AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Lecture 01-03
Study of sources of energy: conventional and
renewable, environmental pollution

Lecture delivered by:

Md. Nur Alam Mondal
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering Department
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Eight
Forms
of
Energy
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

History of Energy Usage

Pre-Industrial Revolution:
• Fire – use of wood for heating
and cooking
• Muscle power from animals
• Wind & water usage
Industrial Revolution:
• Steam engines powered by wood fires
• Steam engines powered by coal
o Coal: 286-362 million years ago from
plant materials under heat/pressure.
• Use of oil as it is easier to ship, store & burn
o Fossil fuels: Buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants
and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to
heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

History of Energy Usage

At Present:
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Hydro energy
• Nuclear energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Geothermal energy
• Others renewable energy
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

History of Energy Usage

At Present:
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Hydro energy
• Nuclear energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Geothermal energy
• Others renewable energy
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

History of Energy Usage

At Present:
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Hydro energy
• Nuclear energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Geothermal energy
• Others renewable energy
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

What is Energy??

In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an
isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it may exist in many interconvertible forms
(such as light, heat, sound, mass, moving objects, gravity, fuel, chemicals, and
electricity).
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Energy Units
The Joule (J)
• The SI unit of energy
• Energy or work is a force times a distance. Since force is a mass times an acceleration, the energy
unit joule, J = kg m2 / s2 (where kg = kilograms, m = meters, and s = seconds).

The Calorie (cal)

• the amount of energy required to raise 1 g of water 1 °C.
• 1 cal = 4.184 J.
• The nutritional Calorie (note C not c) is really a kilocalorie (kcal) or 1 C = 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

The British Thermal Unit (Btu)

• the amount of energy required to raise 1 lb of water by 1 °F
• 1 Btu = 1055 J.
• The Btu is still used extensively in engineering. Appliances like air conditioners are rated using
these units
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals
Energy Units and Conversion Factors
Energy units
1 calorie (thermochemical) = 4.184 J
1 Btu = 251.9958 calories
1 Btu (thermochemical) = 1054.35 J
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3412 Btu
1 therm = 100,000 Btu
1 electron-volt = 1.6022 x 10-19 J
Large-scale units
1 quad = 109 MBtu = 1015 Btu
1 exajoule (EJ) = 1018 J
1 terawatt-year (TWyr) = 8.76 x 1012 kWh
General
1 short ton (ton) = 2000 lb
1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg
1 ton = 0.907185 tonne
1 barrel = 42 U.S. gallons = 159.0 liters
1 barrel of crude oil ~ 0.136 tonne
1 square mile = 640 acres = 2.590 km2
1 hectare = 10-2 km2 = 2.471 acres
Units of power
1 watt (W) = 1 J/sec
1 horsepower = 746 W
106 bbl of crude oil/day ~ 2.12 quad/yr
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Heat content of fuels

Nominal equivalents: 1 bbl petroleum products:
a a
MBtu GJ MBtua GJa
1 barrel of crude oil 5.80 6.12 Propane 3.836 4.047
1 tonne of crude oil 39.68 41.87 aviation gasoline 5.048 5.326
1 short ton of coal 25.18 26.57 motor gasoline 5.253 5.542
1000 ft3 of natural gas 1.000 1.055 distillate fuel oil 5.825 6.146
residual fuel oil 6.287 6.633
Average for U.S.
Other:
1 bbl petroleum prod 5.358 5.653 1 cord dry woodb 21.5 22.7
1 ton coal 20.852 22.000 1 tonne 235Uc 8 x 107 8 x 107
1000 ft3of natural gas 1.028 1.085

a. 1 MBtu = 106 Btu (IT); 1 GJ = 109 J

b. 1 cord of dry wood = 1.25 ton
c. Ignoring n-capture in 235U and 238U.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Fossil fuels Coal

→ Coal is a fossil fuel that is made by carbonized vegetable material. It is a black-brown sedimentary rock. Coal is
composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen (H), sulfur(S),
oxygen(O), and nitrogen(N).

→ Coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then anthracite.
This involves biological and geological processes that take place over a long period of time.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Fossil fuels Coal

→ Coal Produces 62% of world’s electricity. Most abundant fossil fuel and could easily last at least 200 years.

