Curve Sketching

INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 13
Curve Sketching
2007 Pearson Education Asia

ANALYSIS
0. Review of Algebra
1. Applications and More Algebra
2. Functions and Graphs
3. Lines, Parabolas, and Systems
4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
5. Mathematics of Finance
6. Matrix Algebra
7. Linear Programming
8. Introduction to Probability and Statistics

ANALYSIS
9. Additional Topics in Probability
10. Limits and Continuity
11. Differentiation
12. Additional Differentiation Topics
13. Curve Sketching
14. Integration
15. Methods and Applications of Integration
16. Continuous Random Variables
17. Multivariable Calculus

Chapter 13: Curve Sketching
Chapter Objectives
• To find critical values, to locate relative maxima
and relative minima of a curve.
• To find extreme values on a closed interval.
• To test a function for concavity and inflection
points.
• To locate relative extrema by applying the
second-derivative test.
• To sketch the graphs of functions having
asymptotes.
• To model situations involving maximizing or
minimizing a quantity.
Chapter Outline
13.1) Relative Extrema
13.2) Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval
13.3) Concavity
13.4) The Second-Derivative Test
13.5) Asymptotes
13.6) Applied Maxima and Minima

13.1 Relative Extrema

Increasing or Decreasing Nature of a Function
• Increasing f(x) if x1 < x2 and f(x1) < f(x2).
• Decreasing f(x) if x1 < x2 and f(x1) > f(x2).

Extrema

RULE 1 - Criteria for Increasing or Decreasing Function

• f is increasing on (a, b) when f’(x) > 0
• f is decreasing on (a, b) when f’(x) < 0
RULE 2 - A Necessary Condition for Relative Extrema
 f ' ( a) = 0
relative extremum 
implies
 ⇒ or
at a   f ' ( a ) does not exist


RULE 3 - Criteria for Relative Extrema

1. If f’(x) changes from +ve to –ve, then f has a
relative maximum at a.
2. If f’(x) changes from -ve to +ve, then f has a
relative minimum at a.

First-Derivative Test for Relative Extrema

1. Find f’(x).
2. Determine all critical values of f.
3. For each critical value a at which f is continuous,
determine whether f’(x) changes sign as x
increases through a.
4. For critical values a at which f is not continuous,
analyze the situation by using the definitions of
extrema directly.

Example 1 - First-Derivative Test

4
If y = f ( x) = x + for x ≠ 1 ,
use the first-derivative test
x +1
to find where relative extrema occur.
Solution:
x 2 + 2 x − 3 ( x + 3 )( x − 1)
STEP 1 - f ' ( x ) = = for x ≠ −1
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
STEP 2 - Setting f’(x) = 0 gives x = −3, 1.

STEP 3 - Conclude that at−3, there is a relative
maximum.
STEP 4 – There are no critical values at which f is not
Example 3 - Finding Relative Extrema

Test y = f ( x ) = x 2e x for relative extrema.
Solution: By product rule, f ' ( x ) = xe x ( x + 2)
Relative maximum when x = −2
Relative minimum when x = 0.

13.2 Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval

Extreme-Value Theorem
• If a function is continuous on a closed interval,
then the function has a maximum value and a
minimum value on that interval.

Procedure to Find Absolute Extrema for a

Function f That Is Continuous on [a, b]
1. Find the critical values of f .
2. Evaluate f(x) at the endpoints a and b and at the
critical values in (a, b).
3. The maximum value of f is the greatest value
found in step 2. The minimum value is the least
value found in step 2.

