Not

eson
Mi
neManagement
,Legi
slat
ionandGener
alSaf
ety

S.
C.Bat
ra
Deput
yDi
rect
orGener
alofMinesSaf
ety(
Ret
ir
ed)

1
 I
NDEX

Chapt
er Content
s Page
1 Saf
ety
,healt
handwel
far
elegi
slat
ion
3
2 SafetyStandar
ds 9
3 DisasterManagement 15
4 Ri
skAssessmentandRi skManagement 34
5 UndergroundMini
ng 39
6 OpencastMi ni
ng 46
7 Bl
ast i
ng
52
8 NoiseinMines 56
9 DustinMines 59
10 RecentDevel
opmentsinMineSafety 62
12 Answerstoquest
ionsoft
hey ear2005
66 `

2
 Chapt
er1

Legi
slat
ivef
ramewor
kregar
dingsaf
ety
,heal
thandwel
far
eofper
sonsi
nmi
nes
Saf
ety
,heal
thandWel
far
eofper
sonswor
kingi
nmi
nesi
sacent
ral
subj
ectandi
sgov
ernedby
t
heMi
nesAct
.TheMi
nesActi
sanActoft
hePar
li
ament
.Thebasi
cobj
ect
iveoft
heActi
sto
pr
ovi
def
orsaf
ety
,heal
thandwel
far
eofper
sonsempl
oyedi
nmi
nes.I
tis“
AnActt
oamendand
consol
i
dat
ethel
awr
elat
ingt
other
egul
ati
onofl
abourandsaf
etyi
nmi
nes”
.
I
ncount
ri
eswi
thpar
li
ament
arysy
stem ofgov
ernment
,ther
eisacl
eardi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weenanActandRegul
ati
ons,
Rul
es,
etc.AnActi
sthePr
inci
pal
stat
uteont
hesubj
ectandi
s
passedbyt
hel
egi
slat
ure.
Rul
esandRegul
ati
onsar
epi
eceofl
egi
sl
ati
onsubor
dinat
etot
heActandar
emadebyt
he
execut
ives.

HowActi
samended?Whenev
eri
tisf
eltbyt
heGov
ernmentt
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heActneed
amendmentduedochangedci
rcumst
ances,
adr
aftpr
oposal
ismade(
usual
l
ybyDGMSdul
y
v
ett
edbyl
egal
exper
tsi
nthemi
nist
ry)
.Thedr
afti
sgi
venwi
deci
rcul
ati
onamongstt
hosel
i
kel
y
t
obeaf
fect
ed,
viz.
 Al
ltheSt
ateGov
ernment
s,
 TheCommi
tt
eeconst
it
utedunderSect
ion12oft
heAct
’
 Al
lrecogni
sedor
gani
sat
ionsofmi
neempl
oyer
sandempl
oyees,
and
 Al
lot
herpar
ti
esconnect
edwi
tht
hewor
kingoft
hemi
nes.
Thecomment
s/opi
nionoft
heabov
epar
ti
esi
ssoughtwi
thi
naspeci
fi
edper
iod.Thepr
oposal
al
ongwi
thcomment
sar
econsi
der
edbyast
andi
ngcommi
tt
eeofmember
sofpar
li
ament
,
whi
chsubmi
tsi
tsr
ecommendat
ionst
otheGov
ernment
.Theser
ecommendat
ionsar
e
consi
der
edbyt
heGov
ernmentandaBi
l
lispl
acedbef
oret
heLokSabhawher
eiti
sconsi
der
ed
cl
ausebycl
ause.Af
tert
heBi
l
lispassedbyLokSabha,
iti
spl
acedbef
oreRaj
yaSabha.Oni
ts
appr
oval
,theBi
l
lgoest
othePr
esi
dentf
orhi
sassent
.Af
terassentbyt
hePr
esi
dent
,itbecomes
l
aw.

