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Fax: +47 67 57 99 11 pipelines improve the performance of your business. So you can
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www.dnv.com/energy

DNV serving the energy industry | Contents |

Snamprogetti, p16 DNV, p17 Saipem. Production: Ressurs
StatoilHydro, Nina Rangøy, p10 DNV, p11 DNV, p12 DNV, p13 DNV, p14 DNV, p15
p7 courtesy of StatoilHydro, DNV, Global Industries Ltd., p8 Corbis, p9 courtesy of
Concept and design: CREUNA Images: Front cover DNV, p2 Nina Rangøy, p6 DNV,
Services Overview
u The importance of a complete picture 6

ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT – ERM

u Is pipeline the optimal transport solution? 8

SHE Risk Management

u Making pipeline the safe option 9

Flow Assurance, Design,

Foundations and Materials
u Pushing the design envelope safely 10

Verification
u The assurance of full independence 12

Pipelines in Operation
u Safely extending the lifespan 14

World-Class Codes and Standards

u Taking the industry forward 16
 | OFFSHORE pipelines |

As conduits for oil and gas, pipelines form the backbone of most
DNV SERVICES TO THE ENERGY INDUSTRY national and international energy infrastructures. Pipeline systems
u

u
Enterprise Risk Management
SHE Risk Management
represent significant financial investment and constitute a key element
u Technology Qualification of the industrial and public value chain. Therefore, operators must
u Verification

u Offshore Classification
withstand scrutiny from a number of constituencies, while securing
u Asset Risk Management

u Training
an acceptable return on investment. Ensuring that each pipeline is
u IT Risk Management designed, fabricated and operated in a safe, reliable and cost-effective
u Certification
manner involves a multitude of professional disciplines.

| OFFSHORE PIPELINEs | Addressing pipelines end to end

target segments
Tomorrow’s oil and gas reserves will be located in ever deeper waters,
Through these services our teams of highly qualified
in harsh environments, far from existing infrastructure. Since the early
professionals deliver cutting-edge solutions to customers seventies, DNV has supplied the industry with a full range of services
across the industry:
u Deep and ultra-deepwater field development
and capabilities related to the development, operation and maintenance
u Floating offshore installations

u Fixed offshore installations

of pipeline systems. Pushing into the new energy frontier poses greater
u Offshore and onshore pipelines challenges for pipeline systems and DNV is committed to support the
u Natural Gas/LNG

u Refining and petrochemicals

industry continuously as a pipeline technology leader.
u Wind energy

u Power generation and transmission

u Carbon capture and storage

u Arctic operations and technology

PAGE 4 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations | OFFSHORE pipelines |
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards

THE BUSINESS LIFE CYCLE

DNV – assisting companies in the

energy industry along the entire
life cycle to safeguard and improve
business performance

Project
phases:

Strategy Feasibility design construction installation & operation & DECOMMISSIONING

