Unit 9: Globalization

C. 1900 - Present / Exam Weighting: 8-10%

Topic 9.1 Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900
Learning Objective Historical Developments 1. Choose one new mode of communication and explain how it reduced the
Explain how the New modes of communication—including radio problem of geographic distance.
development of new communication, cellular communication, and the - Mobile technologies such as the cellphone put the tools of long distance
technologies changed internet—as well as transportation, including air communication into the hands of individuals around the world. People far
the world from 1900 travel and shipping containers, reduced the
away could now communicate with each other within minutes.

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to present problem of geographic distance.

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Energy technologies, including the use of 2. Choose one new mode of transportation and explain how it reduced the
petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity
and increased the production of material goods problem of geographic distance.

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- Cargo planes and planes helped transport people across long

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More effective forms of birth control gave women distances in hours rather weeks or months. They also helped
greater control over fertility, transformed

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reproductive practices, and contributed to transfer commercial shipments around the clock.
declining rates of fertility in much of the world

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3. Choose one new energy technology and explain how it raised productivity
The Green Revolution and commercial
agriculture increased productivity and sustained and the production of material goods.
the earth’s growing population as it spread - Nuclear power was introduced after the research in the 1940’s that

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chemically and genetically modified forms of led to the development of the atomic bomb. Nuclear power plants
agriculture.
could generate tremendous amounts of energy and they began to be

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Medical innovations, including vaccines and used to power homes and factories as an alternative to coal and
antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to petroleum.
survive and live longer lives.

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4. Explain the role of birth control in creating more opportunities for women in
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- Reliable birth control led to a significant decline in fertility rates
around the world. With the pill, women had the opportunity to decide
how many children they wanted, and this increased the opportunities
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they had for non-domestic duties.

5. What was the Green Revolution?

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The Green revolution was a large increase in crop production in developing

countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop
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varieties.
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6. Name two positive impacts of the Green Revolution.

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-increased productivity ( new innovations in agriculture)

-sustained the earth’s growing population ( fed more developing and
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underdeveloped countries)
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 7. Name two negative outcomes of the Green Revolution.

- Loss of soil fertility

- Small farmers went out of business.

8. Describe one medical innovation that has increased the ability of humans to
survive and live longer lives.

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Antibiotics cured bacterial infections and prevented thousands of people from

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dying due to bacterial diseases

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Topic 9.2 Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease

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Learning Objective Historical Developments 9. Describe a disease associated with poverty and how (and where) it has
Explain how Diseases, as well as medical and scientific threatened human populations.
environmental factors developments, had significant effects on - Malaria is a disease linked to poverty, and it is common in African and

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affected human populations around the world. South American countries. Malaria was spread through infected
populations over time.
mosquitos, and these mosquitoes would cause high fevers that would

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Diseases associated with poverty persisted
while other diseases emerged as new epidemics lead to the death of thousands of people.
and threats to human populations, in some
cases leading to social disruption. These

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outbreaks spurred technological and medical 10. Describe an epidemic disease of the 20th century and how it was a threat to

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advances. Some diseases occurred at higher
incidence merely because of increased
longevity.
human populations.
- HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that has affected over 25 million people
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around the world. This disease is contracted through the exchange of
Diseases associated with poverty: bodily fluids, usually through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, or
● Malaria sharing needles. The disease leaves the immune system extremely
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● Tuberculosis
● Cholera weak.

Emergent epidemic diseases: 11. Describe a disease which exists because of increased human longevity.
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● 1918 influenza pandemic

● Ebola
● HIV/AIDS Heart disease exists because of the pure fact of people living longer and
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developing illnesses. It can be caused by lifestyle and genetics.Many

Diseases associated with increased longevity:
● Heart disease procedures are used to treat it including an artificial heart, surgery,etc.
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● Alzheimer’s disease
12. Describe a medical advancement that has improved human longevity.
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The artificial heart replaces a patient’s heart temporarily as the patient waits
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 for a compatible human heart. Replacing valves and installing stents in
arteries and other less invasive procedures are also used to combat heart
disease. These medical innovations have improved human longevity as
patients with heart disease in the 2000’s lived longer as compared to the
1970’s.