→ Many industries like the car industry, steel industry and transportation industry contribute to the depletion of
coal because they use large amounts to power their machines. Individual citizens also contribute to the
depletion of coal. The use of electricity, driving engines and heating your home all eat up coal.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Fossil fuels Petroleum

→ Petroleum is a fossil fuel and is an oil that is found underground. Sometimes we call it oil. Oil can be as thick and
black as tar or as thin as water. Petroleum has a lot of energy. We can turn it into different fuels : like gasoline,
kerosene, and heating oil. Most plastics are made from petroleum, too. Petroleum is buried underground in tiny
pockets in rocks. We drill wells into the rocks to pump out the oil.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Fossil fuels Petroleum

→ Petroleum is Increased efficiencies in the use of better and higher concentrations of energy in petroleum allows
humans to participate in takedown, which is the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. It is
believed that decreasing oil production portends a drastic impact on human culture and modern technological
society, which is currently heavily dependent on oil as a fuel and chemical feedstock.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Fossil fuels Natural Gas

→ Natural gas is a fuel that’s used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat water, and even to help produce
electricity. It’s sometimes called “gas” for short. In fact, natural gas is really a mixture of gases that formed from the
fossil remains of ancient plants and animals buried deep in the earth. The main ingredient in natural gas is methane.
Natural gas gives off a lot of heat and light when it burns, but doesn’t produce smoke.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Fossil fuels Natural Gas

→ This is seen as depletion because gas is burned much more quickly than it is formed. There are limited natural gas
reserves. The gas equivalent of almost 60 billion tonnes of oil is used up. The territories that use most of the gas are
the United States, the Russian Federation, Qatar, and Canada. Until about 1965 natural gas from oilfields was often
considered useless, so was disposed of by flaring. It has since been used extensively, as a fuel.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Effect of fossil fuels??

AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Effect of fossil fuels??

Advantage Disadvantage
 
 Fossil fuels can be found in lots of places in the world 
 Burning these fuels releases greenhouse gases into the air. This may
add to global warming. If Inhaled, injurious to health

 Can be transportedeasily by using pipes, locomotives,
tankers or ships. 

Burning coal produces polluting gases like sulphur dioxide which
   make acid rain.
Natural gas is more environmentally friendly than coal or oil. 
It is composed of methane, which has just one carbon, producing 
very low carbon emissions. Natural gas emits an estimated 70% can be dangerous due to the
Working on an oil rig or coal mining
 risk of explosions and bad weather.
less carbon dioxide that other fuels. Natural gas burns cleaner than 
heating oil, and does not leave product, like ash, behind. 
gas is combustible and easily explosive if handled improperly.
 With a leak, the gas builds up within a room or structure. When
Natural gas is very popular, and the major source of energy for that gas is ignited it causes an explosion. Theseverity of the
most consumers. It is conveniently pumped to homes across the  explosion depends upon the amount of the leak.

 It is provided
country through a network of underground pipeline.
through a local providers and utility companies. 
 are not renewable, so once the supplies are used, it will
Fossil Fuels
run out.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Nuclear

→ Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide
about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together
accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity. In 2007, the IAEA reported there were 439 nuclear power
reactors in operation in the world operating in 31 countries. Also, more than 150 naval vessels using nuclear
propulsion have been built.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Bioenergy

→ Low-efficiency traditional biomass such as wood, straws and dung are used for cooking, lighting and space
heating, generally by the poorer populations in developing countries.
→ This biomass is mostly combusted, creating serious negative
impacts on health and living conditions.

→ In 2008, biomass provided about 10% (50.3 EJ/yr) of the global

primary energy supply

→ High-efficiency modern bioenergy uses more convenient solids

(chips/pellets), liquids and gases (biogas) as secondary energy
carriers to generate heat, electricity and combined heat and
power. Liquid biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel for global
road transport and some industrial uses.

→ The expert assessment suggests

potential deployment levels by
2050 in the range of 100 to 300
EJ/yr
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Solar

→ Direct solar energy technologies are diverse in nature.

→ Four major types:

→ (1) Solar Thermal Collector, which includes both active and passive
heating of buildings, domestic and commercial solar water heating,
swimming pool heating and process heat for industry;

→ (2) Photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation via direct conversion of

sunlight to electricity by photovoltaic cells;

→ (3) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) electricity generation by optical

concentration of solar energy to obtain high-temperature fluids or materials
to drive heat engines and electrical generators; and

→ (4) Solar Fuels production methods, which use solar energy to produce
useful fuels
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Solar

→ Solar Thermal Collector: The heart of a solar collector is the absorber, which is
usually composed of several narrow metal strips. The carrier fluid for heat transfer flows
through a heat-carrying pipe, which is connected to the absorber strip. Absorbers are
typically made of copper or aluminum. The usual coatings provide a degree of
absorption of over 90%

→ Photovoltaic (PV): A thin sheet of semiconductor material such as silicon is placed in

the Sun. The sheet, known as a cell, consists of two distinct layers formed by introducing
impurities into the silicon resulting in an n-type layer and a p-type layer that form a
junction at the interface. Solar photons striking the cell generate electron-hole pairs that
are separated spatially. This creates negative charges on one side of the interface and
positive charges are on the other side. This resulting charge separation creates a voltage
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Solar

→ Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): Long rectangular, U-
shaped mirrors. The mirrors are tilted toward the sun,
focusing sunlight on steel tubes (have special coating to
maximize energy absorption) through which a fluid flows.