& concept commissioning life extension
selection

DNV energy
deliveries: BUSINESS CASE ASSESSMENT

integrated field development support

project due diligence

project risk management

SHE risk management

reliability assessment

technology qualification

design support

verification

quality surveillance and inspection

material and corrosion testing

offshore classification

operations excellence

troubleshooting

Maintenance Management
PAGE 6 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
services overview
The importance of
a complete picture
Designing, constructing, installing and operating pipeline systems are complex
challenges. DNV offers the whole gamut of pipeline-related services. We can
help you safeguard and improve your operations through a deeper and more
complete understanding of risks and opportunities in pipeline projects.
Industry and governments make significant
investments in pipeline systems. They rely on
a broad range of expertise to ensure that each
pipeline operates in a safe, reliable and cost-
effective way. Since the early 1970s, DNV has
played a leading role in the development of
pipeline technology. We were deeply involved
in the SUPERB Joint Industry Project, that
introduced limit state-based design and
modern design principles, revolutionising
pipeline design. Today DNV offers unique
multidisciplinary competences to customers
all over the world – from the very early phases
through to operations and life extension.
Case:
Alpine
Deepwater pipeline
with 40 years
design life
ADDRESSING THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE
DNV can assist you in selecting the right
transport solution, evaluating aspects rang-
ing from availability and tariffs associated
with existing infrastructure, to cost, revenue
and risks related to a new solution.
Materials need to be stretched to their limit
in order to safely install and operate pipe-
lines in extreme water depths and other
challenging conditions. We work on the latest
design methodologies. We assure quality
and integrity during installation so that you
can break barriers confidently.
Once in operation, there is a fine balancing
act between withstanding scrutiny and maxi­
mising safety, while securing an acceptable
return on investment. DNV recommends
that you start planning the operational
phase early in the project. Don’t wait until
it is too late.
| |
The Williams Companies of the U.S. decided
to embark on the challenging Alpine project and survey of offshore pipe lay and com­
in the Gulf of Mexico. The scope includes
construction of a deepwater pipeline start-
ing at a new spar platform in Garden Banks
block 668 at a water depth of 3,150 ft (960
metres) and ending at an existing platform
in Galveston Block A244.
DNV was engaged to support Williams from
the design phase to installation and commis-
sioning. The detailed scope included verification to their needs as a deepwater pipeline ope­
of detailed steel catenary riser and pipeline
design, assessment of prime contractors’
quality system, QA of pipe mills and coating
DNV services comprise
the full life cycle of
pipeline systems.
A complete suite of services
From well to shore, from concept to opera-
tion, from internal flow to external threat –
DNV offers the full range of pipeline-related
services:
u Transport solution
u Concept & feasibility studies
u Environmental studies and impact
assessment
u Safety and risk analysis
u Structural design assistance
u Material selection
u Geotechnical engineering
u Flow assurance
u Verification and certification
u Fabrication and installation surveillance
u Marine warranty
u In-service inspection
u Condition and integrity risk assessments
u Lifetime extension and re-qualification
of existing pipelines
u Database management
u Laboratory facilities for both small scale
and full scale testing
u Failure investigations and analyses
plant, welder and AUT system qualification,
missioning.
“The
due
Alpine project was successful, in part,
to DNV’s technical expertise, effective-
ness working in a team environment with
multiple contractors, and recognition of
our particular needs,” says Charles Nichols,
Williams project manager. Nichols concluded
that DNV was professional and responsive
rator in the Gulf of Mexico.
| OFFSHORE pipelines |
State-of-the-art software u STABLELINE is a programme used to THE FUTURE
tools and solutions calculate stability of offshore pipelines The international pipeline industry is not static.
DNV applies state-of-the-art software solu- according to DNV-RP-F109 On-Bottom There is need for continuous developments
tions as an integrated part of our services. Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines. and enhancements in order to guide and
Some of the key tools are listed below: support the industry in relatively uncharted
u ABAQUS is used for non-linear structural
territories such as the arctic, ultra-deep waters,
u EasyRisk is used to assess business risk design analysis including pipe-soil interaction
and projects with challenging fluid compo-
related to different field development as well as advanced materials engineering.
sition and long tie-back solutions.
scenarios.
u Pipeline Engineering Tool (PET) addresses
Our vision is to make a global impact for a safe
all key design formulas in DNV OS -F101
u OLGA is a programme developed for and sustainable future. By developing new
Submarine Pipeline Systems.
analysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe methodologies, understanding the new risk
systems. agenda and working hard to manage risk and
u ORBIT Pipeline Management System is a
web-based tool covering both Onshore and improve safety and environmental perform-
u FATFREE is a programme for failure analy-
Offshore pipeline integrity management. ance – we take steps in the right direction.
ses of free spans exposed to ocean current
and wave loading in compliance with the
DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines.
|
Critical Issue:
Challenging riser and pipeline design.
Solution:
Deep multidisciplinary competences. Systematic
assessment of suppliers and contractors.
Deliverables:
Design verification. Quality system assessment.