HowRul
esandRegul
ati
onsar
efr
amed:
TheMi
nesAct
,underSect
ions57and58empower
s
t
heCent
ral
Gov
ernmentt
omakeRegul
ati
onsandRul
es.Fi
rstst
epi
nthepr
ocessofmaki
ng
t
heseRegul
ati
onsandRul
esi
stof
rameadr
aft
.Nor
mal
l
ythi
sdr
afti
spr
epar
edbyDGMS.The
dr
aftr
egul
ati
onsandr
ulesar
eref
err
edt
otheCommi
tt
eeconst
it
utedunderSect
ion12bef
ore
publ
i
cat
ion.Af
tert
hesamear
econsi
der
edbyt
heCommi
tt
ee,
thedr
aftr
egul
ati
onsorr
ulesar
e
publ
i
shedi
ntheof
fi
cial
gazet
te.Thr
eemont
hst
imei
sgi
venf
orr
ecei
ptofanyobj
ect
ions.Af
ter
l
apseof3mont
hsper
iod,
all
obj
ect
ionsar
econsi
der
edandt
hedr
afti
smodi
fi
edi
fconsi
der
ed

3
necessar
y.Ther
egul
ati
onsandr
ulesar
ethenpubl
i
shedi
ntheGazet
te.Onsuchpubl
i
cat
ion,
the
r
egul
ati
onsorr
uleshav
etheef
fectasi
fenact
edundert
heAct
.

Except
ion:
Forpr
event
ionofappr
ehendeddanger
,orf
orspeedyr
emedyoft
hecondi
ti
onsl
i
kel
y
t
ocausedanger
,theabov
epr
ocedur
emaybedi
spensedwi
thi
ncaseofr
egul
ati
ons.The
Regul
ati
onssof
ramedshal
lbesentt
oCommi
tt
eef
ori
nfor
mat
ionandshal
lnotr
emai
ninf
orce
f
ormor
ethanoney
earf
rom t
hedat
eoft
hei
rannouncement
.

Exi
sti
ngRegul
ati
onsandRul
efr
amedundert
heMi
nesAct
1. TheCoal
MinesRegul
ati
ons,
1957
2. TheMet
all
i
fer
ousMi
nesRegul
ati
ons,
1961
3. TheOi
lMi
nesRegul
ati
ons,
1984.
4. TheMi
nesRul
es,
1955
5. TheCoal
MinesPi
theadBat
hRul
es,
1959
6. TheMi
neCr
ècheRul
es,
1966
7. TheMi
nesVocat
ional
Trai
ningRul
es,
1966
8. TheMi
nesRescueRul
es,
1985.
Whatar
eBy
elaws?By
elawsar
esor
tofRegul
ati
onswhi
char
efr
amedbyt
hemanagementofa
par
ti
cul
armi
nef
ort
heuseofanypar
ti
cul
armachi
ner
yorf
oradopt
ionofapar
ti
cul
armet
hodof
wor
kinami
nee.
g.sev
eral
minesi
nthepasthadt
hei
rownBy
elawsi
nrespectofuseof
l
ocomot
ives.
Pr
ocedur
eforf
rami
ngBy
elaws–Thi
sisgi
veni
nSect
ion61oft
heMi
nesAct
.
Theowner
,Agentormanagerofami
neshal
li
fcal
l
eduponbyt
heChi
efI
nspect
ororan
I
nspect
or,
frameandsubmi
tadr
aftBy
elawswi
thi
n2mont
hs.

- I
fmanagementf
ail
tosubmi
tby
e-l
awsi
n2mont
hsort
hedr
aftby
e-l
awsar
enotconsi
der
ed

suf
fi
cient
,DGMSmaypr
oposeadr
aftby
e-l
awsorpr
oposesuchamendment
sasar
e
consi
der
ednecessar
y.

- Theabov
edr
aft
/amendeddr
aftwi
l
lbesentt
omanagementf
orconsi
der
ati
on.

- I
fthedr
afti
sagr
eeduponbyt
hemanagement
,itwi
l
lbef
orwar
dedt
otheCent
ral

Gov
ernment
.

- I
fther
eisdi
sagr
eement
,thedr
aftwi
l
lbesentt
oCommi
tt
eeconst
it
utedunderSect
ion12

f
orset
tl
ement
.

