Aci 376 Meeting Minutes - San Juan - 10-2007

ACI 376 Committee Concrete Structures for RLG Containment
ACI Committee 376

Concrete Structures for
Refrigerated Liquefied Gas (RLG) Containment
Minutes
Main Committee Meeting
Sunday, October 14, 2007

8:00 AM – 3:00 PM
EL Conquistador Resort
Room: Salon 1
ATTENDANCE
Voting Members: Associate Members:
Neven Krstulovic, Chairman Tom Howe
- Secretary Joe Hoptay
Keith Mash
Charles Hanskat (TAC Contact) Rolf Pawski Visitors:
Dale Berner John Powell Tom Ballard
Michael Brannan Yalindra Rajapaksa
Per Fidjestol Sheng Chi Wu
George Hoff
1. CALL TO ORDER
The meeting was called to order by Chairman Krstulovic at 8:25 a.m.
2. AGENDA
Agenda approval was requested by the Chair.
Motion/second by J.Hoptay/K.Mash to approve the agenda.
The Agenda was voted on and approved unanimously (8/8).
ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

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3. PREVIOUS MINUTES
The Chair provided copies of the Minutes from the Atlanta, Georgia March 22, 2007 Committee meeting.
Motion/second by T.Howe/G.Hoff to approve the agenda.
Atlanta meeting Minutes were voted on and approved unanimously (8/8).
4. OLD BUSINESS
None.
5. ANNOUNCEMENTS
The committee would also be meeting Monday through Wednesday to continue resolving outstanding comments on balloted
chapters. The schedule is as follows:
Monday 2:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m in Vieques A
Tuesday 8:00 a.m – 12:30 p.m. on Salon 1
Wednesday 8:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. in Vieques B
6. APPROVAL OF COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS
Chapter 4 – Minimum performance Criteria (Krstulovic)

Item A - Code paragraph 4.2.16 – secondary tank vapor and moisture barrier
This has been previously balloted with 22 approved, 4 approved with comments (Hjorteset, Hoptay, Thompson, Legatos) , 1
negative (Hatfield), 0 abstain.
After discussion a motion/second by Hoptay/Brannan to replace existing wording with revised wording shown below –
9 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu,
Berner), 0 negative, 0 abstain.
existing 4.2.16 – In the case of full containment tanks, the secondary tank shall have a vapor and moisture barrier. .
revised 4.2.16 – In the case of full containment tanks, vapor and moisture transmission through the secondary container shall be
prevented by means of an impervious barrier. The barrier material shall be capable of resisting service conditions without adverse
long-term effect.
Metallic liners, as specified in 2.10, are considered impervious when meeting the test and inspection requirements defined in Chapter
9. Selected methods shall be approved by the engineer of the record.
A non-metallic barrier is considered impervious when the barrier system, including barrier joints, satisfies the following minimum
conditions:
a) the maximum water vapor permeability shall be 0.5 g/m2 per 24 h.
b) the barrier shall not degrade after long-term contact with the product (vapor).
c) the barrier shall not deteriorate under the influence of concrete. The coating shall be alkali resistant.
d) the bond strength of the barrier to concrete shall exceed 1.0 MPa.
e) escape of vapor shall be limited. This shall be considered acceptable when the permeability of product vapor is restricted to 0.1
g/m2 per 24 h;
f) the barrier shall have sufficient flexibility to be capable of bridging crack widths. A bridging capability value of 120 % of the
calculated design crack width at normal operating temperatures shall be used.
The following notes are part of the proposal:

• In Chapter 1 define term “owner/engineer,” “engineer,” “engineer of record,” “owner”… Perhaps introduce a term
“specifier” or “owner/engineer.
• Metallic liner requirements might be moved to Ch IV – update accordingly”

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Item B - Commentary paragraph R4.2.16 – secondary tank vapor and moisture barrier.
This has been previously balloted with 24 approved, 2 approved with comments (Thompson, Wu) , 1 negative (Hatfield), 0
abstain.
After discussion a motion/second by Hoptay/Brannan to replace existing wording with revised wording shown below –
Berner), 0 negative, 0 abstain.
existing R4.2.16 – Vapor and moisture barrier may be provided using coatings, metallic liners or non-metallic liners. .
revised R4.2.16 – The vapor/moisture barrier provides protection under normal service conditions to insulation that is commonly
placed in the annular space between primary and secondary containment. Vapor and moisture barrier may be provided using
metallic liners or polymeric coatings. Listed limits for polymeric coatings were adopted from EN 14620 – 3. The following test
methods may be used:
a) The recommended test method is ASTM E96 under temperature/humidity conditions equal to the climatic conditions of the
location of the project..
b) The recommended test method is immersion in product vapor for at least three months..
c) The recommended test method is ASTM D1647 or equivalent.
d) The recommended test method is EN ISO 4624 or equivalent.
e) ASTM-F 1249, ASTM E 398, DIN 53380, or
f) The test method should be proposed by the contractor. Where the coating also acts as a liquid barrier, additional tests shall be
performed. The contractor shall demonstrate that the coating does not degrade after short time (splashing) and long time (three
months) liquid exposure.
Note: Brannan to confirm (e) standards.

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Chapter 6 – Minimum performance Criteria (Hoptay)

Item C - Code paragraph 6.1.1 – Required analysis
This has been previously balloted with 1 editorial comment (Douglas) and 1 negative (Mash).
After discussion a motion to replace existing wording with revised wording as shown below was made -
8 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu),
0 negative, 0 abstain.
existing 6.1.1 – Required analysis – The containment structure shall be analyzed as an integrated structure that includes the
foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid, liner or portion of the liner that is ….
revised 6.1.1 – Required analysis – The containment structure shall be analyzed as an integrated structure that includes the
foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid, liner or portion of the liner that is assumed to act compositely with the concrete structure. The
effects of discontinuities shall be considered.
The effect of soil stiffness shall be included in the analysis as defined in 6.1.2.
For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, which include severe thermal loading conditions, the structure shall be analyzed for the entire
transient history up to and including steady state. Both maximum and minimum design ambient temperatures shall be used as the
initial temperature profiles for the analysis of all loading conditions.
The structural model for load conditions 3.15 and 3.16 shall consider the entire temperature time history and be analyzed on the basis
of transient inelastic response. Serviceability requirements shall be checked both during the transient and steady state temperature
profiles. The analysis for these thermal load conditions shall take into account the effect of cracking and tension stiffening. Cracking
and tension stiffening shall be included by appropriate modification of the material stress strain relationship or by the use of finite
elements that have the capability of cracking under tension, and crushing under compression as well as the ability to include
reinforcing steel.
Constitutive models, assumed values and details used in the analysis shall be approved by the owner/engineer.

• Check temperature specs in Ch III are consistent with this paragraph. 3.1.12 – mentions temperatures but does
not define them. Define 95th and 5th percentile temperatures in Chapter III.
• Reconcile tension stiffening/crack sizes mentioned here and what is in Chapter IV (e.g., 4.1.1); provide Appendix
that covers relevant details of EC2.

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Item D - Commentary paragraph R6.1.1 – Required analysis.

There is no existing commentary for this section. The prop part of reconciling the has been previously balloted with 24
approved, 2 approved with comments (Thompson, Wu) , 1 negative (Hatfield), 0 abstain.
After discussion a motion to incorporate Douglas and Mash comments considered to be commentary as new commentary
shown below was made -
0 negative, 0 abstain.
new R6.1.1 – Required analysis – The analysis of imposed mechanical loads, thermal loads and support configurations that do
not vary significantly in the circumferential direction can be analyzed using an axi-symmetric dimensional model. For imposed
mechanical loads, thermal loads and support configurations that do vary in the circumferential direction a 3-dimensional or 2-
dimensional axi-symmetric harmonic analysis shall be performed.
Consideration shall also be given to the presence of structural discontinuities raising local stresses that are in addition to the global
stress fields determined from a 2-D Axi-symetric analysis. In particular in the circumferential direction local to the buttresses and in the
vertical direction at the buttress to slab connection.
3-D analysis shall be used to determine the effects of post tensioning sequence on the outer tank local to and within the access
opening. Emphasis shall be placed on the stress state within the access opening due to the absence of self weight in this area and
potential failure to attain the performance levels of this standard.
Where assumptions are made to simplify the level of analysis; for instance where pile groups are simplified from 3-D orthogonal/radial
behavior to axisymmetric behavior; then verification shall be carried out to ensure that the analysis assumptions adequately capture
and bound the actual behavior.
All temperature variations shall be based on 95th and 5th percentile temperatures, additionally the corresponding effects of solar
radiation shall be incorporated within all thermal related analyses including those for normal and spillage load cases. Stress free
temperatures shall be taken as upper and lower bound within the analysis adequately reflecting the construction period and historical
data. In this respect a heat transfer analysis shall be undertaken and the film coefficients determined based on the object size and
flow conditions. Film coefficients shall be correlated to the surface temperatures of the tank. Unless otherwise specified, the vertical
tank shall be considered as a cylinder in cross flow subjected to a wind speed of 4 m/s. The roof shall be considered as a flat plate
with due allowance for the effects of the dome shape again in a flow of 4 m/s. A minimum wind speed of 4 m/s is a value historically
used in the design.
For solar radiation and temperature loading a 2-dimensional axisymetric model is sufficient for determination of global loads.
The cracking analysis shall be based on a Finite Element Method that (1) uses recognized or codified constitutive models for the
stress strain behavior of concrete, and (2) incorporates tension stiffening effects. When calculating crack widths the tension stiffening
term shall not be deducted from the calculation where tension stiffening is explicitly included in the analysis. Additionally the crack
widths shall be calculated as characteristic and not mean crack widths.
Unless otherwise specified, the concrete constitutive mode from European Code EC2, shall be used. In this case, the crack widths
shall be calculated as characteristic and not mean crack widths.
Note – some of this is in mandatory language, and will require editing by the Editorial TG.

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Item E- Code paragraph 6.1.2 – Soil and Pile Stiffness

Per Wu comment in the second and third lines "static soil stiffness" is changed to "static soil/ pile stiffness, and "dynamic soil
stiffness" is changed to "dynamic soil/pile stiffness.
This is only an editorial change.

0 negative, 0 abstain. Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa. Visitor: Ballard.
Revised as shown in part 6.1.1 – Soil and Pile Stiffness - For any analysis of the structure that includes either the static soil / pile
stiffness (short-term or long-term settlement) or dynamic soil / pile stiffness, the analysis shall include ….
Item F - Commentary paragraph R6.1.2.1 – R-factor for seismic forces.

Negative comment by Mash: Include additional acceptance criteria for push over, use of target deformations, strain
limitations etc. Section leaves too much to the "Contractor".
After discussion the wording shown below was proposed to be to BE BALLOTED.

No vote was taken.
existing R6.1.2.1 – In general, design of LNG tank should be based on R=1. However, a force reduction factor of R > 1 may be
used if it can be shown, by means of dynamic or static nonlinear (pushover) analyses, that the structure meets or exceeds the
performance criteria prescribed in this Code.
revised R6.1.2.1 – When seismic forces used in the design of LNG tanks are determined using a linear elastic approach, the
response modification factor should be taken as R=1. However, Anything beyond R=1 should be using non-liner analysis
Both liner and non-linear analysis can be used in determining seismic forces. In general, linear analysis is used in the case of low
seismic regions, while non-linear analysis is used in regions with higher seismicity. When seismic forces are determined using a linear
elastic approach, the response modification factor should be taken as R=1.
A force reduction factor of R > 1 may be used if it can be shown, by means of dynamic or static nonlinear (pushover) analyses, that
the structure meets or exceeds the performance criteria prescribed in this Code. Selected methods shall be approved by the engineer
of the record. When in an access opening area vertical prestressing is omitted, specific consideration shall be made to achieve the
minimum compressive stress requirements, as specified in paragraph 6.4.7.
Note – Mash to give more guidance on the upper and the lower bound values (e.g., see ASCE 498), i.e., don’t use one value
for soil but use a range. Reference an existing Code.

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Item G - Commentary paragraph R6.4.5 – vertical prestressing.

This has been previously balloted and comments suggesting additional wording from Mash, Pawski, Wu were received.
This is considered and editorial change, and after discussion the revised wording shown below was balloted–
Berner), 0 negative, 0 abstain. Non-Voting: Powell, Rajapaksa. Visitors: Ballard.
existing R6.4.5 – Vertical wall prestressing should be provided when required by analysis.
revised R6.4.5 – Vertical wall prestressing is provided when required by analysis. Vertical prestressing will usually be needed for
LNG containments to satisfy performance requirements. For warmer RLG products such as propane and butane it may not be
necessary.
Item H - Commentary paragraph R6.4.1.1 – perforation thickness.

This has been previously balloted and editorial comments by Allen, Hoptay, Pawski were received.
This is considered and editorial change, and after discussion only the last sentence was revised as shown below. The notes
that are part of the proposal are the significant change. This was balloted –
Berner), 0 negative, 0 abstain. Non-Voting: Powell, Rajapaksa. Visitors: Ballard.
existing R6.4.1.1 – A perforation thickness is the thickness corresponding to a specific penetration resistance. The minimum
percentage of reinforcement requirement of 0.2% is as per ACI 349 C.7.2.4. It should be noted that this minimum percentage is
applied at each member face, the requirement is more conservative than that of paragraphs 6.3.2 for slabs and 6.5.3 for roofs.
Finally, if the member thickness is greater than twice the perforation thickness, the minimum requirement does not apply.
revised R6.4.1.1 – A perforation thickness is the thickness corresponding to a specific penetration resistance. The minimum
percentage of reinforcement requirement of 0.2% is as per ACI 349 C.7.2.4. It should be noted that this minimum percentage is
applied at each member face; the requirement is more conservative than that of paragraphs 6.3.2 for slabs and 6.5.3 for roofs. Finally
If the member thickness is greater than twice the perforation thickness, the minimum requirement does not apply.

• "6.4.11 Wall thickness shall not be less than 1.2 time the the perforation thickness determined in Section 3.1.14.1 for
impact loading."
• Move the following to Chapter 1: A perforation thickness is the thickness corresponding to a specific penetration
resistance.
Item I - Commentary paragraph R6.5.1 – non-concrete roofs.

Pawski editorial comment concerning suggested changes to existing wording.
Comment was withdrawn – no changes were made. Notes shown below are part of the basis for withdrawing the comment.
existing R6.5.1 – This standard does not address the design of a non-concrete roof..

Address in the next round of reviews: As written paragraph 6.5.1 requires the roof to be made of concrete. To clarify the
intent, I suggest changing this paragraph to reas as follows.
"6.5.1 – Concrete roofs shall be constructed of concrete with a minimum 28-day cylinder
compressive strength of 4000 psi (30 Mpa)."

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Chapter 8 – Foundations (Allen)

Item J - Code paragraph 8.2.2 – Number, Location and Depth of Boreholes and Cone Penetration Tests.
Brannan editorial comments concerning CPT testing were addressed.
After discussion the editorial changes shown in yellow highlight were made. This was balloted –
8 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu,),
0 negative, 0 abstain. Non-Voting: Powell, Rajapaksa. Visitors: Ballard.
existing first paragraph 8.2.2 – Required analysis – Number, Location and Depth of Boreholes and Cone Penetration Tests:
Unless otherwise specified in the project documents, where foundations are not supported directly on rock, perform the following
minimum number of boreholes or Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs):
• For all tanks, one borehole or CPT at the tank center and three equally spaced at the tank perimeter.
• For tanks larger than 30 m (100 ft) in diameter, perform one additional borehole or CPT inside the tank footprint for each
additional 500 square meters (5000 square feet) of tank area.
revised as shown in yellow highlight 8.2.2 – Number, Location and Depth of Boreholes and Cone Penetration Tests: Unless
otherwise specified in the project documents, where foundations are not supported directly on rock, perform the following minimum
number of boreholes or Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs):
• For all tanks, one borehole at the tank center and three boreholes or CPT soundings equally spaced at the tank perimeter.
• For tanks larger than 30 m (100 ft) in diameter, perform one additional borehole or CPT inside the tank footprint for each
additional 1,000 square meters (10,000 square feet) of tank area.
Item K - Commentary paragraph R8.2.2 – number, location and depth of boreholes and cone penetration testing.
Brannan editorial comments concerning CPT testing and Hatfield comment concerning use of “shall” were addressed.
Brannan comment was withdrawn. Use of word “shall” was not found in reviewing the commentary. After discussion the
editorial changes shown in yellow highlight were made. This was balloted –
9 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu,
Berner, Hoff), 0 negative, 0 abstain. Non-Voting: Powell, Rajapaksa. Visitors: Ballard.
Notes shown below are part of the basis for withdrawing the comment.
existing revised as shown in yellow highlight R8.2.2 – Borings are generally small diameter holes drilled into the ground to allow
soil classification, determination of groundwater, access for in-situ tests and collection of soil samples for additional tests.
Cone Penetrometer Tests (CPTs) are recordings of soil physical properties made when a sensing probe is pushed into the ground.
The basic probe has a cone shaped tip with a pressure transducer recording the soil response to the pushing force. The side of the
probe has a transducer that measures the side friction force against the probe. Other sensors may be mounted on a probe to
measure pore water pressure, electrical conductivity, and shear wave velocities.
Commonly, the boring/CPT locations are laid out in a grid around the center location with the objective of each location covering
approximately the same area. The following factors will influence the selected depth of borings:
• Depth at which consolidation of the soil under the tank load becomes negligible whether the foundation is a slab on grade or pile-
supported • Depth of intact rock
• Depth needed to classify the site according to the chapter on Earthquake Loads of ANSI/ASCE 7 Selected depths of boring may
be influenced by the fact that at depths beyond the local influence of the tank walls the increment.
Selected depths of boring may be influenced by the fact that at depths beyond the local influence of the tank walls the increment of
vertical stresses at any constant elevation below the tank foundation will be greater under the center of the tank than under the
perimeter.
The stress distribution in the ground under a tank can be defined using a Boussinesq pressure distribution. As an example consider a

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site with the water table at the ground surface and a submerged unit weight of soil of 65 pcf. Assume that a tank of 250 feet diameter
causes a uniform ground pressure of 5000 psf. Under the center of the tank at a depth of about .95D the construction of the tank
causes an increase of vertical stress of 10%. Under the edge of the tank the increase of vertical stress is 10% at a depth of about
.85D. Many textbooks on geotechnical engineering provide guidance on calculation of stress increases due to tank construction.
The guidance provided by calculating stress increases will generally give acceptable results for tanks of large diameters such as 60
meters (197 feet) and greater. For tanks of smaller diameters the investigators should be careful to go deeper than deposits of soft
clay or loose sand.
Potential compression of soil strata beneath the pile tips should be considered in selecting depths of borings for tanks to be supported
on piles in normally consolidated or slightly over consolidated soils. Negative skin friction should be considered if soil conditions such
as under-consolidated layers are encountered or if the tank site is to be filled with a soil embankment.
Whenever reliance will be placed on the strengths or compression indices measured on cohesive samples the samples should be
taken by a pushed thin-wall sampler to reduce disturbance. Consideration should be given to performing X-ray or computer
tomography (CT) scan examination to detect disturbance and identify inclusions, voids, or fractures that might affect test results.
The CPT is an efficient tool for insitu characterization of wide areas when used in combination with boring and sampling. It is usually
faster than standard borings and the results are more repeatable than Standard Penetration Tests or laboratory strength testing. The
most modern and reliable methods of pile design for sands rely directly on CPT results. CPT results are also useful for evaluating the
potential for soil liquefaction.
CPTs are preferred for the additional locations above the minimum number of borings required by the geotechnical engineer. It is
normally cost effective to perform some CPTs first in order to develop the sampling plan for the borings.
The depth to which CPTs can be pushed can be extended by using push-rod stiffening casing pushed over the drive rods to protect
the rods against bending in soft soils. This technique is useful in upper sediments. Consideration should be given to using a CPT with
a piezometric recording feature (PCPT) as it provides more information on the strata. It is suggested that one CPT be performed within
a few meters of the center borehole to provide improved correlation data. A seismic CPT cone is available that can provide
measurements of dynamic soil properties more cost effectively than other methods, if collecting such data is justified.
Twenty-five tons is a recommended minimum weight for a truck-mounted CPT rig used to gather data by semi-continuous pushing
without intermittently cleaning out the hole. A heavy reaction for the CPT rig is necessary to achieve the depths of measurement
required for pile design or predicting the behavior of a shallow foundation under a large tank. In marshy areas it may not be possible
to mobilize a rig weighing 25 tons; the measurements will still have value even though a lower reaction weight is used. Intermittent
hole cleaning between short tests can be used to extend the depth of testing.

Commentary: Add a description of SPT requirements, wash borings, pressure meters, etc. Brannan to furnish.
7. ADJOURNMENT
The meeting was adjourned at 3:00 P.M.
Respectfully submitted,
Rolf Pawski
March 19, 2008

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ACI Committee 376

Minutes
Document Approval Meeting
Monday, October 15, 2007

2:00 PM – 5:00 PM
Room: Vieques A
ATTENDANCE
Keith Mash
Mike Tholen (ACI Staff ) Rolf Pawski Visitors:
Dale Berner John Powell Tom Ballard
Michael Brannan Yalindra Rajapaksa Reza Ahrabli
George Hoff Sheng Chi Wu
1. CALL TO ORDER
2. AGENDA
This meeting is a continuation of the Sunday October 14, 2007 meeting to work on document approval.

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3. APPROVAL OF COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS (continued from Sunday October 14, 2007)
Chapter 8 – Foundations (Allen)

Item L - Code paragraph 8.2.3 – Earthquake Geotechnics.
Pawski editorial comments that existing last paragraph needs more commentary, and the reference to NFPA 59A does not
appear to be adding anything were addressed.
After discussion the last sentence of the last paragraph was deleted as shown below. This is an editorial and was balloted –
5 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Hoff), 0 negative, 0
abstain.
Notes shown below are part of the discussion and ballot.
Existingwith changes shown
8.2.3 – Earthquake Geotechnics - A site specific Seismic Hazard Assessment shall be performed to determine the seismic ground
accelerations, velocities and displacements that would likely occur at the site. The information from the hazard assessment shall be
used to calculate the seismic response of the structures.
For foundations not supported on rock (Site class A & B per ASCE 7) a soil-structure interaction analysis shall be performed for the
final design of the tank and its foundation. The seismic analysis shall be performed in accordance with the seismic criteria in Sections
3.1.13 and 6.1.3.
The geotechnical investigation shall specifically evaluate the potential for soil liquefaction and lateral spreading under the Operating
Basis Earthquake (OBE) and Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE), and the geotechnical report shall address measures to mitigate soil
liquefaction and lateral spreading where the potential exists. Mitigating measures, tank design, and foundation design must work
together to ensure that the performance criteria of Paragraph 7.2.2.5 of NFPA 59A are satisfied.
The following notes are part of the discussion:

• Change to new format. Original is at variance with other codes, where liquefaction must be mitigated, not forbidden
(Sullivan).
• Comment: Keith Mash will supply information on liquefaction for this section.
Item M - Commentary paragraph R8.2.3 – earthquake geotechnics.

As part of discussion of codes section 8.2.3 it was decided to add and ballot new commentary as shown below.
ADD and BALLOT NEW COMMENTARY

R8.2.3 – Mitigating measures, tank design, and foundation design must work together to ensure that the performance criteria of
Paragraph 7.2.2.5 of NFPA 59A are satisfied.
Comment: Keith Mash will supply information for the commentary R8.2.3 on liquefaction for this section.

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Item N - Code paragraph 8.3.3 - Overturning Effects and Anchorage.

Comments from Allen, Brannan, Hoptay from previous ballot were discussed with following resolution:
• Junius Allen’s comments are for elaboration.
• The committee agrees with Allen & Brannan the safety factors will be moved to Tables 8-1 and 8-2.
• Add to the section. “For that rare case where a small rigid tank is sitting on a rigid surface we can leave the choice
of safety factor to the owner.”
The proposal to delete the last paragraph as shown below was balloted -
9 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe,
Wu, Berner, Hoff), 0 negative, 0 abstain.
TO BE BALLOTED.
existing revised as shown in yellow highlight(deleted last paragraph)
8.3.3 – Overturning Effects and Anchorage: Calculations shall be performed to determine the effects of overturning moments on
the tank both when full and empty and resistance to the effects shall be provided.
The combined effect of overturning moment and the tendency for gas pressure against the roof to lift the walls shall be considered in
determining the need for uplift resistance. Shallow foundations shall be sized to resist uplift forces where needed. Anchorage details
shall be capable of accommodating movement of the tank wall caused by thermal changes.
Where overturning is a possible failure mode the factor of safety against overturning shall be not less than 1.50 for wind and OBE
loading cases and 1.2 for SSE loading cases.

• For the case of low-seimsicity areas it is possible that using the 1.2 factor of safety on SSE compared to 1.5 on
OBE will govern the design (Powell). Will be addressed in Table 8 discussion.
• The committee agrees with Allen & Brannan the safety factors will be moved to Tables 8-1 and 8-2.
• Add to the section. “For that rare case where a small rigid tank is sitting on a rigid surface we can leave the choice
of safety factor to the owner.”

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Item O - Commentary paragraph R8.3.3 – overturning effects and anchorage.

The following comments from previous ballot were discussed:
• Berner editorial - A distinction should be made between uplift requirements and overturning requirements; and
whether tie-downs can be used to control uplift.
• Hoptay editorial - Define sketch plate into glossary. Add overstress to the load bearing insulation to last paragraph.
• Hoff negative - The description of what size tanks are most likely to be affected by this, that was contained in the
original paragraph, should be retained.
After discussion the revised wording shown below was drafted by those members present. No vote was taken.
TO BE BALLOTED.
existingwording previously balloted
R8.3.3 – During the OBE and SSE events overturning resistance is provided by the self weight of the outer and inner tank. The
excess of the roof’s weight over the pressure of the gas supporting it, if any, will also resist uplift, but the gas pressure can also
contribute to wall uplift if the gas pressure exceeds the weight of the roof. That portion of the product weight that falls inside a ring
over the sketch plate can resist uplift if the sketch plate has adequate bending stiffness to carry this product load to the sidewall and its
connection to the sidewall is strong enough. Sloshing may decrease the product height on the uplifting side of the tank and increase it
on the opposite side. The weight of the foundation can be included in overturning resistance if the tank is adequately anchored to the
foundation.
Overturning resistance will generally exceed overturning moments in the tanks treated by this code because of the tanks’ weights,
large diameters, and proportions. Excessive overturning moment will generally cause a bearing capacity failure of the soil, overstress
in the foundation slab, or severe wall deformation first before overturning of the tank could occur.
revised wording to be balloted – current proposed text

R8.3.3 – A calculation of overturning resistance has meaning where the footing can tilt as a rigid body and the tank could actually be
forced by overloading to tip over without first collapsing. A tank or process vessel that is small enough to be lifted in one piece by a
crane and transported on a truck or rail car is a likely case where the calculation of overturning resistance has meaning. Large
properly designed tanks subjected to lateral loads from earthquakes or winds beyond their capacity to resist will generally fail due to
structural collapse before overturning as a rigid body. Even a small thick-walled tank on a shallow foundation loaded to the point of
tipping will generally cause a bearing capacity failure in the soil in the course of tipping over. So ensuring that a bearing capacity
failure does not occur under the design loads will also ensure that the tank does not tip over.
The designers of any large tank should perform a structural analysis of the tank taking into account the actual stiffness of the walls and
foundations, the distribution of weight, and a reasonable representation of the stiffness of the supporting soil.
During the OBE and SSE events overturning resistance is provided by the self weight of the outer and inner tank and product weight.
The weight of the foundation can be included provided it is anchored to the tank to provide tension force. Tanks on deep foundations
can use the tension in the deep foundations provided the tank is anchored to provide the tension force.
Depending on the rigidity of the foundation the designer should give consideration to the stability of the tank-foundation system
analyzed with the ring beam but without the interior slab.
Anchor piles or earth anchors may be used to mobilize soil weight in resisting overturning.
Note – If referring to sketch plates make it clear that this is for a steel inner tank (Powell).