Example 1 - Finding Extreme Values on a Closed Interval
Find absolute extrema for f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5 over the

closed interval [1, 4].
Solution:
Step 1: f ' ( x ) = 2 x − 4 x = 2( x − 2)
Step 2: f (1) = 2
f ( 4 ) = 5 values of f at endpoints
f ( 2) = 1 values of f at critical value 2 in (1, 4 )
Step 3: max is f ( 4 ) = 5 and min is f ( 2) = 1

13.3 Concavity
• Cases where curves concave upward:
• Cases where curves concave downward:

13.3 Concavity
• f is said to be concave up on (a, b) if f is

increasing on (a, b).
• f is said to be concave down on (a, b) if f is
decreasing on (a, b).
• f has an inflection point at a if it is continuous at a
and f changes concavity at a.
Criteria for Concavity

• If f’’(x) > 0, f is concave up on (a, b).
• If f”(x) < 0, f is concave down on (a, b).

13.3 Concavity
Example 1 - Testing for Concavity

Determine where the given function is concave up
and where it is concave down.
a. y = f ( x ) = ( x − 1) + 1
3
Solution:
Applying the rule, y ' = 3( x − 1)
2
y ' ' = 6( x − 1)
Concave up when 6(x − 1) > 0 as x > 1.
Concave down when 6(x − 1) < 0 as x < 1.

13.3 Concavity
Example 1 - Testing for Concavity
b. y = x 2
Solution:
Applying the rule, y ' = 2 x
y'' = 2
As y’’ is always positive, y = x2 is always concave up.

13.3 Concavity
Example 3 - A Change in Concavity with No Inflection Point
Discuss concavity and find all inflection points for

f(x) = 1/x.
Solution: f ' ( x ) = − x −2
for x ≠ 0
f ' ' ( x ) = 2 x −3 for x ≠ 0
x > 0 f”(x) > 0 and x < 0  f”(x) < 0.
f is concave up on (0,∞) and
concave down on (−∞, 0)
f is not continuous at 0  no inflection point

13.4 The Second-Derivative Test

• The test is used to test certain critical values for
relative extrema.
Suppose f’(a) = 0.
• If f’’(a) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at a.
• If f’’(a) > 0, then f has a relative minimum at a.

Example 1 - Second-Derivative Test

Test the following for relative maxima and minima.
Use the second-derivative test, if possible.
a. y = 18 x − 32 x 3
Solution: y ' = 2( 3 + x )( 3 − x )
y ' ' = −4 x
When y ' = 0, we have x = ±3
When x = +3, y ' ' = −4( 3 ) = −12 < 0
When x = −3, y ' ' = −4( − 3 ) = 12 > 0
Relative minimum when x = −3.

Example 1 - Second-Derivative Test
b. y = 6 x 4 − 8 x 3 + 1
Solution: y ' = 24 x 3 − 24 x 2 = 24 x 2 ( x − 1)
y ' ' = 72 x 2 − 48 x
When y ' = 0, we have x = 0, 1

When x = 0, y ' ' = 0
When x = 1, y ' ' > 0
No maximum or minimum
exists when x = 0.

13.5 Asymptotes
Vertical Asymptotes
• The line x = a is a vertical asymptote if at least
one of the following is true:
lim+ f ( x ) = ±∞
x →a
lim− f ( x ) = ±∞
x →a
Vertical-Asymptote Rule for Rational Functions

• P and Q are polynomial functions and the quotient
is in lowest terms.
P( x)
f ( x) =
Q( x )
13.5 Asymptotes
Example 1 - Finding Vertical Asymptotes

Determine vertical asymptotes for the graph of
x 2 − 4x
f ( x) = 2
x − 4x + 3
Solution: Since f is a rational function,
x 2 − 4x
f ( x) =
( x − 3)( x − 1)
Denominator is 0 when x is 3 or 1.
The lines x = 3 and x = 1
are vertical asymptotes.