QA of pipe mills and coating plant, qualification
welder and AUT. Survey of pipe lay and
commissioning.
Value to Customer:
Successful installation on schedule.
PAGE 8 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT – ERM
Is pipeline the optimal
transport solution?
The selection of a transport solution depends on a host of factors.
DNV helps you find the optimal alternative, based on the particular
needs of your project.
Early phase field development involves business
case assessments of possible development con-
cepts. A major part of a development concept
is the transport solution, where alternatives
range from sea transportation using shuttle
tankers to novel subsea-to-land solutions.
The selection of a transport solution depends
on several factors, from availability and tariffs
associated with existing infrastructure, to
cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution.
To find the best solution, you need to challenge
and assess both technical and economical
aspects of the full field development solution.
Our approach
DNV applies an integrated approach to ensure
that both technical and economical issues are
properly accounted for when assessing the
attractiveness of the various development and
export alternatives. The field development is
described as a value where the oil and gas from
sub-surface to final export is modelled, so that
both physical flows (oil, gas, condensate, NGL,
etc.) and resulting cash flows are calculated.
Case:
langeled
A million
tons of steel
safely supplying
THE UK with
Norwegian gas
From this model, technical and economical
performance of the field development alterna-
tive can be assessed; in particular the various
export alternatives.
The integrated model includes the various risks
and uncertainties that impact the field develop-
ment, such as:
u Uncertainties in in-place volumes and
recovery factors
u Availability and risks related to technical
performance
u Frequency of component failures, duration
of repairs, and waiting time and cost of
repair resources
u Uncertainty in CAPEX, OPEX, tariffs, etc.
u Uncertainty in product prices
u Uncertainty in timing of first oil/first gas
Through the integrated model, the depend-
encies between the technical, economical and
the risks are managed. To support the selec-
tion of export alternative, full probability dis-
tributions for economic indicators such as
| |
A length of 1,200 kilometres makes Langeled
the world’s longest submarine gas pipeline.
The pipeline starts at the Nyhamna export
terminal in western Norway, goes via the
Sleipner riser platform in the North Sea, and
lands in Easington on the English east coast.
Langeled has a capacity of 20 billion cubic
metres of gas to be transported annually from
the Norwegian continental shelf. This will cover
20 per cent of the gas consumption in the UK.
DNV can assist in identifying
the best transport solution.
Net Present Value (NPV), Break-even oil price,
etc. can be found.
key Benefits
The DNV approach does not replace detailed
analyses, but provides a means of aggregating
data from different disciplines into a more
complete basis for decision making.
Since the integrated model allows all relevant
uncertainties and their dependencies to be
included, the total risk can be described more
completely. Furthermore, the major risk drivers
and their underlying causes and knock-on
effects can be analysed.
DNV has supported StatoilHydro with diffe­
rent SHE studies for the concept phase and
planning of the Langeled pipeline. Examples
of studies include:
Concept risk assessment analysing 3rd party
u
societal risk, personnel risk and pipeline
damage caused by external impact
u Risk comparison of alternative locations of
future tie-ins
u Risk assessment of marine operations
SHE Risk Management
Making pipeline
the safe option
We work with our clients to develop, implement, maintain and
continuously improve best practices in SHE Risk Management of
offshore pipelines.
A new risk agenda is emerging, bringing
with it new demands on your business
and how it is managed. Stakeholders expect
clear management of safety, health and the
environment. Mere compliance with legal
requirements for SHE performance is no
longer sufficient for forward-thinking organi-
sations. We can help you safely and responsibly
improve your business performance.
DNV applies risk-based methods and advanced
software tools to ensure that hazards are
identified and understood throughout the
life cycle of projects and operations.
We adopt our approach to the relevant
project challenges, applying the full range
of DNV capabilities and experience.
|
Critical Issue:
Long pipeline with large areas of free spans,
trawling activity and steep landfall.
Solution:
Applying sophisticated risk assessment techniques.
Key Deliveries:
Documentation of pipeline risk, including third
party risk and pipeline damage.
Value for Client:
Decision support on risk reducing measures and
pipeline routing optimisation.
Increase safety
Our services will ensure that you make the
appropriate strategic and operational deci-
sions related to health and safety issues:
u Risk Assessments
u Consequence assessments
u External impact assessments
u Design Accidental Load and protection
studies
u Management Systems and performance
standards
u Emergency planning, response and
investigation
Environmental challenges
We provide many inter-related services in
the area of environmental risk management
including:
| OFFSHORE pipelines |
DNV applies a risk-
based approach to SHE
Risk Management.
u Environmental impact and risk assessment
u Dispersion and fate modelling
u Impact and risk management planning
u Spill preparedness and response analysis
and planning
u Biodiversity management
– Environmental monitoring
– Visual mapping of sensitive areas
– Environmental ROV surveys
u Corporate Social Responsibility
EXPERTISE AND COMMITMENT
We combine technical expertise and advanced
risk methodologies with management consult-
ing skills to offer a new and different type of
consulting service.
By understanding the new risk agenda and
working hard to improve safety and environ-
mental performance, we are committed to
our vision of making a global impact for a
