MEDICINE STUDIES – PATHOPYSIOLOGY

ORAL EXAM QUESTIONS

GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. Mechanism of inflammatory reactionand the role of mediators

2. General changes in the host during inflammation
3. Fever -mechanism, types and pathophysiological significance
4. Disorders of barriers and functions of phagocytes
1. Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency
2. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency
3. Mechanisms of autoimmune diseases
4. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases
5. Type I hypersensitivity reaction (immediate hypersensitivity reactions)
6. Type II hypersensitivity reaction (cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions)
7. Type III hypersensitivity reaction(immune-complex reactions)
8. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (delayed hypersensitivity reactions, cell-mediated
immunity)
9. Hereditary diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities
10. Hereditary disorders caused by gene mutations
11. Autosomal dominant and recessive disorders
12. Disturbance of energy balance –malnutrition
13. Disturbance of energy balance –obesity
14. Pathophysiology of hypervitaminosis and hypovitaminosis
15. The role of enzymes in pathogenesis of the disease and clinical diagnostics
16. Disturbances of total proteins and albumines in the serum
17. Disturbances associated with decrease of globulin fraction of serum proteins
18. Disturbances associated with increase of globulin fraction of serum proteins
19. Disorders of plasma fibrinogen concentration
20. Pathological pathways of glucose metabolism
21. Etiology, pathogenesis and stages of diabetes mellitus
22. General pathophysiological disturbances in diabetes mellitus
23. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus
24. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
25. Hypoglicemia and consequences
26. Glicogenosis and renal glycosuria
27. Primary and secondary hyperlipoproteinemia
28. Hypolipoproteinemia and dislipoproteinemias
29. Pathogenesis and consequences of atherosclerosis
30. Dehydration (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic)
31. Hyperhydration (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic)
32. Isotonic disorders
33. Hyperkalemia
34. Hypokalemia
35. Disorders of acid-base balance –acidosis
36. Disorders of acid-base balance –alkalosis
 37. Pathophysiological effects of acid-base disorders
38. General and local effects of heat and cold on the human body
39. Mechanical factors as the cause of the disease
40. Effect of atmospheric pressure on the human body
41. Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body
42. Effect of electricity on the human body
43. Effect of chemical factors on the human body
44. Etiology and pathogenesis of malignant tumors
45. Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic syndromes

CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Etiology, pathogenesis and classification of heart failure

2. Cardiomyopathy as a cause of heart failure
3. Afterload as a cause of heart failure
4. Left heart failure
5. Right heart failure
6. Acquired heart valve disorder-general pathophysiology of heart valve disorder
7. Pathophysiological disturbances in the mitral and tricuspid valve disorders
8. Pathophysiological disturbances of the aortic valve disorders
9. Congenital heart valve disorders
10. Heart rhythm disorders -etiology and pathogenesis
11. Myocardial and pericardial diseases
12. General pathophysiology of arterial blood pressure
13. Essential hypertension
14. Secondary hypertension
15. Pulmonary hypertension: etiology, acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension
16. Arterial hypotension
17. Etiology and pathogenesis of shock
18. Etiology and pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency
19. Angina pectoris, etiology and consequences
20. Myocardial infarction
21. Local disorders of peripheral limb blood flow
22. Cough, expectoration, respiratory bleeding, respiratory pain and cyanosis
23. Disorders of ventilation
24. Bronchial asthma
25. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
26. Restrictive ventilatory disorders
27. Disorders of ventilation-perfusion lung ratio
28. Disorders of pulmonary diffusion
29. Perfusion pulmonary disorders
30. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
31. Pathophysiology of chronic respiratory insufficiency
32. Pathophysiological consequences of respiratory insufficiency
33. Pathophysiology of tissue hypoxia
34. Pathophysiological consequences of tissue hypoxia and reserve adaptive mechanisms

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, LIVER AND KIDNEYS

1. Etiopathogenesis of nausea and vomiting
2. Etiopathogenesis of abdominal pain
3. Etiopathogenesis of gastrointestinal bleeding
4. Acute pancreatitis
5. Motility disorders of the esophagus and stomach
6. Pathophysiology of diarrhea
7. Pathophysiology of constipation
8. Pathophysiology of ileus
9. Disturbances of oral and gastric secretion
10. Etiology and pathogenesis of ulcer disease
11. Disorders of pancreatic secretion, chronic pancreatitis
12. Malabsorption syndrome
13. Etiology and pathophysiology of tumors in the digestive organs
14. Etiopathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the digestive organs
15. Etiopathogenesis of the liver insufficiency
16. Pathophysiological consequences of liver insufficiency
17. Disorders of bilirubin metabolism in the liver insufficiency
18. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
19. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
20. Differential diagnosis of jaundice
21. Disorders of bloodstream in the liver insufficiency
22. Neuropsychic disturbances in hepatic failure, hepatic coma
23. Metabolism of water, minerals and endocrine disorders in liver insufficiency
24. Hematological and disorders of hemostasis in liver insufficiency
25. Malabsorption syndrome
26. Etiopathogenesis and consequences of cholelithiasis
27. Alterations of urine quantity in renal diseases
28. Disturbances of urine concetration
29. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute renal insufficiency
30. Pathophysiological consequences of acute renal insufficiency
31. Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic renal insufficiency
32. Pathophysiological consequences of chronic renal insufficiency
33. Pathophysiology of uremic syndrome
34. Pathophysiology of glomerular kidney disease
35. Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome
36. Pathophysiology of tubulointerstitial kidney disease
37. Selective disorders of tubular function
38. Renal hypertension
39. Pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis
40. Postrenal disorders of kidney function
ENDOCRINOLOGY, BLOOD, LOCOMOTORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Disorders of the hypothalamus

2. Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary (hyperpituitarism)
3. Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary (hypopituitarism)
4. Disorders of the neurohypophysis
5. Iodine metabolism, synthesis of thyroid hormones and their effects in cells
6. Hyperthyroidism
7. Hypothyroidism and goiter
8. Hyperparathyroidism
9. Hypoparathyroidism
10. Disorders of calcium homeostasis: hyper -and hypocalcemia
11. Metabolic bone disease
12. Hyperaldosteronism
13. Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
14. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
15. Hypersecretion of the adrenal gland (medulla)
16. Disorders of female gonadal endocrine function
17. Disorders of endocrine functions of male sex glands
18. Etiopathogenesis and classification of anemia
19. Anemia due to hematopoetic stem cells diseases
20. Etiology and pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia
21. Megaloblastic anemia
22. Anemia in chronic diseases
23. Pathophysiology of hemolytic anemia
24. Post-hemorrhagic anemia – acute and cronic blood loss
25. Polycythemia: absolute and relative
26. Quantitative changes in leukocyte
27. Qualitative changes in granulocyte
28. Malignant disease of white bloodlines
29. Neoplasms of lymphoid system
30. Diseases of the plasma cells
31. Pathophysiology of hemostatic system
32. Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic syndrome
33. Hereditary disorders of blood coagulation
34. Acquired disorders of blood coagulation
35. The pathophysiology of thromboembolic disease
36. Pathophysiology of connective tissue
37. Disturbances of cerebrovascular blood flow
38. Epilepsy
39. Disorders of consciousness
40. Etiopathogenesis of coma