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Cdi Module Midterm PDF Free
Cdi Module Midterm PDF Free
Criminology Department
(A.Y. 2020-2021)
PREPARED BY:
Instructor
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PREFACE
This module wishes to provide essential and vital knowledge and information regarding traffic
management and accident investigation with driving, in relation to the course bachelor of science in
criminology. In accordance to CHED Memorandum Order No. 5 series of 2018, this reading material is
within the bounds of the said CMO.
This module is prepared and made to totally understand the basic principle in traffic management and
accident investigation with driving. The topics were also comprise of different textbooks, handouts and
reading materials regarding traffic management and accident investigation with driving in relation to
R.A. 11131 or an act regulating the practice of criminology profession in the Philippines, and
appropriating funds therefor, repealing for the purpose of R.A. 6506 otherwise known as “an act
creating the board of examiners for criminologist in the Philippines”.
This material is especially designed for criminology students for them to easily understand the essential
and basic matters regarding the fundamentals of traffic management, types of traffic management,
pillars of traffic and the traffic safety education. However, students were highly encouraged to read and
research further about this subject matter to fully enhance their knowledge.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
FRONTPAGE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
PREFACE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
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CHAPTER II
Lesson 1
Objectives: at the end of the lesson the student shall be able to:
o ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS/ROADS. These are high-capacity urban roads that direct traffic from
collector roads to expressways or freeways. It also refers to a highway that is used primarily by
through traffic.
o COLLECTOR HIGHWAY. It is also known as collector road or distributor road which connects low-
to-moderate highways or roads to arterial highway such as those entering residential properties.
It is also refers to a highway that serves primarily to funnel traffic from one local highway to
another or between arterials and local highway
o HIGHWAY. It means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way dedicated to a
public authority when any part of the way is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic, whether or not the public authority is maintaining the way. Or, highway refers
to any roads, streets, boulevard, or avenues used as public thoroughfare.
o MANAGEMENT. It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.
o OPERATION. Pertains to a course or series of acts to affect a certain purpose; manner of action;
or a vital or natural process of activity.
o ROADWAY. Refers to the part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles pass. For purposes of
construction, repair and/or maintenance roads are classified as:
1. NATIONAL ROADS - these are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/or cities.
2. PROVINCIAL ROADS – these are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities and/or cities
within a province.
3. CITY ROADS – these are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with a city.
4. MUNICIPAL ROADS – these are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with a municipality.
5. BARANGAY ROADS – these are roads/streets located within a barangay which connect sitios
or places within a barangay.
o SHOULDER. It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
o SIDEWALK. It refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street. It also means the area
determined as follows:
1. On the side of a highway which has a shoulder, a sidewalk is that portion of the highway
between the outside lateral line of the shoulder and the adjacent property line capable of
being used by a pedestrian.
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2. On the side of a highway which has no shoulder, a sidewalk is that portion of the highway
between the lateral line of the roadway and the adjacent property line capable of being
used by a pedestrian.
o THROUGH HIGHWAY. It means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is
given the right-of-way, and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from intersecting
highways is required by law to yield right-of-way to vehicles on such through highway in
obedience to either an authorized stop sign or a yield sign, or other official traffic-control
device.
o THRUWAY OR THROUGHWAY. It is a highway that has limited entrances and exits such as the
expressways, freeways, or motorways. It is known as autobahn in German-speaking countries
and autostrada in Italian-speaking countries.
o TRAFFIC. It refers to the movement of persons, goods or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel./e
o TRAFFIC WAY. Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of
right or custom. It is also synonymous to public way. (Moriyama, 1943)
THE INTERSECTION
In most American State laws, intersection is defined as the area embraced within the prolongation
or connection of the lateral curb line, or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of
two highways which join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which
vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict. It is
synonymous to crossroads, junctions and crossing.
1. 3-way intersection – it is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad which links three roads.
2. 4-way intersection – it is the most common type which involved the crossing of two roadways.
It is either a regular intersection when the two roads cross perpendicularly and it is called
skewed intersection when two roads cross at different angle.
3. 5-way intersection – it involves the crossing of five roads. This type is least common.
4. 6-way intersection – it involves the crossing of three streets most often two perpendicular
roads and one diagonal road. This type is very rare.
5. Staggered intersection – it involves two successive T roads./d/a/c
2. Uncontrolled intersection – this intersection has no traffic signals or traffic signs. Crossing is by
observing the right-of-way rule.
