The CENTRE for EDUCATION in

MATHEMATICS and COMPUTING

EXTRA CHALLENGES – SET III

This resource may be copied in its entirety, but is not to be used for commercial purposes without permission from the Centre for
Education in Mathematics and Computing, University of Waterloo.

Answers:

1. A zero occurs when a number is multiplied by 10. Since the only prime factors of 10 are 5
and 2, we can see how many times a number will be multiplied by 10 by finding how
many pairs of 5 and 2 there are in the prime factors.
x = 2 099 = (5)99 (22 )99 = 599 × 2198
y = (52 )100 = 5200
z = (32 )101 (22 )101 = 3202 × 2202
The product xyz equals (5299)(2400)(3202) or (5299)(2299)(2101)(3202) which equals
(10299)(2101)(3202). Therefore, there are 299 factors of 10, so there will be 299 zeroes at the
end of the product.

2. Since each person knows 2 people, and they won’t shake their own hand, each person will
shake 3 hands. Since there are 6 people at the party, it appears that there are 3 × 6 = 1 8
handshakes. However, since each handshake involves two people, we have counted each
handshake twice so we must divide by 2. Thus, 9 handshakes take place.

3. The area of the shaded region can be found by subtracting the area of the rectangle from
the area of the quarter circle. The area of the rectangle can be found by the formula
lengt h × wi dt h . So the area of the rectangle is 3 × 4 = 1 2 cm2. A
πr2 B F
The area of a quarter circle is found using the formula . The radius is the
4 3
length of a line segment from the centre of the circle to any point on the E
C 4 D
circle, thus CF is a radius. CF is also the hypotenuse of ∆CDF . Thus,
the length of CF can be found using the Pythagorean theorem. So the length
π (5)2 2 5π
of CF is 3 + 4 = 25 = 5 cm. Thus the area of the quarter circle is
2 2
= cm2.
4 4
25π
Therefore, the area of the shaded region is − 12  7.63 cm2.
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For more activities and resources from the University of Waterloo’s Faculty of Mathematics, please visit www.cemc.uwaterloo.ca.
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 The CENTRE for EDUCATION in
MATHEMATICS and COMPUTING

EXTRA CHALLENGES – SET III

This resource may be copied in its entirety, but is not to be used for commercial purposes without permission from the Centre for
Education in Mathematics and Computing, University of Waterloo.

4. If 6 is in the first position, any of the 5 numbers can be in the second position, 4 numbers
can be in the third position, 3 numbers can be in the fourth position, 2 numbers can be in
the fifth position, and one number will be the last position. This results in
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 1 2 0 different numbers when 6 is the first position.
A similar argument can be made if 6 was the second digit or third digit, so regardless of
where 6 is, there will be 120 different numbers possible from 6 in that position. This is in
fact true for all the numbers.
When 6 is the first digit, it represents the number 6 0 0 0 0 0 . So, when 6 is in the first
position, it will contribute 6 0 0 0 0 0 ×1 2 0 = 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 to the sum. Thus, the sum of the
hundred thousands columns of all the different possibilities will be:
(600  0 00 + 500  0 00 + 400  0 00 + 300  0 00 + 200  0 00 + 100 0 00) × 120 = 252 000 000 .
The sum for the ten thousands column will be:
(60  0 00 + 50  0 00 + 40  0 00 + 30  0 00 + 20  0 00 + 1 0  0 00) × 120 = 25 200 000 .
The sum for the thousands column will be:
(6  0 00 + 5  0 00 + 4  0 00 + 3  0 00 + 2  0 00 + 1  000) × 120 = 2 520 000
The sum for the hundreds column will be:
(600 + 500 + 400 + 300 + 200 + 1  00) × 120 = 252 000
Following the pattern that the next sum will be 10 times less than the previous sum, the
hundreds and ones column sums will be 25 200 and 2 520. Thus, the total sum of all the
different possible numbers is 279 999 720.
A H B
5. Let R represent the length of the radius of the larger circle.
Drawing lines EH and AE, ∆AEH is a right triangle.
Because AH and EH are radii, we use the Pythagorean
theorem to determine that G E
AE = R 2 + R 2 = 2R 2 = 2R .
EF is the combined length of both radii, so EF = R + 2 .
F I
Drawing lines FJ and FC, we get right triangle
FJC. Because FJ and JC are equal to the radius
of the smaller circle, D J C
FC = 2 + 2 = 8 = 4 2 = 2 2 .
2 2

For more activities and resources from the University of Waterloo’s Faculty of Mathematics, please visit www.cemc.uwaterloo.ca.
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 The CENTRE for EDUCATION in
MATHEMATICS and COMPUTING

EXTRA CHALLENGES – SET III

This resource may be copied in its entirety, but is not to be used for commercial purposes without permission from the Centre for
Education in Mathematics and Computing, University of Waterloo.

Because AC is the hypotenuse of triangle ABC, AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 . Since

AC = AE + EF + FC we can conclude that
            ( AE + EF + FC ) 2 =92 + 82

( )
2
2 R + ( R + 2) + 2 2 =
145

( 2 R + R + 2 + 2 2 =145 )
Grouping to get a common factor,
        R ( ) (
2 +1 + 2 )
2 + 1 =145

145
                           R + 2 =
2 +1
145
=
                                R −2
2 +1
                                R  3
Therefore, the radius of the larger circle is 3 cm.

For more activities and resources from the University of Waterloo’s Faculty of Mathematics, please visit www.cemc.uwaterloo.ca.
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