. SLR sensor wipes are available commercially;
follow the cleaning procedures for their use. The sensor may require
expert cleaning at a photography store or a camera repair shop.
6.3 Non-instrument Cleaning

6.3.1 Vehicle and building windows: a reference
The glass used in a vehicle or small building window can be cleaned
using various methods. The outside or exposed surface faces extreme
weather and environmental conditions.

Vehicle and building windows may not be precision optics, but they are part of
visual optics. Many technicians in the optics field have been asked how to
clean these surfaces.
One common cleaning method uses a mixture of ~4–5 L of clean,

warm water and ~10–20 cc of clear liquid soap mixed in a clean plastic
pail or bucket. This combination helps loosen particles such as dust
and pollen and remove oily spots. To soften hardened contaminants,
rinse the surface first with a spray of clean water.
To apply the soap mixture, first soak a sponge and shake off or
squeeze out the excess liquid. Use the sponge to spread the mixture
across the surface or area to be cleaned. A flat rubber blade can be
used to channel and wipe the water away from the surface. Rinse with
clean water. A paper towel or cloth wipe is used to finish the cleaning
process and to dry the surface.
Ammonia- or vinegar-based liquid glass cleaners can be substituted for soap

and water.
For uncoated surfaces and glass types such as plate glass (float
glass), extra-hardened contaminants on the glass surface can be
removed by using a single-edge razor blade or a plastic or wooden
scraper. Start by pouring the cleaning liquid on a paper or cloth
wipe, place the wipe over the area, and then soak the contaminant
and allow the liquid to hydrate the dried substance. After a few
minutes, rinse away any particles; this will reduce the chance of
scratching. Starting at one edge of the contaminant, tilt the razor or
scraper to an angle of 10–25 deg, using light pressure and a
semicircular hand motion. Scrape the contaminant by working the
tool from one edge across the contaminated area. Soak and repeat,
scrape as needed. Clean around the area with a wipe to remove any
remaining particles. A sponge covered with a mesh or textured
surface on its backside can also be used to lightly scrub the offending
contaminant.

124 Chapter 6
One of the best mixtures for cleaning off road grime, persistent dust,
insect parts, vinyl film stains, and unknown contaminants is a mixture
of basic white toothpaste, soap and water, or diluted (water) and/or
ammonia-based glass cleaner. Place a dab of toothpaste on a dampened
paper towel or squeeze a dab from the tube onto the glass surface.
Using fingers or the towel, slowly work the toothpaste in a circular
pattern over a wide area. The scrubbing action of the chalk in the
toothpaste will lightly scrub the glass. The effect of the light scrubbing
will clean so that water sheets off the glass easily. See Figs. 6.39–6.42 for
an illustration. This method is also used on a scuba diver’s uncoated
mask window to reduce the effects of fogging during a dive.
6.3.2 Metal optics

Metal optics are manufactured using materials such as stainless steel,
brass, copper, nickel (plating), and aluminum. Except for aluminum,
these metals use the same cleaning methods and liquids. To prevent
the contaminants from dragging across the surface, clean the sides
first. Mounted optics should first be cleaned using a soft brush to
remove dust from the surface. Apply the soap and water solution to a
Figure 6.39 Cleaning the windshield of a vehicle by applying toothpaste.

Figure 6.40 Wetting the toothpaste and wipe with the cleaning solution.
Figure 6.41 Spreading the mixture across the surface.

126 Chapter 6
Figure 6.42 Cleaning the surface, reapply cleaning solution if needed. Dry the
surface using a fresh wipe.
wipe, pat the surface to collect particles, and repeat as needed. Dry
and inspect. Oily contaminants should be cleaned with solvents such
as acetone or methanol; pat the surface during application. Patting
reduces the chance of scratching or damaging during this step.
If the metal optic is not mounted, flush the surface with a mixture
of soap and DS water. Dampen a cloth or paper wipe with soap and
water, and use just the weight of the wipe while stroking across the
surface—no pressure should be applied to the applicator. Rinse the
surface with clean water.
For a difficult-to-clean contaminant, place a dampened wipe or
applicator with solvent over the area, and hold it in place for a few
seconds so that the contaminant dissolves into the wipe (see Figs. 6.43
and 6.44). Lift slowly while rotating the wipe up and away from the
surface. Use clean, dry, compressed air to remove any fibers or
particles. Inspect and repeat as needed. An ammonia-based liquid
cleaner will also work on these metal substrates (do not use on
aluminum). Test on a small area first and look for any reaction before
continuing to clean the whole surface.

