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APPENDIX A
EXAMPLE 3 - TYPE I BEARING (STEEL REINFORCED)
METHOD B
GENERAL INFORMATION
Per CDOT Bridge Design Manual (BDM) Section 14.5.8, steel reinforced bearing pads shall be designed using
Method B. This example follows AASHTO LRFD 7th Edition Section 14.7.5.
This example assumes a steel superstructure that can displace under the effects of temperature and assumes a rectangular
bearing shown below in Figures 1 and 2. Externally bonded plates are not used. The structure is assumed to move freely in the
longitudinal direction only for the range of temperatures conforming to AASHTO 3.12.2.1 Procedure A.
BEARING LOADS
Loads acting on the bearing are dead and live load girder reactions at the service limit state. Per AASHTO 14.4.1, dynamic load
allowance is excluded from the live load influence. Loads are per bearing.
BEARING ROTATIONS
Rotations include effects of girder camber. For all rotation values, positive indicates a downward rotation while negative
indicates an upward rotation. Note this example does not account for profile grade differences between supports.
Service I Limit State Rotations
Dead Load Rotations 𝜃 -0.002 rad
Live Load Rotations 𝜃 0.001 rad
Include a construction tolerance of 0.005 radians to account for uncertainties in bearing fabrication and bearing seat
construction. Per BDM 14.5.4, the flatness tolerance for bearing seat uncertainties is accounted for in the construction tolerance.
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT
Shear deformations include movements from temperature, creep and shrinkage, prestressing effects, and miscellaneous
movement from loads such as live and wind loads from service load combinations per AASHTO C14.4.1. Assume the bearings
are not adjusted after construction; therefore, the 65 percent reduction in thermal movement range per
AASHTO 14.7.5.3.2 is not included per BDM 14.5.3.
SOLUTION
Shape Factor
Rectangular, steel reinforced bearing shape factor without holes:
𝐿𝑊
𝑆𝑖 (15.00*20.00) / [2*0.500*(15.00+20.00)] = 8.57 AASHTO 14.5.7.1-1
2ℎ𝑟𝑖 𝐿 𝑊
𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝜎 (115.00+85.00) / (15.00*20.00) = 0.67 ksi
𝐿𝑊
𝜎 average compressive stress due to total load from applicable service load combinations
𝐿𝐿
𝜎 85.00 / (15.00*20.00) = 0.28 ksi
𝐿𝑊
𝜎 average compressive stress due to live load at the service limit state (cyclic load)
𝐷𝐿
𝜎 115.00 / (15.00*20.00) = 0.38 ksi
𝐿𝑊
𝜎 average compressive stress due to dead load at the service limit state (static load)
𝛿 ∑𝜀 ℎ 𝜀 ℎ AASHTO 14.7.5.3.6-1
𝜎 AASHTO C14.7.5.3.6-1
𝜀 0.28 / (4.8*0.13*8.57^2) = 0.006
4.8𝐺 𝑆
𝛿 𝜀 ℎ 0.006*4.750 = 0.030 in
𝜎 AASHTO C14.7.5.3.6-1
𝜀 0.38 / (4.8*0.13*8.57^2) = 0.009
4.8𝐺 𝑆
Shear Deformations
Total elastomer thickness = hrt
𝜎,
Axial strain from cyclic loads: 𝛾 , 𝐷 AASHTO 14.7.5.3.3-3
𝐺𝑆
where:
Da = 1.40 AASHTO 14.7.5.3.3-4
𝜎, 1.40*0.38
𝛾 , 𝐷 = 0.491
𝐺 𝑆 0.13*8.57
𝜎, 1.40*0.28
𝛾 , 𝐷 = 0.363
𝐺 𝑆 0.13*8.57
𝐿 𝜃 ,
Rotational strain from cyclic loads: 𝛾 , 𝐷 AASHTO 14.7.5.3.3-6
ℎ 𝑛
where
Dr = 0.50 AASHTO 14.7.5.3.3-7
𝐿 𝜃 ,
𝛾 , 𝐷 0.50 ( 15.00 / 0.500 ) ^2 *(-0.002+0.005) / 9 = 0.150
ℎ 𝑛
𝐿 𝜃 ,
𝛾 , 𝐷 0.50 ( 15.00 / 0.500 ) ^2 *(0.001) / 9 = 0.050
ℎ 𝑛
∆,
Shear strain from cyclic loads: 𝛾, AASHTO 14.7.5.3.3-10
ℎ
where
∆ , ∆ ∆ 1.663 in
∆ , ∆ 0.040 in
∆,
𝛾 , 1.663 / 4.750 = 0.350
ℎ
∆,
𝛾, 0.040 / 4.750 = 0.008
ℎ
𝛾 , 𝛾 , 𝛾 , 1.75 𝛾 , 𝛾 , 𝛾, 5.0
If the above criteria for stability are not satisfied, the following equations shall be investigated:
ℎ .0625𝑖𝑛
and
(Service Limit State)
and
(Fatigue Limit State)
Check
ℎ 0.125 in > 0.0625 in OK
Check
If the Engineer elects to use externally bonded plates, limitations on hydrostatic pressure per AASHTO 14.7.5.3.3-11 shall be
satisfied.
𝐻 𝜇𝑃 AASHTO 14.6.3.1-1
and
∆
𝐻 𝐺 𝐴 AASHTO 14.6.3.1-2
ℎ
Combining equations:
𝜇𝑃 ℎ
∆ , 0.20*115.00*4.75 / (0.17*300.00) = 2.11 in
𝐺 𝐴
where
𝜇 0.20 Coefficient of friction AASHTO C14.8.3.1
𝑃 DL 115.00 kip
𝐴 𝐿𝑊 300.00 in2
ℎ 4.75 in
Check
∆ , 2.11 in > ∆ 1.66 in OK
In cases where Δs exceeds Δs,allow, anchor bolts shall be sized and designed in accordance with those Articles specified in
AASHTO 14.8.3