safe and sustainable future.
PAGE 10 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
flow assurance, DESIGN, FOUNDATIONS AND MATERIALS
Pushing the design
envelope safely
Extreme free spans, global buckling of HPHT pipelines, ice scour induced
loads and enhanced utilisation of materials in corrosive environments –
DNV can help you break these and other barriers with confidence.
With a highly experienced and well trained
global network of personnel, DNV is well
placed to meet the requirements of a global
pipeline market. We offer tailored solutions
throughout the life cycle of pipeline systems
with focus on adding value and safeguarding
life, property and the environment.
flow assurance
DNV provides in-depth understanding of
multi-phase flow characteristics in pipeline
systems at both normal and incidental oper-
ating conditions. This knowledge represents
a valuable input to the optimisation of the
design and operation of pipelines. And con-
tributes to cost-effective solutions, and robust
and effective pipeline performance.
We address the following key areas either as
part of an integrated approach or as stand-
alone services:
Case:
international r&D
High Pressure and
High Temperature
Pipelines
u Thermo-hydraulic analysis
(pressure and temperature drop)
u Capacity/line sizing
u Slug/terrain slugging
u Hydrate and wax prediction
u Chemical injection
u Insulation optimisation/design
u Start-up and shut downs
u Cool down
u Blow down
u Water hammer/pressure surge analysis
u Leak analysis
Understanding and analysing multiphase
flows is a complicated task. DNV utilises the
state-of-the-art transient multiphase pro-
gramme OLGA to analyse issues related to
production and transportation of multiphase
flows from the reservoir to the separator.
We participate in all phases of a project, from
feasibility studies to the operational phase.
OLGA is developed for analysis of multiphase
flow issues in pipe systems, and may be used
| |
High Pressure and High Temperature (HP/
HT) pipelines will expand due to thermal
and internal pressure. The integrity of such
a pipeline can be assured either by restraining
it and keeping it in place, or by releasing the
compressive force by allowing it to buckle in
a controlled manner. The choice is influenced
by a number of complex parameters and
depends on the operator’s and the designer’s
experience and preference. Buried pipelines
are normally designed not to buckle and,
hence, to sustain the loads in the original
configuration.
Experienced and well-trained personnel
ensure cutting edge solutions.
for both steady state and transient analysis.
The programme solves the governing equa-
tion for mass, momentum and energy for
the various phases, based on flashing and
condensation of the gas and liquid phases.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
A key element of DNV’s services is that inde-
pendent detailed engineering analysis forms
part of third party verification activities.
We use a range of state-of-the-art software pack­
ages to perform relevant technical analysis:
u Global and local buckling
u Pipe reeling
u Pipe snaking
u Upheaval buckling
u Expansion curve
u Tie-in spool piece
u J-tube pull-in
u Fatigue analyses for free spans and VIV
u On bottom stability
u Pipeline installation, dynamic and static
u Structural Design
The new recommended practice DNV-RP-
F110 Buckling of Pipelines is the result of
the HOTPIPE Joint Industry Project (JIP)
performed by Snamprogetti, Statoil and DNV
and sponsored by Statoil, Agip, Shell, BP
and Hydro. The new recommended practice
complements DNV-OS-F101 and gives specific
requirements for global buckling scenarios
of HP/HT pipelines.
| OFFSHORE pipelines |
Our design support is based
on advanced testing and
technical analysis.
solid foundations u Heat isolation for cover u Assessment of ultimate pipe capacity
Geotechnical design is associated with a u Anchor or ice ridge hazards and u Fracture mechanics and fatigue assessment
variety of challenges where a broad under- impact loading u Verification of material specifications
standing of both structural responses and soil and manufacturing documentation
The right materials u Mechanical testing
characteristics is required. In DNV, soilpipe
interaction issues are identified and solved Ensuring that the right material is selected, u Metallurgical investigations
specified, delivered and installed is a key u Corrosion testing
by integrating the geotechnical services in
aspect of every successful pipeline project. u Qualification of new materials
the design or verification process. Our services
DNV owns and operates material laboratories u Quality surveillance
involve application of DNV standards, other
in Norway, Singapore and the USA. We draw u Troubleshooting
recognised standards, national requirements
on a wealth of experience from failure u Remaining life assessment
and client specifications. The services are
investigations, corrosion studies, testing and u Failure investigation
offered for a broad scale of both onshore and
offshore pipelines, including: R&D projects to help the customer select
the optimal material. We also help ensure
u Geophysical surveys to identify
that the materials are properly joined
potential hazards
through our deep understanding of welding
u Seismic hazard studies
and non-destructive testing. DNV has pub-
u Soil investigations
lished a number of codes and standards to
u Slope stability analyses
ensure that the international pipeline industry
u Flow analyses of failed soil
has easy access to best practices.
(‘debris flow’, turbidity flow)
u Optimum pipeline route selection
u Soil properties and soil resistance
|
Critical issue:
Develop reservoirs with high pressure and high
temperature characteristics.
Solution:
The new DNV RP-F110 with state-of-the-art methods.
Key deliverables:
The DNV RP-F110 includes design methods for:
u Exposed pipelines on even/uneven seabed
u Buried/covered pipelines with potential global
buckling in the vertical plane
Value to the industry:
Optimum pipeline design.
PAGE 12 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations | OFFSHORE pipelines |
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards