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Item P - Code paragraph 8.4.3 – Allowable Pile Capacity

• Hatfield editorial - Where are the permissable total and settlement limits specified? Committee response is that
this addressed in section 8.3.5.
• Wu editorial - The proposed Table 8.2 for factors of safety (FS) will yield very consrvative pile design, and should
not be adopted. Use the FS listed in the original Table 8.2. Note this comment should be also applied to the
proposed Table 8.1. COMMENT WAS WITHDRAWN.
After discussion the revised wording shown below was drafted by those members present. The changes are editorial and
were balloted -
9 voting members present voted to approve the proposed change (Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu,
Berner, Hoff), 0 negative, 0 abstain. Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa. Visitor: Ballard.
existing 8.4.3 – Allowable Pile Capacity - Allowable pile service load Qa is the smaller value determined from:
• Structural capacity of the pile;
• Ultimate capacity of single piles Qr divided by minimum factors of safety from Table 8-2;
• Permissible total and differential settlement limits.
Allowable pile service load Qa shall be reduced for group effects, down-drag, and other effects that may reduce the load carrying
capacity of piling.
Minimum safety factors in Table 8-2 may be reduced provided the geotechnical investigation and subsequent analysis have rigorously
established that expected deformations and probabilities of failure are acceptable.
proposed revision – revise last paragraph as show

8.4.3 – Allowable Pile Capacity - Allowable pile service load Qa is the smaller value determined from:
• Structural capacity of the pile;
• Ultimate capacity of single piles Qr divided by minimum factors of safety from Table 8-2;
• Permissible total and differential settlement limits.
Allowable pile service load Qa shall be reduced for group effects, down-drag, and other effects that may reduce the load carrying
capacity of piling.
Minimum safety factors in Table 8-2 may be reduced provided the geotechnical investigation and subsequent analysis have rigorously
established that expected deformations and probabilities of failure are acceptable.
Minimum safety factors in Table 8-2 may be reduced when (1) justified by the geotechnical investigation and subsequent rigorous
analysis and (2) approved by the owner / engineer.

• If refering to acceptable probabilities of failure give guidance on these (Powell).
• Address the following comment in Table 8-2: The proposed Table 8.2 for factors of safety (FS) will yield very
consrvative pile design, and should not be adopted. Use the FS listed in the original Table 8.2. Note this comment
should be also applied to the proposed Table 8.1.

14
Item Q - Commentary paragraph R8.4.3 – allowable pile capacity.

• Hatfield editorial - The first paragraph should be reviewed again when Table 3-2 and Chapter 5 are complete.
• Hatfield editorial - Is the US Federal Hwy Adm pile driving course recognized internationally? is there an
alternative?
No changes were proposed to existing wording shown below, except the following were noted:
• Committee response to Hatfield comment concerning Table 3-2 and Chapter 5 is that the first paragraph should be
reviewed again when Table 3-2 and Chapter 5 are complete.
• Committee response to Hatfield comment regarding FHWA course is that it is provided only as an example.
existing R8.4.3 – The safety factors in Table 8-2 are intended to be used with nominal (unfactored) loads and are intended to
account for both the uncertainties in load and resistance in one factor. However, in order to avoid the overly conservative practice of
simultaneously applying the maximum values of all dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads the engineer should refer to Table
3-2 and Chapter 5.
A static analysis should be performed using an acceptable and proven method for the area where the piles are being driven. Effects
such as additional fill, water table level, pile group efficiency, corrosion protection, and pile splicing should be taken into consideration
when the pile type and length are chosen.
Driven piles can include open or closed steel pipe piles, H piles, single or spliced solid pre-stressed concrete piles and concrete
cylinder piles. Concrete piles with cast-in-place splicing devices may reduce transportation and handling requirements significantly
enough to justify the general use of splices for long piles.
Economics and the requirement for safety in RLG tank design will typically justify a comprehensive test pile program to validate the
static analysis. The program should include a pile driving simulation to develop the driving criteria, dynamic monitoring to adjust the
driving criteria, and an ASTM or similar Static Load Test to validate or finalize the pile design.
Depending on the number of piles required it may be economically justified to perform a pile driving simulation and dynamically
monitor installation of selected piles to verify hammer performance and adjust driving criteria.
Safety factors and the number of piles tested and monitored may be adjusted based on a reliability analysis that considers the
uncertainty in loads and the variability of soil conditions.
Pile blow counts for driven piles should be recorded electronically. A pile inspector, qualified as per project specifications, should be
present during fabrication and driving of all piles. Examples of adequate qualifications can include but are not limited to completion of
a US Federal Highway Administration’s pile inspector course together with experience in inspecting piles acquired by working under
previously qualified pile inspectors.
For large pile groups of closed pipe piles or solid pre-stressed concrete piles pre-drilling may be considered to reduce the driving effort
and to reduce heave. The use of open-ended pipe piles will also reduce the heave and lateral movement of an installed pile due to
installation of an adjacent one. Consider using a driving pattern that moves outward from the center of the pile group to limit the effect
on other piles.
Cast-in-place piles include drilled caissons, drilled piers, auger-cast-in-place piles, and auger-displacement-pressure-grouted piles
(ADPGP). Proprietary methods of construction are often used.
Quality control and construction inspection procedures for such piles shall be developed prior to construction and agreed by the
structural engineer, geotechnical engineer, constructor, and piling sub-contractor.
Cast-in-Place pile safety factors are usually higher than those for driven piles due to higher uncertainty in the constructed

15
Item R - Code paragraph 8.5 – Ground Improvement.

The following comment from previous ballot was discussed:
• Hatfield editorial - Is this description detailed enough for the reader to know other alternatives include soil
replacment, insitu stabilization and dewatering by wick drains?
Committee response to Hatfield comment is that the subject of soil stabilization was addressed in the section R8.5. No
changes were proposed to existing wording shown below.
existing 8.5 – Ground Improvement: Where required, ground improvement methods, materials and procedures shall be developed
by the geotechnical engineer in close cooperation with the design structural engineer to increase bearing capacity to support the tank,
reduce settlement to within the criteria of this standard, or improve seismic performance of the soils.
4. ADJOURNMENT
Rolf Pawski
March 19, 2008

16
ACI Committee 376

Minutes
Document Approval Meeting
Tuesday, October 16, 2007

8:00 AM – 12:30 PM
Room: Salon 1
ATTENDANCE
Keith Mash
Mike Tholen (ACI Staff ) Sheng Chi Wu Visitors:
Michael Brannan Tom Ballard
George Hoff
1. CALL TO ORDER
2. AGENDA
This meeting is a continuation of the Sunday and Monday meetings to work on document approval.
3. NEW BUSINESS
Guest Speaker - Michael L. Tholen
Concrete International
Email: mike.tholen@concrete.org
Mike Tholen requested papers on ACI 376 type tanks for concrete international magazine.

17
4. APPROVAL OF COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS (continued from Sunday and Monday)
Chapter 8 (continued from Monday October 15th)
8.6.2 - Addressed comments from Hatfield and Pawski. The change was considered to be editorial.
Negative vote by Pawski was withdrawn.
Agreed: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu

Visitor: Ballard
No negatives or abstentions.
R 8.6.2 - Addressed Hoptay comment. Change is considered editorial.

Visitor: Ballard
8.7 - Revised section and moved paragraphs to commentary and seismic section. Addressed Hoptay’s
Comment and addressed Hatfield’s negative comment.
Section to be re-ballotted.
Motion: Howe
Second: Hoptay
Approved: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu, Hoff

7 passed
R 8.8 - Found Hatfield’s comment to be non-persuasive
Motion: Hoff
Second: Mash
Approved: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu, Hoff

7 passed

18
8.9 and R 8.9 - Brannan’s comment withdrawn. Thompson negative comment addressed. Move to chapter
9
Motion: Mash
Second: Wu
Approved: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu

6 passed
Chapter 9
9.2 - Comment from Hoff considered editorial change.

Visitor: Ballard
R 9.2.2 - Comments from Hoff and Allen considered editorial change.

Visitor: Ballard
9.2.6 - Comment considered editorial. Commentary section to be added.

Visitor: Ballard
R 9.2.6 - New Commentary Section
Motion: Howe
Second: Brannan

6 passed

19
9.3.1 - Hoff comment found to be persuasive.
Motion: Hoptay
Second: Brannan

6 passed
R 9.3.3.2 - Comment not relavent to the section.

Visitor: Ballard
9.3.4.1 - Comment considered persuasive. To be added to commentary.

Visitor: Ballard
R 9.3.4.1 - Added Hoff comment
Motion: Howe
Second: Wu

6 passed
9.4.1 - Comment found to be persuasive. New text proposed for R 9.4.1

Visitor: Ballard

20
R 9.4.1 - Added new text.
Motion: Hoptay
Second: Brannan
Approved: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Hoff

6 passed
R 9.4.8 - Comment considered to be editorial change.
Agreed: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Hoff

R 9.4.6 - Hoff’s comment withdrawn.
R 9.6.2 - Thompson comment considered non-persuasive. Hoff comment considered editorial change.
Section to be renumbered.

R 9.7 - Comment considered editorial change.

R 9.1 - Rajan comment considered non-persuasive. Thompson comment considered an editorial change.

9.2.1 - Note: check tolerances in ACI 350
R 9.2.7 - Allen comment considered non-persuasive. Text revised.


21
R 9.3.3.3 - Section to be re-ballotted.
Motion: Howe
Second: Hoff
Approved: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Hoff

6 passed
9.3.3.5 - Comment considered to be an editorial change.

9.4.8 - Comment considered to be an editorial change.

R 9.4.9.1 - Note: Section to be revisited.
9.4.13.2 - Comment considered persuasive and text was amended.

R 9.4.13.2 - Section to be re-ballotted.
Motion: Howe
Second: Hoptay

6 passed
9.6.1 - Comment considered an editorial change.


22
9.7.2 - Comment considered non-persuasive due to constructability issues. Change is considered editorial.

R 9.7.2 - Comment considered an editorial change.

Chapter 8
8.2.3 - Comment considered an editorial change.

R 8.2.3 - Note: Text to be added and section re-ballotted.
R 8.3.3 - Note: Text to be reworked.
5. ADJOURNMENT
Tom Howe
October 23, 2007

23
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/17/2006
VOTING STATUS for 4.2.16 and R4.2.16 as of 10/3/2007
with Response as of Puerto Rico Meeting 10/14-15/2007 Page 1 of 2
CHAPTER 4 – MINIMUM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Approved Sections
Section Approved with Comments to be resolved
Negative Vote
Latest Text Reviewed Vote Committee Members’ COMMENTS Author RESPONSE Notes
4.2.16 – In the case of full containment Approved = 22 I was not at the Atlanta meeting and the following comment Hjorteset 4.2.16 – In the case of full containment tanks, vapor and In Chapter 1 define term
App. W. Com.=
tanks, the secondary tank shall have a might already have been discussed. I would propose to that moisture transmission through the secondary container shall be “owner/engineer,” “engineer,”
4
vapor and moisture barrier. Abst.= 0 the committee consider adding the following text at the end of prevented by means of an impervious barrier. The barrier “engineer of record,” “owner”…
Neg.= 1 4.2.16 – ………… “to protect the internal insulation during material shall be capable of resisting service conditions without Perhaps introduce a term “specifier”
normal service operations”. This will at least set a loose
adverse long-term effect. or “owner/engineer.
requirement for the materials used to provide vapor and
moisture barrier.
Since this is Chapter 4 - "Minimum Performance Criteria" Hoptay
Metallic liners, as specified in 2.10, are considered impervious Metallic liner requirements might be
should an acceptance criteria be defined for coatings and non- when meeting the test and inspection requirements defined in moved to Ch IV – update accordingly”
metallic liners as well as requiring metal liners to be Chapter 9. Selected methods shall be approved by the engineer
completely welded and vacuum box tested? of the record.
Reword - "All secondary containment tanks shall be installed Thomps
with a vapor and moisture barrier by using either coatings or on A non-metallic barrier is considered impervious when the barrier
liners. The barrier material used shall be proven under or system, including barrier joints, satisfies the following minimum
capable of resisting service temperatures without adverse conditions:
affect." a) the maximum water vapor permeability shall be 0.5 g/m2
per 24 h.
This is the requirement.
b) the barrier shall not degrade after long-term contact with
"In the case of full containment tanks, the secondary Legatos
the product (vapor).
container shall be made impervious to vapor and c) the barrier shall not deteriorate under the influence of
moisture transmission by means of an impervious concrete. The coating shall be alkali resistant.
barrier. " d) the bond strength of the barrier to concrete shall exceed
1.0 MPa.
Chapter 4 Performance Criteria- Hatfield
4.2.16 - Chapter 4 is about performance, not a design e) escape of vapor shall be limited. This shall be
condition which belongs in chapter Chapter 2 and Chapter 6. considered acceptable when the permeability of product
Coatings, metal and non-metal linings are suggested here to vapor is restricted to 0.1 g/m2 per 24 h;
compensate for potential performance deficits of the concrete f) the barrier shall have sufficient flexibility to be capable of
under specified conditions. Where does chapter 4 discuss bridging crack widths. A bridging capability value of 120
performance of the Coatings, metal and non-metal linings? % of the calculated design crack width at normal
ACI 376 standard scope does not include metal lined primary operating temperatures shall be used.
tanks and should reference API 620 which does include this
design condition.
R4.2.16 - Vapor and moisture barrier may be Approved = 24 suggest to delete "non-metallic liners"; Wu R4.2.16 - The vapor/moisture barrier provides protection under normal Brannan to confirm (e) standards
App. W. Com.=
provided using coatings, metallic liners or The sentence should be, " ------ may be provided using service conditions to insulation that is commonly placed in the annular
2
non-metallic liners. Abst.= 0 polymeric coatings or metallic liners. space between primary and secondary containment. Vapor and
Neg.= 1 Reword - "The vapor/moisture barrier will provide protection Thomps moisture barrier may be provided using metallic liners or polymeric
for the insulation that is commonly placed in the interstitial on
coatings. Listed limits for polymeric coatings were adopted from EN
space between primary and seconday containment."
14620 – 3. The following test methods may be used:
This the reason for 4.2.16 a) The recommended test method is ASTM E96 under
Coatings applied directly to concrete are especially vulnerable Hatfield temperature/humidity conditions equal to the climatic
to the same performance concerns as the concrete due to conditions of the location of the project..
continuous surface adhesion where metal linings are b) The recommended test method is immersion in product vapor
mechanically joined at specified intervals that should consider for at least three months.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/17/2006
VOTING STATUS for 4.2.16 and R4.2.16 as of 10/3/2007
with Response as of Puerto Rico Meeting 10/14-15/2007 Page 2 of 2
thermal expansion & contraction and other dynamic loads. c) The recommended test method is ASTM D1647 or equivalent.
d) The recommended test method is EN ISO 4624 or equivalent.
e) ASTM-F 1249, ASTM E 398, DIN 53380, or
f) The test method should be proposed by the contractor. Where
the coating also acts as a liquid barrier, additional tests shall be
performed. The contractor shall demonstrate that the coating
does not degrade after short time (splashing) and long time
(three months) liquid exposure.
The revised version being voted in the post Puerto Rico ballot was developed during the Puerto Rico meeting (10/14 to 10/17/07). 9 voting members were present during the Puerto Rico meeting (Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay,
NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu, Berner). All of the Voting members voted affirmative on this ballot item (see Puerto Rico meeting minutes for confirmation).
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Chapter VI – Analysis and Design – Final Status as of 9/13/2007
With Comments / Ballots from the PR Meeting 10/14 to 19/2007
Page 1 of 26
CHAPTER 6 – ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Approved Sections
Section Approved with Comments
Negative Vote
Text being voted on
FINAL VOTES AS OF 10/13/07

(Ballot Closed on 10/12/07)
Committee Members’
Latest Text Reviewed Vote Author RESPONSE Notes
COMMENTS
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 2 of 26
COMMENTS
6.1.1 – Required analysis For sun radiation and temperature loading Douglas 6.1.1 – Required analysis - The containment structure shall be analyzed as an NOTE: check temperature specs in Ch III are
integrated structure that includes the foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid, liner or consistent with this paragraph. 3.1.12 – mentions
The containment structure shall be analyzed as an integrated a 2-dimensional rotationally symmetrical
portion of the liner that is assumed to act compositely with the concrete structure. temperatures but does not define them. Define 95th
structure that includes the foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid, liner model is sufficient. The effects of discontinuities shall be considered. and 5th percentile temperatures in Chapter III
or portion of the liner that is assumed to act compositely with the
concrete structure. The effect of soil stiffness shall be included in the analysis as defined in 6.1.2.
For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, which include severe thermal loading NOTE: reconcile tension stiffening/crack sizes
The analysis of imposed mechanical loads, thermal loads and support conditions, the structure shall be analyzed for the entire transient history up to and mentioned here and what is in Chapter IV (e.g., 4.1.1);
configurations that do not vary significantly in the circumferential including steady state. Both maximum and minimum design ambient temperatures provide Appendix that covers relevant details of EC2.
direction can be analyzed using an axi-symmetric 2-dimensional shall be used as the initial temperature profiles for the analysis of all loading
conditions.
model. For imposed mechanical loads, thermal loads and support
configurations that do vary in the circumferential direction a 3- The structural model for load conditions 3.15 and 3.16 shall consider the entire
dimensional or 2-dimensional axi-symmetric harmonic analysis shall temperature time history and be analyzed on the basis of transient inelastic
be performed. response. Serviceability requirements shall be checked both during the transient
and steady state temperature profiles. The analysis for these thermal load
conditions shall take into account the effect of cracking and tension stiffening.
The effect of soil stiffness shall be included in the analysis as defined Cracking and tension stiffening shall be included by appropriate modification of the
in 6.1.2. material stress strain relationship or by the use of finite elements that have the
capability of cracking under tension, and crushing under compression as well as
the ability to include reinforcing steel.
For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, which include severe thermal
loading conditions, the structure shall be analyzed for the entire Constitutive models, assumed values and details used in the analysis shall be
transient history up to and including steady state. Both maximum and approved by the owner/engineer.
minimum average ambient temperature steady state conditions shall
be used as the initial temperature profiles for the analysis of all
loading conditions.
The structural model for load conditions 3.15 and 3.16 shall consider
the entire temperature time history and be analyzed on the basis of
transient inelastic response. Serviceability requirements shall be
checked both during the transient and steady state temperature
profiles. The analysis for these thermal load conditions shall take into
account the effect of cracking and tension stiffening. Cracking and
tension stiffening shall be included by appropriate modification of the
material stress strain relationship or by the use of finite elements that
have the capability of cracking under tension, and crushing under
compression as well as the ability to include reinforcing steel.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 3 of 26
COMMENTS
Text "as is" in unnacceptable unless the Mash
following is added, for clarity revised section
is included;
6.1.1 – Required analysis - The containment
structure shall be analyzed as an integrated
structure that includes the foundation, wall,
roof, contained liquid, liner or portion of the
liner that is assumed to act compositely with
the concrete structure.
The analysis of imposed mechanical loads,

thermal loads and support configurations that
do not vary significantly in the circumferential
direction can be analyzed using an axi-
symmetric dimensional model. For imposed
mechanical loads, thermal loads and support
configurations that do vary in the
circumferential direction a 3-dimensional or
2-dimensional axi-symmetric harmonic
analysis shall be performed.
Consideration shall also be given to the

presence of structural discontinuities raising
local “parasitic” stresses that are in addition
to the global stress fields determined from a
2d Axi-symetric analysis. In particular in the
circumferential direction local to the
buttresses and in the vertical direction at the
buttress to slab connection.
3-d analysis shall be used to determine the

effects of post tensioning sequence on the
outer tank local to and within the access
opening. Emphasis shall be placed on the
stress state within the access opening due to
the absence of self weight in this area and
potential failure to attain the target
performance levels of this standard.
Where assumptions are made to simplify the

level of analysis; for instance where pile
groups are simplified from 3d-
orthogonal/radial behaviour to axisymmetric
behaviour; then verification shall be carried
out to ensure that the analysis assumptions
adequately capture and bound the actual
behaviour.
The effect of soil stiffness shall be included in

the analysis as defined in 6.1.2.
For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, which

include severe thermal loading conditions, the
structure shall be analyzed for the entire
transient history up to and including steady
state. Both maximum and minimum average
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 4 of 26
COMMENTS
ambient temperature steady state conditions
shall be used as the initial temperature
profiles for the analysis of all loading
conditions.
All temperature variations shall be based on

95th and 5th percentile temperatures,
additionally the corresponding effects of solar
radiation shall be incorporated within all
thermal related analyses including those for
normal and spillage loadcases. Stress free
temperatures shall be taken as upper and
lower bound within the analysis adequately
reflecting the construction period and
historical data. In this respect a heat transfer
analysis shall be undertaken and the film
coefficients determined based on the object
size and flow conditions. Film coefficients
shall be correlated to the surface
temperatures of the tank. The vertical tank
shall be considered as a cylinder in cross flow
subjected to a wind speed of 4ms-1. The roof
shall be considered as a flat plate with due
allowance for the effects of the dome shape
again in a flow of 4ms-1.
The structural model for load conditions 3.15

and 3.16 shall consider the entire
temperature time history and be analyzed on
the basis of transient inelastic response.
Serviceability requirements shall be checked
both during
the transient and steady state temperature
profiles. The analysis for these thermal load
conditions shall take into account the effect of
cracking and tension stiffening. Cracking and
tension stiffening shall be included by
appropriate modification of the material
stress strain relationship or by the use of
finite elements that have the capability of
cracking under tension, and crushing under
compression as well as the ability to include
reinforcing steel.
The Cracking analysis shall be carried out

using the Finite Element Method using
recognised or codified constitutive models for
the stress strain behaviour of concrete and
incorporation of tension stiffening. When
calculating crack widths the tension stiffening
term shall not be deducted from the
calculation where tension stiffening is
explicitly included in the analysis. Additionally
the crack widths shall be calcualed as
characteristic and not mean crack widths.
In this respect of the constitutive mode for

concrete reference is made to EC2.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 5 of 26
COMMENTS
R6.1.1 – Required analysis - The analysis of imposed mechanical loads,
thermal loads and support configurations that do not vary significantly in
the circumferential direction can be analyzed using an axi-symmetric
dimensional model. For imposed mechanical loads, thermal loads and
support configurations that do vary in the circumferential direction a 3-
dimensional or 2-dimensional axi-symmetric harmonic analysis shall be
performed.
Consideration shall also be given to the presence of structural

discontinuities raising local stresses that are in addition to the global
stress fields determined from a 2-D Axi-symetric analysis. In particular
in the circumferential direction local to the buttresses and in the vertical
direction at the buttress to slab connection.
3-D analysis shall be used to determine the effects of post tensioning

sequence on the outer tank local to and within the access opening.
Emphasis shall be placed on the stress state within the access opening
due to the absence of self weight in this area and potential failure to
attain the performance levels of this standard.
Where assumptions are made to simplify the level of analysis; for

instance where pile groups are simplified from 3-D orthogonal/radial
behavior to axisymmetric behavior; then verification shall be carried out
to ensure that the analysis assumptions adequately capture and bound the
actual behavior.
All temperature variations shall be based on 95th and 5th percentile

temperatures, additionally the corresponding effects of solar radiation
shall be incorporated within all thermal related analyses including those
for normal and spillage load cases. Stress free temperatures shall be
taken as upper and lower bound within the analysis adequately reflecting
the construction period and historical data. In this respect a heat transfer
analysis shall be undertaken and the film coefficients determined based
on the object size and flow conditions. Film coefficients shall be
correlated to the surface temperatures of the tank. Unless otherwise
specified, the vertical tank shall be considered as a cylinder in cross flow
subjected to a wind speed of 4 m/s. The roof shall be considered as a flat
plate with due allowance for the effects of the dome shape again in a
flow of 4 m/s. A minimum wind speed of 4 m/s is a value historically
used in the design.
For solar radiation and temperature loading a 2-dimensional axisymetric

model is sufficient for determination of global loads.
The cracking analysis shall be based on a Finite Element Method that (1)
uses recognized or codified constitutive models for the stress strain
behavior of concrete, and (2) incorporates tension stiffening effects.
When calculating crack widths the tension stiffening term shall not be
deducted from the calculation where tension stiffening is explicitly
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 6 of 26
COMMENTS
included in the analysis. Additionally the crack widths shall be
calculated as characteristic and not mean crack widths.
Unless otherwise specified, the concrete constitutive mode from

European Code EC2, shall be used. In this case, the crack widths shall
be calculated as characteristic and not mean crack widths.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 7 of 26
COMMENTS
6.1.2 – Soil and Pile Stiffness - For any analysis of the structure that In the second and third line, change Wu 6.1.2 – Soil and Pile Stiffness - For any analysis of the structure This is only an editorial change.
includes either the static soil stiffness (short-term or long-term "static soil stiffness" to "static soil/ pile that includes either the static soil / pile stiffness (short-term or Voting: Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay, NKO,
settlement) or dynamic soil stiffness, the analysis shall include a stiffness, and "dynamic soil stiffness" to long-term settlement) or dynamic soil / pile stiffness, the analysis Pawski, Howe, Wu
practical lower and upper bound range of soil properties. The range "dynamic soil/pile stiffness. shall include a practical lower and upper bound range of soil Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
of soil stiffness shall be included as part of the Geotechnical properties. The range of soil stiffness shall be included as part of Visitor: Ballard
Investigation and determined by the Geotechnical Engineer. the Geotechnical Investigation and determined by the
Geotechnical Engineer.
When established by the Geotechnical Investigation non-linear soil
properties and/or non-linear pile stiffness shall be included in the When established by the Geotechnical Investigation non-linear
static and dynamic analysis of the structure. soil properties and/or non-linear pile stiffness shall be included in
the static and dynamic analysis of the structure.
The range of values is to be defined by the Geotechnical Engineer
based in the soils investigation therefore further guidance in the The range of values is to be defined by the Geotechnical Engineer
provisions is not included. Some guidance is included in the based in the soils investigation therefore further guidance in the
commentary. provisions is not included. Some guidance is included in the
commentary
R6.1.2.1 - In general, design of LNG tank should be based on R=1. Include additional acceptance criteria for Mash R6.1.2.1 – When seismic forces used in the design of LNG tanks are Mash – give more guidance on the upper
However, a force reduction factor of R > 1 may be used if it can be shown, push over, use of target deformations, determined using a linear elastic approach, the response modification and the lower bound values (e.g., see
by means of dynamic or static nonlinear (pushover) analyses, that the strain limitations etc. Section leaves too factor should be taken as R=1. However, ASCE 498), i.e., don’t use one value for soil
structure meets or exceeds the performance criteria prescribed in this Code. much to the "Contractor". Anything beyond R=1 should be using non-liner analysis but use a range. Reference an existing
Code
Both liner and non-linear analysis can be used in determining seismic forces. In general,
linear analysis is used in the case of low seismic regions, while non-linear analysis is used in
regions with higher seismicity. When seismic forces are determined using a linear elastic
approach, the response modification factor should be taken as R=1.
a force reduction factor of R > 1 may be used if it can be shown, by

means of dynamic or static nonlinear (pushover) analyses, that the
structure meets or exceeds the performance criteria prescribed in this
Code.
Selected methods shall be approved by the engineer of the

record.
When in an access opening area vertical

prestressing is omitted, specific consideration
shall be made to achieve the minimum
compressive stress requirements, as specified
in paragraph 6.4.7.
R6.4.5 - Vertical wall prestressing should be provided when required by R.Pawski 2007.09.30 vote: Affirmative Pawski R6.4.5 - Vertical wall prestressing is provided when required by analysis.
analysis. with comment Vertical prestressing will usually be needed for LNG containments to
satisfy performance requirements. For warmer RLG products such as
Comment: this provides little guidance. I propane and butane it may not be necessary
suggest replacing with something like the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 8 of 26
COMMENTS
following. Editoriak Change:
Voting: Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu, Berner
"Vertical prestressing will usually be Non-Voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
needed for LNG containments to satisfy Visitors: Ballard
performance requirements. For warmer
RLG products such as propane and
butane it may not be necessary."
add "It is commonly applied for design of Wu

concrete LNG tanks
Additional text Mash
Specific consideration shall be made to
the stress field in the access opening area
when vertical prestressing is omitted as
there is an absence of self weight in this
area.
R6.4.11 – A perforation thickness is the thickness corresponding to a The third sentence is a run-on Allen R6.4.11 – A perforation thickness is the thickness corresponding to a "6.4.11 Wall thickness shall not be less than
specific penetration resistance. The minimum percentage of reinforcement sentence. I recommend replacing specific penetration resistance. The minimum percentage of 1.2 time the the perforation thickness
requirement of 0.2% is as per ACI 349 C.7.2.4. It should be noted that this the comma with a semi-colon. reinforcement requirement of 0.2% is as per ACI 349 C.7.2.4. It should determined in Section 3.1.14.1 for impact
minimum percentage is applied at each member face, the requirement is Replace "Finally" with "However" in the Hoptay be noted that this minimum percentage is applied at each member face; loading."
more conservative than that of paragraphs 6.3.2 for slabs and 6.5.3 for roofs. last senctence. the requirement is more conservative than that of paragraphs 6.3.2 for
Finally, if the member thickness is greater than twice the perforation R.Pawski 2007.09.30 vote: Affirmative with Pawski slabs and 6.5.3 for roofs. Finally If the member thickness is greater than Move the following to Chapter 1:
thickness, the minimum requirement does not apply. comment twice the perforation thickness, the minimum requirement does not A perforation thickness is the thickness
apply. corresponding to a specific penetration
Comment: this commentary would read better resistance.
if the first paragraph of the PROVISIONS were Editorial Change:
edited to read as follows. Voting: Brannan, Hoff, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu, Berner
Non-Voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
"6.4.11 Wall thickness shall not be less than
1.2 time the the perforation thickness Visitors: Ballard
determined in Section 3.1.14.1 for impact
loading."
R6.5.1 - This standard does not address the design of a non-concrete roof. R.Pawski 2007.09.30 vote: Affirmative Pawski R6.5.1 - This standard does not address the design of a non-concrete Address in the next round of reviews:
with comment. roof. As written paragraph 6.5.1 requires the roof
to be made of concrete. To clarify the
Comment: this is somewhat incomplete. intent, I suggest changing this paragraph to
I suggest changing the commentary to reas as follows.
read:
"6.5.1 – Concrete roofs shall be constructed
"This standard does not address the of concrete with a minimum 28-day cylinder
design of non-concrete roofs or the compressive strength of 4000 psi (30 Mpa).
design on non-concrete components of a
concrete roof such as metal vapor
barriers."
ALSO, I THINK THERE IS A PROBLEM