- Theset
tl
eddr
aftwi
l
lbesentt
oCent
ral
Gov
ernment
.

- TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentmaymakesuchmodi
fi
cat
ionsasi
tthi
nksf
it
.

4
- TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentshal
lgi
venot
icet
otheaf
fect
edper
sonsi
nfor
mingt
hem oft
he

pr
oposal
.Aper
iodofatl
east30day
sshal
lbegi
venf
orsendi
ngobj
ect
ions.

- Anyobj
ect
ionsr
ecei
vedwi
l
lbeconsi
der
edbyt
heGov
ernmentandt
heBy
elawsi
nfi
nal
for
m

wi
l
lbeappr
oved.

- Themi
nemanagementshal
lhav
ecopi
esofsuchappr
ovedBy
elawsi
nEngl
i
shandi
n

pr
escr
ibedl
anguagespost
edatconspi
cuouspl
aceswher
ethesamecaneasi
l
ybeseenby
mi
neempl
oyees.

- TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentmaybeanor
deri
nwr
it
ing,
annual
aBy
elawasawhol
eorpar
t.

Rol
eofPar
li
amenti
ncaseofRul
es,
Regul
ati
onsorBy
e-l
aws
Accor
dingt
oSect
ion61oft
heMi
nesAct
,theRul
es,
Regul
ati
onsandBy
e-l
awsf
ramedasabov
e
ar
erequi
redt
obepl
acedbef
orebot
hhousesofPar
li
amentf
oratl
east30day
swhent
he
Par
li
ament
sar
einsessi
on.I
fbot
hhousesagr
eei
nmaki
nganymodi
fi
cat
ionsort
heyagr
eet
hat
t
her
ules,
regul
ati
onsorby
elawsshal
lnotbemadet
her
ules,
regul
ati
onsorby
elawsshal
lhav
e
ef
fecti
nmodi
fi
edf
orm orbeofnoef
fectast
hecasemaybe.

Requi
rement
sofi
deal
legi
slat
ion
TheHeal
thandSaf
etyCommi
ssi
on,
UK,
hav
esuggest
edt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
uresf
ort
he
Regul
ati
ons:
 TheRegul
ati
onsshoul
dbef
reeofpot
ent
ial
obsol
escence
 TheRegul
ati
onsshoul
dbej
ust
 Ther
egul
ati
onsshoul
dhav
east
rat
egi
cai
m
 TheRegul
ati
onsshoul
dhav
ecl
earsaf
etyai
ms
 Ther
egul
ati
onsshoul
dbei
nst
ruct
ive
 TheRegul
ati
onsshoul
dbeenf
orceabl
e
Theabov
eisappl
i
cabl
einanycount
ryandnotUKal
one.

I
nadequaci
esi
nlegi
slat
ion
TheMi
nesAct
,1952
1. Dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofOwner
:
(
a)CEOofami
ningcompanyshoul
dal
sobet
reat
edasowner
.
(
b)Theownershal
lfor
mul
atewel
l
-def
inedpol
i
cyf
orsaf
etyandheal
th.Ownerand
agentshal
lensur
ethatev
erymi
nei
spr
oper
lypl
anned,
desi
gned,
commi
ssi
oned,
mai
ntai
nedanddecommi
ssi
onedwi
thsaf
ety
.
2. Managershal
lbegi
venf
inanci
alpower
s.

5
 3. Dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesoft
hemanuf
act
urer
sofequi
pment
,appl
i
ance,
machi
ner
y
andmat
eri
alet
c.shal
lbel
aiddown.
4. Dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofMi
ningConsul
tant
sshoul
dbel
aiddowni
ntheMi
nesAct
.
5. Pr
ovi
sionsshoul
dbemadei
ntheActf
orsaf
etyaudi
toft
hemi
nesbyaccr
edi
ted
audi
tor
s.
6. Ther
eshoul
dbepr
ovi
si
onsi
ntheActempower
ingt
heGov
ernmentt
ofor
mul
ate
r
egul
ati
onson“
noi
se”and“
vibr
ati
ons”
.
7. Ther
eshoul
dbepr
ovi
si
onsi
ntheActr
egar
ding“
occupat
ional
heal
thser
vices”i
nthe
mi
nes.