Figure 6.43 Cleaning the polished surface of a metal optic using an applicator.
Figure 6.44 Cleaning the polished surface of a metal optic using a small folded
wipe.

128 Chapter 6
A commercial metal cleaner can be tried, but dilute the liquid by 50% with
distilled water. Test the solution on a small area of the surface or use the tip of
an applicator pressed against the surface, then re-inspect. Some cleaning
metal liquids contain hard particles used for scrubbing—do not use these.
Aluminum is a soft material that presents a challenge because its

polished surface can scratch and sleek easily. The polished surface
cannot be physically touched with a wipe or applicator; a noncontact
method such as flushing the surface with 3M Novec™ solvent; CO2
cleaning; or a strippable coating process can be tried.
6.3.3 Cleaning microscope slides

When cleaning a microscope slide, the standard wash-and-dry method
works best. The slides are packaged in a cardboard or plastic box
wrapped in cellophane. First, inspect the slides: if a small amount of
moisture has seeped into the box, the slides will stick together.
Remove a short stack (4–12), rinse under warm water, and pull the
slides apart. In a small plastic bowl, pour warm distilled (DS) water
and a few drops of liquid soap. Always cover the inside bottom of the
bowl with a wipe to protect the slides. Place the slides in the bowl and
soak them for about 5–10 minutes. With a gloved hand, remove one
slide at a time, picking it up by its edges.
For the best results, use a dampened (water and soap) wipe
with cotton or fiber weave. While holding the slide securely, gently
wipe both surfaces between the thumb and index fingers. Stroke the
length of the slide several times, then place the slide in another
plastic bowl with only warm DS water, and allow the stack to soak
for 15–20 minutes.
With a gloved hand, remove one slide at a time and rub each slide
with a dry wipe, as shown in Fig. 6.45. Place the slide in a tray or rack,
and allow it to air dry under a flow bench or covered area.
If the slides have fingerprints, oils, stains, or grime, a solvent should
be used. The recommended method is to clean with acetone, followed
by alcohol or methanol. Soak the slides in the solvent in a glass or metal

Figure 6.45 Cleaning microscope slides with a wipe after being soaked in a warm
bath of distilled water and soap.
bowl for a few minutes. Using a gloved hand or tweezers, remove a slide
and rub it with a wipe dampened in solvent. Inspect the slide under a
diffused or fiber light and repeat if needed. Clean the slide with soap
and water after solvent cleaning. Alternatively, lay a cotton or fiber
wipe on a clean, flat table, board of plastic, or sheet of glass. Pour a
mixture of water and soap on the wipe to dampen. Holding the slide
with a gloved hand, place it on the wipe, and then slowly move the slide
back and forth with mild pressure. Flip to the other side and repeat.
Place the slide in a bowl of warm water to soak for a few minutes, hand
dry using a wipe, and then air dry in a covered tray. Use the chalk
method for heavily soiled slides.
Removing a mounting media with a resin base (Canada balsam)
or synthetic resin may require the use of toluene or xylene solvents.
Clear nail polish can be removed with acetone. Check with the
manufacturer of the mounting media for which solvent is best.
Observe and follow all safety requirements for the handling and use
of any solvent.