WITH THE PROVISIONS SIDE.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
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COMMENTS
As written paragraph 6.5.1 requires the
roof to be made of concrete. To clarify
the intent, I suggest changing this
paragraph to reas as follows.
"6.5.1 – Concrete roofs shall be

constructed of concrete with a minimum
28-day cylinder compressive strength of
4000 psi (30 Mpa). "
Comment withdrawn during the PR

Meeting.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 10 of 26
STATUS BEFORE 9/13/2007

COMMENTS
6.1 – Methods of analysis
6.1.1 – Required Analysis Aff. = 16 negative 6.1.1 & 6.1.2. For loading cases Rolf 6.1.1 – Required analysis Pawski agreed with the change.
The containment shall be analyzed as an integrated A.+C. = 2 where elastic analysis is not appropriate, some Pawski The containment structure shall be analyzed as an integrated
structure that includes the foundation, wall, roof and Negative = 1 description of the type of material properties structure that includes the foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid,
liner or portion of the liner that is assumed to act Abs. = 8 model to be used in analysis is required. liner or portion of the liner that is assumed to act compositely with
compositely with the concrete structure. The effect of N.R. = 5 the concrete structure.
soil stiffness shall be included in the analysis as defined For concrete a cracked-section model with
in 6.1.2. tension-stiffening is appropriate. Simply using a The analysis of imposed mechanical loads, thermal loads and
cracked-section analysis under estimates the support configurations that do not vary significantly in the
For load conditions 3.1.1 through 3.1.14, the maximum actual stiffness, and results in unconservative circumferential direction can be analyzed using an axi-symmetric
effects of factored loads shall be determined by the results. I believe these material models are 2-dimensional model. For imposed mechanical loads, thermal
theory of linear elastic analysis. For loadings that do not readily available in ANSYS, ADINA, and others. loads and support configurations that do vary in the circumferential
vary significantly in the circumferential direction an axi- The issue is ensuring that they are used. direction a 3-dimensional or 2-dimensional axi-symmetric
symmetric 2-dimensional model can be used for the harmonic analysis shall be performed.
analysis. For loadings that do vary in the circumferential Preferably this is on the provisions side but
direction a 3-dimensional model is required unless it can commentary is acceptable if it can't be done in The effect of soil stiffness shall be included in the analysis as
be shown that a 2-dimensional analysis yields mandatory language. defined in 6.1.2.
conservative results.
6.1.1 Static Analysis, States that linear elastic Mash, For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, which include severe
For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, which include analysis shall be used for load cases 3.1.1 Keith thermal loading conditions, the structure shall be analyzed for the
severe thermal loading conditions, the structure shall be through 3.1.14. This covers normal thermal entire transient history up to and including steady state. Both
analyzed for the entire transient history up to and loading. In the authors experience it has been maximum and minimum average ambient temperature steady
including steady state. For thermal loadings that do not necessary to allow cracking under thermal state conditions shall be used as the initial temperature profiles for
vary significantly in the circumferential direction an axi- loading in order to ameliorate large tensions the analysis of all loading conditions.
symmetric 2-dimensional model can be used for the developed within the base. Without such an
analysis. For thermal loadings that do vary in the approach the designer will most likely be unable The structural model for load conditions 3.15 and 3.16 shall
circumferential direction a 3-dimensional model is to comply with most serviceability requirements. consider the entire temperature time history and be analyzed on
required unless it can be shown that a 2-dimensional the basis of transient inelastic response. Serviceability
analysis yields a thermal profile that when input in the 6.1.1 states that factored loads should be used requirements shall be checked both during the transient and
structural analysis yields conservative results. Both for listed load cases including shrinkage, creep steady state temperature profiles. The analysis for these thermal
maximum and minimum ambient temperature steady and temperature. It is customary to consider load conditions shall take into account the effect of cracking and
state conditions shall be used as the initial temperature these at the serviceability limit state since these tension stiffening. Cracking and tension stiffening shall be
profiles for the analysis of all loading conditions. are analogous to imposed deformations and will included by appropriate modification of the material stress strain
be released on cracking. If these are considered relationship or by the use of finite elements that have the
The structural model for load conditions 3.15 and 3.16 at the strength level then a cracked analysis will capability of cracking under tension, and crushing under
shall consider the entire temperature time history and be be necessary. compression as well as the ability to include reinforcing steel.
analyzed on the basis of transient inelastic response.
Serviceability requirements shall be checked both 6.1.1 Paragraph 2 , Suggest that the statement
during the transient and steady state temperature “For loadings that do not vary significantly” is
profiles. The analysis for these thermal load conditions substituted with “For loadings or support
shall take into account the deformation of the structure conditions that do not vary significantly or
into the inelastic range. cannot be represented …”
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 11 of 26
COMMENTS
6.1.1 Paragraph 3 refers to max and minimum
temperature conditions whilst 3.1.12 refers to
maximum seasonal average ambient
temperatures. Clarification is required in
respect of temperature definitions for
incorporation within analysis.
editorial 6.1.1. Suggest numbering paragraphs Rolf

as follows: Pawski
Paragraphs 1: 6.1.1.1 General. The
containment shall ...
Paragraph 2: 6.1.1.2 Normal Loading. For
loading conditions 3.1.1 ...
Paragraphs 3 & 4: 6.1.1.3 Abnormal Loading.
For loading conditions 3.1.15 ....
editorial 6.1.1. The second and third sentences

of paragraphs 2 & 3 (highlighted) say essentially
the same thing, and are general requirements
for analysis. I suggest deleting from these
paragraphs, and placing in the first paragraph
as a general requirement.
Change foundation, wall, roof, to the following: “ Jiang,

foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid, soil Dajiu
backfill, surrounding groundwater, or seawater if
relevant.
Axi-symetric analyses require axi-symmetric

geometry. Loads may be non-axisymmetric
(harmonic analysis)
R6.1 – Methods of analysis

R6.1.1 - Elastic analysis methods are warranted for load Aff. = 18 Change foundation, wall, roof, to the following: “ Jiang, R6.1.1 - Elastic analysis methods are warranted for load conditions 3.1.1 Confirm that referenced paragraph numbers
conditions 3.1.1 through 3.1.14 as serviceability of the A.+C. = 1 foundation, wall, roof, contained liquid, soil Dajiu through 3.1.14 as serviceability of the container under these conditions is have not changed in the final version of the
container under these conditions is of paramount importance. Neg. = 0 backfill, surrounding groundwater, or seawater if of paramount importance. document.
Abs. = 8 relevant.
For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, where the thermal N.R. = 5 For load conditions 3.1.15 and 3.1.16, where the thermal gradients are Revisit the numbering sequence of loads listed
gradients are significant and the structure is allowed to crack, significant and the structure is allowed to crack, the effect of cracking in Chapter 3 and perhaps group together all
the effect of reduced stiffness shall be included in the and tension stiffening on section reduced stiffness should shall be loads that do not involve significant transient
analysis. Non-linear temperature dependent material included in the analysis. Non-linear temperature dependent material thermal loads. Consider also combining the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 12 of 26
COMMENTS
properties shall be included in the analysis. For these properties should shall be included in the analysis. For these conditions, decommissioning loads with test and
conditions, the ability and/or need to maintain serviceability the ability and/or need to maintain serviceability vary depending on the commissioning section of the chapter. Also
vary depending on the particular load being investigated. particular load being investigated. consider placing thermal and product loads due
to a spill in its own section.
When relevant to the design of the containment, the analysis should also
include: soil backfill, groundwater and seawater.
6.1.2 – Soil Stiffness - For any analysis of the structure Aff. = 16 negative 6.1.1 & 6.1.2. For loading cases Pawski, 6.1.2 – Soil and Pile Stiffness - For any analysis of the structure Pawski agreed with the change.
that includes either the static soil stiffness (short-term or A.+C. = 2 where elastic analysis is not appropriate, some Rolf that includes either the static soil stiffness (short-term or long-term
long-term settlement) or dynamic soil stiffness, the Negative = 1 description of the type of material properties settlement) or dynamic soil stiffness, the analysis shall include a
analysis shall include a practical lower and upper bound Abs. = 8 model to be used in analysis is required. practical lower and upper bound range of soil properties. The
range of soil properties. The range of soil stiffness shall N.R. = 5 range of soil stiffness shall be included as part of the Geotechnical
be included as part of the Geotechnical Investigation For concrete a cracked-section model with Investigation and determined by the Geotechnical Engineer.
and determined by the Geotechnical Engineer. tension-stiffening is appropriate. Simply using a
cracked-section analysis under estimates the When established by the Geotechnical Investigation non-linear soil
actual stiffness, and results in unconservative properties and/or non-linear pile stiffness shall be included in the
results. I believe these material models are static and dynamic analysis of the structure.
readily available in ANSYS, ADINA, and others.
The issue is ensuring that they are used. The range of values is to be defined by the Geotechnical Engineer
based in the soils investigation therefore further guidance in the
Similar comment with regard to appropriate provisions is not included. Some guidance is included in the
material modeling of soil stiffness. Linear – commentary.
elastic analysis leaves something to be desired.
Preferably this is on the provisions side but
commentary is acceptable if it can’t be done in
mandatory language.
Preferably this is on the provisions side but

commentary is acceptable if it can't be done in
mandatory language.
The pile supported condition should be included Wu,
in the Standard. The title of the Section should Sheng-
be “Soil and Pile Stiffness”. Also, need to Chi
provide guidelines on static and dynamic pile
stiffness and pile group effect.
“practical lower and upper bound range of soil Jiang,

stiffness” Open to interpretation. Better Dajiu
guidance advised.
R6.1.2 The range of soil properties to be used in the analysis Aff. = 19

is not intended to be an absolute maximum range but a range A.+C. = 0
that as a result of the subsurface investigation reasonably Neg. = 0
brackets the properties of the soil strata. The more extensive Abs. = 8
the subsurface investigation and/or uniformity of the subgrade N.R. = 5
may reduce the range of values to be used in the analysis.
The short-term or long-term settlement should be included in

the analysis as deformations consistent with the loadings used
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 13 of 26
COMMENTS
to develop the settlement profile.
For slab on grade foundations, the range of dynamic soil

stiffness need not exceed twice the mean value for the upper
bound or one-half the mean value as a lower bound.
For pile foundations, to account for the variable soil

properties and mechanism for developing resistance, an
equivalent range of 100% greater than the unfactored stiffness
and a lower bound of 50% of the unfactored stiffness is
accepted practice. [Refer: “Recommended LRFD
Guidelines for the Seismic design of Highway Bridges, Part I:
Specifications”, Prepared under the MCEER Highway
Project, Project 94, Task F3-1, November 2001]
6.1.3 6.1.2 - Seismic Analysis

6.1.2.1 – General I think the term SSEaft should be defined in the Allen 6.1.3.1 6.1.2.1 – General Based on a statistical analysis of mainshocks
The seismic analyses of the RLG tank foundation chapter. The seismic analyses of the RLG tank foundation system shall be and aftershocks, Bath (1965) proposed that the
system shall be performed for the OBE, SSE and SSEaft performed for the OBE, SSE and SSEaft events. The effect of tank magnitude of the largest aftershock is about 1.2
events. The effect of tank wall flexibility must be Douglas wall flexibility must shall be considered in these analyses. The magnitude units smaller than the mainshock
considered in these analyses. The reduction of This is an excellent document; my only reduction of responses due to soil - structure interaction (SSI) (i.e., the largest aftershock of a magnitude 7
responses due to soil - structure interaction (SSI) effects reservation is in connection with the application effects is shall be permitted, but limited to a maximum reduction of earthquake is magnitude 5.8). More recently,
is permitted, but limited to a maximum reduction of 50% and implications of the load case SSEaft . BS 50% for SSE analysis and 40% for SSEaft and OBE analyses. Shcherbakov and Turcotte (2004) proposed that
for SSE analysis and 40% for SSEaft and OBE analyses. 7777 foresees an optional application of an Reduction of the elastic responses due to ductility or overstrength the largest aftershock is about 1.11 magnitude
Reduction of the elastic responses due to ductility or OBE event following an SSE event. Whilst is not permitted. units smaller than the mainshock. In our
overstrength is not permitted. recent seismic events have shown that analysis, we assumed the largest aftershock to be
aftershocks can indeed reach the magnitude of 1 magnitude unit smaller than the mainshock
the initial event, the specification of the SSEaft and estimated the ground motions to be half of
must be accompanied by a consideration of the that due to the mainshock. The ratio between
state of the structure to which this load will be OBE and SSE varies from location to location,
applied. I am not aware of a definition of what but the ratio between the mainshock and
exactly the criteria are for an LNG tank to fulfil aftershock should remain fixed. Therefore, the
“Safe Shutdown”. The NFPA Code mentions SSE aftershock (SSEaft ) is defined in Section
only the integrity of bunds. As an SSE event is Jiang 3.1.13, and is considered as ½ of the SSE.
by definition an extreme event it may be more
logical to define the aftershock as an OBE event
rather than say a percentage of the SSE event.
Application of SSE aft
The nature and magnitude of the load case

SSEaft must be defined.
By this I mean that OBE is clearly a service load
case, SSE clearly an emergency load case.
For the emergency load case, reduced factors
of safety are applicable; an SSEaft i.e. an SSE
event following an SSE event must also be
considered to be an emergency load case.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
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COMMENTS
This is not only a matter of defining the
applicable safety factors, but a question of the
implied residual integrity of a containment which
may in fact have been partially damaged by the
preceding SSE although the criterion for SSE
have been met. I believe further clarification is
required.
Appendix B (offshore) also allows for SLE and

DLE design approach
R6.1.2.1 - In general, design of LNG tank should be based on R=1.

However, a force reduction factor of R > 1 may be used if it can be
shown, by means of dynamic or static nonlinear (pushover) analyses, that
the structure meets or exceeds the performance criteria prescribed in this
Code.
6.1.3.2 6.1.2.2 – Seismic Analysis Methods This section should be separated into response Douglas Due to uncertainties in the soil-structure
spectra and time history analysis methods. interaction analysis, it is prudent to limit the
The response spectra or time history analysis method foundation damping.
shall be used for calculating the seismic responses of For time histories, upper limits of damping may be
the tank-fluid-foundation system. Both horizontal and determined by geotechnical seismic analyses.
vertical ground motions, defined either as response Is a cap of 25% on foundation damping absolute or
spectra or time histories, shall be considered in the necessary??
seismic analysis.
R6.1.3.2 R6.1.2.2 The modal superposition method is used

for response spectra analysis. For time history analysis, the
modal superposition or direct integration method can be used
for calculating the seismic responses (Ref. 8). The time
histories should meet the amplitude, frequency and duration
requirements for the site for OBE, SSE and SSEaft events.
When the tank is located in high seismic area, and is

susceptible to partial uplifting at the base, the seismic analysis
may include the nonlinear effect due to base uplifting (Ref.
15).
6.1.2.3 – Finite Element Model of Tank-Fluid- SSI analyses may also result in increased Jiang 6.1.3.3 6.1.2.3 – Finite Element Model of Tank-Fluid- For very stiff systems, SSI can increase the
Foundation System responses. Ductility or behavior factors not to be Foundation System seismic loads. A proper SSI analysis will
taken larger than 1.0 whatsoever?? reveal that.
The finite element model of tank-fluid foundation The finite element model of tank-fluid foundation system
system shall include the liquid content, inner tank, shall include the liquid content, inner tank, outer tank, roof,
outer tank, roof, and soil/pile foundation (for SSI and soil/pile foundation (for SSI effects). When the tank is Reason: Modeling per ACI 350.3-06 is not
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 15 of 26
COMMENTS
effects). When the tank is considered to be fixed- considered to be analysis is performed without the SSI limited to fixed-base tanks only but to
base (without SSI effect), the tank-fluid model can effect, fixed-base (without SSI effect), the tank-fluid model flexible (sliding)-base and hinge-base tanks
be constructed per ACI 350.3 (Ref. 4). can shall be permitted to be constructed per in accordance as well.
with ACI 350.3 (Ref. 4).
The dynamic foundation impedance functions for
soil/pile-supported tank shall be calculated to
represent the site-specific
soil/pile stiffness and damping.
The outer and inner tank models (including the

fluid) are coupled with the foundation impedances
to form a complete finite element tank-foundation-
model for SSI analysis.
R6.1.3.3 R6.1.2.3 The member axial, bending and shear

stiffnesses are used to construct the detailed finite
element or stick models of the tank-fluid-foundation
system. The steel roof and suspended deck, where
applicable, should be modeled with the outer tank to
account for the dynamic amplification of the vertical
accelerations.
Detailed procedures for developing the stick model are

discussed in Ref. 2 to 7. The impulsive and convective
masses with the associated spring constants are lumped
at appropriate heights on the inner tank stick model. The
hydrodynamic forces due to seismic excitation are the
combination of the impulsive and convective forces.
For determining the dynamic foundation impedances for

the SSI analysis, strain-compatible dynamic soil
properties shall be used (Ref. 8 and 19). Service from
the Geotechnical Consultant is required.
6.1.2.4 – Damping Consideration and Seismic Appendix B (offshore) specifies the 40% rule, should Jiang 6.1.3.4 6.1.2.4 – Damping Consideration and Seismic Analysis The impulsive and convective periods are well
Analysis - Damping, expressed as a percentage of it be consistent? - The seismic analysis of the tank-fluid-foundation system shall separated, therefore, they can be combined by
critical damping, is required for seismic analysis of tank- take into account Ddamping expressed as a percentage of critical the SRSS method. Two directions load
fluid-foundation system. Different types of damping are Damping values from ASCE 4-98 depend on the damping. is required for seismic analysis of tank-fluid-foundation combination rules are currently in use: (1) 1-0.3-
considered in seismic analysis: stress level 1 or 2 system. Different The types of damping are considered in seismic 0.3 rule in building industry and 1-0.4-0.4 rule
Khalifa analysis shall include structural damping, convective damping, in nuclear industry. A recent study based on
a) Structural Damping: This damping is related to foundation damping (in conjunction with an SSI analysis) and 3000 ground motion records (to be published in
the type of tank material. Since the impulsive I have a couple of comments on section system (or composite modal) damping: ASCE Structures Journal) concludes that the 1-
liquid moves with the structure, impulsive 6.1.2.4 0.3-0.3 rule can be used for combining
damping is a type of structural damping. as follows: a) Structural Damping: This damping is related to the type of horizontal and vertical loads.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
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COMMENTS
Structural dampings provided in the following tank material. Since the impulsive liquid moves with the
table shall be used unless higher values can be It is preferable to use only the CQC for structure, impulsive damping is a type of structural
justified through tests or reference. combining the modal responses since for some damping. Structural dampings provided in the following
cases the SRSS may be unconservative (when table shall be used unless higher values can be justified
Tank Type OBE SSE dominant frequencies are close to each other). through tests or reference.
Reinforced 4% 7%
Concrete When using the component factor method the Tank Type OBE SSE
Prestressed 2% 5% factors 1, 0.4, 0.4 (Newmark's
Reinforced 4% 7%
Concrete rule) should be used instead of 1, 0.3, 0.3
Concrete
Steel 2% 4% (AASHTO). The AASHTO rule may be
Prestressed 2% 5%
unconservative for some case
Concrete
Steel 2% 4%
b) Convective (fluid) damping: This damping is
associated with sloshing response of the liquid.
The damping for convective (sloshing) action b) Convective (fluid) damping: This damping is associated
shall be 0.5% of critical. with sloshing response of the liquid. The damping for
c) Foundation Damping: The radiation and viscous convective (sloshing) action shall be 0.5% of critical.
damping for soil/pile foundation must be c) Foundation Damping: The radiation and viscous damping
considered in SSI analysis. The foundation for soil/pile foundation must be considered in SSI analysis.
damping for any vibration mode shall not The foundation damping for any vibration mode shall not
exceed 25% of critical. exceed 25% of critical.
d) System Damping: In the SSI model, with d) System Damping: In the SSI model, with different damping
different damping values in tank-fluid-foundation values in tank-fluid-foundation system, the system
system, the system damping (or composite damping (or composite modal damping) needs to be
modal damping) needs to be calculated for each calculated for each vibration mode for determining the
vibration mode for determining the dynamic dynamic modal responses. The system damping for any
modal responses. The system damping for any vibration modes shall not exceed 15% for OBE and
vibration modes shall not exceed 15% for OBE SSEaft, and 20% for SSE
and SSEaft, and 20% for SSE
The horizontal and vertical acceleration response
spectra defined in Section 3.1.6.1 shall be constructed The horizontal and vertical acceleration response spectra defined
covering the entire range of anticipated damping ratios in Section 3.1.6.1 shall be constructed covering the entire range of
and natural periods of vibration, including the sloshing anticipated damping ratios and natural periods of vibration,
(convective) mode of vibration. including the sloshing (convective) mode of vibration.
The maximum modal responses shall be combined The maximum modal responses shall be combined based on
based on SRSS or CQC method (Ref. 20). For SRSS or CQC method (Ref. 20). For combining the horizontal and
combining the horizontal and vertical directional vertical directional excitations, the SRSS method or the
excitations, the SRSS method or the component factor component factor method (1, 0.3, 0.3 rule) is used.
method (1, 0.3, 0.3 rule) is used.
The OBE, SSE and SSEaft seismic responses such as The impulsive and convective modal responses shall be combined
accelerations, member forces and moments are by the SRSS (square-root-of-sum-of -squares) method. The
combined with other applicable static loads, for design horizontal and vertical loads shall be combined by the (1-0.3-0.3)
of inner and outer concrete tank and foundation. Also, rule.
for design of suspended deck, steel roof and other
equipment supported at the roof, the maximum seismic
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
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COMMENTS
acceleration responses at the top of the wall are The OBE, SSE and SSEaft seismic responses such as
required accelerations, member forces and moments are shall be combined
with other applicable static loads, for design of inner and outer
concrete tank and foundation. Also, for design of suspended deck,
steel roof and other equipment supported at the roof, the
maximum seismic acceleration responses at the top of the wall are
shall be required
R6.1.3.4 R6.1.2.4 - The structural damping values are

extracted from Reference 22.
When the tank foundation can be considered as fixed-base

(shear wave velocity ≥ 2500 fps), only the structural damping
values are used in the seismic analysis.
The foundation radiation damping is a function of the

excitation frequency. When the foundation soil medium is
relatively uniform (similar to the elastic half-space), the
foundation damping can be assumed to be frequency-
independent, and can be evaluated based on Ref. 8 and 21.
Only the impulsive mode is included in the evaluation of the

system damping for a tank-fluid-foundation system. The
convective (sloshing) mode that exhibits a very long period of
vibration is considered as decoupled mode from the finite
element tank-foundation model.
For calculating the system damping, various weighting

techniques are presented in Ref. 8. The stiffness weighting
technique is commonly used.
Consideration of the SSI effect will increase the effective
vibration period of the tank-fluid-foundation system, and
generally the overall system damping. Thus, the seismic
response will be reduced. A simple and practical approach for
calculating the effective vibration period and system damping
for SSI consideration is presented in Ref. 11. For a complex
dynamic soil-pile-tank foundation interaction problem, the
seismic response may be determined based on the finite
element seismic analysis method (Ref. 18).
6.2 – Design basis
6.2.1 – General Aff. = 18 There is a mixture of factored loads (which are Jiang, Agreed.
A.+C. = 1 for strength checks?), strength and behavior at Dajiu
6.2.1.1 Concrete and prestressed concrete containers, Neg. = 0 all load stages? Strength design method This chapter is to be worked with the
associated concrete structures and components of the Abs. = 8 (should be defined , is it LRFD?), allowable chapters covering acceptance criteria and
structures, shall be proportioned to have design N.R. = 5 stress design method. load factors. Revisit this comment once the
strengths at all sections equal to or exceeding the entire document has been completed and is
minimum required strengths calculated for the factored Allowing LRFD methods, the acceptance being reviewed in its entirety.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
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COMMENTS
loads and forces in such combinations as specified in criteria/performance criteria need to be defined
Chapter 3. for each limit state, and load combinations and
factors given for each limit state: else it will be a
confusing mixture as T ex serviceability criteria
for abnormal loads.
R6.2.1.1 The objective of the container design is to ensure Aff. = 19
that the container meets all the performance criteria A.+C. = 0
prescribed in Chapter 4, both during service conditions and Neg. = 0
abnormal load conditions. Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
While the design is primarily based on the Strength Design
method, a number of loading conditions and serviceability
performance criteria (particularly those associated with
abnormal loads) lend themselves to the Allowable Stress
Design method.
6.2.1.2 – Design of prestressed concrete containers Aff. = 19

shall be based on strength and on behavior at service A.+C. = 0
conditions at all load stages that will be critical during Neg. = 0
the life of the structure from the time prestress is first Abs. = 8
applied. N.R. = 5
6.2.1.3 - The design of the concrete and prestressed Aff. = 18 editorial with regard to referencing ACI 350 and Rolf
concrete containment shall be in accordance with the A.+C. = 1 ACI 318. Pawski
provisions of ACI 350 except as otherwise modified or Neg. = 0
supplemented in this Standard. Abs. = 8 ACI 350 is the environmental structures version
N.R. = 5 of ACI 318, both are codes. We should be
referencing one or the other, but probably not
both.
This also applies to other instances where ACI

318 and ACI 350 are circled below.
6.2.2 – Required strength Aff. = 18 Chapter 3.2 is not available. Table 3.2 does not Jiang, The required strength to resist the loads specified in 3.1 shall be at
The required strength to resist the loads specified in 3.1 A.+C. = 1 contain any factored loads or load factors Dajiu least equal to the resultant factored load for the load combinations
shall be at least equal to the factored load combinations Neg. = 0 prescribed in 3.2 combined with the load factors defined in Table
prescribed in 3.2. Abs. = 8 5.2.
N.R. = 5
6.2.3 – Design strength Aff. = 19

The design strength provided by a member or cross A.+C. = 0
section shall be taken as the product of the nominal Neg. = 0
strength, calculated in accordance with the provisions of Abs. = 8
this Standard, multiplied by the applicable strength N.R. = 5
reduction factor specified in Section 5.
6.2.4 – Serviceability requirements Aff. = 19