3. Box junction – this type generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear.
4. Cloverleaf – a highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing, over the other, have a
series of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of a four-leaf clover and enabling
vehicles to proceed in either direction on either highway./F/
LESSON 2
OBJECTIVE: at the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to:
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Traffic management is the application of the processes and skills in planning, organizing, staffing,
directing, coordinating, and budgeting to traffic affairs. Traffic management also refers to the activities
undertaken by a highway transportation agency to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and
effectiveness for both providers and consumers of transportation services.
The two distinct types of traffic management are the used or utilization of:
1) Traditional traffic engineering tools or devices, to regulate or control traffic, such traffic
lights, traffic signs, or pavement markings, traffic islands, and other devices that could
control or direct flow of traffic.
2) Advanced technology like the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Examples of the ITS
are the installation of road sensors for emergency cars, global positioning devices on motor
vehicles, and road sensors attached to traffic signal lights.
In every traffic management, three elements are necessary to be considered. These are the road
(traffic way) system, road users, and the enforcement (and/or control) procedures. Failure to coordinate
these elements in a particular highway and/or intersection may cause traffic related problems.
With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic facilities were
introduced. However, despite of these modernizations, traffic congestions persist to exist. The only way
to at least cope up with the prevailing traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management.
Traffic management is therefore designed to make the traffic way safer for travellers, expedite the
movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic facilities’ users. In short, traffic
management aims to attain efficiency in the utilization of the traffic way.
particularly during special occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to
happen.
12. TRI-MEDIA (INCLUDING THE INTERNET). Government and privately-owned publications,
and ratios and television broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated traffic-
related information to the public through their respective programs.
With the preceding accounts, a successful traffic management is not the sole
responsibility of the government but rather a concerted effort between the government
and private organizations.
LESSON 3
OBJECTIVE: at the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to:
PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
These are the main areas of traffic managements which are also known as the “E’s” of traffic. For a
clearer understanding of the various areas of traffic management, the following pillars are conceived.
1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING. It is the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of the basic
laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of this knowledge to the
professional practice of planning, deciding and operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.
a. FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING. Agencies involved in traffic engineering usually
perform the following task:
1. Fact-finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations.
2. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices; and
3. Planning of traffic regulations.
b. AGENCIES AND/OR OFFICES UNDER TRAFFIC ENGINEERING. Like the other pillars of
traffic management, traffic engineering is done by various government and non-
government agencies.
1. DPWH. Its scope is national which includes the responsibility for determining
traffic law, pattern, draw origin, and destinations, studies of person and things,
planning, approving, funding and construction of:
a) National roads which interconnect cities and municipalities; network of
national roads through cities and municipalities; and
b) Yearly maintenance and repair programs which include widening and
re-designing of current road systems.
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LESSON 4
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OBJECTIVE: at the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to:
WHAT IS TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION? It is the process of training road users in the avoidance and
prevention of traffic-related accidents.
It is already identified that one if not the major causes of traffic accidents is human factors
which include but not limited to ignorance, lack of skills, and/or erratic attitude and behaviors of drivers,
pedestrians and passengers. This can be corrected by traffic safety education.
ROAD SAFETY. It refers to reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education and training
of road users and vehicle design.
A. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS. Research studies in the United Kingdom have shown
that human factors contribute to 95 percent of accidents, road factors to about one quarter of a
percent and vehicle factors to fewer than five percent.
1. HUMAN ERRORS INCLUDE:
A. GOING TOO FAST OR EXCESSIVE SPEED;
B. FAILING TO GIVE AT JUNCTIONS;
C. FOLLOWING TOO CLOSELY;
D. OVERTAKING IMPROPERLY;
E. MISPERCEIVING OR MISJUDGING THE ROAD SITUATION AHEAD;
F. INTOXICATION OF ALCOHOL OR DRUG; AND
G. LACK OF SKILL
2. ROAD DEFFICIENCIES THAT ARE MAIN CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS ARE:
A. POOR DESIGN OF LAYOUT AND CONTROL OF JUNCTIONS;
B. INADEQUATE SIGNING, ROAD MARKING, AND LIGHTING;
C. SLIPPERY ROAD, AND;
D. OBSTRUCTION ON THE ROAD SUCH AS PARKED VEHICLE, ON GOING ROAD
CONSTRUCTION AND ETC.
3. MAIN VEHICLE FACTOR ARE:
A. DEFECTS IN TIRES, BRAKES, AND LIGHTS;
B. ABSENCE OR NON-USING OF SEAT BELTS; AND
C. POORLY MAINTAINED MOTOR VEHICLES.
B. THE THREE (3) PRINCIPLES that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic
accidents are known as the three (3) “E’s” or pillars of traffic. Recently, however, traffic
environment and traffic economy were added to complete the five (5) pillars of traffic.
