Personality Psychology

08-31-21

Quiz 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1

● The Goals of Personality Psychology

1. Mission: Impossible
● Basic Approach
● Trait Approach
● Biological Approach
● Psychoanalytic Approach
● Phenomenological Approach
● Learning
● Learning and Cognitive Processes Approach
2. Competitors or Complements?
3. Distinct Approaches Versus the One Big Theory
4. Advantages as Disadvantages and Vice Versa
● Funder’s First Law
● The Plan of This Book
● Humanistic Psychology
● Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individual Differences

Chapter 2

● Psychology’s Emphasis on Method

● Scientific Education and Technical Training
● Personality Data
● Funder’s Second Law
● Funder’s Third Law
● Four Kinds of Clues
● Ask the Person Directly: S Data
● S data
● Face Validity
● Advantage 1: Large Amount of Information
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19. Advantage 2: Access to Thoughts, Feelings, and
Intentions
20. Advantage 3: Definitional Truth
21. Advantage 4: Causal Force
● Self-verification
22. Advantage 5: Simple and Easy
23. Disadvantage 1: Bias
24. Disadvantage 2: Error
25. Disadvantage 3: Too Simple and Too Easy
● Ask Somebody Who Knows: I Data
● I Data
● Judgments
20. Advantage 1: A Large Amount of Information
21. Advantage 2: Real-World Basis
22. Advantage 3: Common Sense
23. Advantage 4: Definitional Truth
24. Advantage 5: Causal Force
● Expectancy Effect
● Behavioral Confirmation
25. Disadvantage 1: Limited Behavioral Information
26. Disadvantage 2: Lack of Access to Private Experience
27. Disadvantage 3: Error
28. Disadvantage 4: Bias
● Life Outcomes: L Data
● L Data
● Advantage 1: Objective and Verifiable
● Advantage 2: Intrinsic Importance
● Advantage 3: Psychological Relevance
● Disadvantage 1: Multidetermination
● Watch What the Person Does: B Data
● B Data
● Natural B Data
3. Laboratory B Data
○ Experiments
○ Physiological Measures
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4. Advantage 1: Range of Contexts
5. Advantage 2: Appearance of Objectivity
6. Disadvantage 1: Difficult and Expensive
7. Disadvantage 2: Uncertain Interpretation
● Mixed Types of Data
● Quality of Data
● Reliability
● Reliability
● Measurement Error
● State
● Trait
● Aggregation
● Spearman-Brown formula
● Psychometrics
● Validity
● Validity
● Constructs
● Construct Validation
● Generalizability
● Generalizability
● Generalizability Over Participants
● Gender Bias
● Shows Versus No-Shows
● Ethnic and Cultural Diversity
● Research Design
● Case Method
● Case Method
● Experimental Method
● Correlational Method
● An Experimental and a Correlational Study
● Scatter plot
● Correlation coefficient
● Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods
● Conclusion
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Chapter 3

● Personality Assessment
● The Business of Testing
● Personality Tests
● S-Data Versus B-Data Personality Tests
● IQ Tests
● Projective Tests
● The Projective Hypothesis
● Evaluating the Rorschach and the TAT
● Objective Tests
● Objective Test
● Validity and Subjectivity of Test Items
● Why So Many Items?
● Methods of Objective Test Construction
● The Rational Method
● The Factor Analytic Method
● The Empirical Method
● Combination of Methods
● Evaluating Assessment and Research
● Significance Testing
● P-level
● Type I Error
● Type II Error
● Effect Size
● Effect Size
7. Calculating Correlations
8. Interpreting Correlations
9. The Binomial Effect Size Display
● Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD)
● Replication
● Replication
● Publication Bias
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● Questionable Research Practices
● P-hacking
● Ethical Issues
● Purposes of Personality Testing
● Protection of Research Participants
● The Uses of Psychological Research
● Honesty and Open Science

Practice Questions

1. What are personality and personality psychology?

2. What are the different theoretical approaches used to understand personality
psychology?
3. What research methods are used in personality psychology?
4. What do the terms “construct,” “operationalization,” “independent variable,”
“dependent variable,” “reliability,” “validity,” and “generalizability” refer to?
5. What types of data are used to understand personality? What are their strengths and
weaknesses?
6. What is a “correlation” and how can it be interpreted?
7. How do personality psychologists analyze and interpret their research findings?
8. Be familiar with the ethical issues that arise when conducting research in the field
(e.g., potential for harm to participants, implications of findings, open and honest
research practices, etc.)