The container shall be designed to meet or exceed the A.+C. = 0
serviceability requirements prescribed in Chapter 4. Neg. = 0
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 19 of 26
COMMENTS
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.3 – Foundation design NEGATIVE = 6.3 does not address prestessed foundations. It Sward, To be considered during the main
1 seems this section should provide direction on Robert committee meeting.
the analysis and minimum levels of
prestressing. Needs to provide content of a draft
provision,
6.3.1 – The foundation shall be constructed of concrete Aff. = 18 Since Chapter 8 also provides design criteria for Wu, It was the intent to only provide structural requirements not Revisit this comment once Foundation
with a minimum 28-day cylinder compressive strength of A.+C. = 1 “Foundation Design”, this section should be Sheng-Chi geotechnical requirements in this section. chapter has been completed.
4000 psi (30 MPa). Neg. = 0 referred to Section 8.
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.3.2 – For slab foundations not in contact with RLG and Aff. = 17 Editorial with regard to referencing ACI 350 and Pawski 6.3.2 – For slab foundations not in contact with RLG and the Sheng-Chi: why #5 and not #4?
the associated temperatures the slab shall have a A.+C. = 2 ACI318. Rolf associated temperatures the slab shall have a minimum thickness
minimum thickness of 12 inches (300 mm). The Neg. = 0 of 12 inches (300 mm). The minimum reinforcing, cover and bar
minimum reinforcing, cover and bar spacing shall be in Abs. = 8 ACI 350 is the environmental structures version spacing shall be in accordance with ACI 350.
accordance ACI 318 and ACI 360. N.R. = 5 of ACI318, both are codes. We should be
referencing one or the other, but not both. For slab foundations in contact with RLG shall have a minimum
For slab foundations in contact with RLG shall have a thickness of 12 inches (300 mm). The slab shall have a minimum
minimum thickness of 12 inches (300 mm). The slab This also applies to other instances where ACI reinforcing ratio of 0.006 in each direction. The upper mat of
shall have a minimum reinforcing ratio of 0.006 in each 318 and ACI 350 are circled below. reinforcing should be located in the top 3.5 inches (90 mm) and
direction. The upper mat of reinforcing should be shall have a minimum ratio of reinforcing area to total concrete
located in the top 3.5 inches (90 mm) and shall have a Is this ACI 350 and not 360? area of 0.004 in each orthogonal direction. The lower mat of
minimum ratio of reinforcing area to total concrete area reinforcing shall be located in the bottom 5 inches (130 mm) of the
of 0.004 in each orthogonal direction. The lower mat of When slab foundation in direct contact with Wu, slab and shall have a minimum ratio of reinforcing area to total
reinforcing shall be located in the bottom 5 inches (130 LNG, the cryogenic bars are required, and Sheng-Chi concrete area of 0.002 in each orthogonal direction.
mm) of the slab and shall have a minimum ratio of should be stated in the Standard.
reinforcing area to total concrete area of 0.002 in each The maximum bar spacing shall not exceed 12 inches (300 mm)
orthogonal direction. Also, the minimum bar size shall be # 5, and not and the minimum bar size shall be #4. No less than 1/3 of the
# 4. required area of shrinkage and temperature steel shall be
The maximum bar spacing shall not exceed 12 inches distributed at any one surface.
(300 mm) and the minimum bar size shall be #4. No
less than 1/3 of the required area of shrinkage and
temperature steel shall be distributed at any one
surface.
R6.3.2 The requirements for a structural slab foundation are Aff. = 17 Section refers to a cryogenic liner which presumably Mash, R6.3.2 – The r Requirements for a the structural foundation slab are
different from those for a leak tight slab since the cryogenic A.+C. = 2 relates to the secondary bottom and TCP connection. Keith different from those for a leak tight liquid-tight slab since the secondary
liner provides the leak tight boundary and the slab is protected Neg. = 0 bottom provides a leak tight boundary barrier that protects and the slab is
from cryogenic temperatures. Abs. = 8 protected from the effects of the spilled product from cryogenic
N.R. = 5 temperatures.
Suggest revising “cryogenic liner “ to “ secondary Jiang,
barrier Dajiu
6.3.3 – Structural slabs and pile caps shall be designed Aff. = 19 6.3.3 – Structural slabs and pile caps shall be designed and
and detailed in accordance with ACI 318. Minimum A.+C. = 0 detailed in accordance with ACI 350. Minimum reinforcing
reinforcing requirements of 6.3.2 shall be also be Neg. = 0 requirements of 6.3.2 shall be also be included in the design.
included in the design. Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.3.4 – When seismic loads dictate that anchors are Aff. = 19
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 20 of 26
COMMENTS
required to resist the inner tank seismic overturning A.+C. = 0
loads the slab or pile cap shall be designed to resist the Neg. = 0
anchor loads. The OBE and SSE anchor loads shall not Abs. = 8
include any inelastic behavior of the inner tank, inner N.R. = 5
tank anchors or other components that reduce the
anchor loads.
R6.3.4 The pullout capacity of the anchor, the flexural Aff. = 18 R 6.3.4 - To date all expert opinion was unanimous Douglas, The use of inner tank anchors is not the preferred for double and full
resistance of the slab and pile cap punching shear must be A.+C. = 1 in opposition to anchoring the inner tank to the Hamish containment storage, however anchors have been used in the past and are
sufficient to insure that the inner tank can, if required, Neg. = 0 bottom slab because of stress concentrations in the an economical alternative to seismic isolation. Therefore it is felt that
develop an inelastic response. Since pullout and punching Abs. = 8 tank wall and the potential for cold bridging. This this standard should address their use.
shear are brittle failure in nature no credit for ductility is N.R. = 5 Clause, in mentioning anchors, implies acceptance of
permitted in the design. anchors. Is this the intention and if so is this
acceptance based on new research or method of
anchoring? If so, then a tighter specification of
acceptable anchoring methods may be required. The
alternative to anchors is of course the use of seismic
isolators. I found no reference to the method of
accommodating large seismic forces.
6.3.5 – If the slab or pile cap is thickened at the outside Aff. = 19

circumference additional reinforcing shall be added to A.+C. = 0
maintain the minimum reinforcing ratio. Neg. = 0
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.3.6 – If a monolithic wall to foundation joint is Aff. = 19
incorporated in the design the effect of wall stiffness and A.+C. = 0
forces shall be included in the analysis of the slab for Neg. = 0
the predicted differential settlements. Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.3.7 - Reinforcing shall be continuous through Aff. = 19
6.3.7 - Reinforcing shall be continuous through construction joints
construction joints in the slab. All reinforcing shall be A.+C. = 0
in the slab. All reinforcing shall be fully developed. Development
fully developed. Development lengths and lap lengths Neg. = 0
lengths and lap lengths shall be in accordance with ACI 350.
shall be in accordance with ACI 318. Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.4 – Wall design
Aff. = 19
6.4.1 - The wall shall be constructed of concrete with a
A.+C. = 0
minimum 28-day cylinder compressive strength of 5000
Neg. = 0
psi (35 MPa).
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.4.2 – Non-prestressed reinforcing shall comply with Aff. = 18 editorial 6.4.2 & 6.4.3. Is it the intent to Rolf 6.4.2 – Non-prestressed reinforcing shall comply with the Move to Chapter II on Materials and Tests
the requirements of ACI 301 and Chapter 2.7 of this A.+C. = 1 reference ACI 301, a construction specification? Pawski requirements of ACI 301 and Chapter 2.7 of this report Code.
report. Neg. = 0 I think these clauses are redundant with the
Abs. = 8 materials section, and should be deleted.
N.R. = 5
6.4.3 – The prestressed reinforcement shall comply with Aff. = 18 editorial 6.4.2 & 6.4.3. Is it the intent to Rolf 6.4.3 – The p Prestressed reinforcingement shall comply with the Move to Chapter II on Materials and Tests
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 21 of 26
COMMENTS
the requirements of ACI 301 and additional A.+C. = 1 reference ACI 301, a construction specification? Pawski requirements of ACI 301 and additional requirements specified in
requirements specified in this report. Neg. = 0 I think these clauses are redundant with the Chapter 2 of this report Code.
Abs. = 8 materials section, and should be deleted.
N.R. = 5
6.4.4 – The prestressed concrete wall shall be analyzed Aff. = 19
for three basic load groups: (1) Tensioning, or prestress A.+C. = 0
at transfer; and (2) Service loads alone; and (3) Service Neg. = 0
loads with all other applicable loads prescribed in Abs. = 8
Chapter 3. The wall design shall comply with both the N.R. = 5
service and the strength requirements of the Minimum
Performance Criteria defined in Chapter 4 and as
defined below.
6.4.5 – The wall shall be provided with horizontal Aff. = 18 Provide a statement that vertical prestress is Wu, See R6.4.5.
prestress. A.+C. = 1 also commonly used. Sheng-
Neg. = 0 Chi
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
R6.4.5 - Vertical wall prestressing should be provided when required by
analysis.
6.4.6 – Loss of prestress due to friction loss, elastic Aff. = 18 ACI 318 or ACI 350? Rolf Pawski 6.4.6 – Loss of prestress due to friction loss, elastic shortening,
shortening, and anchorage seating loss shall be A.+C. = 1 and anchorage seating loss shall be calculated in accordance with
calculated in accordance with ACI 318. Calculations for Neg. = 0 ACI 350. Calculations for long-term losses due to creep,
long-term losses due to creep, shrinkage, and steel Abs. = 8 shrinkage, and steel relaxation shall consider the specific material
relaxation shall consider the specific material properties, N.R. = 5 properties, service environment, steel percentage, and liner
service environment, steel percentage, and liner presence.
presence.
Aff. = 19
R6.4.6 Long–term losses may be calculated in accordance A.+C. = 0
with ACI 209 or equivalent standard. Neg. = 0
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.4.7 - A residual level of compressive stress shall be Aff. = 18 Suggest revising “ maintain liquid tightness of Jiang, 6.4.7 - All loading combinations shall be evaluated to verify that The performance requirements, including
provided in the circumferential direction and vertical A.+C. = 1 the wall” to “ “ maintain liquid tightness of the Dajiu the minimum level of prestress and the resulting compressive the magnitude of the compressive force and
direction if vertical tendons are required for any loading Neg. = 0 wall if required” zone size are as required in Chapter IV. the size of the compression zone have
condition and load combination. Included in the Abs. = 8 already been defined in Chapter IV.
loadings to be considered are thermal loads resulting N.R. = 5
from the entire temperature history of the loading
condition. The minimum residual average prestress in
the wall shall be 150 psi (1MPa) in each direction of
prestress after the inclusion of all losses.
All loading combinations shall be evaluated to verify that

the minimum level of prestress and the resulting
compressive zone is sufficient to maintain liquid
tightness of the wall.
R6.4.7 The complete temperature time history shall be Aff. = 19

ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 22 of 26
COMMENTS
included since the governing design loading may occur at A.+C. = 0
different points within the time history for individual Neg. = 0
component design. For example the circumferential Abs. = 8
embedments may exert the largest loads on the wall at the N.R. = 5
beginning of the spill loading condition time history when the
embedment is essentially cooled to product temperature but
there has not been sufficient time to lower the average wall
temperature significantly. The embed loads at the steady state
conditions would be less since the wall has cooled to a lower
mean temperature and the restrained differential shrinkage is
less.
6.4.8 When vertical prestress is provided resist any Aff. = 18 Revise “average vertical residual stress” to Jiang, The performance requirements, including
normal or abnormal design loads the average vertical A.+C. = 1 “minimum vertical residual membrane stress” Dajiu the magnitude of the compressive force and
6.4.8 - When vertical prestress is provided resist any normal or
residual stress shall be 150 psi (1 Mpa). Neg. = 0 the size of the compression zone have
abnormal design loads the average vertical residual stress shall be
Abs. = 8 already been defined in Chapter IV.
150 psi (1 Mpa). Vertical bending moments shall be included in
Vertical bending moments shall be included in the N.R. = 5
the design of the wall. Prestressed and non-prestressed
design of the wall. Prestressed and non-prestressed
reinforcement shall be proportioned to resist the flexural tensile
reinforcement shall be proportioned to resist the flexural
stress from bending loading conditions in combination with normal
tensile stress from bending loading conditions in
operating loads. Calculation of vertical bending moments that
combination with normal operating loads. Calculation of
include severe thermal gradients shall include the non-linear
vertical bending moments that include severe thermal
behavior of the concrete as a result of cracking.
gradients shall include the non-linear behavior of the
concrete as a result of cracking.
R6.4.8Vertical bending moments may be a result of the Aff. = 18 R 6.4.8 Douglas, R6.4.8Vertical bending moments may be a result of the following
following factors: A.+C. = 1 Vertical bending moments may also result from Hamish factors:
(a) Internal and external loads in combination with Neg. = 0 differential settlements and this should be added to (a) Internal and external loads in combination with base and top
base and top of wall restraints that exist during the Abs. = 8 the list. In Para (e), it is unclear what is meant by of wall restraints that exist during the combination of various
combination of various loadings. N.R. = 5 “Banding of prestressing”. loadings,
(b) Non-linear distribution of circumferential (b) Non-linear distribution of circumferential prestressing,
prestressing. (c) Temperature differences and gradients due to normal
(c) Temperature differences and gradients due to operation,
normal operation. (d) Transient and steady state thermal gradients due to spill and
(d) Transient and steady state thermal gradients due to fire loading conditions,
spill and fire loading conditions. (e) Banding of prestressing resulting from reduced tendon spacing
(e) Banding of prestressing at wall penetrations below above and below the at wall penetrations below the corner
the corner protection. protection,
(f) Attached structures. (f) Attached structures,
(g) Differential settlements, etc.
6.4.9 - The average vertical prestress in the area of the Aff. = 19

buttress shall be adjusted to be approximately equal to A.+C. = 0
the level of prestress in the wall. Neg. = 0
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.4.10 -The anchorage zone shall be designed in Aff. = 18 ACI 318 or ACI 350? Rolf 6.4.10 -The anchorage zone shall be designed in accordance with
accordance with ACI 318 , Chapter 18, to resist the A.+C. = 1 Pawski ACI 350, Chapter 18, to resist the very high local stress due to the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 23 of 26
COMMENTS
very high local stress due to the post-tensioning anchor. Neg. = 0 post-tensioning anchor.
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.4.11 As a result of the impact load defined in Section Aff. = 18 The referenced formulae do not make sense Jiang, 6.4.11 As a result of the impact load defined in Section 3.1.14.1, Confirm that the referenced paragraph
3.1.14.1 the thickness of the wall shall be 20% greater A.+C. = 1 with respect to penetration depth. Perforation is Dajiu the wall thickness of the wall shall be 20% greater than the number has not changed in the final version
than the perforation thickness. Neg. = 0 used in the text while penetration resistance is perforation thickness. of the document.
Abs. = 8 used in R (commentary). Assume the
For components whose thickness is less than twice the N.R. = 5 perforation also should be linked to a specific For walls components whose with thickness is less smaller than Provide definitions in Chapter 1.
perforation thickness the minimum percentage of formulae 0.2% is prescribed while section 6.3.2 twice the perforation thickness the minimum percentage of
reinforcement shall be 0.2% in each principle direction and 6.5.3 use ratios (0.002). And if the reinforcement shall be 0.2% in each principle direction and on in
in each face. thickness is larger than twice the perforation each member face.
thickness what is the ratio then?
R6.4.11 - R6.4.11 – A perforation thickness is the thickness corresponding to a Provide definitions in Chapter 1.
specific penetration resistance. The minimum percentage of
reinforcement requirement of 0.2% is as per ACI 349 C.7.2.4. It should
be noted that this minimum percentage is applied at each member face,
the requirement is more conservative than that of paragraphs 6.3.2 for
slabs and 6.5.3 for roofs. Finally, if the member thickness is greater than
twice the perforation thickness, the minimum requirement does not
apply.
R6.4.11 - The 20% increase in thickness is to account for Aff. = 18 R 6.4.11 Douglas, Chapter 3 defines specific load types. Chapter 6 provides analysis
uncertainty and is not considered an additional factor of A.+C. = 1 This Clause refers to Clause 3.1.14.1 and deals with Hamish methods and equations to be used in the tank design. Therefore, R6.4.11
safety. [Refer: ACI 349 C.7] Neg. = 0 the penetration resistance of concrete. Would this seesm to fit better in this section.
Abs. = 8 Clause not be more appropriately included in
The following empirical equation may be used to evaluate the N.R. = 5 Chapter 3?
penetration resistance of concrete to a hard projectile.
4/3
⎛ d h2 ⎞
v = 1.89
2
f c' w 1/3
⎜ ⎟
⎜ M ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where:
v = projectile speed, m/s
d = projectile diameter, m
M = projectile mass, kg
w = concrete density, kg/m3
f'c = characteristic compressive strength of concrete,
(N/m2)
h = concrete thickness, m
This empirical equation for evaluating the penetration

resistance of concrete to a hard projectile is from reference 1.
It was developed by the French organizations Electricitie de
France (FEF) and Commissariat a l'Energie Atomic (CEA),
and is described in references 2 and 3. The formula is
applicable to reinforced and prestressed concrete.
1. Prestressed Concrete for the Storage of Liquefied
Gases, Dr. Ir. A.S.G. Bruggeling, 1981, English
edition, Viewpoint Publications
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 24 of 26
COMMENTS
2. Design and Behavior of French Containments, B.
Barbe and J.L. Costaz, Nuclear Engineering and
Design, January 1991.
3. A Review of Procedures for the Analysis and Design
of Concrete Structures to Resist Missile Impact
Effects, R.P. Kennedy, Nuclear Engineering and
Design 37, 1976.
4. Impact and Explosion Analysis and Design, M.Y.H.
Bangash, CRC Press.
5. Modeling of Local Impact Effects on Plain and
Reinforced Concrete, M.S. Williams, ACI Structural
Journal / March-April 1994.
6. Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental
Explosions, Departments of the Army (TM 5-1300),
Navy (NAVFAC P-397) and Air Force AFM 88-22),
1969
6.4.12 – The wall shall be designed to be liquid tight Aff. = 19

above the corner protection liner. The corner protection A.+C. = 0
liner and bottom, if provided, form the liquid boundary Neg. = 0
for the lower portion of the wall and foundation. Abs. = 8
Pressure loads applied to the wall below the liner shall N.R. = 5
be included in the design of the wall for both the
maximum spill depth and for any intermediate spill
depths. Embedment loads due to pressure and
temperature effects shall be included in the wall design.
6.4.13 – When required by Chapter 3 the wall shall be Aff. = 19

designed for heat flux loadings to the surface of the wall A.+C. = 0
and/or roof. The reduced strength and non-linear Neg. = 0
behavior of the material at elevated temperature shall Abs. = 8
be included in the evaluation of the capacity of any N.R. = 5
cross-section.
R6.4.13 Radiant heat flux may result from one of the Aff. = 19
following fire load cases: A.+C. = 0
(a) In-tank fire Neg. = 0
(b) Adjacent tank fire Abs. = 8
(c) Impoundment fire N.R. = 5
(d) Process area fire
(e) Relief vent pipe fire
The heat flux values to be used in the evaluation shall include

the wind speed producing the maximum incident flux, except
for wind speeds that occur less than 5% of time for the given
site.
Strength reduction curves vs. increased temperature are

contained in BS 8110 Part 2 for concrete, reinforcing and
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
Page 25 of 26
COMMENTS
prestressing steel.
6.5 – Roof design
Aff. = 18 Is steel roof not accepted? Jiang,

6.5.1 – The roof shall be constructed of concrete with a
A.+C. = 1 Dajiu
minimum 28-day cylinder compressive strength of 4000
Neg. = 0
psi (30 Mpa).
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
R6.5.1 - R6.5.1 - This standard does not address the design of a non-concrete
roof.
6.5.2 – The minimum thickness of the dome roof shall Aff. = 19

be that required to provide: A.+C. = 0
(a) Adequate buckling resistance for applied dead, Neg. = 0
live and construction loads. If the roof is Abs. = 8
poured in layers, the loading due to the placed N.R. = 5
concrete shall be defined as a live load when
considering buckling resistance.
(b) Adequate perforation thickness due to missile
impact.
(c) Sufficient thickness to provide thermal
resistance to incident heat flux due to fire load
combinations.
R6.5.2 A method for determining the minimum thickness of a Aff. = 18 R6.5.2 A method for determining the minimum thickness of a monolithic
monolithic concrete spherical dome shell, to provide adequate A.+C. = 1 concrete spherical dome shell, to provide adequate buckling resistance, is
buckling resistance, is given in Reference __. This method is Neg. = 0 given in Reference **. This method is based on elastic theory of dome
based on elastic theory of dome shell stability with the Abs. = 8 shell stability with the consideration of the effects of creep, imperfections
consideration of the effects of creep, imperfections and N.R. = 5 and experience with existing tank dome roofs having large radius to
experience with existing tank dome roofs having large radius thickness ratios. The recommended minimum thickness to resist
to thickness ratios. The recommended minimum thickness to buckling is:
resist buckling is:
1.5 ∗ Pu
min hd = rd ∗
φ ∗ β i ∗ β c ∗ Ec
1.5 ∗ Pu
min hd = rd ∗
φ ∗ β i ∗ β c ∗ Ec
where Pu is obtained using the minimum load factors defined in ACI 350
for dead and live load. Furthermore, as defined in ACI 350 section F.2.3:
Pu is obtained using the minimum load factors defined in ACI
318 for dead and live load. (5) φ = 0.7
2
(1) φ = 0.7 ⎛r ⎞
(6) β i = ⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟
⎛r ⎞
2
⎝ ri ⎠
(2) β i = ⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟ In the absence of other criteria, ri may be taken as 1.4 rd and in this case:
⎝ ri ⎠
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/16/2007
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COMMENTS
In the absence of other criteria, ri may be taken as 1.4 rd and β i = 0.5
in this case: β i = 0.5
(7) β c = 0.44 + 0.003L
(3) β c = 0.44 + 0.003L For live loads between 12 and 30 psf
For live loads between 12 and 30 psf
β c = 0.53
β c = 0.53 For live loads of 30 psf or greater
For live loads of 30 psf or greater
(8) E c = 57000 f c'
(4) E c = 57000
'
f c
Fill in reference
Jiang, [Reference **: Zarghamee, M. S. and Heger, F. J. “Buckling of Thin
[Reference__: Zarghamee, M. S. and Heger, F. J. “Buckling Referenced parameters are not explained Dajiu Concrete Domes” ACI Journal, Proceedings, V.80, No. 6 Nov.-Dec.
of Thin Concrete Domes” ACI Journal, Proceedings, V.80, 1983 pp. 487-500.]
No. 6 Nov.-Dec. 1983 pp. 487-500.]
6.5.3 – The roof design may include the roof liner as an Aff. = 19
integral part of the strength of the roof. If the liner is A.+C. = 0
included in the design as a composite component the Neg. = 0
strength contribution of the liner shall include a Abs. = 8
reduction to include the weld efficiency. As a composite N.R. = 5
member full transfer of horizontal shear shall be
provided using properly anchored ties or headed studs.
The maximum spacing of the ties or studs shall not
exceed four times the roof thickness nor exceed 24
inches.
6.5.4 – The minimum ratio of reinforcing area to Aff. = 19

concrete area shall be 0.0025 in both the circumferential A.+C. = 0
and radial directions. Neg. = 0
Abs. = 8
N.R. = 5
6.5.5 – Horizontal prestress shall be provided at the top Aff. = 18 Horizontal prestress shall be provided at the top Jiang, 6.5.5 – Horizontal prestress shall be provided at the top of the wall
of the dome or in the dome ring to eliminate the A.+C. = 1 of the wall? Dajiu and/or in the dome ring to eliminate the circumferential tension in
circumferential tension in this region due to the outward Neg. = 0 this region caused by due to the outward thrust of the roof due to
thrust of the roof due to the dead and live loads. The Abs. = 8 the dead and live loads. The minimum residual compression
minimum residual compression stress shall be equal to N.R. = 5 stress shall be equal to the minimum residual stress existing
the minimum residual stress required in the remainder required in the remainder of the wall.
of the wall.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/21/2007
CHAPTER 8
Summary of the Second Ballot on 9/12 – 10/12/2007 and P.R. Meeting
Page 1 of 16
CHAPTER 8 – FOUNDATIONS
Approved Sections
Section Approved with Comments
Negative Vote
Paragraphs currently balloted
Paragraphs to be revised & balloted

&
Puerto Rico Meeting Results
CODE Vote Comments Author RESPONSE Notes

8.2.1 – Investigation and Engineering Analysis. A Original para was more appropriate,
foundation investigation and engineering analysis shall be in that it specified more clearly the
conducted under the supervision of a qualified geotechnical requirements of the other applicable
engineer experienced in the design of the foundations codes. Most Geotechnical Engineers
being considered for the site. The investigation shall wiil not have the necessary
determine the stratigraphy and physical properties of the knowledge to appreciate the very
soils underlying the site. Section 8.2.2 specifies the special needs of LNG tank design
minimum extent of soil investigation. Further guidance on (Sullivan).
investigation and testing shall be specified by the
geotechnical engineer.
The design structural engineer shall provide the following

information to the geotechnical engineer:
• Tank and foundation configuration.
• Gravity loads, wind and seismic forces acting on
foundations.
• Whether deep foundation elements are required to
resist tension uplift forces.
• Permissible settlement limits if more restrictive than
this code.
Where deep foundations are to be used, the geotechnical