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a) ELEMENTARY. Pupils are usually educated by stressing on the traffic safety and guides, and
classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic safety rules.
b) SECONDARY. This level initiates driver education program because students have reached
the age to drive, hence, proper driving habits should be stressed. It also includes the
establishment of school safety organizations.
c) HIGHER EDUCATION. Some universities and colleges offer to conduct courses to private and
public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
E. TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR ADULTS. Safety education for elder pedestrians and drivers is
relatively easier compared to the education designed for younger children since the former
group is in better position to understand what is being taught to them.
I. It is the general belief that by being a better driver, it follows that one becomes a better
pedestrian. By knowing the limitations of the driver and the vehicle as a driving student,
one learns to watch out for dangerous cues such as pedestrians. This is the basic reason
why traffic safety education for adults usually deals only with the foundations or basics
of driving.
II. Driving education is carried out in secondary schools and in private and government
sponsored driving school in a number of countries where people are expected to know
how to drive when they reach legal ages. The basic purpose of this education are:
a) To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in a motorized society
and achieving traffic safety.
b) To develop citizens who are legally eligible to get a driver’s license.
F. DRIVER’S EDUCATION. In general, driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
i. To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic, and
ii. To teach the abilities for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.
G. FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS used in Driver Education Programs:
I. COMPREHENSIVE. This method places the student into real life of driving situations
from the beginning.
II. TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION. This type of instruction depends on instructor-student
communication.
III. COMMENTARY DRIVING METHOD. The student-driver accompanied by an instructor. As
the student-driver drives, the instructor has to give a commentary on his driving – what
he sees, what he does, why he does, what he proposes to do, what others are likely to
do, etc.
IV. SIMULATED CONDITIONS. ON AND OFF THE ROAD TRAINING. The premise of simulated
conditions training is that the behavior of the driver – subject placed in condition will
relatively analogous to normal behavior. Simulator is a static machine with all the
important features of a car used in driving method or driving training. There are two
methods of simulation presently adopted:
a) PARTIAL SIMULATION METHOD. This method has the specific aim of training for
the “subtasks” of the driving task.
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b) GLOBAL SIMULATION. It may be classified into two (2) specific groups which
are: training, simulated in traffic situations and conditions, with the use of
simulations. Simulators are most commonly used for the following types of
training:
1. TRAINING IN BASIC CAR-CONTROL SKILLS.
2. PERCEPTUAL TRAINING.
3. EMERGENCY TRAINING.
c) CLASSIFICATION OF FILMS as shown by the simulators:
1. The analytical film which provides an “objective” analysis of the driving
situation presented to the student.
2. The didactic film which aims to show good driving behavior.
3. The simulation film which offers “visual realism” to driving situations
and therefore a good aid in actual practice.
H. ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF DRIVING TASKS. Drivers’ education includes:
1. Collection of information which includes:
a. Perceptual scanning and
b. Identification
2. Processing of information which includes:
a. Predicting and
b. Decision making
3. Action which is focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.
I. BIORHYTHM. It is the theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy
and mood states. Man’s theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics
of most natural phenomena like:
I. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness.
II. The four seasons.
III. Our wet and dry season.
IV. The waxing and waning of the moon.
The observation of the rhythm mentioned and their possible correlation with the habits
of man has led to a host of different theories that tried to explain this correlation in
term of physical, psychological, etc. The following are the most controversial theory of
biorhythm:
1) 23 DAY CYCLE. A.k.a. our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (the male
component of a person).
2) 28 DAY emotional cycle equivalent to a female’s 28 day menstrual cycle. A.k.a.
our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition (the female component of a person)
3) THE 33 DAY INTELECTUAL CYCLE.
All these cycles are present at the time we are born. When the curve is above
the center line, the biorhythm value is said to be “HIGH” or a person has more
energy to spare, i.e.:
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When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “LOW” or in a recharged period,
i.e.:
This idea has been put into use in different countries in the world, and the result helps reduce accident
rates until it is totally refuted.
K. SAFETY CAMPAIGN. This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely.
These focus on public information attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors or combination
of these.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN is also known as road propaganda which may be intended simply to inform
or it may be felt that the public is already aware of the recommended behavior by need to be
persuaded into adopting it. Traffic safety campaigns are usually published through the tri-media
including some internet websites dealing on traffic management.
1) SAFETY CAMPAIGN CLASSIFICATIONS:
a. According to purpose – may be categorized as informational, attitudinal and behavioral;
and
b. According to kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data.
2) SAFETY CAMPAIGN DESIGN:
a. Initial campaign planning
b. Final campaign design
c. Campaign evaluation
3) PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT ENTITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFETY CAMPAIGN:
a. Newspapers
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REFERENCES
WWW.SCRIBD.COM