→ Solar Tower Systems, flat, sun-tracking mirrors (computer

assisted) known as heliostats
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Solar

→ The theoretical solar energy potential, which indicates the amount of irradiance at the Earth’s surface (land and
ocean) that is theoretically available for energy purposes, has been estimated at 3.9 x106 EJ/yr.

→ Estimates for solar energy’s technical potential range from 1,575 to 49,837 EJ/yr., that is, roughly 3 to 100 times
the world’s primary energy consumption in 2008.

→ Solar panels are rapidly becoming competitive with conventional electric generating technologies like natural gas
and coal.

→ In some applications, PV systems are already competitive with other local alternatives (for electricity supply in
certain rural areas in developing countries).

→ Although the cost of solar energy varies widely by technology, application, location and other factors, costs have
been reduced significantly during the past 30 years.

→ The price for PV modules dropped from USD(2005) 22/W in 1980 to less than USD(2005) 1.50/W in 2010.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Geothermal

→ Geothermal resources consist of thermal energy from the Earth’s interior stored in semi mantle state (just beneath
the earth crust).

→ Drilling in the earth’s crust has shown that the temperature of the crust tends to increase linearly with depth.
Earth’s core temperature is estimated by most geologists to be around 5,000º to 7,000ºC.

→ The earth’s interior is subdivided into a crystalline inner core, molten outer core, mantle, and crust. Basalt, a dark
volcanic rock, exists in a semi-molten state at the surface of the mantle just beneath the crust.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Geothermal

→ The crust of the earth acts as a thermal insulator to prevent heat from escaping into space.

→ Within the crust, there is an outward flow of heat from the earth’s interior which is accompanied by a temperature
gradient of about 30ºC/km.

→ “hot spots” occur at tectonic plate boundaries or where the

earth’s crust is thin enough to let the heat through.

→ The Pacific Rim has many hot spots, along with Alaska,
Hawaii, and much of the western United States. These regions
are also seismically active with earthquakes, which breaks up
rock structures and allows water to circulate. As the water rises
to the surface, natural hot springs and geysers occur.

→ The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is

located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United
States.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Geothermal

→ Current worldwide installed capacity is 10,715 MW, with the largest capacity in the United States (3,086
MW), Philippines, and Indonesia
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Geothermal

→ The accessible stored heat from hot dry rocks in the Earth is estimated to range from 110 to 403 x 10^6 EJ down to
10 km depth, 56 to 140 x 10^6 EJ down to 5 km depth, and around 34 x 10^6 EJ down to 3 km depth.

→ Geothermal technical potentials for electric generation range from 118 to 146 EJ/yr. (at 3 km depth) to 318
to 1,109 EJ/yr. (at 10 km depth), and for direct uses range from 10 to 312 EJ/yr

→ Major uses: Electricity generation, Geothermal Heat pump, direct uses.

→ In 2008, global geothermal energy use represented only about 0.1%

of the global primary energy supply.

→ By 2050, geothermal could meet roughly 3% of the global electricity

demand and 5% of the global demand for heating and cooling.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Wind

→ Modern, commercial grid-connected wind turbines have evolved from small, simple machines to large, highly
sophisticated devices
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Wind

→ The engineering challenge for the wind energy industry is to
design cost-effective wind turbines and power plants to perform
the kinetic energy to electrical energy conversion.

→ Though a variety of turbine configurations have been

investigated, commercially available turbines are primarily
horizontal-axis machines with three blades.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Wind

→ Considerable interest in offshore wind energy exists in the EU and,
increasingly, in other regions.

→ The primary motivation to develop offshore wind energy is to provide

access to additional wind resources in areas where onshore wind energy
development is constrained by limited technical potential.

→ From an electric system reliability perspective, an important part of the

wind turbine is the electrical conversion system. For modern turbines,
variable speed machines now dominate the market.

→ Onshore wind turbines typically stand on 50 to 100 m towers, with rotors

that are often 50 to 100 m in dia. Commercial machines with rotor
diameters and tower heights in excess of 125 m are operating, and even
larger machines are under development.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Hydropower

→ Hydropower harnesses the energy of water moving from higher to lower elevations, primarily to generate electricity.