13. Answer the learning objective: How have environmental factors affected

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human populations in the 20th and 21st centuries?

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Topic 9.3 Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900

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Learning Objective Historical Developments 14. Describe the ways that human activity has caused environmental
Explain the causes and As human activity contributed to deforestation, degradation over the 20th and 21st centuries.
- Massive deforestation: cutting down the earth’s trees for agricultural

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effects of desertification, a decline in air quality, and
environmental changes increased consumption of the world’s supply of and commercial use.
in the period from 1900 fresh water, humans competed over these and
- Desertification: the removal of natural vegetation through the

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to present. other resources more intensely than ever
before. intensive use of agricultural lands.
- Air pollution: a decline in air quality due to the high levels of

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The release of greenhouse gases and
pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to pollutants factories and cars are emitting.

co rc
debates about the nature and causes of climate
change.
- Rapid consumption of the world’s freshwater supply for agricultural
and commercial use.
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- Rapid human population growth has put a strain on the environment
in regards to croplands and water sources to support them. This also
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leads to smaller habitats for animals and plants, causing them to go
extinct. Urbanization, industrialization, and globalization have all
changed the natural environment.
15. Describe the debate about the nature and causes of climate change. What
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human-created factors have contributed to this debate?

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The human-caused release of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, such

as carbon dioxide, through the burning of fossil fuels have caused a debate
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on the nature of climate change. Scientists argue that these harmful

pollutants in the air, if increased, could lead to many harmful environmental
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effects. Some climate change skeptics question whether climate change

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exists and if human activities actually affect it. Some energy companies
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 resist interference in their manufacturing processes while others have
shifted to renewable energy sources.

Topic 9.4 Economics in the Global Age

Learning Objective Historical Developments 16. Review: what is a free-market economy?

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Explain the In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold

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continuities and War, many governments encouraged free- A free market economy is an economic system based on supply and
changes in the global market economic policies and promoted demand with as little government interference as possible.
economy from 1900 to economic liberalization in the late 20th century.

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present.
Governments’ increased encouragement of free-

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market policies 17. What role did the government play in the economies of many nations in the

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● The United States under Ronald
Reagan early 20th century?
● Britain under Margaret Thatcher The governments increased the encouragement of free market policies. This

● China under Deng Xiaoping
● Chile under Augusto Pinochet
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included the US under Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher, China
under Deng Xiaoping, and Chile under Augusto Pinochet. They advocated to cut
taxes, regulations, and government assistance to the poor as a way to expand

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In the late 20th century, revolutions in
information and communications technology led economic growth.
to the growth of knowledge economies in

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some regions, while industrial production and
manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia 18. How and why did this change in the late 20th century?
and Latin America.

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Knowledge economies: This changed in the late 1900’s because of the new revolutions and innovation in
● Finland
● Japan co rc communications technology. Instead of free market economies, there was a new
type of knowledge economy that was adopted in some regions. Finland, Japan,
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● U.S.
and the U.S. created this economy that utilized knowledge and distributed it to
Asian production and manufacturing economies: others. This economy created jobs such as teachers, designers, engineers,etc.
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● Vietnam
● Bangladesh

Latin American production and manufacturing 19. Describe the economic policies of Ronald Reagan.
economies:
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● Mexico
● Honduras Ronald Reagan instilled economic policies of
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Changing economic institutions,

multinational corporations, and regional trade
agreements reflected the spread of principles 20. Describe the economic policies of Margaret Thatcher in Britain.
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and practices associated with free-market

economics throughout the world.
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Economic institutions and regional trade

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agreements:
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 ● World Trade Organization (WTO) 21. Describe the economic policies of Deng Xiaoping in China.
● North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
● Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)

Multinational corporations:
● Nestlé 22. Describe the economic policies of Pinochet in Chile.
● Nissan
● Mahindra and Mahindra

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23. What is a knowledge economy?
-

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24. Where are knowledge economies located today?