engineer and structural engineer shall agree on the types
and sizes of piles to be examined during the investigation.
8.2.2 – Number, Location and Depth of Boreholes and Title: ADD "and CPT Soundings" Brannan 8.2.2 – Number, Location and Depth of Boreholes and This is only an editorial change.
Cone Penetration Tests: Unless otherwise specified in Cone Penetration Tests: Unless otherwise specified in Voting: Brannan, Hoff, Mash,
the project documents, where foundations are not First dot: REVISE TO: For all tanks, one borehole at the tank the project documents, where foundations are not Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu
supported directly on rock, perform the following minimum center and three boreholes or CPT soundings equally spaced supported directly on rock, perform the following minimum Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
number of boreholes or Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs): at the tank perimeter number of boreholes or Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs): Visitor: Ballard
• For all tanks, one borehole or CPT at the tank center • For all tanks, one borehole at the tank center and three
and three equally spaced at the tank perimeter. boreholes or CPT soundings equally spaced at the tank
• For tanks larger than 30 m (100 ft) in diameter, perform perimeter.
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one additional borehole or CPT inside the tank footprint • For tanks larger than 30 m (100 ft) in diameter, perform
for each additional 500 square meters (5000 square one additional borehole or CPT inside the tank footprint
feet) of tank area. for each additional 1,000 square meters (10,000
square feet) of tank area.
Additional boreholes or CPTs shall be performed if the site
topography or stratigraphy is uneven, if fill areas are Additional boreholes or CPTs shall be performed if the site
anticipated or encountered by the geotechnical topography or stratigraphy is uneven, if fill areas are
investigation, or if the soil strata vary horizontally. anticipated or encountered by the geotechnical
investigation, or if the soil strata vary horizontally.
Boreholes shall be taken to below the depth of significant
foundation influence or to a competent stratum. The Boreholes shall be taken to below the depth of significant
subsurface investigation shall be made to the depth and foundation influence or to a competent stratum. The
extent to which the tank foundation will increase the vertical subsurface investigation shall be made to the depth and
stress no more than 10% of the effective overburden stress extent to which the tank foundation will increase the vertical
in the supporting soil or rock wherever compressibility of stress no more than 10% of the effective overburden stress
the entire stratum is a consideration. The target and in the supporting soil or rock wherever compressibility of
completion depths of boreholes shall be specified or the entire stratum is a consideration. The target and
approved by the geotechnical engineer. completion depths of boreholes shall be specified or
approved by the geotechnical engineer.
CPTs shall be pushed to refusal.
CPTs shall be pushed to refusal.
If boreholes encounter bedrock then rock corings shall be
taken to provide information on the rock’s soundness and If boreholes encounter bedrock then rock corings shall be
physical properties. taken to provide information on the rock’s soundness and
physical properties.
R 8.2.2 - Borings are generally small diameter holes drilled into ADD after the first paragraph: Brannan R 8.2.2 - Borings are generally small diameter holes drilled into Word shall was not used in this
the ground to allow soil classification, determination of "Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) soundings are recordings of the ground to allow soil classification, determination of paragraph
groundwater, access for in-situ tests and collection of soil soil physical properties made when a sensing probe is groundwater, access for in-situ tests and collection of soil
samples for additional tests. pushed into the ground. The basic probe has a cone shaped samples for additional tests. This is only an editorial change.
tip with a pressure transducer recording the soil response to Voting: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay,
Cone Penetrometer Tests (CPTs) are recordings of soil physical the pushing force. The side of the probe has a transducer Cone Penetrometer Tests (CPTs) are recordings of soil physical NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu, Berner,
properties made when a sensing probe is pushed into the ground. that measures the side friction force against the probe. Other properties made when a sensing probe is pushed into the ground. Hoff
The basic probe has a cone shaped tip with a pressure transducer sensors may be mounted on a probe to meaasure; soil pore The basic probe has a cone shaped tip with a pressure transducer Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
recording the soil response to the pushing force. The side of the water pressure. soil electrical conductivity, and shear wave recording the soil response to the pushing force. The side of the Visitor: Ballard
probe has a transducer that measures the side friction force velocities." probe has a transducer that measures the side friction force
against the probe. Other sensors may be mounted on a probe to against the probe. Other sensors may be mounted on a probe to Commentary: Add a description of
measure pore water pressure, electrical conductivity, and shear REVISE the last sentence in the Sixth paragraph with: measure pore water pressure, electrical conductivity, and shear SPT requirements, wash borings,
wave velocities. "or if the tank site is to be filled with a soil embankment." wave velocities. pressure meters, etc.
Brannan to furnish.
Commonly, the boring/CPT locations are laid out in a grid COMMENT WITHDRAWN IN PR Commonly, the boring/CPT locations are laid out in a grid around
around the center location with the objective of each location The revisions includes many good suggestions and Hatfield the center location with the objective of each location covering
covering approximately the same area. commentary and discussion points but is highly dependent on approximately the same area.
the location and conditions of the installation. However, some
The following factors will influence the selected depth of recommendations would require significant additional testing The following factors will influence the selected depth of borings:
borings: at higher costs. It is recommended that conditions that • Depth at which consolidation of the soil under the tank load
• Depth at which consolidation of the soil under the tank load suggest additional tests not be "shall", but "consider" so the becomes negligible whether the foundation is a slab on grade
becomes negligible whether the foundation is a slab on grade user is reminded that this is a good idea for these special or pile-supported
or pile-supported circumstances. • Depth of intact rock
• Depth of intact rock • Depth needed to classify the site according to the chapter on
• Depth needed to classify the site according to the chapter on Earthquake Loads of ANSI/ASCE 7
Earthquake Loads of ANSI/ASCE 7
Selected depths of boring may be influenced by the fact that at
Selected depths of boring may be influenced by the fact that at depths beyond the local influence of the tank walls the increment
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depths beyond the local influence of the tank walls the increment of vertical stresses at any constant elevation below the tank
of vertical stresses at any constant elevation below the tank foundation will be greater under the center of the tank than under
foundation will be greater under the center of the tank than under the perimeter.
the perimeter.
The stress distribution in the ground under a tank can be defined
The stress distribution in the ground under a tank can be defined using a Boussinesq pressure distribution. As an example consider
using a Boussinesq pressure distribution. As an example a site with the water table at the ground surface and a submerged
consider a site with the water table at the ground surface and a unit weight of soil of 65 pcf. Assume that a tank of 250 feet
submerged unit weight of soil of 65 pcf. Assume that a tank of diameter causes a uniform ground pressure of 5000 psf. Under
250 feet diameter causes a uniform ground pressure of 5000 psf. the center of the tank at a depth of about .95D the construction of
Under the center of the tank at a depth of about .95D the the tank causes an increase of vertical stress of 10%. Under the
construction of the tank causes an increase of vertical stress of edge of the tank the increase of vertical stress is 10% at a depth of
10%. Under the edge of the tank the increase of vertical stress is about .85D. Many textbooks on geotechnical engineering
10% at a depth of about .85D. Many textbooks on geotechnical provide guidance on calculation of stress increases due to tank
engineering provide guidance on calculation of stress increases construction.
due to tank construction.
The guidance provided by calculating stress increases will
The guidance provided by calculating stress increases will generally give acceptable results for tanks of large diameters such
generally give acceptable results for tanks of large diameters such as 60 meters (197 feet) and greater. For tanks of smaller
as 60 meters (197 feet) and greater. For tanks of smaller diameters the investigators should be careful to go deeper than
diameters the investigators should be careful to go deeper than deposits of soft clay or loose sand.
deposits of soft clay or loose sand.
Potential compression of soil strata beneath the pile tips should be
Potential compression of soil strata beneath the pile tips should considered in selecting depths of borings for tanks to be
be considered in selecting depths of borings for tanks to be supported on piles in normally consolidated or slightly over
supported on piles in normally consolidated or slightly over consolidated soils. Negative skin friction should be considered if
consolidated soils. Negative skin friction should be considered if soil conditions such as under-consolidated layers are encountered
soil conditions such as under-consolidated layers are encountered or if the tank site is to be filled with a soil embankment
or if the tank site is to be filled.
Whenever reliance will be placed on the strengths or compression
Whenever reliance will be placed on the strengths or compression indices measured on cohesive samples the samples should be
indices measured on cohesive samples the samples should be taken by a pushed thin-wall sampler to reduce disturbance.
taken by a pushed thin-wall sampler to reduce disturbance. Consideration should be given to performing X-ray or computer
Consideration should be given to performing X-ray or computer tomography (CT) scan examination to detect disturbance and
tomography (CT) scan examination to detect disturbance and identify inclusions, voids, or fractures that might affect test
identify inclusions, voids, or fractures that might affect test results.
results.
The CPT is an efficient tool for insitu characterization of wide
The CPT is an efficient tool for insitu characterization of wide areas when used in combination with boring and sampling. It is
areas when used in combination with boring and sampling. It is usually faster than standard borings and the results are more
usually faster than standard borings and the results are more repeatable than Standard Penetration Tests or laboratory strength
repeatable than Standard Penetration Tests or laboratory strength testing. The most modern and reliable methods of pile design for
testing. The most modern and reliable methods of pile design for sands rely directly on CPT results. CPT results are also useful for
sands rely directly on CPT results. CPT results are also useful evaluating the potential for soil liquefaction.
for evaluating the potential for soil liquefaction.
CPTs are preferred for the additional locations above the
CPTs are preferred for the additional locations above the minimum number of borings required by the geotechnical
minimum number of borings required by the geotechnical engineer. It is normally cost effective to perform some CPTs first
engineer. It is normally cost effective to perform some CPTs first in order to develop the sampling plan for the borings.
in order to develop the sampling plan for the borings.
The depth to which CPTs can be pushed can be extended by
The depth to which CPTs can be pushed can be extended by using push-rod stiffening casing pushed over the drive rods to
using push-rod stiffening casing pushed over the drive rods to protect the rods against bending in soft soils. This technique is
protect the rods against bending in soft soils. This technique is useful in upper sediments. Consideration should be given to using
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useful in upper sediments. Consideration should be given to using a CPT with a piezometric recording feature (PCPT) as it provides
a CPT with a piezometric recording feature (PCPT) as it provides more information on the strata. It is suggested that one CPT be
more information on the strata. It is suggested that one CPT be performed within a few meters of the center borehole to provide
performed within a few meters of the center borehole to provide improved correlation data. A seismic CPT cone is available that
improved correlation data. A seismic CPT cone is available that can provide measurements of dynamic soil properties more cost
can provide measurements of dynamic soil properties more cost effectively than other methods, if collecting such data is justified.
effectively than other methods, if collecting such data is justified.
Twenty-five tons is a recommended minimum weight for a truck-
Twenty-five tons is a recommended minimum weight for a truck- mounted CPT rig used to gather data by semi-continuous pushing
mounted CPT rig used to gather data by semi-continuous pushing without intermittently cleaning out the hole. A heavy reaction for
without intermittently cleaning out the hole. A heavy reaction for the CPT rig is necessary to achieve the depths of measurement
the CPT rig is necessary to achieve the depths of measurement required for pile design or predicting the behavior of a shallow
required for pile design or predicting the behavior of a shallow foundation under a large tank. In marshy areas it may not be
foundation under a large tank. In marshy areas it may not be possible to mobilize a rig weighing 25 tons; the measurements
possible to mobilize a rig weighing 25 tons; the measurements will still have value even though a lower reaction weight is used.
will still have value even though a lower reaction weight is used. Intermittent hole cleaning between short tests can be used to
Intermittent hole cleaning between short tests can be used to extend the depth of testing.
extend the depth of testing.
8.2.3 Earthquake Geotechnics. A site specific Seismic the last proposed sentence reads more like commentary, and Pawski 8.2.3 Earthquake Geotechnics - A site specific Seismic Change to new format. Original is at
Hazard Assessment shall be performed to determine the should be revised. Hazard Assessment shall be performed to determine the variance with other codes, where
seismic ground accelerations, velocities and displacements seismic ground accelerations, velocities and displacements liquefaction must be mitigated, not
that would likely occur at the site. The information from the Further, my quick look in paragraph 7.2.2.5 NFPA 59A is not that would likely occur at the site. The information from the forbidden (Sullivan).
hazard assessment shall be used to calculate the seismic adding anything that has not been said here. Please verify hazard assessment shall be used to calculate the seismic
response of the structures. that there really is something being referred to in NFPA 59A. response of the structures. Comment: Keith Mash will supply
information on liquefaction for this
For foundations not supported on rock (Site class A & B For foundations not supported on rock (Site class A & B section.
per ASCE 7) a soil-structure interaction analysis shall be per ASCE 7) a soil-structure interaction analysis shall be
performed for the final design of the tank and its foundation. performed for the final design of the tank and its foundation.
The seismic analysis shall be performed in accordance with The seismic analysis shall be performed in accordance with
the seismic criteria in Sections 3.1.13 and 6.1.3. the seismic criteria in Sections 3.1.13 and 6.1.3.
The geotechnical investigation shall specifically evaluate The geotechnical investigation shall specifically evaluate
the potential for soil liquefaction and lateral spreading the potential for soil liquefaction and lateral spreading under
under the Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) and Safe the Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) and Safe Shutdown
Shutdown Earthquake (SSE), and the geotechnical report Earthquake (SSE), and the geotechnical report shall
shall address measures to mitigate soil liquefaction and address measures to mitigate soil liquefaction and lateral
lateral spreading where the potential exists. Mitigating spreading where the potential exists. Mitigating measures,
measures, tank design, and foundation design must work tank design, and foundation design must work together to
together to ensure that the performance criteria of ensure that the performance criteria of Paragraph 7.2.2.5 of
Paragraph 7.2.2.5 of NFPA 59A are satisfied. NFPA 59A are satisfied.

Voting: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Howe, Hoff
Non-voting:
Visitor:
R8.2.3 – ADD AND BALLOT Comment: Keith Mash will supply

Mitigating measures, tank design, and foundation design must information for the commentary R8.2.3
work together to ensure that the performance criteria of Paragraph on liquefaction for this section.
7.2.2.5 of NFPA 59A are satisfied.
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8.3.3 Overturning Effects and Anchorage: There seemed to be a consensus at the last meeting to Junius Junius Allen’s comments are for elaboration. For the case of low-seimsicity areas
Calculations shall be performed to determine the effects of include numerical safety factors against overturning. it is possible that using the 1.2 factor
overturning moments on the tank both when full and empty Consequently I included some for the committee's The committee agrees with Allen & Brannan the safety factors of safety on SSE compared to 1.5 on
and resistance to the effects shall be provided. consideration. But if you try to apply these safety factors to a will be moved to Tables 8-1 and 8-2. OBE will govern the design (Powell).
mode of failure involving anything other than a rigid body Will be addressed in Table 8
The combined effect of overturning moment and the tipping over on a rigid surface you run into one of several Add to the section. “For that rare case where a small rigid discussion.
tendency for gas pressure against the roof to lift the walls problems: either a problem reconciling the safety factors with tank is sitting on a rigid surface we can leave the choice of
shall be considered in determining the need for uplift those discussed elsewhere, for example in paragraph 8.3.2, safety factor to the owner.” The committee agrees with Allen &
resistance. Shallow foundations shall be sized to resist or the need to develop your own definition of ultimate Brannan the safety factors will be moved
uplift forces where needed. Anchorage details shall be overturning resistance. There is no unique rigorous definition 8.3.3 - Overturning Effects and Anchorage: Calculations to Tables 8-1 and 8-2.
capable of accommodating movement of the tank wall of ultimate overturning resistance for a case other than the shall be performed to determine the effects of overturning
caused by thermal changes. rigid body tipping over on a rigid surface. Undoubtedly moments on the tank both when full and empty and Add to the section. “For that rare
different engineers will interpret the safety factors differently. resistance to the effects shall be provided. case where a small rigid tank is
Where overturning is a possible failure mode the factor of Because safety factors or load and resistance factors are sitting on a rigid surface we can
safety against overturning shall be not less than 1.50 for given in other places to deal with all the effects of overturning The combined effect of overturning moment and the leave the choice of safety factor to
wind and OBE loading cases and 1.2 for SSE loading I recommend we just delete the numerical safety factors in tendency for gas pressure against the roof to lift the walls the owner.”
cases. section 8.3.3 while letting the rest of the section stand. For shall be considered in determining the need for uplift
that rare case where a small rigid tank is sitting on a rigid resistance. Shallow foundations shall be sized to resist
surface we can leave the choice of safety factor to the owner. uplift forces where needed. Anchorage details shall be
Alternatively we can try to agree on one definition of ultimate capable of accommodating movement of the tank wall
overturning resistance. If the committee members want to try caused by thermal changes.
to agree on one definition of ultimate overturning resistance
then I invite them to submit definitions with an explanatory Where overturning is a possible failure mode the factor of
sketch. safety against overturning shall be not less than 1.50 for
Delete the safety factors in the last sentence and replace with Brannan wind and OBE loading cases and 1.2 for SSE loading
"shall not be less than those shown in Tables 8-1 and 8-2." cases.
1.)What factor of safety is required with the API 620 App. Q Hoptay To be balloted.
requirement that the uplift be calculated for a pressure of 1.25 Voting accepted: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski,
times the design pressure combined with full wind. Howe, Wu, Berner, Hoff
2.) Since partial unloading of the foundation was removed Negative: 0
from this paragraph is unloading of the foundation Abstained: 0
prohibitted?
R. 8.3.3 During the OBE and SSE events overturning resistance A distinction should be made between uplift requirements and Berner R 8.3.3 - A calculation of overturning resistance has CURRENT TEXT:
is provided by the self weight of the outer and inner tank. The overturning requirements; and whether tie-downs can be R 8.3.3 - A calculation of overturning
meaning where the footing can tilt as a rigid body and resistance has meaning where the
excess of the roof’s weight over the pressure of the gas used to control uplift.
supporting it, if any, will also resist uplift, but the gas pressure
the tank could actually be forced by overloading to tip footing can tilt as a rigid body and the
over without first collapsing. A tank or process vessel tank could actually be forced by
can also contribute to wall uplift if the gas pressure exceeds the overloading to tip over without first
weight of the roof. That portion of the product weight that falls Define sketch plate into glossary. Hoptay that is small enough to be lifted in one piece by a crane collapsing. A tank or process vessel that
inside a ring over the sketch plate can resist uplift if the sketch Add overstress to the load bearing insulation to last and transported on a truck or rail car is a likely case is small enough to be lifted in one piece
plate has adequate bending stiffness to carry this product load to paragraph. where the calculation of overturning resistance has by a crane and transported on a truck or
the sidewall and its connection to the sidewall is strong enough. rail car is a likely case where the
Sloshing may decrease the product height on the uplifting side of
meaning. Properly designed tanks subjected to lateral calculation of overturning resistance has
1.) Define sketch plate in to glossary. Hoptay
the tank and increase it on the opposite side. The weight of the 2.) Add overstress to the load bearing insulation to the last loads from earthquakes or winds beyond their capacity meaning. Large properly designed tanks
foundation can be included in overturning resistance if the tank is paragraph. to resist will generally fail due to structural collapse subjected to lateral loads from
adequately anchored to the foundation. earthquakes or winds beyond their
before overturning as a rigid body. Even a small capacity to resist will generally fail due to
thick-walled tank on a shallow foundation loaded to structural collapse before overturning as
Overturning resistance will generally exceed overturning a rigid body. Even a small thick-walled
moments in the tanks treated by this code because of the tanks’
the point of tipping will generally cause a bearing
tank on a shallow foundation loaded to
weights, large diameters, and proportions. Excessive overturning capacity failure in the soil in the course of tipping the point of tipping will generally cause a
moment will generally cause a bearing capacity failure of the soil, over. So ensuring that a bearing capacity failure does bearing capacity failure in the soil in the
overstress in the foundation slab, or severe wall deformation first not occur under the design loads will also ensure that course of tipping over. So ensuring that
before overturning of the tank could occur. a bearing capacity failure does not occur
the tank does not tip over. under the design loads will also ensure
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that the tank does not tip over.

During the OBE and SSE events overturning The designers of any large tank should
resistance is provided by the self weight of the outer perform a structural analysis of the tank
and inner tank. The excess of the roof’s weight over taking into account the actual stiffness of
the walls and foundations, the distribution
the pressure of the gas supporting it, if any, will also of weight, and a reasonable
resist uplift, but the gas pressure can also contribute to representation of the stiffness of the
wall uplift if the gas pressure exceeds the weight of the supporting soil.
roof. That portion of the product weight that falls During the OBE and SSE events
inside a ring over the sketch plate can resist uplift if overturning resistance is provided by the
the sketch plate has adequate bending stiffness to carry self weight of the outer and inner tank
and product weight. The weight of the
this product load to the sidewall and its connection to foundation can be included provided it is
the sidewall is strong enough. Non-uniform anchored to the tank to provide tension
hydrodynamic base pressures should be considered in force. Tanks on deep foundations can
use the tension in the deep foundations
determining the moment-couple on the foundation. provided the tank is anchored to provide
Sloshing may decrease the product height on the the tension force.
uplifting side of the tank and increase it on the
Depending on the rigidity of the
opposite side. The weight of the foundation can be foundation the designer should give
included in overturning resistance if the tank is consideration to the stability of the tank-
adequately anchored to the foundation. foundation system analyzed with the ring
beam but without the interior slab.
Overturning resistance will generally exceed Anchor piles or earth anchors may be
overturning moments in the tanks treated by this code used to mobilize soil weight in resisting
overturning.
because of the tanks’ weights, large diameters, and
Hoff proportions. Excessive overturning moment will If referring to sketch plates make it
NEGATIVE: The description of what size tanks are most generally cause a bearing capacity failure of the soil, clear that this is for a steel inner tank
likely to be affected by this, that was contained in the original overstress in the foundation slab, or severe wall (Powell).
paragraph, should be retained. deformation first before overturning of the tank could
occur.
Where overturning is a possible failure mode the

factor of safety against overturning should be not less
than shown in Tables 8-1 and 8-2.
R 8.3.4 - The sliding resistance may be provided by the self Change to new format, as earlier
weight of the combined tank system. wording is unclear (Sullivan).
The calculated resistance to sliding of a tank on a shallow
foundation may be taken as a coefficient of friction times the Specify that the 40% applies to OBE.
weight of tank and contents including the reduction in normal Normally there is a requirement for
force due to vertical earthquake. The coefficient of friction fos=1.5 in this check and the
between the tank and the ground should not exceed 40% unless measured ultimate friction coefficient
testing supports a higher value. is 0.6 resulting in 0.4. This is more
conservative than current practice for
Alternatively shear keys may be constructed within the SSE (Powell).
foundation to mobilize passive pressure effects and increase the
sliding capacity of the foundation.
8.4.1 – General Requirements

The selection and design of the deep foundation system
shall be conducted by the project’s geotechnical engineer
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in close cooperation with the design structural engineer. It

shall be based on a comprehensive geotechnical
investigation of the in-situ foundation conditions and shall
take into account the engineering properties of those
foundations.
R.8.4.2 - In regions having seismic risk the need to perform a

lateral pile load test in accordance with ASTM D 3966 should be
evaluated by the geotechnical engineer.
8.4.3 – Allowable Pile Capacity: Allowable pile service Where are the permissable total and settlement limits Hatfield Hatfield’s comments are address in section 8.3.5. If refering to acceptable probabilities
load Qa is the smaller value determined from: specified? of failure give guidance on these
• Structural capacity of the pile; The proposed Table 8.2 for factors of safety (FS) will yield Wu Wu’s comments apply to the proposed Table 8-2 and the safety (Powell).
• Ultimate capacity of single piles Qr divided by very consrvative pile design, and should not be adopted. Use factors are discussed there.
minimum factors of safety from Table 8-2; the FS listed in the original Table 8.2. Address the following comment in
• Permissible total and differential settlement limits. Note this comment should be also applied to the proposed 8.4.3 – Allowable Pile Capacity: Allowable pile service Table 8-2:
Table 8.1. load Qa is the smaller value determined from: The proposed Table 8.2 for factors of
• Structural capacity of the pile; safety (FS) will yield very consrvative
Allowable pile service load Qa shall be reduced for group • Ultimate capacity of single piles Qr divided by pile design, and should not be
effects, down-drag, and other effects that may reduce the minimum factors of safety from Table 8-2; adopted. Use the FS listed in the
load carrying capacity of piling.
• Permissible total and differential settlement limits. original Table 8.2.
Minimum safety factors in Table 8-2 may be reduced Note this comment should be also
provided the geotechnical investigation and subsequent applied to the proposed Table 8.1.
Allowable pile service load Qa shall be reduced for group
analysis have rigorously established that expected
effects, down-drag, and other effects that may reduce the
deformations and probabilities of failure are acceptable.
load carrying capacity of piling.
Minimum safety factors in Table 8-2 may be reduced
provided the geotechnical investigation and subsequent
analysis have rigorously established that expected
deformations and probabilities of failure are acceptable.
Minimum safety factors in Table 8-2 may be reduced when

(1) justified by the geotechnical investigation and
subsequent rigorous analysis and (2) approved by the
owner / engineer.

Voting: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu,
Berner, Hoff
Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
Visitor: Ballard
R 8.4.3 - The safety factors in Table 8-2 are intended to be used The first paragraph should be reviewed again when Table 3-2 Junius Allen’s comment left for next editorial review. The first paragraph should be
with nominal (unfactored) loads and are intended to account for and Chapter 5 are complete. reviewed again when Table 3-2 and
both the uncertainties in load and resistance in one factor. is the US Federal Hwy Adm pile driving course recognized Hatfield Hatfield’s comment – FHWA course is provided only as an Chapter 5 are complete.
However, in order to avoid the overly conservative practice of internationally? is there an alternative? example.
simultaneously applying the maximum values of all dead loads,
live loads, and environmental loads the engineer should refer to
Table 3-2 and Chapter 5.
A static analysis should be performed using an acceptable and

proven method for the area where the piles are being driven.
Effects such as additional fill, water table level, pile group
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efficiency, corrosion protection, and pile splicing should be taken

into consideration when the pile type and length are chosen.
Driven piles can include open or closed steel pipe piles, H piles,
single or spliced solid pre-stressed concrete piles and concrete
cylinder piles. Concrete piles with cast-in-place splicing devices
may reduce transportation and handling requirements
significantly enough to justify the general use of splices for long
piles.
Economics and the requirement for safety in RLG tank design

will typically justify a comprehensive test pile program to
validate the static analysis. The program should include a pile
driving simulation to develop the driving criteria, dynamic
monitoring to adjust the driving criteria, and an ASTM or similar
Static Load Test to validate or finalize the pile design.
Depending on the number of piles required it may be

economically justified to perform a pile driving simulation and
dynamically monitor installation of selected piles to verify
hammer performance and adjust driving criteria.
Safety factors and the number of piles tested and monitored may
be adjusted based on a reliability analysis that considers the
uncertainty in loads and the variability of soil conditions.
Pile blow counts for driven piles should be recorded

electronically. A pile inspector, qualified as per project
specifications, should be present during fabrication and driving of
all piles. Examples of adequate qualifications can include but are
not limited to completion of a US Federal Highway
Administration’s pile inspector course together with experience
in inspecting piles acquired by working under previously
qualified pile inspectors.
For large pile groups of closed pipe piles or solid pre-stressed

concrete piles pre-drilling may be considered to reduce the
driving effort and to reduce heave. The use of open-ended pipe
piles will also reduce the heave and lateral movement of an
installed pile due to installation of an adjacent one. Consider
using a driving pattern that moves outward from the center of the
pile group to limit the effect on other piles.
Cast-in-place piles include drilled caissons, drilled piers, auger-

cast-in-place piles, and auger-displacement-pressure-grouted
piles (ADPGP). Proprietary methods of construction are often
used.
Quality control and construction inspection procedures for such

piles shall be developed prior to construction and agreed by the
structural engineer, geotechnical engineer, constructor, and piling
sub-contractor.
Cast-in-Place pile safety factors are usually higher than those for
driven piles due to higher uncertainty in the constructed
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condition. Additional guidance may be found in ASCE Standard

20-96, Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile
Foundations; ACI 336.1, Specification for Construction of
Drilled Piers; PIP STS02380, Application of ACI 336.1; PIP
STE02465, Auger-Cast-In-Place Piles Design Guidelines; and
STS02465, Auger-Cast-In-Place Pile Installation Specification.
The design and construction procedures for cast-in-place piles

should be developed in advance with the piling sub-contractor’s
advice and consent. Addressing and solving several construction
issues such as reinforcing placement density too tight for grout
flow, sufficient grout performance to allow adequate time for
placement of grout and reinforcing cage, use of bars that do not
allow field bending, connections to the structure, inspection
methods, inspection tube placement and general constructability
issues will allow the sub-contractor to provide a less expensive
product that meets specifications.
R 8.4.6 - Deep foundations often cause the tank loads to

have influence to a greater depth in the soil than would
occur under a shallow foundation. Thus, the
compressibility of soil units at greater depth in the soil
section will influence total long term settlement and must be
addressed.
Also the effect of fill on soils where deep foundations are

used will cause the potential for additional load on the piles
due to negative skin friction. In some instances, the load
due to negative skin friction may necessitate lengthening of
the piles and/or an increase in the number of piles.
Downdrag effects should be considered in predicting pile

settlement. Dragload should be included in determining the
required structural capacity of the pile. Simple addition of
the dragload to the dead load to get total axial load on the
pile will often result in overly conservative designs and is
not recommended. For further guidance refer to Fellenius
(2006) and Briaud and Tucker (1997).
8.5 – Ground Improvement: Where required, ground Is this description detailed enough for the reader to know Hatfield Hatfield’s comment-The subject of soil stabilization was
improvement methods, materials and procedures shall be other alternatives include soil replacment, insitu stabilization addressed in the section R8.5.
developed by the geotechnical engineer in close and dewatering by wick drains?
cooperation with the design structural engineer to increase
bearing capacity to support the tank, reduce settlement to
within the criteria of this standard, or improve seismic
performance of the soils.
8.6.1 – Groundwater: The bottom of the tank shall be The requirements for metallic
above the groundwater table or otherwise protected from parts read as if all requirements
contact with groundwater at all times. must be met whereas it should
be selected from the bullet list.
Metallic parts of the outer tank bottom material in contact (Powell)
with soil shall be:
• Selected to minimize corrosion,
• Coated, galvanized, or otherwise protected to
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/21/2007
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minimize corrosion
• Provided with a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of
concrete cover
• Where necessary protected via cathodic protection
system.
Concrete parts of the outer tank bottom in contact with the

soil shall be:
• Constructed of a concrete mix with a rapid chloride
permeability rating of less than 1000 coulombs
charge passed per test methods mentioned in ACI
222 R-01 paragraph 4.4.3
• Constructed of a durable concrete mix using
appropriate methods mentioned in ACI 201.2R-01
The area surrounding the tank shall be graded to drain

away from the tank. Water or spilled refrigerated liquid
shall not be allowed to pond adjacent to the tank.
The foundation shall bear at a depth below the shrink/swell

zone or freeze/thaw zone or such soil shall be replaced by
compacted select fill. In freeze/thaw zones, the select fill
shall be a non-frost susceptible crushed granular fill.
R 8.6.1 - Metallic parts include reinforcing, post-tensioning

conduits, electrical heating conduits and other embedded or
exposed metal components.
Cathodic protection does not have to be isolated but the design

should account for all metals and be electrically bonded to the
system.
Drainage away from the tank is important so that surface water

and liquefied gasses flow to a drainage sump. This drainage will
also aid in preventing a “pool fire” adjacent to the tank. Though
the tank may be in a “containment (bund) berm area” it is
common practice to have the tank pad at an elevation above the
bottom of the “containment area.”
Consider that the design rainfall events may fill the “containment
berm (bund) area” to an elevation above the level of the bottom
of the tank until the water is drained. The heat in the water is
likely to prevent damaging icing. The design of the tank
foundation and tank appurtenances should consider exposure to
water from flooding when appropriate.
8.6.2– Foundation Heating: In temperate climates, i.e., how many tanks are located in areas with permafrost and is Hatfield 8.6.2– Foundation Heating: In temperate climates, i.e., CURRENT TEXT:
areas where there is no permafrost, foundations in contact guaranteed to always have permafrost? I recommend areas where there is no permafrost, foundations in contact 8.6.2– Foundation Heating:
with the soil require a heating system or other method to qualifying this statement as listed in next section on with the soil require a heating system or other method to Foundations in contact with the soil
prevent the 32°F (0°C) isotherm from penetrating the soil considering impacts to permafrost if encountered to avoid prevent the 32°F (0°C) 40°F (4°C) isotherm from require a heating system or other method
shall be provided to prevent the 32°F
and causing frost heave. The system shall be designed so negative impacts. ok with the rest of 8.6.2 penetrating the soil and causing frost heave. The system (0°C) isotherm from penetrating the soil
as to allow functional and performance monitoring, which An air space smaller than 6 ft has been used without Hoptay shall be designed so as to allow functional and and causing frost heave. The system
shall be done as a minimum on a weekly basis. Heating problem. Suggest defining only a minimum space air gap. performance monitoring, which shall be done as a minimum shall be designed so as to allow
systems are not required with elevated foundations having Smaller air gaps may be desired in high siesmic regions. on a weekly basis. Heating systems are not required with functional and performance monitoring,
an air gap that prevents ground freezing due to stored elevated foundations having an air gap that prevents which shall be done as a minimum on a
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RLG. R.Pawski 2007.09.30 vote: negative Pawski ground freezing due to stored RLG. weekly basis. Heating systems are not
required with elevated foundations having
Heating systems shall be installed so that any heating Reasons: Heating systems shall be designed to allow functional and an air gap that prevents ground freezing
element or temperature sensor used for control can be 1) The weekly performance monitoring requirement in the performance monitoring. Details of the system shall include due to stored RLG.
replaced. Provisions shall be incorporated to protect proposed second sentence of the first paragraph does not provision for:
against the detrimental effects of moisture accumulation in belong here because it is an operational requirement. At - Individual replacement of any heating element or Heating systems shall be installed so that
the conduit, which could result in galvanic corrosion or most it is commentary in describing the kind of access to the temperature sensor. any heating element of temperature
other forms of deterioration within the conduit containing a system that is needed. - Protection against ingress of water and moisture that can sensor used for control can be replaced.
sensor or heating element. cause galvanic corrosion or other forms of deterioration. Provisions shall be incorporated to
protect against the detrimental effects of
Performance of heating systems shall be monitored in 2) I suggest changing the proposed first paragraph to read:
moisture accumulation in the conduit,
accordance with Section 8.8. which could result in galvanic corrosion
"8.6.2– Foundation Heating: A thermal analysis of the tank, Heating systems shall be installed so that any heating or other forms of deterioration within the
foundation, and subgrade shall be performed to evaluate the element or temperature sensor used for control can be conduit or heating element.
requirements for foundation heating. Unless otherwise replaced. Provisions shall be incorporated to protect
In design of a heating system and
specified, a heating system for foundations in contact with the against the detrimental effects of moisture accumulation in
selecting the bearing depth of the
soil or an elevated pile cap with an adequate air gap shall be the conduit, which could result in galvanic corrosion or foundation consideration shall be given to
provided to prevent the 32°F (0°C) isotherm from penetrating other forms of deterioration within the conduit containing a the potential for frost heave due to
the soil." sensor or heating element. natural freezing of the soil before the
heating system is activated. The
3) I suggest moving second sentence from first paragraph to Performance of heating systems shall be monitored in foundation shall bear at a depth that is
the second and rewording the second paragraph as follows: accordance with Section 8.8. below the shrink/swell or freeze/thaw
zone or the bearing material should be
"Heating systems shall be designed to allow functional and Hatfield’s comment: The committee’s intent is to not include selected to be unaffected by temperature
or moisture changes.
performance monitoring. Details of the system shall include design requirements for permafrost regions.
provision for:
- Individual replacement of any heating element or Hoptay’s comment: Dimensions of air gap are addressed in
temperature sensor. the commentary section R 8.6.2.
- Protection against ingress of water and mositure that can
cause galvanic corrosion or other forms of deterioration." Pawski’s comments: Are persuasive and have been
adopted. Pawski withdrew the Negative vote.
4) The last sentence on monitoring per Sec. 8.8 does not
belong here. This is only an editorial change.
Voting: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Howe, Wu, Hoff
NEGATIVE WITHDRAWN AFTER THE EDITORIAL Visitor: Ballard
CHANGE No negatives or abstensions.
NEGATIVE WITHDRAWN AFTER THE EDITORIAL