13.5 Asymptotes
Horizontal and Oblique Asymptotes

• The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote if at least
one of the following is true:
lim f ( x ) = b or lim f ( x ) = b
x →∞ x → −∞
Nonvertical asymptote
• The line y = mx +b is a nonvertical asymptote if
at least one of the following is true:
lim ( f ( x ) − ( mx + b ) ) = 0 or lim ( f ( x ) − ( mx + b ) ) = 0
x →∞ x → −∞

13.5 Asymptotes
Example 3 - Finding an Oblique Asymptote

Find the oblique asymptote for the graph of the
rational function
10 x 2 + 9 x + 5
y = f ( x) =
5x + 2
10 x + 9 x + 5
2
3
Solution: f ( x ) = = 2x + 1 +
5x + 2 5x + 2
3
lim ( f ( x ) − 2 x + 1) = lim =0
x → ±∞ x → ±∞ 5 x + 2
y = 2x + 1 is an oblique asymptote.

13.5 Asymptotes
Example 5 - Finding Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes

Find horizontal and vertical asymptotes for the graph
y = f ( x) = ex − 1
Solution: Testing for horizontal asymptotes,
(
lim e x − 1 = ∞
x →∞
)
x → −∞
( )
lim e x − 1 = lim e x − lim 1 = 0 − 1 = −1
x → −∞ x → −∞
The line y = −1 is a horizontal asymptote.

13.5 Asymptotes
Example 7 - Curve Sketching

4x
Sketch the graph of y= 2 .
x +1
Solution:
Intercepts (0, 0) is the only intercept.
Symmetry There is only symmetry about the origin.
Asymptotes Denominator ≠ 0  No vertical asymptote
4x
Since lim 2 =0
x →∞ x + 1
y = 0 is the only non-vertical asymptote
4(1 + x )(1 − x )
Max and Min For y ' = , relative maximum is (1, 2).
2 2
(x +1 )
(
8x x + 3 x − 3 )( )
Concavity For y ' ' = , inflection points are
(x 2
+1 ) 3
(-√ 3, -√3), (0, 0), (√3, √3).

13.5 Asymptotes
Example 7 - Curve Sketching
Solution: Graph

13.6 Applied Maxima and Minima

• Use absolute maxima and minima to explain the
endpoints of the domain of the function.
Example 1 - Minimizing the Cost of a Fence
A manufacturer plans to fence in a 10,800-ft2 rectangular
storage area adjacent to a building by using the building as
one side of the enclosed area. The fencing parallel to the
building faces a highway and will cost $3 per foot installed,
whereas the fencing for the other two sides costs $2 per foot
installed. Find the amount of each type of fence so that the
total cost of the fence will be a minimum.
What is the minimum cost?

Example 1 - Minimizing the Cost of a Fence
Solution:
Cost function is C = 3 x + 2y + 2y ⇒ C = 3 x + 4 y
10800
Storage area is xy = 10,800 ⇒ y = x
 10800  43200
Analyzing the equations, C ( x ) = 3 x + 4  = 3x +
 x  x
2
dC 43200 and d C 86400
= 0 = 3− 2
=
dx x 2
dx x3
x = 120 since x > 0 d 2C
Only critical value is
When x = 120, 2 > 0
dx
120.
x =120 gives a relative minimum.
43200
Thus, C (120 ) = 3 x + = 720
120
Example 3 - Minimizing Average Cost

A manufacturer’s total-cost function is given by
q2
c = c(q ) = + 3q + 400
4
where c is the total cost of producing q units. At what
level of output will average cost per unit be a
minimum? What is this minimum?

Example 3 - Minimizing Average Cost
Solution:
Average-cost function is q 2
+ 3q + 400
c q 400
c = c (q) = = 4 = +3+
q q 4 q
To find critical values, we set
dc q 2 − 1600
=0= 2
⇒ q = 40 since q > 0
dq 4q
2
d c 800
2
= 3
dq q is positive when q = 40, which is the only relative
extremum.
40 400
The minimum average cost is c ( 40 ) = +3+ = 23
4 40

Example 5 - Economic Lot Size

A company annually produces and sells 10,000 units of a
product. Sales are uniformly distributed throughout the
year. The company wishes to determine the number of
units to be manufactured in each production run in order
to minimize total annual setup costs and carrying costs.
The same number of units is produced in each run. This
number is referred to as the economic lot size or
economic order quantity. The production cost of each
unit is $20, and carrying costs (insurance, interest,
storage, etc.) are estimated to be 10% of the value of the
average inventory. Setup costs per production run are
$40. Find the economic lot size.