verification

The assurance of early phase

increase
u
ab i
lit y
to
involvement

full independence
in f lu
en c
e

ch a nge Early involvement=

DNV’s transparent and fully independent approach to verification, cost of
To ensure confidence, Higher chance to
certification, quality surveillance and marine operations will help reduce DNV applies a risk-based time
implement changes with DNV is close at hand and prepared
approach to verfication. lower financial impact to help all over the world.
and manage risk, thereby ensuring a successful project. conceptual phase commissioning

Authorities now tend to move from prescrip-
tive regimes to functional requirements in
a goal-setting regime, where safety shall be
demonstrated based on risk approaches.
Hence, there will probably be a stronger
future demand for measurable objectives to
be presented by the owners regarding safety
to life, property and the environment.
Verification and certification have histori-
cally been carried out with varying scope
and depth of involvement. The depth of
involvement, or level of verification, has not
always been very transparent. In order to
ensure a transparent approach, DNV was
the first organisation that introduced a risk-
based approach.
A risk-based approach
DNV aims through Risk-Based Verification,
to instil confidence in our customers and
other stakeholders. Through independent
and competent scrutiny, the intent is to con-
firm that the asset is designed, constructed
and/or operated so that:
u It is fit for its intended purpose
u Its level of integrity is as high as reason-
ably practicable
u The associated risk to health, life, property
and environment is as low as reasonably
practicable (ALARP)
The DNV OSS -301 Certification and Verifi-
cation of Submarine Pipeline Systems, which
describes DNV’s certification and verifica-
tion services for pipeline systems, was pub-
lished in October 2000. It is the first, and
still only, publicly available detailed descrip-
tion of third-party involvement for pipeline
systems. The document gives detailed scope
of work for certification and verifications for
three different levels, low, medium and
high. This will allow the owner to select the
degree of certification or verification in
compliance with the overall risk objective
for the project.
Importance of early involvement
Risk-Based Verification services should seek
to reduce any uncertainty in the field or
pipeline development as early as possible. If
any weaknesses are revealed, the services
should allow for effective management of
necessary changes. DNV’s verification expe-
rience reinforces the important message of
early involvement and the need for in-depth
knowledge of the activities required to
obtain optimal resource allocation for the
verification process. A proactive approach is
required, placing particular emphasis on
roles and responsibilities.
Quality surveillance
and inspection
The level of verification activity is differenti-
ated according to the inherent risk (i.e.
consequence) to the pipeline system. During
the fabrication and installation phase we
support our customers by providing:
u Quality surveillance during pipe manu-
facturing and coating
u Inspection services and construction
supervision through pipeline installation
and commissioning
Depending on risk level low, medium or high,
DNV’s attendance varies from an audit based
approach to full 24/7 site team attendance.
Marine Operations
The financial and technical consequences
which may be incurred as a result of an
accident or occurrence during offshore
marine operations can be devastating. This
fact alone emphasises the importance of a
well-defined marine verification scope, a
recognised technical reference, competence
and experience, and quality within the
marine verification service.
DNV stands up to these requirements through
our integrity and independence, our close
relation to in-house specialist disciplines, and
through more than thirty years experience as
warranty surveyor and marine verifier.
We base our work on DNV Rules for Planning
and Execution of Marine Operation.
Global reach
The opportunities of the global energy
market belong to those who approach them
with a comprehensive understanding of risk.
Equally important is the ability to implement
solutions and uniform standards across
geographies. That’s why DNV’s global
presence is so highly valued by our customers
in the energy sector. No matter where you
conduct your business, DNV is close at hand
and prepared to help. Our international
organisation comprises a network of more
than 300 offices spanning Europe, Africa,
the Middle East, Asia and the Americas.