The annual global technical potential for hydropower

generation is 14,576 TWh (52.47 EJ) with a corresponding
estimated current total capacity of 3,721 GW.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals
Renewable Energy
→ Hydropower projects are classified by project type, head or purpose (single or multi-purpose).
Run-of-river plants use the energy from
flowing water in rivers without any
substantial storage. A certain upstream
water level is maintained by an adjustable
weir as barrage; surplus water is
discharged over the weir.
Hydropower
Pumped storage plants are used to store
electricity for short periods of time.
Whenever there is a surplus of electricity
in the grid, this electricity is used to pump
up water from the lower to the upper-level
reservoir. In times of peak demand, the
water can then be released to generate
electricity.
Hydropower plants with a reservoir are
often built in mountainous areas. Water is
collected from rainfall, rivers or melting
snow and glaciers. They provide a reserve
of water and energy to satisfy electricity
demand during dry seasons and/or periods
of high demand.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Ocean energy

→ Ocean energy, derived from the potential, kinetic and thermal energy of seawater, can be transformed to provide
electricity or thermal energy.

→ Oceans cover more than 60% of Earth's surface, making them the world's largest solar collectors. The sun's heat
warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference creates thermal
energy.

→ Just a small portion of the heat trapped in the ocean could power the world.

→ The ocean can produce two types of energy:

• Thermal energy from the sun's heat, and
• Mechanical energy from the tides and waves

Tides and waves are intermittent sources of energy, while ocean

thermal energy is fairly constant.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh

→ With the growth rate in GDP nearing to 7% in 2015, Bangladesh is one of the fastest developing economies
in the world. Keeping pace with the global trend, Bangladesh has also attached its due importance to the
development of renewable energy.

→ Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh has been in force since 2009, which envisions having 5% power
from renewable energy sources by 2015 and 10% by 2020.

→ Different government, semi-government and nongovernment organizations have been working separately
or jointly to disseminate RET throughout the country over a significant period. All these endeavors
manifest Bangladesh's commitment towards the development of renewable energy

→ Presently, the different categories of renewable energy which have been used in Bangladesh, in somewhat
of extensive or limited form are:

a. Solar Energy
b. Biomass
c. Hydropower
d. Wind Energy
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh

→ Application of renewable energy in Bangladesh is not new, but renewable electricity generation has been
confined to the demonstration stage. Current renewable energy technologies include solar (PV) as SHSs;
solar cookers, dryers, water heaters, and tunnel dryers for crops; biogas; biomass briquetting machines; and
improved cooking stoves. The first solar PV and largest installation was a 62 kW system in the Narshingdi
district. The early experience from this demonstration project indicated potential for further applications.

→ Due to the shortage of fossil fuel worldwide and in Bangladesh, the need for ultimate transition to
alternative sources is essential. The solar energy requires huge investment in expensive silicon panels.
Solar panels covering a household rooftop would be hardly enough to supply its household requirements
(without air conditioning), and would need extensive batteries for use at night. Wind speeds in Bangladesh,
are too low for commercial viability because of the obstruction of the Himalayas to the North. Recently,
there has been an initiative in the West, to produce biodiesel from grain, a small percentage of which is
mixed with gasoline. But, production of biodiesel uses land that could have been otherwise used for edible
foods
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh

→ Wind Energy can be an alternative source of energy for Bangladesh. Since, through wind energy power is directly
proportional to the velocity of the wind. This means more the wind velocity more the power generation.
Bangladesh has a coastal line of 724 km along the Bay of Bengal. It blows over Bangladesh from March to
September with an average speed 3 m s−1 to 6 m s−1. Winds are available in Bangladesh mainly during the
monsoon and around one to two months before and after the monsoon and from October to February wind speed
remains either calm or too low.

→ The maximum amount of power is produced by the Kaptai Hydro-electric power station, which is very close to the
coastal area. So from March to September wind power plant can be used to support the Kaptai power plant as the
load is critically high during this period. There are many islands along the Bay of Bengal where the wind speed is
high. Kuakata, Sandwip and St. Martin are among those that have ideal location for wind turbines. The people
living in this area are mostly fisherman. There is very little chance that they can get electricity from the national
power grid as it is very hard to carry the line through to this area. Wind energy can be the solution to this problem.
AIE 227: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh

→ Bangladesh is mainly dependent on solar energy and biomass. Below Table represents the renewable
energy consumption that took place on 2014.

IDCOL a Government owned Investment Company fixed a target to

set up 60,000 biogas plants in Bangladesh by 2018 , under its National
Domestic Biogas and Manure Programmers (NDBMP). The following
graph displays the 42,800 biogas plants constructed in Bangladesh up
to April 2016

Bangladesh is a flood plain delta having a 710 km coastline with the

Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh has its 19 districts in the coastal zone in
which 12 are in direct contact with the sea. Tidal power projects can be
established along the coastal areas