Md.

Nazir Uddin
Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

SAMPLING
The objective of statistical analysis is to infer about the characteristics of any
population parameter. The inference is drawn after due statistical analysis.
Where, analysis is done on the basis of data collected from the population
under study. The data are collected by
i. Census survey
ii. Sample Survey

Census:
The complete count of population units is known as census. If data are
collected from each and every unit in the population, we call it census survey.
Like population census of a country, Agriculture Census, housing Census etc.

Sample:
A sample is a representative part of population units which are under study.
In a sample survey the data are collected from the selected representative
units of the population.

Random sample:
Any sample selected by chance mechanism with known chances of selection is
known as random sample. The chances of selection need to be equal for all
samples.

Sampling:
Sampling is a technique to select some representative units from the
population. The purpose of sampling is to gather maximum information about
the population under consideration at minimum cost, time and human power.
Different types of sampling schemes:
There are two types of sampling schemes namely
1. Unrestricted random sampling
2. Restricted random sampling

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 Md. Nazir Uddin
Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

Unrestricted random sampling:

In these types of sampling each and every unit of the population has equal
chance of being selected in the sample. SRS is an example of unrestricted
sampling.
Restricted random sampling:
If an investigator has any idea about the heterogeneity of sampling units, the
population is divided into homogeneous groups and sample is drawn
independently from each group. Such a sampling process is known as
restricted sampling. Stratified sampling, systematic sampling are some
example of restricted sampling.

Kinds of sampling technique:

There are different techniques of sampling. The important techniques are
Random Sampling Method
i. Simple Random Sampling (SRS).
ii. Stratified Sampling.
iii. Systematic Sampling.
iv. Cluster Sampling.
v. Multistage sampling and so on.
Non-random Sampling:
i. Judgment sampling
ii. Quota sampling
iii. Convenience sampling

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Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

Sampling
technique

Probability Non-Probability
samples samples

Systematic Stratified Judgment Quota

Cluster SRS Convenience Snowball

Figure: Classification of sampling method

Sampling frame:
The complete list of all population units is called sampling frame. A list of
voters, a list of households, area in a map marked by number for soil surveys,
a list of farmer’s fields etc are a few examples of sampling frame.

Estimator:
For a given sample design, an estimator is the method or formula for
estimating the value of unknown parameters of the population from the
sample values.

Estimate:
A particular numerical value obtained by the estimator in an application is
known as an estimate.

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Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

Simple Random Sampling

Simple random sampling:

Simple random sampling is a method of selecting elements from a
population of size elements in such a way that each combination of n
elements has the same chance or probability of being selected as every other
combination. The sample thus obtained is called a simple random sample.
Simple random sample are two types
1) Simple random sampling with replacement(SRSWR)
2) Simple random sampling without replacement(SRSWOR)
Simple random sampling Simple random sampling
with replacement(SRSWR) without
replacement(SRSWOR)

If the units are selected or drawn In simple random sampling without

one by one in such a way that a replacement (SRSWOR) method unit
unit drawn at a time is replaced selected once is not included in the
back to the population before the population at any subsequent draw.
subsequent draw, it is known as
Simple random sampling with
replacement(SRSWR)

In this type of sampling from a The probability of drawing a unit

population if size , the from a population of units at rth
probability of selection of a unit at draw is .
each draw is
If the population size is and the If the population size is and the
sample size is then possible sample size is then possible number
number of sample will be of sample will be

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 Md. Nazir Uddin
Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

Sampling and Non-sampling error:

The term error refers to the difference between the value of statistic and that
of corresponding parameter. Such error are classified into two parts
i. Sampling error
ii. Non-sampling error
Sampling error:
The error arising due to drawing inference about the population on the basis
of sample is termed as sampling error. The sampling error cannot be
completely eliminated but may be minimized by choosing a proper sample of
adequate size and adopting suitable method of estimation.

Non-sampling error:
Errors other than sampling error in a survey are called non-sampling errors.
The error usually arises due to faulty planning, defective schedules or
questionnaire, incompleteness, non-response etc.
These errors can be minimized by employing efficient investigators and
supervisory staff, better management etc.

Methods of obtaining a Simple Random Sample:

To ensure the randomness of selection one may adopt any of the following
methods:
1) Lottery method
2) Table of Random Numbers
The following 8-step procedure may be followed in drawing a simple random
sample of units from a population of units:
1) Assign serial numbers to the units in the population from through

2) Decide on the random number table to be used

3) Choose a digit random number from any point in the random number
table.
4) If this random number is less than or equal to , this is the first selected
unit

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Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

5) Move on to the next random number not exceeding N, Vertically,

Horizontally or any other direction systematically and choose your
second unit.
6) If at any stage of your selection, the random number chosen exceeds
discard it and choose the next random number.
7) If, further, any random number is repeated, it must also be discarded
and be replaced by a fresh random number appearing next.
8) The process stops once you arrive at your desired sample size.

Stratified sampling:
Stratified sampling comes under the category of restricted sampling. In this
type of sampling method first the whole population is divided into
homogeneous groups under certain criterion. These groups are termed as
strata. Then the sample is drawn randomly from each stratum independently.
The estimates are calculated from the data obtained from all the strata.
Information about each individual sampling unit is rarely available. Hence, the
strata are formed on some broad basis such as localities in a city, districts in a
state etc.
The population is divided in k strata such that population size

Then a random sample of size n is drawn such that items are

drawn from the respective strata.
So,

Systematic sampling:
When the population units occur in a deck or sequence or line and a sample
size of is to be drawn, the population is divided into sequential groups and
one unit is drawn from each group situated at equal distance.
The selection procedure is such that first unit is drawn randomly from the
first group, say jth unit is selected. Then , ,…, th

units from the subsequent groups. is determined by the following formula

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Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

Such a selection procedure is known as linear systematic sampling. This

procedure fails if the population size N is not a multiple of n.
To overcome this difficulties take as rounded to the nearest integer.
Select a random number from 1 to N. suppose the selected number is m. Now
select every unit when and every
unit when putting j=1,2,…, till n units are selected.
Such a procedure of selection is known as circular systematic sampling.

Determination of sample size:

An important decision that has to be taken while adopting a sampling
technique is about the size of the sample. Different opinions have been
expressed by experts on this point. However appropriate sample size depends
on various factors relating to the subjects under investigation like time
aspects, the cost aspects, the degree of accuracy desire etc. together they
comprise a five steps process
1) Determine goals
2) Determine desired precision of results
3) Determine confidence level
4) Estimate the degree of variability
5) Estimate response rate.
To determine sample size for proportion following formula is used

Where,

(i,e sampling error)

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 Md. Nazir Uddin
Faculty of statistics-IUBAT

Example:
How large a sample would be necessary to estimate the true proportion
defective in a large population within 3%, with 95% confidence? (Assume a
pilot sample yields p=0.12)
Solution:
For 95% confidence Z=1.96
Sampling error e= 0.03
Estimated proportion of defective p=0.12
By using above formula

So to find the true proportion defectives one needs to draw a sample of size
451.

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