(
Sev
ent
hSaf
etyConf
erence)
8. Kumar
mangal
am Commi
tt
eeon“
Rol
eandFunct
ionofDGMS”(
19822)r
ecommended
est
abl
i
shmentofspeci
almi
ningt
ri
bunal
sforspeedyt
ri
alofMi
nesActcases.The
Commi
tt
eeal
sor
ecommendedt
hatasui
tabl
esy
stem f
orl
evy
ingf
inesbyDGMSon
i
ndi
vi
dual
sandmanagementf
orv
iol
ati
onsofst
atut
orypr
ovi
sionsshoul
dbei
ntr
oduced
ear
ly.
I
nadequaci
esi
ntheCoal
MinesRegul
ati
ons,
1957
1. Thereshoul dbesepar ater egulat i
onsf oropencastwor kingssi ncet hepr esent
regul
at i
onsar ei nadequat ef oropencast .(ThirdSaf etyConf erence1973)
2. Terms“ abandonedwor kings” ,“disused/unusedwor kings”and“ discontinued
workings”shal lbedef ined.
3. Standar dcondi t
ionsf orper mi ssionsofr out i
nenat urel i
ket hoser elati
ngt oconv ey
ors-
Regulation92, Locomot ive-Regul ation95, Soli
dbl asti
nget c.maybei ncorpor atedin
theRegul ati
ons.Noper mi ssionf r
om DGMSmayber equi redf ort heseoper ati
ons.
4. Thereshoul dbepr ov isionf oradv ancepl anning.Regul ation60maybeamended
requi
ringmanagementt osubmi tapr ogrammepl anr egar dingwor kingsdur ingnext
twoy ear s.
5. Regulation58: St andar dsofaccur acyofmi neplansmaybel aiddowni nt he
Regulations.
6. Inadditiont oot hepl ansr equi redunderRegul ation59, “subsi dencepl an”,“wat er
dangerpl an”,and“ jointsur veypl an”mayber equiredt obemai ntained.
7. Highersuper visionl ev el
a) St r
at aCont rol of fi
cermayber equiredi ndeepmi nes.
b) Engi neer st ooshoul dhol dcer t
ifi
catesofcompet ency .
c) Facesuper visionbyov erman.
d) Basi cqual i
ficat ionofsur vey orshoul dbeatl eastB. Sc.
e) Upperagel i
mi tofper sonsempl oyedi nmi nesmaybef ixedas60y ear s.
8. Man-ridingf acilitiesshoul dbepr ov i
dedwhenl ongandar duoust rav eli
sinv olved(Fift
h
SafetyConf erence1980)
9.Factorofsaf et yf orwi ndingr opesmaybespeci f i
edinRegul ati
on80( 2)( d):
Dept hi nmet res F.S
Upt o300 10
300. 500 09
500. 700 08
700. 1000 07
1000 06
9. Foll
owi ngmaybeaddedt oRegul ati
on126–dangerofi nundat i
onf rom sur facewat er:

