Non Linear System

Control System
• Control is the process of causing a system variable to conform to some desired
value, called a reference value.

• Control System is an interconnection of components that provide a desired

system response.

• Control system Compare actual behaviour with desired behaviour and

take corrective action based on the difference
• Types:
1- Open Loop
2- Closed Loop
• A control system is a system of devices that manages, commands,
directs or regulates the behaviour of other devices to achieve a
desired result.

• There are various types of control systems, which can be categorised

as linear control systems or non-linear control systems.

• Linear Control System applies to systems made of devices which obey

the superposition principle, which means roughly that the output is
proportional to the input.
 Superposition Principle
• The superposition principle states that, for all linear system, the net response
caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been
caused by each stimulus individually.

• So that if input A produces response X and input B produces response Y then

input (A + B) produces response (X + Y).

• A function F(x) that satisfies the superposition principle is called a linear function.

• Superposition can be defined by two simpler properties: additivity and

homogeneity

• for scalar a.
• Homogeneity: A system is said to be homogeneous, if we multiply
input with some constant A then the output will also be multiplied by
the same value of constant (i.e. A).

• Additivity: Suppose we have a system S and we are giving the input to

this system as a1 for the first time and we are getting the output as b1
corresponding to input a1. On the second time we are giving input a2
and correspond to this we are getting the output as b2.

• Now suppose this time we are giving input as a summation of the

previous inputs (i.e. a1 + a2) and corresponding to this input suppose
we are getting the output as (b1 + b2) then we can say that system S is
following the property of additivity.
 Non-linear Control Systems
• We can simply define a nonlinear control system as a control system which
does not follow the superposition principle .

• In real life, all control systems are non-linear systems (linear control
systems only exist in theory).

• Many practical systems are sufficiently nonlinear so that the important

features of their performance may be completely overlooked if they are
analyzed and designed through linear techniques.

• The mathematical models of the nonlinear systems are represented by

nonlinear differential equations.
• Hence, there are no general methods for the analysis and synthesis of
nonlinear control systems. For such systems we must necessarily
employ special analytical, graphical and numerical techniques which
take account of system nonlinearities.

• The most important feature of nonlinear systems is that nonlinear

systems do not obey the principle of superposition.

• Due to this reason, in contrast to the linear case, the response of

nonlinear systems to a particular test signal is no guide to their
behaviour to other inputs.
• The nonlinear system response may be highly sensitive to input
amplitude.

• Hence, in a nonlinear system, the stability is very much dependent on

the input and also the initial state.

• The o/p of the nonlinear system will have harmonics and sub-
harmonics when excited by sinusoidal signals. It will exhibit various
phenomena like jump resonance, limit cycle, frequency entrainment,
asynchronous quenching etc..
• Non linear control system is classified as
1. Incidental Nonlinearities
2. Intentional Nonlinearities

• Incidental Nonlinearities - Those which are inherently present in the

system like saturation, dead zone, friction etc.,

• Intentional Nonlinearities - Those which are deliberately inserted into

the system to modify the system characteristics i.e., to improvement
the system performance or/and to simplify the construction of the
system.