Case: | |
Block KG-DWN-98/3 in the Krishna Godavari
KG D-6 Basin, Bay of Bengal off the east coast of India
India’s first is the first deepwater development in India. The
gas field covers an area of 7,500 km2, located
deepwater project 40 kilometres and 60 kilometres south east of
Kakinada with water depths of between 400
and 2,700 metres. Phase 1 of the project com-
prises subsea production systems, flowlines,
pipelines, a shallow water control and riser plat-
form and an onshore process plant. It is devel-
oped by Reliance Industries Ltd., India’s largest
private sector enterprise, with businesses in the
energy and materials value chain.
DNV has supported Reliance Industries Ltd.
from the Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
through to detailed design verification, manu-
facture control and independent construction
and installation inspection. The work is based
on DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification and
utilises resources from DNV’s worldwide office
network.
In addition to verification work, DNV is also
supporting Reliance Industries Ltd. by analys-
ing reliability, availability and maintainability of
the overall system.
|
Critical Issue:
Managing risk in an international deepwater
project with vendors and engineering consultants
spread around the globe.
Solution:
Multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-art
methods and tools. DNV’s world-wide network.
Key Deliverables:
FEED verification. Design verification. RAM-
analysis manufacture control. Independent
construction and installation inspection.
Value Delivered:
Focus on critical design, fabrication and
installation aspects.
PAGE 14 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
PIPELINES IN OPERATION
Safely extending
the lifespan
As pipelines are put into operation and approach maturity in their design
life, a different set of considerations and capabilities are required.
At this stage, the value of planning the operational phase early in the
project also becomes evident.
DNV provides a variety of services address-
ing issues related to pipelines in operation.
These services focus on reducing pipeline
operating costs, while still maintaining an
acceptable reliability and safety level.
DNV experts team up with the pipeline
operators to establish the most cost-effi-
cient solutions for each pipeline system.
Most of our services for pipelines in opera-
tion are requested during the pipeline
operational phase. However, DNV also pro-
vides operations-related services at an early
design phase, ensuring that sound pipeline
operational integrity has been built into
the pipeline system during initial planning,
design and construction. We build our
services in the operational phase on the
competence gained when participating in
a number of joint industry development
projects and developing DNV’s unique
pipeline codes and standards. Services for
Pipelines in Operation cover:
Case:
GORM to
filsø pipeline
An impossible
pipeline repair
u Integrity Management involving all activities
required for control and documentation
of pipeline system integrity during its
operational life. DNV also offers assistance
for roll-out and/or implementation of the
integrity management programme within
an operator’s organisation.
u Condition Assessment for pipeline systems
and components. This includes assessment
of metal loss defects, dents and cracks (i.e.
defect assessment) as well as assessment of
freespan and global buckling (i.e. struc-
tural integrity of HP/HT pipelines).
u Inspection and Maintenance Planning
uses the results from the condition assess-
ment to prioritise inspection and mainte-
nance activities based on risk of failure
balanced against cost of prevention work.
| |
A four-tonne anchor hooked and damaged
the DONG-operated oil pipeline, which runs
from the Gorm Field to Filsø on the Danish
west coast. The pipeline transports all oil from
the Danish offshore sector to shore.
The potential development of future fatigue
failure initiated a repair of the pipeline.
The damaged section was in water depths of
52 metres, and the pipeline was buried
1.5 metres below the seabed. The cost of
closing the pipeline for the repair would have
been significant, so the company wanted the
pipeline to be repaired whilst in operation.
Our goal is to combine
a high safety level with
low operating costs.
u Pipeline Operability Review allows the
pipeline operator to identify and assess all
important areas of potential operational
improvement (with regard to both man-
agement and technical solutions) against
a set of ‘Best Practices’ based on DNV’s
experience from major projects and inter-
national operators.
u Re-qualification as required for lifetime
extension, change of use of the pipelines
systems, or modifications and repairs due
to damage.
u Data management support by collecting
and organising data needed for long term
integrity management and daily opera-
tion, covering pipeline data, surveys and
inspection results, assessments etc.
DNV provided support to DONG for the over-
all repair approach and solutions, the damage
assessment, the inspection requirements, the
design of the repair clamp, the installation
and the pipeline-excavation procedures.
The urgent request was quickly solved by inte-
grating all relevant disciplines such as soil,
materials, clamp design, marine operations,