6
 a) Mi neopeni ngsshal l beatl east3m abov eHFLi nsteadof1. 5m.
b) Dangerl ev el shal lbef i
xed1. 2m bel owHFL.
c) Dept hofhar dcov erabov ewor kingsshal lnotbel essthan15m.
d) Qui ckcommuni cat i
onar r
angement sshal lbepr ovidedatt hemi nef r
om
ri
versidet ot hemi ne; f
rom sur facet owor kingsbel owgr oundet c.
e) Ar rangement sforcommuni cationwi t
hdam orbar rageauthor i
tiesshallbe
provided.
10.Regulati
on145: Cont inuousenv ironment al moni t
or i
ngdev i
ceshall beinst all
edingassy
minesofdegr eet hree.( FifthSaf etyConf erence1980)
11.Foll
owingmaybeaddedt oRegul ation131( 2):
a) Electr
icsuppl yt omechani cal ventil
at orshall bet hroughsepar ateci rcui
tthanthe
mai ndistributionpoi nt .
b) Indegr eeI I
/I I
Igassymi nes, t
her eshoul dbet wosepar atesour cesofdr i
veforthe
mai nmechani cal vent il
ator(Jeet purCour tofI nquiry)
12.Foll
owingchangesmaybemadet oot herRegul ations:
a) Regulat i
on159( 2) :LiquidOxy genExpl osiveshal l notbeusedi nmi nes.
b) Regulat i
on161: Omi t–expl osiveshal l
beusedi ncar tri
dgef orm.
c) Regulat i
on168( 5):Omi t“explosi veusedi nahol eshal lbeoft hesamet ype”
d) Af t
erRegul at i
on181, followingRegul at i
onmaybeadded:
Regulati
on181A: Owner , agentormanagerwhi leacqui r
inganyappr ovedt ypeof
machine,equi pment , applianceormat erial shallensur et hattheyconf or mt othe
approvedspeci ficationandshal lber esponsi blef ormai nt enanceofappr oved
specif
icat
ion.
13.Regulati
onsr egar dingnoi sel evelsandgr oundv ibrationsshal lbeincluded.

I
nadequaci
esi
nMi
nesRul
es1955
1.Occupat ional healthserv i
ces
Sevent hSafetyConf erence( 19-20December1988)r ecommendedt hateachmi ning
companywor kingmechani zedmi nesshoul dcr eatedepar t
mentofOccupat i
onal Health
Services.Thisneedst obei ncorpor at edi ntheRul esaf termaki ngpr ov isionsint heMi nes
Act.
2.Wor kers’par t
icipationinSaf et yManagement
A.Eight hSaf etyConf er ence( 14-15May1993)r ecommended:
a) Member sofSaf etyCommi tt
eeshal lbegi v
enoneweekt raining.
b) Ther eshal l bey ear lyrev iewoft hewor kofSaf etyCommi ttee.
c) Oncei nay eart hemeet ingofSaf etyCommi tteeshal l
beat tendedby
seniorof fi
cial soft heAr eaandTr adeUni ons.
B.Ni nthSaf etyConf erencer ecommended:
a) Tenur eofSaf etyCommi tteeshoul dbet woy ears.
b) Wor kmen’sI nspect or sshoul dbeel ect edbyt radeuni ons.
c) Wor kmen’sI nspect or sshoul dhav et her i
ghtt oaskf orandexami neany
pl
ansorr ecor dsmai ntainedundert heMi nesAct .
d) Wor kmen’sI nspect or sshoul dsuppl ementt heef fortsofmi ne
managementonsaf et ymat ters.
e) Wor kmen’sI nspect or sshoul dal sobeappoi ntedi nal lmechani zedmi nes.
Theserecommendat i
onsshoul dbei ncor por atedi ntheMi nesRul es.
3.Fi
rst-
aid
I
.Sev enthSaf etyConf erencer ecommendedt hatambul ancev ansshoul dbef ully
equippedwi thli
fesav ingdr ugs, medi cinesandappl iancesneededi nemer gencye. g.
Oxy gency li
nderet c.
I
I.TheManagershoul densur et hatsui tablemeansoft ransportar epr ovidedforcar ryi
ng
i
njured/sickper sonst othesur face.
Theser ecommendat i
onsmaybei ncor por at edintheMi nesRul es.

7
4.Addi
ti
onaldutiesandresponsi bi
li
ti
esofwelfar
eof f
icer
a) Weeklyreviewoft heperformanceofwelfareacti
vit
iesi
nthemi ne.
b) Controlofabsenteeism andex-grat
iapaymentshouldbelookedafterbythewel
far
e
off
icer.
c) Welfareoffi
cershouldgiv echar
gereportattheti
meoft r
ansferordischar
ge.