CHANGE
R 8.6.2 – The soil beneath a tank bearing on the ground is prone R 8.6.2 – The soil beneath a tank bearing on the ground is prone
to losing heat to the tank and this may lead to freezing of the to losing heat to the tank and this may lead to freezing of the
ground and cause frost heave in temperate climates. ground and cause frost heave in temperate climates.
Controlling the position of the 32°F (0°C) isotherm is to prevent Controlling the position of the 32°F (0°C) 40°F (4°C) isotherm
freezing the soil below the tank which causes frost heave forces is to prevent freezing the soil below the tank which causes frost
on the base of the tank. Frost heave may be avoided by trace heave forces on the base of the tank. Frost heave may be avoided
heating the base slab or elevating the base slab allowing heat by trace heating the base slab or elevating the base slab allowing
input to the foundation through natural air convection. heat input to the foundation through natural air convection.
In designing a heating system and selecting the bearing depth of In designing a heating system and selecting the bearing depth of
the foundation, consideration should be given to the potential for the foundation, consideration should be given to the potential for
frost heave due to natural freezing of the soil before the heating frost heave due to natural freezing of the soil before the heating
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/21/2007
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system is activated. The foundation should bear at a depth that is system is activated. The foundation should bear at a depth that is
below the shrink/swell or freeze/thaw zone; or the bearing below the shrink/swell or freeze/thaw zone; or the bearing
material should be selected to be unaffected by temperature or material should be selected to be unaffected by temperature or
moisture changes. Naturally occurring clean coarse sand or moisture changes. Naturally occurring clean coarse sand or
gravel will not be susceptible to frost heave as long as it is well- gravel will not be susceptible to frost heave as long as it is well-
drained. drained.
The heating system should be designed to allow maintenance The heating system should be designed to allow maintenance
such as replacing the heating elements, or thermal sensors on a such as replacing the heating elements, or thermal sensors on a
routine, in-service basis. Functional and performance monitoring routine, in-service basis. Functional and performance monitoring
should be performed on a weekly basis as a minimum frequency. should be performed on a weekly basis as a minimum frequency.
Air gaps under RLG tanks are effective to prevent ground Air gaps under RLG tanks are effective to prevent ground
freezing in lieu of foundation heating systems. freezing in lieu of foundation heating systems.
In areas of permafrost heating systems will generally not be used In areas of permafrost heating systems will generally not be used
and are likely to be detrimental. As in temperate zones designers and are likely to be detrimental. As in temperate zones designers
often try to maintain the temperature regime in the ground that often try to maintain the temperature regime in the ground that
existed prior to site disturbance. Designers should always existed prior to site disturbance. Designers should always
consult geotechnical engineers knowledgeable in permafrost consult geotechnical engineers knowledgeable in permafrost
behavior when building on permafrost. behavior when building on permafrost.
The designer should consider the risk of a gap under an elevated The designer should consider the risk of a gap under an elevated
tank filling with flammable vapor and/or liquid in case of a tank tank filling with flammable vapor and/or liquid in case of a tank
leak or a leak from adjacent piping. The air gap space should be leak or a leak from adjacent piping. The air gap space should be
designed so that vapor is not trapped in a confined space. The designed so that vapor is not trapped in a confined space. The
designer should consider OSHA guidelines for confined space designer should consider OSHA guidelines for confined space
entry for these spaces. The air gap space of individual tanks may entry for these spaces. The air gap space of individual tanks may
or may not qualify as a confined space. or may not qualify as a confined space.
The designer should consider the prevailing winds and air flow in The designer should consider the prevailing winds and air flow in
the tank area. The opening for air flow should be sufficient to the tank area. The opening for air flow should be sufficient to
keep the vapor concentration below one-half of the lower keep the vapor concentration below one-half of the lower
explosive limit. Calculations should be made to show that the air explosive limit. Calculations should be made to show that the air
gap space and ventilation are sufficient to show the flame gap space and ventilation are sufficient to show the flame
propagation speed is below the speed necessary to cause over- propagation speed is below the speed necessary to cause over-
pressurization and explosion. Deflectors may be used to increase pressurization and explosion. Deflectors may be used to increase
airflow under the tank. The air gap should be sufficient to allow airflow under the tank. The air gap should be sufficient to allow
adequate air flow and reasonable access under the tank for adequate air flow and reasonable access under the tank for
monitoring and cleaning purposes. Normally to meet these monitoring and cleaning purposes. Normally to meet access
requirements would indicate a space approximately six feet high requirements would indicate a space approximately six feet high
and six feet wide as a minimum. The space should remain and six feet wide should be provided.as a minimum. The
drained and dry under most conditions to prevent an insect dimensions of the space may be adjusted on agreement of the
breeding area. owner/engineer. The space should remain drained and dry under
most conditions to prevent an insect breeding area.
The grade under an elevated tank should slope to drain away
from the tank even after long-term settlement of the tank has The grade under an elevated tank should slope to drain away from
occurred. The elevation should be sufficient to assure good air the tank even after long-term settlement of the tank has occurred.
flow even at the end of design life considering long term The elevation should be sufficient to assure good air flow even at
settlement. the end of design life considering long term settlement.

Voting: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Howe, Wu, Hoff
Visitor: Ballard
No negatives or abstensions.
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8.7 – Foundation Performance Monitoring Details: 1. The activities of this section regarding the measurement of Hatfield Committee proposed edited section CURRENT TEXT:
The foundation performance shall be monitored for movement of the inner tank in relation to the outer tank for
settlement, thermal conditions, seismic motions, and radial-expansion & contraction, translational and rotational 8.7 – Foundation Performance Monitoring Details: 8.7 – Settlement Monitoring:
rotation of the inner tank. Devices such as permanent movement are typically associated with initial cooldown and The foundation performance shall be monitored for Settlement shall be monitored
periodically during the life of the facility,
external benchmarks, permanent foundation benchmarks, may be better suited for the chapter 10 on Startup and settlement as listed in section 8.3.5, and thermal conditions, including during construction, at a
inclinometers, thermal sensors, seismic motion detectors, Commissioning. This is to confirm allowable movement within and seismic accelerations motions, and rotation of the inner minimum of quarter points during
and internal tank movement detectors shall be installed. the tank design basis. For routine operations after cooldown tank. Devices such as permanent external benchmarks, hydrotesting, commissioning and
inner tank movement is very negligible and usually affected permanent foundation benchmarks, inclinometers, thermal operation.
A minimum of eight permanent benchmark points for only by liquid level fluctuations or seismic events. sensors, seismic accelerometers motion detectors, and
measuring elevation shall be installed at equal intervals 2. For concrete tanks, it is typically stated that no internal tank movement detectors shall be installed. A minimum of four permanent points for
around the periphery of the tank foundation. Spacing penetrations are allowed of the exterior wall but only through measuring elevation shall be installed on
between adjacent benchmarks shall not exceed 33 feet the roof. It would be interesting to see how the author plans A minimum of eight permanent benchmark points for the tank foundation at equal intervals
(10m). The points shall be referenced to at least one to mount these probes, and replace them if they fail as they measuring elevation shall be installed at equal intervals around the periphery. The points shall be
referenced to at least one external
external permanent benchmark. are buried inside never to be seen again. around the periphery of the tank foundation. Spacing permanent benchmark.
3. For all the different sensors and detectors listed, it would between adjacent benchmarks shall not exceed 33 feet
Upon foundation completion and before wall construction be interesting to know the intent if these are wired into the (10m). The points shall be referenced to at least one Upon foundation completion and before
the settlement monitoring benchmark points shall be plant control system historical recording or to a remote non- external permanent benchmark. wall construction the settlement
installed and documented. powered panel for periodic readings. monitoring points shall be surveyed and
4. The term "Motion Sensors" implies dynamic sensing, not Upon foundation completion and before wall construction documented.
Inclinometers shall be installed in the foundation if the static like tank movement detectors that are non-powered the settlement monitoring permanent benchmark points
expected settlement is greater than one-tenth the limiting devices where readings are taken at intervals like one time shall be installed and documented. Inclinometers shall be installed in the
values specified in Section 8.3.5. If the foundation is per month or one time per year at a remote non-powered foundation if the expected settlement is
greater than one-tenth the limiting values
elevated such as by a pile cap or other means that allows panel. Inclinometers shall be installed in the foundation for site specified in Section 8.3.5. If the
the measurement of settlement under the tank, then 5. The requirement for inclinometers has not been required in classes other than Sa or Sb as defined in ASCE 7-05. if the foundation is elevated such as by a pile
inclinometers are not required. the past, and will be discovered from level surveys, and expected settlement is greater than one-tenth the limiting cap or other means that allows
therefore unnecessary. values specified in Section 8.3.5. If the foundation is measurement of settlement under the
A thermal monitoring system shall be installed in the 6. What is a corrosion monitoring system, there is no such elevated such as by a pile cap or other means that allows tank then inclinometers are not required.
foundation to monitor the temperature of the foundation to thing? For buried structures with cathodic protection this the measurement of settlement under the tank, then
assess the performance of bottom insulation and the air would imply voltage readings. For above ground LNG tank inclinometers are not required.
gap or heating system. The thermal monitoring system structures, such as the roof and outer tank, visual inspections Why is a corrosion monitoring system
shall also be monitored to prevent adverse cryogenic are performed to look for signs of active corrosion. Spot UT A thermal monitoring system shall be installed in the necessary? (Powell)
effects on the ground below the foundation. The system readings can be made to monitor for internal corrosion. What foundation to monitor the temperature of the foundation to
sensors shall be on a pre-determined pattern that covers else is there? assess the performance of bottom insulation and the air Move the following sentences to
the bottom surface area. The conduits holding the sensors Suggest removing the requirement for inner tank movement Hoptay gap or heating system. The thermal monitoring system shall commentary.
shall allow for ready servicing, removal and replacement of indicators since it is not required by the DOT and adding it to also be monitored to prevent adverse cryogenic effects on Devices such as permanent external
the thermal sensors. the commentary. the ground below the foundation. The system sensors shall benchmarks, permanent foundation
be on a pre-determined pattern that covers the bottom benchmarks, inclinometers, thermal
Motion detectors capable of recording horizontal, vertical surface area. The conduits holding the sensors shall allow sensors, seismic accelerometers
and rotational motions of both the inner and outer tank shall for ready servicing, removal and replacement of the thermal motion detectors, and internal tank
be provided. sensors. movement detectors shall be
installed.
A corrosion monitoring system shall be designed and Motion detectors capable of recording horizontal, vertical
installed on the outer tank, roof, and foundation. and rotational motions of both the inner and outer tank shall If the foundation is elevated such as
be provided. by a pile cap or other means that
allows the measurement of
A corrosion monitoring system shall be designed and settlement under the tank, then
installed on the outer tank, roof, and foundation. inclinometers are not required.
Hatfield comments: Committee recommends moving

1. Committee found persuasive. seismic monitoring requirements to
2. Committee found persuasive and removed seismic section.
movement indicator requirement. The structure will be provided with
3. Committee found non-persuasive as this would not two accelerometers, one placed at
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/21/2007
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Page 14 of 16
be concrete design but part of the project specifications. the foundation and one placed on or
4. Committee found persuasive and removed near the roof. A third accelerometer
movement indicator requirement. Commenter to provide shall be located to measure free-field
more information. accelerations at least two diameters
5. Committee found non-persuasive as level surveys away from the tank. Accelerometers
cannot detect dishing. are not required for sites with SSE
6. Committee found persuasive. peak ground accelerations less than
0.1g.
Hoptay’s comment: Committee found persuasive
Approved: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Howe, Wu, Hoff

No negatives or abstensions
TO BALLOT
8.8 Monitoring Frequency - Settlement shall be monitored References to startup and commissioning should not go here Hatfield 8.8 Monitoring Frequency - Settlement shall be monitored Reconcile this section with Chapter 10.
at permanently installed benchmark points periodically but in Chapter 10. at permanently installed benchmark points periodically
during the life of the facility, including during construction, Thompson during the life of the facility, including during construction, Remove last paragraph
during hydro-testing, commissioning and at least annually Remove last sentence. Again a contractual issue between during hydro-testing, commissioning and at least annually
during operation. owner and subcontractor. during operation. This is only an editorial change.
Voting: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay,
Upon foundation completion and before wall construction Upon foundation completion and before wall construction NKO, Pawski, Howe, Wu, Berner,
the settlement monitoring benchmark points and the settlement monitoring benchmark points and Hoff
inclinometers shall be surveyed and documented. inclinometers shall be surveyed and documented. Non-voting: Powell, Rajapaksa
Visitor: Ballard
Inclinometers shall be monitored whenever settlement is Inclinometers shall be monitored whenever settlement is
measured and documented. measured and documented. No disagreements or abstensions.
Thermal system monitoring shall be performed during cool Thermal system monitoring shall be performed during cool
down and in-service commissioning of the tank, at least down and in-service commissioning of the tank, at least
weekly. Evaluations of thermal performance of the weekly. Evaluations of thermal performance of the
foundation and bottom insulation shall be performed at six foundation and bottom insulation shall be performed at six
months after the tank is in-service and at least annually months after the tank is in-service and at least annually
thereafter. thereafter.
Corrosion control monitoring shall be performed twice Corrosion control monitoring shall be performed twice
annually with not more than 7-1/2 months between annually with not more than 7-1/2 months between
monitoring events. monitoring events.
All monitoring systems and devices shall be capable of All monitoring systems and devices shall be capable of
recording outside of normal operating ranges. recording outside of normal operating ranges.
All documentation on monitoring with certifications and All documentation on monitoring with certifications and
locations of devices shall be furnished in paper and locations of devices shall be furnished in paper and
electronic files suitable to the owner. electronic files suitable to the owner.
This change is editorial only because the text is a

contractual issue and does not belong in the code.
R8.8 Monitoring Frequency - Settlement and inclinometers Suggest adding the following: Brannan R 8.8 Monitoring Frequency - Settlement and inclinometers
should be monitored at the wall completion and roof completion. "Sensors should be specified to record the entire range of should be monitored at the wall completion and roof completion.
conditions that the tank will experience from construction,
Inclinometer measurements should be made within one week of cool down, in-service, warm-up and end of service including Inclinometer measurements should be made within one week of
the settlement measurements and preferably on the same day. regional weather extremes. Providing sensors that record the settlement measurements and preferably on the same day.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/21/2007
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Page 15 of 16
particular segments of the potential range for better resolution During the hydrotest, the settlement and inclinometer
Thermal system monitoring is recommended to be continuous to is permissible and should be considered." measurements should be on the same day.
detect changes in the insulation, and effects on the soil. Sensors NEGATIVE: Hatfield
should be specified to record the entire range of conditions that References to startup and commissioning should not go here Thermal system monitoring is recommended to be continuous to
the tank will experience from construction, cool down, in-service, but in Chapter 10. A requirement for constant monitoring of detect changes in the insulation, and effects on the soil. Sensors
warm up, and end of service including regional weather extremes. inner tank movement is burdensome and not-warranted by should be specified to record the entire range of conditions that
Providing sensors that record particular segments of the potential industry historical experience. Nothing would be observed the tank will experience from construction, cool down, in-service,
range for better resolution is permissible and should be except during commissioning and a seismic event. warm up, and end of service including regional weather extremes.
considered. Providing sensors that record particular segments of the potential
range for better resolution is permissible and should be
Movement indicators should be monitored continuously. considered.
Movement indicators should be monitored continuously.
Hatfield’s comment: Committee found non-persuasive. Section

8.8 deals with foundation monitoring therefore frequency of
monitoring should be addressed.
Brannan’s comment: Withdrawn
Approved: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Howe, Wu, Hoff

No negatives or abstensions
TO BALLOT
8.9 – Inspection and Testing: During construction all Revise the sentence: Brannan Move this section to section 9
materials testing and performance measurements on the "Each lot of straight reinforcing and shape of bent bars and
deep foundation components shall be performed as their location in ths structure shall be documented and the Approved: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay,
required by the design engineer and geotechnical engineer. records kept readily available for review." NKO, Howe, Wu, Hoff
Documentation of all such results shall be available at all This reads like a contract from an owner. Delivery times for Thompson No negatives or abstentions
times to the engineers and owners and shall be provided in QC documentation and independent inspection requirements
a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) system should not be mandated in this document. These are job
delivered in a form(s) acceptable to the engineers, owners specific contractual issues. I recommend using the first
and regulatory agencies. Such system shall be adequately paragraph only.
detailed in order to identify precisely which component or
material in the structure was tested. The precise location in
the foundation of each pile, every load of concrete or
component must be traceable. Each lot of straight
reinforcing and shape of bent bars and their location in the
structure shall be documented and the records shall be
readily available. All mill certificates for lots of reinforcing
must be documented and traceable. Records of all test
results shall be preserved and disposition of failed
materials documented. For concrete placed at the site the
required results include truck batch tickets, the results of
field tests on fresh concrete, and the results of compression
or any other laboratory tests on sample cylinders, beams,
cubes or test specimens.
All documentation on QA/QC tests or certifications and

locations shall be furnished in paper and electronic files
suitable to the owner.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 10/21/2007
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Mill certificates showing conformity to ASTM standards

shall be supplied for steel piles and other steel in the
foundation. Field splices shall be performed by welders
qualified under AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code to use
a qualified-by-test or pre-qualified weld procedure
according to AWS D1.1. Project specifications shall include
requirements for fabrication and nondestructive testing of
steel piles.
The plant for manufacture of pre-cast, pre-stressed

concrete piles shall be inspected by an independent testing
or consulting firm for compliance with the pre-stress
concrete industry quality control standards and practices.
All load tests, dynamic pile driving monitoring, and pile

driving records shall be documented and presented to the
owner’s representative both in paper copy and electronic
files within one day of completion unless otherwise agreed.
A complete collection of all pile testing shall be provided to
the owner’s representatives in paper and electronic files
that allow ease of search and inspection by the owner,
engineer and regulatory bodies.
When maturity method sensor measurements are used in

fabricating the piles or any part of the structure, the results
and curves from all sensors shall be documented and
provided to the engineer and owner both in paper copy and
electronic files.
R 8.9 - The plant for manufacture of precast prestressed concrete ADD the following: Brannan Brannan’s comment: Withdrawn Move this section to section 9
piles should be certified by the Precast Concrete Institute's Plant "All certifications, QA/QC records, design drawings,
Certification Program in compliance with the Prestressed specifications and construction records of any kind including Thompson’s comment: Committee found non-persuasive because
Concrete Institute's Manual for Quality Control of Plants and 'as-built's' should be assembled by the contractor or owner this section is commentary and does not mandate where to
Production of Precast and Prestressed Concrete Products MNL- designated party in a logical manner that facilitates later fabricate. The section only provides examples of QA/QC for
116 or equivalent. recovery and review. The Owner should maintain these concrete pile fabrication.
documents through the life of the facility."
Concrete piles should be manufactured to ACI 543R, Design, 8.9 is titled 'Inspection and Testing', but this is mandating Thompson TO BALLOT:
Manufacture, and Installation of Concrete Piles or the equivalent where you can fabricate concrete piles. Recommendation to
and certified by the producer that the piles meet the standards. remove. Approved: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, NKO, Howe, Wu,
No negatives or abstentions
All certifications, QA/QC records, design drawings,
specifications, and construction records of any kind should be
assembled by the contractor or owner designated party in a
logical manner that facilitates later recovery and review. The
owner should maintain these documents through the life of the
facility.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Chapter IX – Construction Requirements
FIRST Ballot Results 9/4/2007 – 10/4/2007 and
Page 1 of 26
CHAPTER IX – CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Approved Sections
Negative Vote
Section currently voted on
Ongoing work
FINAL VOTES as of 10/15/07

&
Latest Text Reviewed Author RESPONSE Notes
COMMENTS
9.1 - Mockups
R9.1 Mockups - Prior to construction, full-scale mockups shall be carried In the first section,should we not say "scaled Rajan Non persuasive the point of a mock is to determine actual construction
out to ensure plant equipment and labor force can attain required quality. mockup" instead of full scale mockup? behaviour and methods etc
Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Hoff, NKO, Pawski

Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
Rewrite: R9.1 – Prior to construction, mock- Thompson Agreed, Editorial change

ups should be performed to ensure that the
contractor can ensure the necessary project R9.1 Mockups - Prior to construction, full-scale mockups should be
quality requirements. carried considered out to ensure plant equipment and labor force can
attain required quality.
Reason: ‘shall’ should not be used in a
commentary section as in my opinion this is Editorial Change
merely a recommendation for the contractor, Considered an editorial change;
owner and engineer to follow before beginning Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Hoff, NKO, Pawski
the construction of certain critical phases of the Negatives: 0
project Abstentions: 0
9.2 - Tolerances – Tolerances shall be as per ACI 117 and ACI 301. Add: R9.2 Tolerances Hoff 9.2 - Tolerances – Tolerances shall be as per ACI 117 and ACI
Additional requirements listed in sections 9.2.1 to 9.2.8 shall also be In general, tolerances arF\e not cumulative and 301. Additional requirements listed in sections 9.2.1 to 9.2.8 shall
satisfied. the most restrictive tolerances should apply. also be satisfied.
Tolerances are not cumulative and the most restrictive tolerances

should apply.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
Considered an editorial change;
Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Wu, NKO
Visitor; Ballard
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.2.1 - Tolerances for Cross Sectional Dimensions - The variation In Section 9.2.1 I suggest that for walls with Berner Verify Tolerances (Editorial). Otherwise text stays the same Check tolerances in accordance with ACI 350
in cross sectional dimensions of slabs shall be as follows; Shotcrete the tolerance on thickness should be 9.2.1 - Tolerances for Cross Sectional Dimensions - The
a) ±3/8” where the section thickness is less than or equal to 8 in. changed from 1/4" to +/- 1/2". variation in cross sectional dimensions of slabs shall be as follows;
b) ±½” where the section thickness exceeds 8 in. c) ±3/8” where the section thickness is less than or equal to
8 in.
The cross sectional dimensions of walls shall not vary by more than d) ±½” where the section thickness exceeds 8 in.
±¼” from the specified thickness.
The cross sectional dimensions of walls shall not vary by more
The cross sectional dimensions of dome roof shall not vary by more than ±¼” from the specified thickness.
than ±½” from the specified thickness.
The cross sectional dimensions of dome roof shall not vary by
more than ±½” from the specified thickness.
R9.2.1 - Tolerances for Cross Sectional Dimensions – These tolerances are 9.2 - Tolerances – Tolerances shall be as per ACI 117 and ACI
typically in line with established LNG/LPG practice. 301. Additional requirements listed in sections 9.2.1 to 9.2.8 shall
also be satisfied.
9.2.2 – Variation in Roundness - The maximum permissible
deviation from the base slab radius measured to the outside face of
the base slab shall be the lesser of
a) 0.10% of the base slab radius
b) 1.5”
Additionally under no circumstances shall the tolerance be less than
±¾”.
The maximum permissible deviation from the specified tank wall

radius measured to the inside face of the tank wall at the bottom of
the wall shall be the lesser of
a) 0.06% of the tank radius
b) 1”
Under no circumstances shall target deviation be less than ±½”.
The maximum permissible deviation from the specified tank wall

radius measured to the inside face of the tank wall at the top of the
wall shall be the lesser of
a) 0.10% of the tank radius
b) 1.5”
Under no circumstances shall the target deviation be less than ±¾”.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
Intermediate tolerances between the bottom and top of the wall may
be interpolated.
R9.2.2 - Variation in roundness - Tolerances for wall roundness at the In the second paragraph under R9.2.2 what are the Allen Action; Remove significant from 2nd sentence Notes
bottom of the tank are normally documented as ±1” at base of the wall for "significant tolerance issues?" Action; Amend for units to be consistent in US units. Editorial committee may wish to review and edit
large diameter LNG tanks. In order to cover the full spectrum of potential The second and third paragraph are mixing Hoff sections containing examples
tank diameters and to introduce sensible upper bound values clauses a) and metric units in the text where everything else is R9.2.2 - Variation in roundness - Tolerances for wall roundness at the
b) have been introduced. in English units. Needs to be corrected. bottom of the tank are normally documented as ±1” at base of the wall
for large diameter LNG tanks. In order to cover the full spectrum of
ACI 372/373/350 states “maximum permissible deviation from the specified potential tank diameters and to introduce sensible upper bound values
tank radius should be 0.1% of the radius” which could result is significant clauses a) and b) have been introduced.
tolerance issues out with normal construction practice. i.e for a 40m radius
tank the deviation would be 40mm. (Normally this would be 1”). ACI 372/373/350 states “maximum permissible deviation from the
specified tank radius should be 0.1% of the radius” which could result is
For alignment the tolerance has been set at .06% of the tank radius which significant tolerance issues out with normal construction practice. i.e for
conforms to existing practice (40m radius tank =25mm deviation). a 130ft radius tank the deviation would be 1.5”. (Normally this would be
1”).
Due to the incorporation of 0.06%xR the tolerance will float between lower
and upper bound limits for tanks in the radius range of 69.5’ and 138’. Tanks For alignment the tolerance has been set at .06% of the tank radius which
smaller than 69.5’ will have a permitted deviation of ±½”. Similarly tanks conforms to existing practice (40m radius tank =25mm deviation).
larger than 138’ will have a permitted deviation of ±1”
Due to the incorporation of 0.06%xR the tolerance will float between
Deviations at the top of the tank reflect existing construction practice and lower and upper bound limits for tanks in the radius range of 69.5’ and
facilitate a range of tank diameters. 138’. Tanks smaller than 69.5’ will have a permitted deviation of ±½”.
Similarly tanks larger than 138’ will have a permitted deviation of ±1”
Deviations at the top of the tank reflect existing construction

practice and facilitate a range of tank diameters.