inspection techniques and the damage assess-
ment. DNV also performed third party verifica-
tion of the repair work from its offices in
Esbjerg, Denmark, and Aberdeen, Scotland.
design analyses and
re-design
authorities
u
pipeline integrity management (PIM)
u
u
operations
and monitoring maintenance inspections
u Support for Regulatory Compliance includ-
ing interpretation of regulations, consul-
tancy during planning and implementation,
information management and meetings
with regulators.
u Risk assessment supporting the operators in
managing SHE and business risk. Methods
such as HAZID and QRA can be applied at
different levels of detail, and the output risk
ranking can be used as basis for decision
making approaches like RCM and RBI.
u Availability and reliability evaluations of
pipeline networks provide confidence and
maximise system uptime.
u Technical support for operators in con-
nection with repair, troubleshooting, onsite
support and technical advice, interven-
tion, decommissioning, training etc.
|
Critical issue:
A four tonne anchor hooked onto an oil pipeline.
Solution:
A multidisciplinary approach to assess the
condition and repair method for the pipeline.
Key deliverables:
Damage assessment. Repair method.
Installation support. Inspection. Verification.
Value to the customer:
Pipeline successfully repaired without shutdown,
saving several hundred million NOK.
| OFFSHORE pipelines |
management customers public
u pipeline integrity
management
u
u
DNV’s integrity management services and
emergency
repairs response systems connect key operational activities with
assessment and stakeholder requirements.
Web-based integrity management status of integrity management projects and
ORBIT Pipeline is a Pipeline Integrity Manage- tasks in a traffic light fashion.
ment support software tool developed by
Tailored integration to customer applications,
DNV in close cooperation with leading oil
e.g. GIS, SAP and other systems is important
and gas companies. The tool supports the
to reduce the overall impact on a company
activities and working process within pipeline
when introducing a new pipeline integrity
integrity control and documentation, and
solution. Rather than replacing in-house
contains modules for:
applications, the pipeline integrity solution
u Data management represents a strengthening of the company’s
u Condition assessment overall asset management as it is integrated
u Defect evaluations
with already well functioning in-house
u Pipeline and component risk assessment
systems.
u Inspection planning
u Pro-forma reporting The oil and gas industry dedicates large
resources to the development of tomorrow’s
The new fully web-based ORBIT Pipeline operations – making use of new technology
Management System covers both onshore for more efficient work processes.
and offshore pipeline integrity management The ORBIT Pipeline will help you make
functions and is delivered with an Integrity faster and more qualified decisions, thereby
Management Portal as standard. This portal safely extending the lifespan of your pipelines.
provides ready access to historical reports,
condition of all assets embraced by the sys-
tem, overall risk profiles, system alerts and
PAGE 16 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
WORLD-CLASS CODES AND STANDARDS
Taking the
industry forward
DNV’s first pipeline code was issued in 1976. Since then we have created
a series of internationally recognised standards and recommended
practices together with the pipeline industry.
Following increased consumption of oil and
natural gas, offshore pipeline construction
activity is about to reach historic levels.
Recent estimates forecast that close to 70,000
kilometres of offshore pipelines will be con-
structed in the period from 2007 to 2011 with
Europe as the front runner followed by the
South Pacific, Far East and the Gulf of
Mexico. Pipelines are effective and a highly
reliable means for hydrocarbon transportation
over short and medium range distances.
They represent large investment costs for a
field development or gas export transport
system. These investment costs are highly
influenced by the applicable codes for design
and construction of the pipeline.
Case:
blue stream
THE WORLD’S
DEEPEST TRUNKLINE
SELECTING THE BEST CODE
Many national and international pipeline
codes in use today worldwide are subject
to various safety regimes and operator pre-
ferences. What is the criteria for selecting
the ‘best design code’? Is it the code giving
the minimum wall thickness – or something
else? DNV believes the selection criteria are
simple and threefold:
u The code shall ensure at least a minimum
safety level that is acceptable to society
u Given the above, the best code is the one
that gives the minimum life cycle cost
u The code should comply with the overall
ISO standards
For an ‘off the shelf’ pipeline design, any of
the internationally recognised codes fulfill
the first criterion based on historical record.
Most of these codes are experience-based
using an allowable stress format where all
failure modes are covered implicitly in a few
simple design formats. They are often simple
| |
Russian energy giant Gazprom together with
ENI of Italy embarked on a very ambitious
project when they decided to install two
subsea gas pipelines across the Black Sea – the
Blue Stream Project. The pipelines were built
to meet the growing demand for more environ-