I
nadequaci
esi
nMi
nesRescueRul
es
1. Ther eisnoupperagel imitf orrescuewor k.Rescueandr ecov erycallsforv ery
highst andar doff i
tness.Anupperagel imitof50y earsisdesi rable.
2. Itisofut mosti mpor tancet hatanal ysisresul tsofai randdustsampl es
col l
ect edfrom t hemi neaf t
erf ir
eorexpl osi onar eav ai
lablequi ckl
y .There
shoul dbeamobi lelaborator yi
nev eryr escuest ation.
3. Tr aininginr escueandr ecov eryshoul dincl udehandl i
ngofcausal iti
esasi thas
beenseent hatifnotpr operlyhandl ed,injuriesofper sonscangetaggr av ated.
4. Ther eshoul dbeunder -wat ertraini
ngofr escueper sonnel .
5. Ahotandhumi dchambershoul dbepr ov i
dedi nther escuest at i
onsand
trainingshoul dbegi venint hesechamber s, asi st hepr acticeinsomeoft he
dev elopedcount r
ies.
6. Rescuest ationsshoul dhav emobi l
ewi nder s,l
argedi amet ermobi l
edr i
llsand
capsul esforemer gencydr i
llingofl argedi amet erhol esforr escueoft r
apped
per sonsi ncapsul esaswasdonei nMahabi rCol l
ier y(Nov ember ,1989) .Saf et
y
Conf erenceshav ealsomader ecommendat ionst ot hiseffect.
7. Incaseoff ieryseams, whenev erempl oymentexceeds350per sons, pr
ov ision
ofr escuer oom irrespectiveoft hel ocationofr escuest ati
onshal lbemadeat
themi neasr ecommendedbyni nthSaf etyConf erence.

I
nadequaci
esi
nMVTRul
es

Mines v ocat i
onalt r
aining Rules,1966 wer ef ramed l ong back toi mpar
t
vocat
ional trai
ningt omi neworkers,
whi chinclude:
 Initial
/ basict raini
ngt onew ent rantsf ol
lowedbyf urthertrai
ningatthe
placeofwor kundercl osesupervisionofex per i
encedwor kmen.
 Ref r
eshert rainingf orper
sonsal r
eadyempl oy edandal soforpersonswho
returnt owor kaf terabsenceof1y ear.
 Addi t
ional i
nitialtraini
ngforU/Gwor ker
s.
 Speci altrai
ningofsuppor tgang,shot -
fi
reretc.

Subsequent
ly,MVTR1966wer
erev
isedwithavi
ewt omaket
heseneed-based
and job-
ori
ented f
or i
mprov
ement of knowl
edge,ski
lland cor
rect job
procedur
es.

Howev er,therehav ebeenconsi der

ablechangesi nminingtechnologyinU/G,
SurfaceandO/ Cint hef orm offastandr apidmechanizati
onandout sourci
ng
acti
v i
ti
es. Theexi st
ingst at
utoryprovisi
onscont ai
nedinMVTR1966ar enot
adequatet ofulf
il
lthepr esentdayneed.
I
nt hepresentdaycont extofheav ymechani zat
ioninU/G,Surf
aceandO/ Cand
i
ncreasei noutsourcingact i
vit
iesparti
cularl
yinopencast,thefol
lowingarethe
fl
aws/ i
nadequaciesi ntheexistingMVTR:

8
1.Durat i
on oft raining:The pr esentdur ati
on oft r
ai nings of12 day sf or
surface/ opencast /UGwor ksar enotadequat ewor ker s.
2.Cour secont ent : Thecour secont entdesi gnedf ort hepur posei sveryol d
andi nadequat eandal sodoescov eral laspect sofmi ningt echnol ogy.
3.Typeoft raining:I nt hepr esentr ule,t her ei spr ov i
si ononl yf ortheoryand
practicalt raining. Tr ainingmodul esar etoogener ali nnat ur eandor i
ented
towar dsdepar tment al empl oyees.
4.Appl i
cabi l
ity:MVTR i s appl icabl e onl yf orl imi ted cat egor i
es wor ker s
debar ring of f
icials,super visor s and of f
icers,of f i
ce st af fs and r escue
persons.
5.Trainingf orcont ract or’
swor ker s:Nopr ov i
sionexi stsi nt hisr egar d.
6.Appoi nt mentoft raining of ficer:Pr ov i
sion i nr espectofqual i
fi
cation,
exper ience, andnos.oft rainingof ficer satt rainingcent rei snotadequat e.
7.Staffing: Pr ovisionsi nr espectofqual if
iedt rainingst aff,i nstr
uctorsand
thei
rqual i
ficat i
onsar enotpr escr i
bedadequat elyi nt hest atut e.
8.Trainingoft rainer s:Ther ear enopr ov isionsf ort rainingoft rainers.
9.Trainingai ds&cour semat erial–Exi stingpr ov i
sionsl ackmoder nameni ti
es
li
kef i
lms, document ary, video, literat ure,model set c.atVTC.
10.
Nopr ov i
sionoft rainingonoccupat ional heal thsaf et y.
11.
Nopr ov i
sionf orspeci al orient ationt rainingf orfemal ewor ker s.
12.
No pr ov i
sion f ort raining t o wor kmen and super visorsi nr espectof
environment alpr otection.
13.
Training al lowance– Al lowancespai dt ot rainer sand t raineesar enot
adequat e.