130 Chapter 6
6.3.4 Eyeglasses: a reference

Cleaning standard eyeglasses, safety glasses (plastic), and sunglasses is
a simple process. The primary contaminants on eyeglasses are eye
tears and skin oil; secondary are dust, skin flakes, and dirt. Inspect the
eyeglasses both in transmission and reflection, using any available
room light.
Eyeglasses may not be precision optics, but they are part of visual optics.
Many technicians in the optics field have been asked how to clean these
surfaces.
Judging when to clean eyeglasses is a personal choice. Some

people can ignore dust and oil for a while; however, when the
contaminant interferes with a focused task, such as reading or seeing,
it is time to clean them. There are many cleaning methods for
eyeglasses, but the easiest method is rinsing the lenses under warm tap
water (preferably mineral free), as shown in Fig. 6.46. Test the water
with your hands, and do not use hot water.
Figure 6.46 Rinsing eyeglasses under flowing warm water.

Rinse for 15–30 s, and slowly move the lenses back and forth
under the water to cover the surfaces. The warmth of the water
and its motion across the lens will remove most of the oils, dirt,
and dust. After the rinse is complete, dry the lenses by hand using
a soft cotton (clean) or microfiber cloth or wipe (Fig. 6.47). Some
paper tissue products can be too rough and will scratch an AR
coating on the lenses. Inspect the eyeglasses under a light source
to check for cleanliness. A clear dishwashing liquid can be used if
necessary: wet the surface with water and place a few drops
directly on each lens, rub the liquid over the surfaces using a light
touch with a finger or cloth, rinse completely, and then dry with a
soft cloth.
There are times when an eyeglass liquid cleaner may be required.
Modern lenses are made from various materials, and the safest liquid
cleaner contains only a few drops of soap and DI or distilled water
with alcohol. These cleaners come in a spray pump bottle. Spray the
liquid sparingly on the lenses (see Fig. 6.48), and, using a soft cloth
and light finger pressure, gently wipe both surfaces of each lens
Figure 6.47 Using a wipe to clean both surfaces with the thumb and index
fingers.

132 Chapter 6
Figure 6.48 Cleaning eyeglasses using a pre-mixed cleaning solution sprayed

onto the surface; use a wipe to dry.
between the thumb and index fingers until dry. Inspect and repeat as
needed. Special eyeglass cleaner wipes that are pretreated with
solution are also available; follow the manufacturer’s usage
instructions.


Cleaning Optical Systems and Instruments: 6.1 Techniques For Instrument Cleaning

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Chapter 6

Cleaning Optical Systems

6.1 Techniques for Instrument Cleaning

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Cleaning a larger optical system is always an assisted procedure.

6.1.1 How to view instruments

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contaminant will rotate along with them. To observe the contaminant,

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The cleanliness of optics in an instrument is based on the

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The following example uses a 50-mm diameter binocular system

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Optical systems can become “cloudy” or covered with a “film”

6.1.2 Marking methods: identification

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be needed. During the cleaning process, the technician should verify

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6.1.3 Hand tools for instruments

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Figure 6.8 A collection of hand tools used in cleaning optics.

the instrument. Options range from a simple screwdriver to a

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6.1.4 Instrument and optical-system cleaning

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6.2 Internal Optics Cleaning

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Carefully observe the optical area to be cleaned and remove any

6.2.2 Disassembling an instrument

Optical drawings, specifications, or manuals should be reviewed first to ensure

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6.2.3 Refractor telescope

Figure 6.11 Optical elements of a refractor telescope.

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6.2.4 Reflector telescope

Figure 6.17 Optical elements of a Newtonian reflector telescope.

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Check if the telescope tube assembly (<250 mm in diameter) can

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Check what method is used to secure both mirrors in their cells.

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Figure 6.22 Using a wipe to dry the surface.

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6.2.5 Catadioptric optical system

Figure 6.23 Using a wipe to clean the secondary (folding) mirror.

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Figure 6.24 Using an applicator to clean a small area of the mirror.

Figure 6.25 Optical elements of a catadioptric telescope.

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6.2.6 Binoculars and monocular

Figure 6.27 Optical elements of binoculars or monocular.

Figure 6.28 Cleaning the objective of binoculars with a presoaked wipe.

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on the manufacturer, type, and style of the instrument, it may be

6.2.7 Light microscope

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Figure 6.29 Optical elements of a light or compound microscope.