mentally friendly energy in Turkey and have a
capacity of 16 billion cubic metres per year.
The project faced challenges such as extreme
water depths approaching 2,150 metres, a dif-
ficult seabed topography both on the Russian
and Turkish side, and high external H2S content.
Furthermore, the installation took place in areas
with high seismic activity.
DNV works closely
with the industry to
advance standards.
to apply and work well when applied within
the scope of application, i.e. where there
has been extensive past experience used as
the basis for the code. For other pipeline
designs where there is limited field experi-
ence, such as HT/HP, deepwater, uneven
seabed, arctic pipelines in ice-infested areas,
only a limit-state-based design code with
links to fabrication, installation and operation
phases can ensure a minimum acceptable
safety level.
A Family of Best Practices
Based on our project experience, research,
and joint industry development work, DNV
issues a number of pipeline codes. These
comprise service specifications, standards
and recommended practices, and are highly
regarded within the international pipeline
community.
The DNV-OSS-301 Service Specification for
Certification and Verification of Pipelines
presents DNV’s approach for certification
DNV supported the project from the conceptual
phase in 1995 to the installation completion
of the two 24” diameter pipelines in 2002. The
DNV-OS-F101 ‘Submarine Pipeline Systems’
was chosen as the governing code and has
now been adapted as the corporate standard
for all of Gazprom’s offshore pipelines.
| OFFSHORE pipelines |
service
specifications
u structure of dnv
offshore codes
offshore
standards
recommended operation
practices
construction
design
internationally A clearly set structure accommodates the
recognised codes
different DNV Codes.
and verification of offshore pipelines. The u DNV RP- F105 Free Spanning Pipelines the future
specification presents a comprehensive and u DNV RP- F106 Factory Applied external Codes and standards should reflect current
detailed risk based method for this service. Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion Control good practice and be open for application to
u DNV RP- F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline
innovation and state-of-the-art technology.
The DNV OS -F101 ‘Offshore Standard Protection
Therefore ‘best codes’ do not exist statically
for Submarine Pipeline Systems’ provides u DNV RP- F108 Fracture Control for
or indefinitely. There will always be a need
acceptance criteria and design procedures Pipeline Installation Methods Introducing
for developments and enhancements in
for pipelines. The standard applies modern Cyclic Plastic Strain
order to guide and support the industry in
limit-state-design principles with ‘safety classes’ u DNV RP- F109 On-bottom Stability
relatively uncharted territories such as the
linked to consequences of failure. u DNV RP- F110 Global buckling of pipelines
arctic, ultra-deep waters, and projects with
u DNV RP- F111 Interference Between Trawl
challenging fluid composition and long
The DNV standard is complemented by sev-
Gear and Pipelines tie-back solutions.
eral recommended practices (RPs) which
u DNV-RP-F112 Design of Duplex Stainless
give detailed advice on how to analyse spe-
Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to We are currently working with the industry
cific technical aspects according to stated
Cathodic Protection to develop better criteria for deepwater
criteria:
u DNV RP- F113 Pipeline Subsea Repair installations, better understanding of pipe/
u DNV RP- C205 Environmental Conditions u DNV RP-O501 Erosive wear in Piping soil interaction, arctic pipelines and smarter
and Environmental Loads systems pipeline integrity management.
u DNV RP- F101 Corroded Pipelines
u DNV RP- F102 Pipeline Field Joint Coating Some of the above RPs were originally devel-
and Field Repair of Linepipe Coating oped for offshore pipelines, but are also rele-
u DNV RP- F103 Cathodic Protection of vant for onshore pipelines. See www.dnv.com
Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes for an overview of all available codes.
|
Critical Issue:
Installation of export pipelines at extreme water
depths and demanding seabed conditions.
Solution:
Use of DNV-OS-F101 involving multidisciplinary
competencies and state-of-the-art methods and
tools.
Key Deliverables:
Total System Certification via design verification,
manufacture control and independent construction
inspection.
Value Delivered:
Completion on time in accordance with strict
international standards.
PAGE 18 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations | OFFSHORE pipelines |
and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards

DNV locations
DNV serves the energy industry from more than 40 primary
locations worldwide. In addition, we draw on DNV’s entire
worldwide network of 300 offices in 100 countries.

Trondheim
Bergen
Stavanger Oslo
Aberdeen Sandefjord
Esbjerg Copenhagen
Manchester Moscow
London Antwerp
Paris Essen Calgary
Astana
Seattle St. John’s
Halifax
Tanggu
Boston
Tripoli Columbus
Kuwait Shanghai

Doha Houston
Abu Dhabi
Muscat

Mumbai

Ho Chi Minh City

Vung Tau Trinidad
Lagos
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore

Jakarta
Luanda

Salvador

Rio de Janeiro Macaé

São Paulo
Porto Alegre
Buenos Aires