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School of
Engineering

AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

Course Code: 15ECE385

Course: Digital Communication Lab

Name: Shrinithi S
Registration Number: BL.EN.U4ECE18146
Academic Year: 2020 – 2021
Even/Odd: Even Semester
Branch: VI -ECE

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EXPERIMENT – 1
AIM: 1A) Design a quantizer which uniformly quantizes in the interval [-1,1]. Assume,
quantization levels N=8 are located at midpoints of the quantization region.
 Plot the transfer characteristics of the quantizer.
 Verify whether the quantization error lies between [–Δ/2 and Δ/2]. Hint: Use inbuilt
function quantiz
1B) Generate two cycles of sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 1V and frequency of 1Hz
and a sampling frequency of 30Hz. Quantize the sampled signal using the quantizer designed
in part A and plot the sampled signal and quantized signal on the same figure window.
CODE:
clc
close all
clear
%1.a
xmax=1;
xmin=-1;
N=8;
step=(xmax-xmin)/N;
t=xmin:0.001:xmax;
part=-0.75:step:0.75;
code=-0.875:step:0.875;
[i , Q]=quantiz(t,part,code);
figure(1)
plot(t,Q)
title('Transfer chara')
grid on

%error
e=(t-Q);
max(e)
min(e)
figure(2)
stem(t,e);
grid on;
title("Q error")
%1.b
f=1;
y=sin(2*pi*f*t);
fs=30;
n=(-1*fs):1:1*fs;
yn=sin(2*pi*f*n/fs);
figure(3)
stem(n,yn);
grid on;
legend('sampled signal');

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[i1 , Q1]=quantiz(yn,part,code);
figure(4)
stem(n,Q1);
grid on;
title("Quantised signal")

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INFERENCE : Transfer characteristics of the quantiser is the stair case Difference between
input and output of the quantizer is called quantization error and lies in the range of [–Δ/2
and Δ/2] .graph depicts a sampled sinusoidal signal sent as an input to a uniform quantizer
that has a fixed step size of S which is designed above. The sinusoidal signal is sampled and
quantized to N =8 levels and plotted.

RESULT: The working of a uniform quantizer is studied and the range of the quantization
error is verified. The transfer characteristics of the quantizer is plotted And a Sinusoid is
generated by given parameters and it is sampled and then quantised using a uniform quantiser
designed in above part and the obtained signals were plotted using MATLAB

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EXPERIMENT – 2

DESIGN

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GRAPH

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Signal Vp-p (V) Frequency (Hz)

Message signal 2 100
Carrier Signal 10 1k
Modulated Signal 2 100
Demodulated Signal 1.04 100

INFERENCE:
 For the demodulator,
Condition for cut off frequency, fc= fm<fc<fs-fm
fc=1/(2*pi*R*C), Where fm=100Hz, fs=1kHz

 During Negative half cycle of the pulse turns on the pnp.During the positive cycle
of the pulse (carrier signal), the npn transistor starts working, and the message
signal can be seen at the output.
 The demodulator of PAM has a low pass filter consists of a resistor and a
capacitor

RESULT: The transient analysis of PAM modulator and demodulator is verified and
studied by using ltspice tool

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EXPERIMENT – 3

DESIGN

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GRAPH

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Signal Vp-p (V) Frequency

(Hz)
Message signal 10 500
Carrier Signal 6 5k
Modulated Signal 6 5k
Demodulated Signal 24 496 -500

INFERENCE:
 For the Demodulator,
Condition for values of R and C
is,1/fc =< RC =< 1/fm
 The demodulator has a rectifying diode, resistor, capacitor which collectively
work as a low pass filter and a comparator.

RESULT: The transient analysis of BASK modulator and demodulator is verified and
studied by using ltspice tool

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EXPERIMENT – 4

DESIGN

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GRAPH

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Signal Vp-p (V) Frequency (Hz)

Message signal 10 50
Carrier Signal 8 1k
Modulated Signal 2 990

INFERENCE: the phase of the carrier gets shifted by 180° at each transition of the input
signal

RESULT: The transient analysis of BPSK modulator and demodulator is verified and
studied by using ltspice tool.

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EXPERIMENT – 5

DESIGN

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GRAPH

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Signal Vp-p (V) Frequency (Hz)

Message signal 3.2 100
Carrier Signal – 1 4 1k
Carrier Signal – 2 4 5k
Modulated Signal 3.2 997, 5.2k
Demodulated Signal 12 100k

INFERENCE:

 For the modulated signal, the 2 values mentioned for Vp-p, Frequency which
aredue to the Carrier signal -1, Carrier Signal – 2 respectively.
(i.e.,) Carrier Signal – 1 gets modulated to 1.8Vp-p, 997 Hz frequency, whereas
Carrier Signal – 2 gets modulated to 1.8Vp-p, 5.2kHz.

RESULT:
The working of Binary FSK modulator is studied and the transient analysis of
modulated and demodulated output waves are plotted using LtSpice tool.

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EXPERIMENT – 6

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DESIGN

GRAPH

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Signal Vp-p (V) Frequency (Hz)

Message signal 0.5 200
Message signal 1 100
Carrier Signal 8 5k

INFERENCE:
All the signals operate at the same time with different frequencies, but in time division
multiplexing all the signals operate with same frequency at different times.
In demultiplexing we need to connect an rc filter at the output terminals for the recovery of
the signals

RESULT:
The working of TDM is studied and the transient analysis ofmodulated and
demodulated output waves are plotted using LtSpice tool.

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