Example 5 - Economic Lot Size
Solution:
Let q be the number of units in a production run.
Total of the annual carrying costs and setup is
q  10000  40000
C = 0.1( 20 )   + 40  = q +
2  q  q
dC 400000 q 2 − 400000
= 1− 2
=
dq q q2
Setting dC/dq = 0, we get dC q 2
− 400000
=0=
dq q2
q = 400000 ≈ 632.5
Since q > 0, there is an absolute minimum at q = 632.5.
Number of production runs = 10,000/632.5 ≈ 15.8
16 lots  Economic size = 625 units
Example 7 - Maximizing the Number of Recipients of

Health-Care Benefits
An article in a sociology journal stated that if a
particular health-care program for the elderly were
initiated, then t years after its start, n thousand elderly
people would receive direct benefits, where
t3
n = − 6t 2 + 32t 0 ≤ t ≤ 12
3
For what value of t does the maximum number
receive benefits?

Example 7 - Maximizing the Number of Recipients of Health-Care Benefits
Solution: Setting dn/dt = 0, we have

t3
n = − 6t 2 + 32t 0 ≤ t ≤ 12
3
Absolute maximum value of n must occur at t = 0, 4,

8, or 12: dn
= 0 = t 2 − 12t + 32
dt
t = 4 or t = 8
160 128
n ( 0 ) = 0, n ( 4 ) = , n( 8) = , n (12 ) = 96
3 3
Absolute maximum occurs when t = 12.

Curve Sketching

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Curve Sketching

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL

2007 Pearson Education Asia

2007 Pearson Education Asia

2007 Pearson Education Asia

2007 Pearson Education Asia

13.1 Relative Extrema

2007 Pearson Education Asia

2007 Pearson Education Asia

RULE 1 - Criteria for Increasing or Decreasing Function

RULE 2 - A Necessary Condition for Relative Extrema

2007 Pearson Education Asia

RULE 3 - Criteria for Relative Extrema

2007 Pearson Education Asia

First-Derivative Test for Relative Extrema

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 1 - First-Derivative Test

STEP 2 - Setting f’(x) = 0 gives x = −3, 1.

Example 3 - Finding Relative Extrema

2007 Pearson Education Asia

13.2 Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Procedure to Find Absolute Extrema for a

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 1 - Finding Extreme Values on a Closed Interval

Find absolute extrema for f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5 over the

2007 Pearson Education Asia

• Cases where curves concave downward:

2007 Pearson Education Asia

• f is said to be concave up on (a, b) if f is

Criteria for Concavity

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 1 - Testing for Concavity

2007 Pearson Education Asia

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 3 - A Change in Concavity with No Inflection Point

Discuss concavity and find all inflection points for

2007 Pearson Education Asia

13.4 The Second-Derivative Test

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 1 - Second-Derivative Test

2007 Pearson Education Asia

When y ' = 0, we have x = 0, 1

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Vertical-Asymptote Rule for Rational Functions

Example 1 - Finding Vertical Asymptotes

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Horizontal and Oblique Asymptotes

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 3 - Finding an Oblique Asymptote

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 5 - Finding Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes

Solution: Testing for horizontal asymptotes,

The line y = −1 is a horizontal asymptote.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 7 - Curve Sketching

(-√ 3, -√3), (0, 0), (√3, √3).

2007 Pearson Education Asia

13.6 Applied Maxima and Minima

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Example 3 - Minimizing Average Cost

2007 Pearson Education Asia

2007 Pearson Education Asia