Visitor; Ballard
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.2.3 - Localized Tank Radius - The maximum permissible deviation ACI 350 adopts the following “The
of the tank wall radius measured along any 10 ft. of circumference maximum permissible deviation of the tank
shall be 10% of the wall radius. wall radius measured along any 10 ft. of
circumference shall be 5% of the core wall
The maximum permissible deviation of the base slab radius measured thickness.”
along any 10 ft. of circumference shall be 20% of the base slab
radius. In practice this infers extremely“tight”
construction criteria that in the field are
practically unmeasurable.
i.e For a 10 ft. circumference length on a

138’ radius tank the rise (distance
measured normal from the chord to the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
perimeter) is 1.087”.
Assuming a 2 ft wall thickness (generous)
the maximum radius is
138+2*5/100=138.1ft and the rise 1.086’.
If interpreted correctly this infers a level of

detection on site of 1.087-1.086=0.001”
(.02mm) which is unrealistic/unachieveable.
Ed proposes amending the localization of

tank radius to be 10% for the wall and 20%
for the base slab. In practice this infers
measurable field deviations. For the
138ftexample stated this infers a rise of
1.087”. Based on 10% the upperbound
radius is 1.1*138=151.8ft and
corresponding rise 0.988”. The difference
detectable on site should therefore be .099”
(2.5mm).
One disadvantage with this approach is that

the allowable deviation increases with
decreasing diameter which is non-sensical.
In light of this it is prudent to use a constant
detectable/measurable value similar to
those adopted by API.
Alternately we may elect to avoid stipulation

of localized radius this is however a clause
referenced in ACI 350 Appendix F.
Late vote Hjorteset

Negative – The 10% value and the 20%
value must be a typo.
9.2.4 - Vertical Walls ACI 350 paragraph F.4.6.3 adopts 3/8”

a) Walls shall be plumb within 1/4” per 10 ft of vertical dimension. however normal industry practice for
b) The variation is verticality measured from the bottom of the wall LNG/LPG adopts ¼”. For consistency ¼”
to the point of consideration shall not be more than 1”. proposed.
9.2.5 - Level Alignment In accordance with API 620 §6.5.6.2 and

a) The variation in level from specified elevations for any industry practice
completed surface excluding the support underneath the
inner tank wall shall be limited to ±½”. Clause introduced to tighten tolerances at
b) Along any 10 ft straight line the difference in elevation of any the at the edge of the base slab and
two points shall not exceed ±3/16”. wall/base junctions where interfacing with
c) In the instance of the edge of the base slab, and walls along vapor barrier inserts and wall forms etc will
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
any 10 ft circumference the difference in elevation of any two occur.
points shall not exceed ±3/16”.
d) The variation in level from specified elevations for any In accordance with API 620 §6.5.6.2 and
completed concrete surface supporting the inner tank and §6.5.6.3
annular plates shall not exceed ±¼” in the total
circumference. In accordance with API 620 §6.5.6.2
The top of the concrete layer supporting the inner tank shall be level
within ±1/8” in any 30 ft circumference and within ±¼” in the total
circumference.
9.2.6 - Miscellaneous embedments and openings Add: R9.2.6 – Miscellaneous embedments and Hoff Action: General tolerances in accordance with ACI
a) Location of the centerline of access openings and cross openings. 9.2.6 - Miscellaneous embedments and openings 117
sectional dimensions of access openings shall be within ±½”. Positional alignment of insert plates for typical a) Location of the centerline of access openings and
b) Variation in the position of cast in insert plates measured in attachments such as ladders and pipe support may be cross sectional dimensions of access openings shall Positional alignment of insert plates for
the plane of concrete surfaces ±½”. relaxed by the Engineer provided that any positional be within ±½”. typical attachments such as ladders and
c) Variation in the position of cast in insert plates measured tolerances are considered on the sizing and selection b) Variation in the position of cast in insert plates pipe support may be relaxed by the
normal to the plane of concrete surfaces ±3/16”. of the plate size. measured in the plane of concrete surfaces ±½”. Engineer provided that any positional
Variation in the position of openings and sleeves shall not exceed Why not make this last item “C”? c) Variation in the position of cast in insert plates tolerances are considered on the sizing and
±¼”. measured normal to the plane of concrete surfaces selection of the plate size.
±3/16”.
d) Variation in the position of openings and sleeves shall You need to differentiate between vertical
not exceed ±¼”. embeds and other embeds
Considered an editorial change; Also need to mention TCP

Visitor; Ballard
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
Other comments addressed in addition of the commentary,

see below
Action includes introducing the Commentary as follows

R9.2.6 – Miscellaneous embedments and openings.
Positional alignment of insert plates for typical attachments such
as ladders and pipe support may be relaxed by the Engineer
provided that any positional tolerances are considered on the
sizing and selection of the plate size.
To BALLOT;
Voted: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Wu, NKO
Visitor; Ballard
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.2.7 - Vertical Vapor Barrier Embedment Tolerances

a) The position of vertical liner embedments measured at the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
bottom of the wall in the plane of the concrete surface shall
be shall ±¼”.
b) Vertical liner embedments shall be plumb within ±½” when
measured from the bottom to the top of the wall.
The variation in position of vertical liner embedments measured
normal to the concrete surface shall be +0”, -1/8”.
R9.2.7 - Vertical Vapor Barrier Embedment Tolerances - Negative he same sentence appears under R9.2.7 Allen Non persuasive, feathered has different meaning in US workplace. Editorial committee to review 9.2.7 and 9.2.8
tolerance infers recessed embedments under such conditions and R9.2.8. I suggest rewording this Change feathered to sloped. Innappropriate to link together 9.2.7 and and overlap
that the concrete adjacent to the embedment should be feathered sentence into two as follows: "Negative 9.2.8. Leave to editorial review
tolerance infers recessed embedments.
to avoid step changes and facilitate vapour barrier connection.
Under such conditions the concrete Negative
R9.2.7 - Vertical Vapor Barrier Embedment Tolerances -
adjacent to the embedment should be tolerance infers recessed embedments under such conditions
feathered to avoid step changes and that the concrete adjacent to the embedment should be
facilitate vapor barrier connection." feathered sloped to avoid step changes and facilitate vapour
barrier connection.
Editorial Change
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.2.8 - Horizontal Thermal Corner Protection Embedments

a) The elevation of horizontal thermal corner embedments shall
be within ±¼”.
b) The variation in position of horizontal embedments measured
normal to the concrete surface shall be +0”, -1/8”.
R9.2.8 - Horizontal Thermal Corner Protection Embedments - Negative he same sentence appears under R9.2.7 and R9.2.8. I Allen Non persuasive, feathered has different meaning in US workplace. Editorial committee to review 9.2.7 and 9.2.8
tolerance infers recessed embedments under such conditions that the concrete suggest rewording this sentence into two as follows: Change feathered to sloped. Innappropriate to link together 9.2.7 and and overlap
adjacent to the embedment should be feathered to avoid step changes and "Negative tolerance infers recessed embedments. 9.2.8. Leave to editorial review
facilitate vapour barrier connection. Under such conditions the concrete adjacent to the
embedment should be feathered to avoid step
changes and facilitate vapor barrier connection." R9.2.8 - Horizontal Thermal Corner Protection Embedments -
Negative tolerance infers recessed embedments under such conditions
that the concrete adjacent to the embedment should be feathered sloped
to avoid step changes and facilitate vapour barrier connection.
Editorial Change
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 7 of 26
COMMENTS
9.3 - Shotcrete - Unless otherwise indicated here, shotcrete shall
meet the requirements of ACI 506.2.
9.3.1 - Proportioning Shotcrete - Shotcrete shall be proportioned in Add: c) Proportioning shall provide a 28-day Hoff Action include section from ACI 350, see Hoff.
accordance with the following requirements : minimum compressive strength of shotcrete not
a) Wire coat shall consist of one part Portland cement and not less than 4500 psi. 9.3.1 - Proportioning Shotcrete - Shotcrete shall be proportioned
more than three parts fine aggregate by weight. in accordance with the following requirements :
b) Body coat shall consist of one part Portland cement and not a) Wire coat shall consist of one part Portland cement and
more than four parts fine aggregate by weight. not more than three parts fine aggregate by weight.
b) Body coat shall consist of one part Portland cement and
not more than four parts fine aggregate by weight.
c) Proportioning shall provide a 28-day minimum
compressive strength of shotcrete not less than 4500 psi.
To Ballot
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
Comment found persuasive and text amended accordingly
9.3.2 - Shotcrete Construction Procedures - Procedures for

shotcrete construction of primary and secondary containers
comprising circular wire and strand shall be as specified in ACI 506.2
except as modified herein.
9.3.3 - Shotcrete Overcoat
9.3.3.1 - Externally applied circumferential prestressed reinforcement

shall be protected against corrosion and other damage by a shotcrete
overcoat.
R9.3.3.1 - The shotcrete covercoat generally consists of two or more coats: a

wire coat placed on the pre-stressed reinforcement, and a bodycoat placed on
the wire coat. If the covercoat is placed in one coat, the mixture should be the
same as the wire coat.
9.3.3.2 - Each layer of circumferential prestressed wire or strand shall Editorial Comment: Brannan Persuasive
be covered first with a wirecoat of cement mortar applied by the Delete: “without shaking”
pneumatic process as soon as practical after prestressing. The After the third sentence add: “The nozzle shall 9.3.3.2 - Each layer of circumferential prestressed wire or strand
shotcrete shall be wet, but not dripping, and provide a minimum cover deliver a steady, uninterrupted flow of shall be covered first with a wirecoat of cement mortar applied by
over the wire of ¼ in. The nozzle shall be held at a small upward shotcrete.” the pneumatic process as soon as practical after prestressing. The
angle not exceeding 5 degrees and shall be constantly moving, shotcrete shall be wet, but not dripping, and provide a minimum
without shaking, and always pointing in a radial direction toward the cover over the wire of ¼ in. The nozzle shall be held at a small
center of the tank. The nozzle distance from the prestressed upward angle not exceeding 5 degrees and shall be constantly
reinforcement shall be such that shotcrete does not build up over or moving, without shaking, and always pointing in a radial direction
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
cover the front faces of the wires or strands until the spaces between toward the center of the tank. The nozzle shall deliver a steady,
them are filled. uninterrupted flow of shotcrete. The nozzle distance from the
prestressed reinforcement shall be such that shotcrete does not
build up over or cover the front faces of the wires or strands until
the spaces between them are filled.
Editorial Change
Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Hoff, NKO
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
R9.3.3.2 - Nozzle distance and wetness of mixture are equally critical to Change “ is prohibited” to “should be Hoff Not relevant to section
satisfactory encasement of pre-stressed reinforcement. If the nozzle is held prohibited>” Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Wu, NKO
too far back, the shotcrete will deposit on the face of the wire or strand at the Visitor; Ballard
same time that it is building up on the core wall, thereby not filling the space Negatives: 0
behind them. This condition is readily apparent and should be corrected Abstentions: 0
immediately by adjusting the nozzle distance and, if necessary, the water
content.
9.3.3.3 - The wire coat shall be damp-cured by a constant spray or

trickling of water down the wall, except that curing shall be permitted
to be interrupted during continuous prestressing operations. Curing
compounds shall not be used on surfaces that will receive additional
shotcrete.
R9.3.3.3 - Curing compounds applied to intermediate layers of Editorial Comment: Brannan

shotcrete may interfere with the bonding of subsequent layers and Add: “Maintaining the relative humidity, naturally Persuasive, proposed text as follows ACI 350 original source of text
thus their use is prohibited or artificially, near or above 95% over the Brannan to provide text source “ACI XXX
shotcrete surface is an acceptable method of R9.3.3.3 - Curing compounds applied to intermediate layers of “shotcrete manual for inclusion
curing.” shotcrete may interfere with the bonding of subsequent layers and
thus their use is prohibited.
Maintaining the relative humidity, naturally or artificially, near or

above 95% over the shotcrete surface is an acceptable method of
curing in accordance with ACI 506R.
To Ballot
Voted: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Hoff, NKO
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 9 of 26
COMMENTS
9.3.3.4 - Shotcrete material placed incorrectly shall be removed and
replaced.
R9.3.3.4 - After the wire coat is in place, visual inspection can immediately
determine whether or not proper encasement has been achieved. Where the
reinforcement patterns show on the surface as distinct continuous horizontal
ridges, the shotcrete has not been driven behind the reinforcement and voids
can be expected. If, however, the surface is substantially flat and shows
virtually no pattern, a minimum of voids is likely.
9.3.3.5 - A body coat providing a minimum of 1 in. cover over the

outside layer of prestressed reinforcement shall be applied over the
last layer of wire coat.
• If the body coat is not applied as a part of the wire coat,

laitence and loose particles shall be removed from the
surface of the wire coat prior to the application of the body
coat.
• Thickness control shall be as required by ACI 506.2.
• The completed shotcrete coating shall be cured for at least 7
days using methods specified by ACI 506.2.
R9.3.3.5 - Curing should be started as soon as possible without damaging the Editorial Comment: Brannan Persuasive, considered editorial
shotcrete. Revise to read: “Curing should be started
immediately after shotcrete placement without R9.3.3.5- Curing should be started immediately after shotcrete
damaging the shotcrete.” placement without damaging the shotcrete.
Editorial Change
Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, Hoff, NKO
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.3.3.1 - After the bodycoat has cured, the surface shall be checked
for “hollow sounding” or “drummy” spots by tapping with a light
hammer or similar tool. Such spots indicate a lack of bond between
coats and shall be repaired. These areas shall be repaired by removal
and replacement with properly bonded shotcrete, or by epoxy
injection.
9.3.4 - Thickness control of shotcrete core walls and covercoats
R9.1.1 R9.3.4 - Thickness control of shotcrete core walls and

covercoats
9.3.4.1 - Positive methods shall be used to establish uniform and Add: Hoff Action,
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
correct thickness of shotcrete core. 9.3.4.2 When screed wires are used for Considered persuasive add to existing R9.3.4.1 commentary.
thickness control, they shall be spaced a
maximum of 36 in. apart circumferentially. R9.3.4.1 - Vertical screed wires are the normal method used to establish
R9.3.4.1 - Vertical screed wires are the normal method used to establish uniform and correct thickness of shotcrete and should be spaced not more
uniform and correct thickness of shotcrete. Wires should be installed under than 36in apart circumferentially. Wires should be installed under
tension, defining the outside surface of the shotcrete from top to bottom. tension, defining the outside surface of the shotcrete from top to bottom.
Wires generally are 18- to 20-gauge high-tensile-strength steel wire. Other
methods may be used that will provide positive control of the thickness Wires generally are 18- to 20-gauge high-tensile-strength steel wire.
Other methods may be used that will provide positive control of the
thickness
To Ballot
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.4 - Post Tensioning
9.4.1 - Ducts for grouted tendons shall be mortar-tight and non

reactive with concrete, tendons, or filler material.
Add: Hoff Intent persuasive addressed as follows;

R9.4.1 Consideration should be given to
including additional ducts at appropriate R9.4.1 - Consideration should be given to including additional
locations in case a duct is damaged prior to strand capacity within the anchorage selection to enable
threading of tendons and cannot be used. introduction of prestressing force should an adjacent duct become
blocked.
All unused ducts should be grouted.
Equilibrium and distribution steel should be sized for the larger
anchorage.
To Ballot
Voted: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, NKO, Hoff
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.4.2 - Ducts for grouted single wire, strand, or bar tendons shall have
an inside diameter at least +¼ in. larger than tendon diameter.
9.4.3 - Ducts for grouted multiple wire, strand, or bar tendons shall Lte vote – Hjorteset
have an inside cross-sectional area at least two times area of Comment – two times the area of tendons
tendons. seems to be small. I believe I have seen
requirements for two and half times area of
tendons. The committee may want to say
something about how to deal with the
relative small radiuses occurring in the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 11 of 26
COMMENTS
vertical tendons. I.e. no duct allowed, pipe
steel should be used.
9.4.4 - Ducts shall be maintained free of water if members to be

grouted are exposed to temperatures below freezing prior to grouting.
9.4.5 - Vent holes shall be provided adjacent to the anchorages and

at high points of the ducts to assist with air removal.
R9.4.5 - Vent holes shall be provided at anchorage locations at high points

and at positions recommended by the Post tensioning supplier to ensure
proper grouting quality.
9.4.6 – Vertical Tendons - Vertical tendon shall be filled from the

bottom.
9.4.6 – Grout for Bonded Prestressing Tendons - Grout trials shall

be used to ensure the following;
• The grout has not shrunk away from the duct wall or strands
whereby creating voids within the system
• The grout has the correct flow characteristics to reach each of
the vent points (where provided) and to completely fill the
duct.
• The theoretical grout consumption
R9.4.6 – Grout for Bonded Prestressing Tendons - Full scale grout tests ASTM C494?? Hoff Comment not relevant to this section, confirmed by Messr Hoff and Include reference to PT Manual
are performed on the horizontal tendons to specifically demonstrate the withdrawn.
selection of tendon and distribution of vent tubes and selection of pumping
equipment. After the grout trials the tendon is cut transversely and inspected
prior to commencement of grouting operations proper.
Grout provides bond between the post-tensioning tendons and the concrete
and by which corrosion protection of the tendons is assured. Proper grout and
grouting procedures, therefore, play an important part in post-tensioned
construction. Reference PT manual..
Past success with grout for bonded prestressing tendons has been with
Portland cement as the cementing material. A blanket endorsement of all
cementitious materials (defined in Chapter II) for use with this grout is
deemed inappropriate because of a lack of experience or tests with
cementitious materials other than Portland cement and a concern that some
cementitious materials might introduce chemicals listed as harmful to
tendons in R18.16.2. Thus, “Portland cement” in 18.16.1 and “water-cement
ratio” in 18.16.3.3 are retained in this edition of the code.
9.4.7 - Grout shall consist of Portland cement and water; or Portland

cement, sand, and water; or a 100 % solids, two-component epoxy
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
resin system.
R9.4.7 - Epoxy grout has been used in limited applications. Caution is

recommended in its selection and use. Properties of the material should be
reviewed including differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion and
heat generation.
9.4.8 - Grout material shall conform to the following requirements: ASTM C 494??? Hoff Editoral Change include reference to ASTM C494
a) Cement for grouting operations shall be Type I or Type II in
accordance with ASTM C150. 9.4.8 - Grout material shall conform to the following requirements:
b) The minimum compressive strength of grout shall be 6000psi h) Cement for grouting operations shall be Type I or Type II
at 28 days tested in accordance with ASTM C109. in accordance with ASTM C150.
c) Water cement ratio shall not exceed 0.45 by weight of i) The minimum compressive strength of grout shall be
cement. 6000psi at 28 days tested in accordance with ASTM
d) Sand, if used, shall conform to “Standard Specification for C109.
Aggregate for Masonry Mortar” (ASTM C 144) except that j) Water cement ratio shall not exceed 0.45 by weight of
gradation shall be permitted to be modified as necessary to cement.
obtain satisfactory workability. k) Sand, if used, shall conform to “Standard Specification for
e) Admixtures conforming to (insert reference) and known to Aggregate for Masonry Mortar” (ASTM C 144) except that
have no injurious effects on grout, steel, or concrete shall be gradation shall be permitted to be modified as necessary
permitted. Calcium chloride shall not be used. to obtain satisfactory workability.
f) Bleeding of the grout shall not exceed 2% of the volume for l) Admixtures conforming to (ASTM C494) and known to
the first 3 hours after mixing, nor 4% total at any time. All have no injurious effects on grout, steel, or concrete shall
separated water shall be reabsorbed within 24 hours. be permitted. Calcium chloride shall not be used.
g) Epoxy grout shall be moisture insensitive with a minimum m) Bleeding of the grout shall not exceed 2% of the volume
compressive strength of 125 percent of the design concrete for the first 3 hours after mixing, nor 4% total at any time.
compressive strength. All separated water shall be reabsorbed within 24 hours.
n) Epoxy grout shall be moisture insensitive with a minimum
compressive strength of 125 percent of the design
concrete compressive strength.

Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, NKO
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
R9.4.8 - The limitations on admixtures in (insert reference) ASTM C 494??? Hoff Persuasive
apply to grout. Substances known to be harmful to prestressing
tendons, grout, or concrete are chlorides, fluorides, sulfites, and R9.4.8 - The limitations on admixtures in ASTM C494 apply
nitrates. Aluminum powder or other expansive admixtures, to grout. Substances known to be harmful to prestressing
when approved, should produce an unconfined expansion of 5 tendons, grout, or concrete are chlorides, fluorides, sulfites,
to 10 percent. Neat cement grout is used in almost all building and nitrates. Aluminum powder or other expansive
construction. Only with large ducts having large void areas admixtures, when approved, should produce an unconfined
should the advantages of using finely graded sand in the grout expansion of 5 to 10 percent. Neat cement grout is used in
almost all building construction. Only with large ducts
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 13 of 26
COMMENTS
be considered. Admixtures are generally used to increase having large void areas should the advantages of using finely
workability, reduce bleeding and shrinkage, or provide graded sand in the grout be considered. Admixtures are
expansion. This is especially desirable for grouting of vertical generally used to increase workability, reduce bleeding and
tendons. shrinkage, or provide expansion. This is especially desirable
for grouting of vertical tendons.

Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, NKO, Hoff
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.4.9 – Grout Proportions
9.4.9.1 - Proportions of materials for grout shall be based on either of

the following:
a) Results of tests on fresh and hardened grout prior to
beginning grouting operations, or
b) Prior documented experience with similar materials and
equipment and under comparable field conditions.
R9.4.9.1 - Grout proportioned in accordance with these provisions will R9.4.9.1 indicates that grout proportioned in Hoptay R9.4.9.1 - Grout proportioned in accordance with these provisions will Author to review comment and revert
generally lead to 7-day compressive strength on standard 2-in. cubes in accordance with these provisions will produce generally lead to 7-day compressive strength on standard 2-in. cubes in
excess of 2500 psi and 28-day strengths of about 4000 psi. The handling and 28 day compressive strengths of about 4000 excess of 2500 psi and 28-day strengths of about 4000 psi. The handling
placing properties of grout are usually given more consideration than psi. This is inconsistent with 9.4.8 which and placing properties of grout are usually given more consideration than
strength when designing grout mixtures requires a minimum strength of 6000 psi. strength when designing grout mixtures
Hoptay to review comment and revert
9.4.9.2 - Cement used in the work shall correspond to that on which

selection of grout proportions was based.
9.4.9.3 - Water content shall be minimum necessary for proper Late vote – Hjorteset
pumping of grout; however, water cement ratio shall not exceed 0.45 Comment – Is the 0.45 value high if the
by weight. tendons are used for the primary tank?
Could there be freeze damage at cryogenic
temperatures.
9.4.9.4 - Water shall not be added to increase grout flowability that

has been decreased by delayed use of grout.
9.4.9.5 - Epoxy grout shall have demonstrated by tests or experience

to exhibit acceptable pumpability and low exothermic
9.4.10 – Grout Mixing and Pumping

ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
R9.4.10 – Grout Mixing and Pumping - In an ambient temperature of 35 F,
grout with an initial minimum temperature of 60 F may require as much as 5
days to reach strength of 800 psi. A minimum grout temperature of 60 F is
suggested because it is consistent with the recommended minimum
temperature for concrete placed at an ambient temperature of 35 F. Quickset
grouts, when approved, may require shorter periods of protection and the
recommendations of the suppliers should be followed. Test cubes should be
cured under temperature and moisture conditions as close as possible to those
of the grout in the member. Grout temperatures in excess of 90 F will lead to
difficulties in pumping
9.4.10.1 – Grout shall be mixed in equipment capable of continuous

mechanical mixing and agitation that will produce uniform distribution
of materials, passed through screens, and pumped in a manner that
will completely fill tendon ducts.
9.4.10.2 – Temperature of members at time of grouting shall be above

35 F and shall be maintained above 35 F until field-cured 2-in. cubes
of grout reach a minimum compressive strength of 800 psi.
9.4.10.3 – Grout temperatures shall not be above 90 F during mixing

and pumping.
9.4.11 – Protection of Prestressing Tendons - Burning or welding

operations in vicinity of prestressing tendons shall be carefully
performed, so that tendons are not subject to excessive temperatures,
welding sparks, or ground currents.
9.4.12 – Application and Measurement of Prestressing Force
9.4.12.1 – Prestressing force shall be determined by both of the

following methods:
a) Measurement of tendon elongation. Required elongation shall
be determined from average load-elongation curves for the
pre-stressing tendons used.
b) Observation of jacking force on a calibrated gage or load cell
or by use of a calibrated dynamometer.
Cause of difference in force determination between a) and b) that

exceeds 5 percent for pretensioned elements or 7 percent for post
tensioned construction shall be ascertained and corrected.
R9.4.12.1 - Elongation measurements for prestressed elements should be in

accordance with the procedures outlined in the “Manual for Quality Control
for Plants and Production of Precast and Prestressed Concrete Products,”
published by the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute.18.24 ACI 318-89,
18.18.1, was revised to permit 7 percent tolerance in tendon force determined
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 15 of 26
COMMENTS
by gage pressure and elongation measurements for post-tensioned
construction. Elongation measurements for post-tensioned construction are
affected by several factors that are less significant, or that do not exist, for
pretensioned elements. The friction along post-tensioning tendons may be
affected to varying degrees by placing tolerances and small irregularities in
profile due to concrete placement. The friction coefficients between the
tendons and the duct are also subject to variation. The 5 percent tolerance
that has appeared in the code since ACI 318-63 was proposed by ACI-ASCE
Committee 423 in 1958,18.3 and primarily reflected experience with
production of pretensioned concrete elements. Since the tendons for
pretensioned elements are usually stressed in air with minimal friction
effects, the 5 percent tolerance for such elements was retained.
9.4.12.2 – Where transfer of force from bulkheads of pretensioning

bed to concrete is accomplished by flame cutting prestressing
tendons, cutting points and cutting sequence shall be predetermined
to avoid undesired temporary stresses.
9.4.12.3 – Long lengths of exposed pretensioned strand shall be cut

near the member to minimize shock to concrete.
9.4.12.4 – Total loss of prestress due to unreplaced broken tendons Late vote - Hjorteset
shall not exceed 2 percent of total prestress. Negative – To allow 2 percent unreplaced
broken tendons is unacceptable. The
committee should require that the contractor
provides duct area and anchor wedges to
replace at least 5% of required post-
tensioning force. This is in line with
segmental bridge construction.
R9.4.12.4 – This provision applies to all prestressed concrete members. For

cast-in-place post-tensioned slab systems, a “member” should be that portion
considered as an element in the design, such as the joist and effective slab
width in one-way joist systems, or the column strip or middle strip in two-
way flat plate systems.
9.4.13 – Prestressing Sequence
9.4.13.1 – The stressing sequence shall developed so as to minimize

the amount of bending and shear stresses within the tank wall.
R9.4.13.1 – The stressing sequence is of significant importance for vertical

cylindrical tanks due to the presence of openings and potential for large shear
and bending. Therefore it is recommended that the vertical tendons are
stressed prior to the hoop tendons to provide a level of pre compression to
mitigate any vertical bending and shear. Secondly the hoop tendons should
be stressed in such a manner that a prestressed distribution close to the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 16 of 26
COMMENTS
design distribution is achieved. This is normally achieved through stressing
the “even” tendons followed by the “odd” tendons (or vice versa).
Additionally the design should specifically address the stressing sequence in
the vicinity of the access opening.
9.4.13.2 – Vertical Tendons shall be stressed from prior to the 9.4.13.2 requires the vertical tendons to be Hoptay Persuasive, amend text to Late vote – Hjorteset
horizontal tendons. stressed prior to the horizontal tendons. This is Action add commentary to elude to stressing verts and Comment – Remove the word “from”.
not possible if a sliding joint or closing pour is horizontals
employed in the wall design. Suggest moving
this to the commentary as a recommended 9.4.13.2 – Tendon sequencing shall be considered in the design of
sequence. the wall and foundation.
Change to read “…stressed prior to stressing Hoff
the horizontal tendons.” R.9.4.13.2 – Typically the vertical tendons with the exception of
R9.4.13.2 – The vertical tendons with the exception of those passing through those passing through the access opening should be stressed
the access opening should be stressed prior to the horizontals tendons. prior to the horizontals tendons in order to attain maximum shear
capacity and bending resistance.
To Ballot
Voted: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, NKO, Hoff
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.4.14 – Anchorages - Horizontal anchorages shall be qualified for Should this go to Chapter 2?
the product service temperatures.
R9.4.14 – Test results for specific anchorages should be obtained from post Should this go to Chapter 2?
tensioning suppliers. Where records of tests cannot be furnished then scale
testing of the proposed anchorages should be undertaken. Refer to FIP
SR88/2 for additional information.
9.5 – Winding of Prestressed Reinforcement-Wire or Strand
9.5.1 – Qualifications - The stressing system used shall be capable

of consistently producing the specified stress at every point around
the wall within a tolerance of + 7 % of the specified initial stress in
each wire or strand, as specified in ACI 506.2.
R9.5.1 – Qualifications - Winding should be under the direction of a

supervisor having technical knowledge of prestressing principles and
experience with the winding system being used.
9.5.2 – Anchorage of Wire or Strand - Each coil of prestressed wire