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25. Where does most industrial production and manufacturing exist in the late

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20th/early 21st century? Why?

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co rc 26. What is a multinational corporation?
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27. How have multinational corporations changed the global economy?

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28. What is the World Trade Organization (WTO) and what are its goals?
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 29. What is NAFTA and what are its goals?

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Topic 9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900
Learning Objective Historical Developments 30. What assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion were challenged

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Explain how social categories, Rights-based discourses challenged old in the 20 and 21st centuries?

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roles, and practices have assumptions about race, class, gender,

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been maintained and and religion. -sania
challenged over time.

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In much of the world, access to education
as well as participation in new political and
professional roles became more inclusive 31. Why were these assumptions challenged during this time period and not
in terms of race, class, gender, and
earlier?

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religion.
-sania
Movements throughout the world

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protested the inequality of the
environmental and economic
consequences of global integration.

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32. Describe the ways in which access to education became more inclusive

co rc during this time period.

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-sania
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33. What are some positive consequences of global integration?

-sania
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34. What are some negative consequences of global integration?

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35. Describe changes in social roles during this time period.

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 36. Describe continuities in social roles during this time period.

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Topic 9.6 Globalized Culture After 1900

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Learning Objective Historical Developments 37. What is globalization?

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Explain how and why Political and social changes of the 20th
globalization changed culture century led to changes in the arts and in R

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over time. the second half of the century, popular and

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consumer culture became more global.
38. How did popular and consumer culture become more global in the 20th
Global culture: century?

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● Music: Reggae
● Movies: Bollywood R

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● Social media: Facebook, Twitter
● Television: BBC
● Sports: World Cup soccer, the
39. How did globalization change culture over time?

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Olympics

Arts, entertainment, and popular culture

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increasingly reflected the influence of a
globalized society. R

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Consumer culture became globalized and
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transcended national borders.

Global consumerism: 40. Describe the role of one global brand in changing culture.
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● Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay

● Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola - Sania
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41. Describe one type of entertainment and how it reflects the influence of a
globalized society.
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- Sania
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Learning Objective
Explain the various
responses to increasing
globalization from 1900 to
present.
Topic 9.7 Resistance to Globalization after 1900
Historical Developments 42. What is the Anti-IMF and what were their complaints about the
Responses to rising cultural and economic International Monetary Fund?
globalization took a variety of forms.
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Responses to economic globalization:
● Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank
activism
● Advent of locally developed social 43. Why have countries like China created their own social media?

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media (Weibo in China)

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S

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44. Summarize how some groups have rejected increasing globalization.

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R

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45. Why have some groups rejected increasing globalization?

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R

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Topic 9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World
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Learning Objective Historical Developments 46. What is the United Nations and what purpose does this organization
Explain how and why New international organizations, including serve?
globalization changed the United Nations, formed with the stated
international interactions goal of maintaining world peace and S
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among states. facilitating international cooperation.

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47. Explain HOW globalization changed international interactions among

states.
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 48. Explain WHY globalization changed international interactions among
states.

Topic 9.9 Continuity and Change in a Globalized World

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The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied
in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic.

Learning Objective ● Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in

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communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine.

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Explain the extent to which science and ○ New modes of communication— including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as
technology brought change in the period transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.

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from 1900 to the present. ○ Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of
material goods.

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○ More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and
contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.
○ The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it
spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.

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○ Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives
● States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.

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● Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
● In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms
of race, class, gender, and religion.
● Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer

m e
culture became more global.
●
●
co rc
Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders
o. ou
er res
se dy
ur tus
H
is
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