or strand shall be anchored to adjacent wire or strand, or to the wall
surface, at sufficiently close intervals to minimize the loss of prestress
in case of a break during wrapping. Anchoring clamps shall be
removed wherever cover over the clamp in the completed structure
would be less than 1 in.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
9.5.3 – Splicing of Wire or Strand - Ends of individual coils shall be
joined by mechanical splicing devices qualified for service
temperatures and shall develop the specified tensile strength of the
reinforcement.
9.5.4 – Concrete or Shotcrete Strength - Concrete or shotcrete

strength at time of stressing shall be at least 1.8 times the maximum
initial stress due to prestressing in any wall section.
9.5.5 – Stress Measurement and Wire or Strand Winding Records
9.5.5.1 – A calibrated stress-recording device that can be readily

recalibrated shall be used to determine stress levels in prestressed
reinforcement throughout the wrapping process. At least one stress
reading for every coil of wire or strand, or for each 1000 lb thereof, or
for every foot of wall per layer, shall be taken after the prestressed
reinforcement has been applied on the wall.
R9.5.5.1 – Readings of the force in the prestressed reinforcement inplace on

the wall should be made when the wire or strand has reached ambient
temperature. All such readings should be made on straight lengths of
prestressed reinforcement.
A written record of stress readings, including location and layer, should be

maintained. This submission should be reviewed prior to acceptance of the
work.
Continuous electronic recordings taken on the wire or strand in a straight line

between the stressing head and the wall may be used in place of the above
when the system allows no loss of tension between the reading and final
placement on the wall.
9.5.5.2 – The total initial prestress force measured on the wall per
vertical foot of height shall be not less than the specified initial force in
the locations indicated on the deign force diagram and not more than
5 percent greater than the specified force.
9.6 – Forming
9.6.1 – Slipforming – Slipforming is permitted. Unless otherwise Rewrite: 9.6.1 Slipforming – Unless otherwise Thompson Persuasive
indicated here, slipforming shall meet the requirements of ACI 347. indicated, slip forming shall meet the
requirements of ACI 347. 9.6.1 – Slipforming – Slipforming is permitted. unless otherwise
indicated here, slipforming shall meet the requirements of ACI
Reason: ‘Slipforming is permitted’ is implied and 347.
I recommend removing this first statement.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 18 of 26
COMMENTS
Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
R9.6.1 – Slipforming is a desirable form of construction where a metallic

vapor barrier is not used achieve liquid tightness due to the minimization of
horizontal construction joints.
9.6.2 – Planning of Slipforming Operations – Since the slipform is Should be 9.6.3 Hoff 9.6.2* – Planning of Slipforming Operations – Since the Agreed numbering to be updated on next round
a continuous procedure, planning shall be made for the supply of slipform is a continuous procedure, planning shall be made for the
concrete, reinforcement and embedments so that the slipform can supply of concrete, reinforcement and embedments so that the
continue 24 hours per day without interference. slipform can continue 24 hours per day without interference.
Back up systems shall be incorporated including craneage, equipment Back up systems shall be incorporated including craneage,
for the slipform including additional pumps, hoses, jacks. equipment for the slipform including additional pumps, hoses,
jacks.
R9.6.2 – Planning of Slipforming Operations – Slipforming operations REMOVE the last four sentences in R9.62 - Thompson Action Hoff - Editorial comment and amend text Agreed numbering to be updated on next round
involves a large number of people on a limited amount of space, working at ‘Planning shall also include workmen requirements . Action Thompson non persuasive as the 4 sentences refer to more
different levels simultaneously. This requires significant attention to detail at . . . . Prior to pouring concrete in the forms detailed than just check lists alone. Include Thompsons text within
the planning stage. Therefore, mock-ups and trails of heavy reinforced checklist for start-up slipform operations shall be commentary side
structural elements should be considered prior to construction. completed’
R9.6.2* – Planning of Slipforming Operations – Slipforming
Planning shall also include workmen requirements, working tasks and Reason: When to use checklists is Means and operations involves a large number of people on a limited amount of
responsibilities for the workmen and guiding of the slipform. Methods for contractors and should not be part of space, working at different levels simultaneously. This requires
this document. The first paragraph is sufficient in significant attention to detail at the planning stage. Therefore, mock-ups
Consideration should be made for the checking that enough equipment, spare my opinion. and trails of heavy reinforced structural elements should be considered
parts and consumable goods are available. prior to construction.
Should by R9.6.3 Hoff
Along with this planning, back up solutions should be worked for all possible Prior to pouring concrete in the forms detailed checklist for start-up
errors or faults that may occur. Add: slipform operations should be completed.
For vertical slipforming, if the concrete slip is
Prior to pouring concrete in the forms detailed checklist for start-up slipform excessively delayed so that the hardened front Planning should also include workmen requirements, working tasks and
operations shall be completed. of the concrete is approaching the top surface of responsibilities for the workmen and guiding of the slipform.
the concrete, consideration should be given to
using chemical retarders on the surface to delay Consideration should be made for the checking that enough equipment,
the hardening of the surface. The unhardened spare parts and consumable goods are available.
binder on the surface can then be washed
away, leaving a rough surface for the bonding Along with this planning, back up solutions should be worked for all
when the slip is resumed. possible errors or faults that may occur.
Prior to pouring concrete in the forms detailed checklist for start-up

slipform operations shall be completed.
For vertical slipforming, if the concrete slip is excessively delayed so that

the hardened front of the concrete is approaching the top surface of the
concrete, consideration should be given to using chemical retarders on
the surface to delay the hardening of the surface. The unhardened binder
on the surface can then be washed away, leaving a rough surface for the
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
Page 19 of 26
COMMENTS
bonding when the slip is resumed

Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.6.2 – Casting and Consolidation – Casting and consolidation shall

be in accordance with ACI 309R.
R9.6.2 – Vibrating too deeply will interfere with the setting in the layers
below that might cause loose pieces of concrete to occur in the exposed
surface underneath the form.
9.7 – Construction Joints
R9.7 – Construction Joints - Concrete surfaces upon or against which Awkward paragraph. Should begin as Hoff Persuasive editorial
concrete is to be placed and to which new concrete is to adhere, that have “Construction joints are defined as concrete
become so rigid that the new concrete cannot be incorporated integrally by surfaces upon…” and leave those words off of R9.7 – Construction Joints - Construction joints are defined as
vibration with that previously placed are defined as construction joints. the end. concrete surfaces upon or against which concrete is to be placed and to
which new concrete is to adhere, that have become so rigid that the new
For precast construction the vertical joints should be pumped from bottom to concrete cannot be incorporated integrally by vibration with that
top. previously placed are defined as construction joints.
For precast construction the vertical joints should be pumped from

bottom to top.

Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.7.1 – Location and type of construction joints shall be defined during

the design stage.
R9.7.1 –For the integrity of the structure, it is important that all construction
joints be carefully defined in construction documents and constructed as
required. Any deviations should be approved by the design engineer.
Type and details of unplanned joints should also be considered in the design
stage.
9.7.2 – Surface of concrete construction joints shall be cleaned and Rewrite: 9.7.2 – The surface of construction Thompson Non persuasive due to potential constructability issues. Maintain original
laitance removed. joints shall be cleaned with all laitance text
removed and a bonding agent applied prior
to placement of new concrete. Agreed: Brannan, Mash, Hoptay, Howe, NKO, Hoff
Negatives: 0
Reason: A bonding agent at all construction Abstentions: 0
joints should be used for RLG tanks in my
opinion.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
R9.7.2 – The surfaces of concrete at all construction joints should be Change “1/4 in.” to “of a minimum of at least ¼ in.” Hoff Persuasive, amend text to
prepared as called for in ACI 301.
R9.7.2 – The surfaces of concrete at all construction joints should be
prepared as called for in ACI 301.
Where reliance is placed on concrete alone for leak tightness then the surface
of construction joints should be roughened to an amplitude 1/4 in. The final
roughened surface shall be clean and all laitance and loose material removed Where reliance is placed on concrete alone for leak tightness then the
prior to inspection. Prior to placement of new concrete, the final cleaning surface of construction joints should be roughened to an a minimum
should be carried out using high-pressure water. amplitude 1/4 in. The final roughened surface shall be clean and all
laitance and loose material removed prior to inspection. Prior to
placement of new concrete, the final cleaning should be carried out using
high-pressure water.

Negatives: 0
Abstentions: 0
9.7.3 – Immediately before new concrete is placed, all construction

joints shall be wetted to be in a saturated surface dry condition.
R9.7.3 – Cleaning with water prior to pouring of concrete avoids the drawing
of moisture from the concrete mix and weakening/honeycombing of the
joint. Freestanding water should be removed prior to commencement of
concreting operations.
The requirements of the 1977 ACI 318 code for the use of neat cement on
vertical joints have been removed, since it is rarely practical and can be
detrimental where deep forms and steel congestion prevent proper access.
Often wet blasting and other procedures are more appropriate. Since the
code sets only minimum standards the engineer may have to specify special
procedures if conditions warrant. The degree to which mortar batches are
needed at the start of concrete placement depend on concrete proportions,
congestion of steel, vibrator access, and other factors.
9.7.4 – Construction joints shall be so made and located as not to

impair the strength of the structure. Provision shall be made for
transfer of shear and other forces through construction joints. See
ACI 350 paragraph 11.7.9.
R9.7.4 –Construction joints should be located where they will cause the least
weakness in the structure. When shear due to gravity load is not significant,
as is usually the case in the middle of the span of flexural members, a simple
vertical joint may be adequate. Lateral force design may require special
design treatment of construction joints. Shear keys, intermittent shear keys,
diagonal dowels, or the shear transfer method of ACI 350 paragraph 11.7
may be used whenever a force transfer is required.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/18/2007
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COMMENTS
9.8 – Design of Formwork – Formwork shall be designed and made
as per ACI 350 Chapter VI.
9.10 – Concrete Emdedments – Concrete embedments should be

considered and detailed during the design stage. Requirements of
ACI 350 shall be satisfied.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Results of Ballot 9/14/07 to 10/14/07 & Results of P.R. Meeting
Page 1 of 7
CHAPTER 10 – COMMISSIONING AND DECOMISSIONING CRITERIA
Approved Sections
Negative Vote
Section currently voted on
Ongoing work

&

10.2.x - Anchorage - Final tightening of anchorage that A general comment for this chapter: Is the committee Hoptay Comment withdrawn by Hoptay. See P.R. meeting minutes
requires tightening of individual anchors, shall be concerned that ACI may not to take on the responsibility for for verification
performed prior to start of both (a) the pneumatic testing process or metal tank issues?
and (b) filling of tank with water, if hydrostatic testing is Please verify that final tightening of anchorage is always Pawski TO BE COMPLETED
performed. befor filling with water. I believe steel tank anchor straps are
tightened after filling with water and before pneumatic testing. 10.2.x - Anchorage – Where anchorage is provided that
Anchorage capacity shall be tested by pressurizing the Anchorage is tightened after filling with water but before Howe requires tightening of individual anchors, tightening shall be
empty tank to the design pressure. pneumatic pressure is applied. performed:
Unsure how pneumatic testing will induce load into the Mash (a) prior to the pneumatic testing, and
anchors of the inner tank? (b) during the hydrotest, with the tank filled at the
Suggest deletion of the same? maximum water level.
Testing the anchor by pressurizing the tank seems to be Holleyoak
redundant. The load tested will be much less than the Anchorage capacity shall be tested by pressurizing the
requirement of the anchor in a seismic event. empty tank to the design pressure.
NOTE: Recognize difference between: primary and

secondary container, anchors and straps, anchor bolts and
other anchor types.
10.2.2 – Quality of Test Water - The test water shall be There are a fair number of ASTM's with pitting. The one you Brannan No comments were received from Thompson by the Voting Consider moving parts or all into the
clean and may include suitable corrosion inhibitors. Use of most likely want is ASTM G46 Standard Guide for Evaluating Deadline & Puerto Rico Meeting. commentary. Some provisions seem to
clean seawater for hydro testing of primary lined or unlined Pitting Corrosion be written like recommendations.
concrete or metal containers is permitted, but at a minimum NEGATIVE Thompson Brannan’s comment has been found convincing. The
the following criteria shall be met whether using potable, Will E-mail comments for10.2.2 and R10.2.2 directly to Nevin comment is addressed by introducing R10.2.2 below. Revisit compatibility with API 620
brackish or seawater for the hydrotest: Appendix Q or S – consider the case of
a. Seawater shall be filtered to remove solids and As of 10/20/2007 - NO COMMENTS received by the Voting R10.2.2 - ASTM G46 “Standard Guide for Evaluating Pitting metal plates, liners or other metal
prohibit the introduction of significant quantities of Deadline & Puerto Rico Meeting. Corrosion.” Should be used for evaluating the effects or components.
marine life and debris into the tank. potential for pitting corrosion. Possibly divide the section into one for
b. No hydrogen sulfide is allowed in water.. concrete and the other for metal
c. Water pH shall be between 6 and 8.3. components.
d. Water temperature shall be below 120°F (49°C).
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Page 2 of 7

e. For austenitic stainless steel tanks, the chloride
content of the water shall be below 50 parts per
million.
f. For aluminum tanks, the mercury content of the
water shall be less than 0.005 parts per million, and
the copper content shall be less than 0.02 parts per
million.
g. All 9% nickel, stainless steel or aluminum surfaces
that will come in contact with the seawater shall be
adequately protected against corrosion. All weld
seams and associated heat-affected zones (HAZ’s)
shall be cleaned/prepared and coated with an
approved primer after completion of all required
NDT inspections. Previously-primed abraded areas
shall also be repaired and re-primed.
h. All weld seams and associated heat-affected zones
(HAZ’s) shall be cleaned/prepared and coated with
an approved primer after completion of all required
NDT inspections. Previously-primed abraded areas
shall also be repaired and re-primed.
i. All internal pump columns, stilling wells,
standpipes, internal piping, fittings, attachments,
guides, etc. shall be 9% nickel or an approved high
nickel alloy, except that in case when 9% nickel or
high nickel alloys are not available, stainless steel
shall be permitted to be used subject to the
following limitation: The stainless steel components
shall be completely coated on all exposed surfaces
with an approved coating, and all inside surfaces
shall be sealed during the entire hydrotest cycle.
Alternatively, stainless steel components shall be
permitted to be installed after the hydrotest.
j. The 9% nickel, stainless, or aluminum metal primer
shall have proven adhesive performance
characteristics suitable for cyclic exposures to
cryogenic conditions. Any primer that cannot be
demonstrated to have the required adhesion
performance shall be stripped after the hydrotest.
k. Seawater sampling, corrosion, and pitting tests
shall be conducted using the actual seawater from
the site prior to hydrotest.
l. For metal tanks, or metal components of concrete
tanks, the entire surface of the inner tank or
component, and all internals exposed to seawater
shall be high-pressure spray washed with potable
water immediately after the hydrotest, to remove
any sodium chloride residue from the metal
surfaces before these surfaces dry. All surfaces of
the inner tank walls and floor shall be brush
scrubbed after the initial high pressure spray wash.
A second high pressure rinse with potable water
shall be applied after the brushing operation.
m. All surfaces of the primary concrete tank exposed
to seawater shall be spray-saturated to a
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Page 3 of 7

saturated-surface-dry condition using with fresh
water immediately prior to the hydrotest.
n. For concrete tanks all surfaces of the inner tank
walls and floor shall be high-pressure spray
washed with potable water immediately after the
hydrotest.
o. Cleaning and drying of the tank shall be in
accordance with prescribed approved procedures.
All surfaces of the inner tank walls and floor shall
be washed with clean, suitable water with less than
250 parts per million of chlorides. Washing shall
be performed with a high-pressure (>2500 psi)
spray. The tank shall be dried immediately after
washing.
p. The seawater hydrotest period shall not exceed 30
days. The hydrotest period is defined as fill, test,
empty, wash, and clean/dry time inclusive.
q. The surface shall be visually inspected for signs of
corrosion, pitting, or degradation.
R10.2.2 - ASTM G46 “Standard Guide for Evaluating Pitting

Corrosion.” Should be used for evaluating the effects or
potential for pitting corrosion.
R10.2.2 – Quality of Test Water - The USEPA Drinking Water NEGATIVE Thompson No comments were received from Thompson by the Voting
Standard has the following limits: Will E-mail comments for10.2.2 and R10.2.2 directly to Nevin Deadline & Puerto Rico Meeting.
• Chloride limit is less than 250 ppm or mg/l
• Copper limit is less than 1 ppm or mg/l
• Mercury limit is less than 0.002 ppm or mg/l As of 10/20/2007 - NO COMMENTS received by the Voting
Deadline & Puerto Rico Meeting.
Corrosion inhibitors may impact disposal options of test water
and should consider local environmental regulations for
discharge.
The use of seawater as the liquid for the hydrotest in RLG tanks
poses a unique set of challenges. Brackish or seawater contains
substances that can cause corrosion during the hydrotest if proper
precautions are not taken. Furthermore:
(e) It should be noted that 50ppm is very difficult to

achieve.
(g) The following techniques may be used to provide
adequate corrosion protection: prime coating with an
approved primer, impressed current cathodic protection,
etc. The primer used for coating shall have proven
adhesive performance characteristics suitable for cyclic
exposures to cryogenic conditions or must be stripped
off after the hydrotest. If hydro test water is left in the
tank for less than three weeks, 9% Nickel surfaces may
be left bare, provided they are thoroughly washed and
dried after the hydro test.
(p) In some instances the hydro test water will be
maintained in the tank for an extended period to
consolidate the soil. It may also be left in the tank to
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Page 4 of 7

wait for the hydro test of another tank. In these
instances, the engineer shall make special provisions.
10.2.xx – The tank foundations shall be monitored and If settlement monitoring shows a deviation of pre-calculation Douglas Change is more than editorial Similar Addressed in Chapter 8.
recorded for settlement before, during, and after the values of more than 15% the design engineer shall be Coordinate.
hydrotest per Chapter 8 (Foundations) of this document. informed immediately. 10.2.xx – The tank foundations shall be monitored and
recorded for settlement before, during, and after the
Include Additional tet as follows As a minimum settlement Mash hydrotest and during commissioning, as per Chapter 8
data including benchmarking or the inclinometers should be (Foundations) of this document. When settlement
carried out at the following construction milestones; monitoring exceeds predefined values the design engineer
• On completion of the base slab and prior to commencement shall be notified immediately.
of the wall construction.
• On completion of the walls, prior to the commencement of To be balloted.
the roof. Approvedd: Brannan, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Hoff, Wu
• On completion of the roof construction Negative: 0
• Prior to, during and after hydrotest. Abstained: 0
• Prior to cool down
R10.2.xx - Baseline settlement data must be collected during

benchmarking. Additionally, at a minimum, settlement data must
be collected at the following construction milestones:
1) Completion of the base slab, prior to commencement of
the wall construction,
2) Completion of the walls, prior to the commencement of
the roof construction,
3) Completion of the roof construction,
4) Prior to, during, and after the hydrotest,
5) At the start of cool down.
Inclinometers, if installed, should be surveyed at the same time

as defined above.
To be balloted.
Approved: Brannan, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Hoff, Wu
Negative: 0
Abstained: 0
10.3.x 10.2.xxx – Pressure and Vacuum Relief Testing – Editorial: Add a commentary section R 10.2.*** Brannan Brannan’s comment was addressed by adding the
Proper functioning of all pressure and vacuum relief valves During pressure and vacuum relief valve testing the pressure commentary. The text for 10.2.xxx remains unchanged
and devices shall be confirmed by: and vacuum should be closely monitored for overpressure
• Check pressure relief by increasing pressure in the and excess vacuum. During hydrotest, the potential for
vapor space. overpressure and excess vacuum is high.
• Check vacuum relief by creating a vacuum with a If vacuum is possible, the vacuum system should be capable
vacuum pump, or alternatively, by partially of providing dry gas (nitrogen) instead of humid air. Humid air
withdrawing water from the tank. has the potential of ‘ice plugging’. Air could potentially create
a flammable atmosphere within the tank.”
What is wrong with conventional testing of relief & vacuum Hatfield 10.3.x 10.2.xxx Hatfield’s comment has not been found
breaker valves with test gas applied to the pressure sensing convincing.
line and set point of controls calibrated with a dead weight The assumed bench testing proposed by Hatefield as the
tester. This sounds over the top. What are we checking for, a only required testing is insufficient. The purpose of this
plugged line? requirement is to assure in-place testing of the entire
system.
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Page 5 of 7
To be balloted.
Approved: Brannan, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Wu
Negative: 0
Abstained: 0
R10.3.X – Pressure and Vacuum Relief Testing - During

pressure and vacuum relief valve testing, pressure / vacuum
levels should be closely monitored for overpressure and excess
vacuum. A fail-safe system (e.g., U-tube) should be provided to
prevent excessive development of pressure or vacuum.
To be balloted.
Approved: Brannan, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Wu
Negative: 0
Abstained: 0
R10.7.1 - To avoid tank stratification and to promote mixing in Editorial: spelling of “tank” Brannan Pawski’s comment is introduced as an editorial change. The
the tan, top and bottom fill nozzles should be used when filling Change "tan" to "tank" Berner paragraph is changed to the following to address Hatfield’s
the tank with the product. Change "tan" to "tank". Hoff comment. Other comments have also been addressed
Typo tan=tank Holleyoak
This comment needs some "word smithing" to better explain. Hatfield R10.7.1 - The choice of top or bottom fill is based on the density
Top and bottom nozzles are the only way to fill the tank, there of the liquid currently in the tank as compared to the liquid being
is nothing else. Therefore, the choice of top or bottom fill is added.
based on the density of the liquid currently in the tank as
compared to the liquid being added. If low density liquid This is only an editorial change.
exists in the tank, and heavier density liquid is being added, Agreed – Voting: Brannan, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Wu
the top fill nozzle should be used. If higher density liquid Agreed – non-voting Ballard
exists in the tank as compared to the liquid being added, the Disagreements: 0
bottom fill nozzle should be used to promote mixing. Abstentions: 0
“mixing in tank” Rajan
This is repeat of the provisions. Pawski The negative vote has been withdrawn – see PR minutes for
confirmation. It was dealt as an editorial comment.
R10.7.2 – A splash plate on the nozzle outlet shall be used for the Editorial: Change “shall” to “should”. Brannan Brannan’s comment is withdrawn as it has been answered in the Revisit Hatfield’s comment regarding
top fill in order to provide a distributed discharge of the product. Add: “Splash plates and distribution piping should be checked Code section. See PR minutes for confirmation. moving the comment to a different
to ensure product cannot impinge on the walls or roof section. Consider moving it to detailing
platform. Check to ensure distribution piping should section – chapter 7
discharge product in each quadrant of the tank to reduce the
risk of spot cooling.” “A splash plate is a design feature for
Change "shall" to "should". Hoff Item removed. The comment is no longer relevant. permanent installation and should be
Add "and removal of entrained vapor." Hoptay Item removed. The comment is no longer relevant for this in the design chapter, not
section. The comment introduced to 10.7.2. commissioning. A splash plate is
Splash plate shall be designed so that the LNG is directed Mash Item removed. The comment is no longer relevant to this used both during commissioning and
into the primary tank and does not allow LNG to impact the section. The comment introduced to 10.7.2. routine operations.”
suspended deck or overtop the tank.
A splash plate is a design feature for permanent installation Hatfield Item removed. The comment is no longer relevant.
and should be in the design chapter, not commissioning. A
splash plate is used both during commissioning and routine
operations.
This is mostly a repeat of the provisions. Pawski Pawski’s negative vote has been withdrawn – see PR minutes for
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Page 6 of 7

SECTION REMOVED
Pawski’s editorial comment was found convincing and has been
introduced as an editorial change. The commentary is redundant
and therefore is removed. This is only an editorial change
Agreed – Voting: Brannan, Hoptay, NKO, Pawski, Wu

Agreed – non-voting Ballard
Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
10.7.2 - Top fill requires a splash plate on the nozzle outlet

to provide a distributed discharge of liquid and removal of
entrained vapor. Liquid shall not impinge on walls, splash
upward to impact the suspended deck, nor enter the
insulated space above or around the inner tank roof.
The change is editorial.
R10.7.3 - Liquid gas that enters the tank should be flashed to Editorial: Add; “Temperatures and pressures near nozzles Brannan Brannan’s comment has been withdrawn after committee’s
obtain the same pressure as the tank. should be monitored to avoid too rapid cooling and possible discussion. See PR Minutes for confirmation
overpressure.”
"Liquid gas" does not seem to sound right. How about just Rajan Rajan’s comment is convincing but applies to the Code side since
"liquid" or "LNG" this item R10.7.3 has been removed. See 10.7.3.
Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
This is repeat of the provisions. Pawski SECTION REMOVED
The negative vote has been withdrawn – see PR minutes for

Pawski’s comment is introduced as an editorial change. The

commentary is redundant and therefore is removed. This is only
an editorial change

Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
10.7.3 - Liquiefied gas that enters the tank should be

flashed to obtain the same pressure as the tank.
Rajan’s comment on R10.7.3 applies to 10.7.3 and has been

introduced accordingly. This is only an editorial change.
Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
ACI 376 / 376 R Last Update: 9/19/2007
CHAPTER 10
Page 7 of 7

R10.7.4 - Tank pumps should be used for recirculation if How would the operator know if stratification is occurring? Allen SECTION REMOVED Check with Nick if to be moved to
stratification or an unsafe density mixture occurs. commentary
Item removed. The comment is no longer relevant

Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
Recirculation is used both during commissioning and routine Hatfield Item removed. The comment is no longer relevant
operations to prevent stratification.
Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
This is repeat of the provisions. Pawski The negative vote has been withdrawn – see PR minutes
for confirmation. It was dealt as an editorial comment.
Pawski’s comment is introduced as an editorial change.

The commentary is redundant and therefore is removed.
This is only an editorial change

Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0
R10.7.5 - Top and bottom fill lines shall have in-line flow meters Change "shall" to "should" Hoff SECTION REMOVED
for monitoring of tank fill rates to avoid excess flow and high This is repeat of the provisions. Pawski
vibration of fill lines and nozzles during fill operations. The negative vote has been withdrawn – see PR minutes for
Pawski’s comment is introduced as an editorial change. The

commentary is redundant and therefore is removed. This is only
an editorial change

Disagreements: 0
Abstentions: 0

Aci 376 Meeting Minutes - San Juan - 10-2007

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ACI 376 Committee Concrete Structures for RLG Containment

ACI Committee 376

Sunday, October 14, 2007

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

6. APPROVAL OF COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS

Chapter 4 – Minimum performance Criteria (Krstulovic)

The following notes are part of the proposal:

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Note: Brannan to confirm (e) standards.

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Chapter 6 – Minimum performance Criteria (Hoptay)

The following notes are part of the proposal:

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item D - Commentary paragraph R6.1.1 – Required analysis.

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item E- Code paragraph 6.1.2 – Soil and Pile Stiffness

This is only an editorial change.

Item F - Commentary paragraph R6.1.2.1 – R-factor for seismic forces.

After discussion the wording shown below was proposed to be to BE BALLOTED.

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item G - Commentary paragraph R6.4.5 – vertical prestressing.

Item H - Commentary paragraph R6.4.1.1 – perforation thickness.

The following notes are part of the proposal:

Item I - Commentary paragraph R6.5.1 – non-concrete roofs.

The following notes are part of the proposal:

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Chapter 8 – Foundations (Allen)

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

The following notes are part of the proposal:

March 19, 2008

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

ACI Committee 376

Monday, October 15, 2007

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

3. APPROVAL OF COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS (continued from Sunday October 14, 2007)

Chapter 8 – Foundations (Allen)

The following notes are part of the discussion:

Item M - Commentary paragraph R8.2.3 – earthquake geotechnics.

ADD and BALLOT NEW COMMENTARY

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item N - Code paragraph 8.3.3 - Overturning Effects and Anchorage.

The following notes are part of the proposal:

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item O - Commentary paragraph R8.3.3 – overturning effects and anchorage.

revised wording to be balloted – current proposed text

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item P - Code paragraph 8.4.3 – Allowable Pile Capacity

proposed revision – revise last paragraph as show

The following notes are part of the proposal:

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item Q - Commentary paragraph R8.4.3 – allowable pile capacity.

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

Item R - Code paragraph 8.5 – Ground Improvement.

March 19, 2008

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

ACI Committee 376

Tuesday, October 16, 2007

ACI 376 – San Juan October 14, 2007 Minutes

4. APPROVAL OF COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS (continued from Sunday and Monday)

Chapter 8 (continued from Monday October 15th)

Agreed: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu

R 8.6.2 - Addressed Hoptay comment. Change is considered editorial.

Agreed: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu

Approved: Mash, Brannan, Hoptay, Krstulovic-Opara, Howe, Wu, Hoff