Suggest
ions/st
epstobet
akenf
or
Fori
mprov ementi
nMVTR:

Suggest
ionsf
ori
mpr
ovement
s

MVTR1966hasbecomeoutofdat eandi r
rel
ev antandneedstoberepeat
ed
andr epl
acedbyanewsetofr ulesincorporati
ngt herevi
sedmodul
esforbasi
c
tr
aining,modulesforref
reshi
ngt r
aining,provisionfordif
fer
entt
ypesofVT
centers,bui
l
dingaccommodati
ons,furnit
ure,tr
ainingaidset
c.

I
nv i
ew ofmanychangessweepi ngtheminingindustr
yinthefor
m ofnew
t
echnol
ogi
es,changedminingcondi
ti
onsetc.,anacuteneedhasbeenf
eltt
o
r
ecastt
heexi
sti
ngstatut
oryprov
isi
onscont
ainedinMVTR1966.

Fol
lowi
ngarethesuggest
ions/
stepstobetakenforimpr
ovement
sinMVTR
1966 i
n or
derto make iteff
ectiveint
he presentdaycont
extofheav
y
mechani
zat
ionandout
sourci
nginIndi
anmi
nes:

1)Dur
ationoft r
aini
ng:Keepinginmindtheincreasi
ngmechanizat
ionand
out
sourcingacti
vi
ti
esinI ndi
anminesthedurati
onoftrai
ningshoul dbe
i
ncreased. Thedur at
ionshoul
dbef i
xedbasedont y
peofor ganizati
on,

9
 ty
peofmineandcat
egor
yofwor
kmen. Thesuggest
eddur
ati
onshoul
dbe
asfol
l
ows:

Sr Cat
egor
iesofwor
ker
s Dur
ati
onoft
rai
ning(
day
s)
No
I
nit
ial
trai
ning Ref
reshert
rai
ning
1 Surfacewor ker s 17 06
2 Opencastwor kers 18 06
3 Under groundwor kers 48 12
4 Additi
onal tr
ai ningf orspeci fi
c
Categor ies open cast
worker s/super visors
a.Dril
lers, bl
ast i
ngcr ew 36 12
b.Oper at ors dumper ,shov el
, 54 12
dozer 72 12
c.Dragl i
neoper ators,fit
ters
mechani cs 96 12
d.Electricians 72 12
e.Autoel ectricians 18 9
5. f.El
ect ri
cal super vi
sor s
Additi
onal tr
ai ningf orspeci fi
c
Categor ies U/ G wor kers /
superv i
sor s
a.Tr amm.WE dr i
vers,banks 18 09
men
onset ter,fanat tendant s 24 12
b. Tr ack l ay ers, v enti
lation 30 12
gang, 48 12
shotfiringgang 54 12
c.Suppor tgang 18 09
d.Machi ne dr i
vers/long wal l
crew
e. fi
tters, electri
cians,
mechani cs
f.El
ect ri
cal super vi
sor s

Refreshert
rai
ningperi
odhasbeenkept50%oft heini
ti
alt
rai
ningperi
odbutnot
exceeding12day s. Inthei
nit
ialandr
efr
eshertr
aini
ng,t
helast1-2day
shav e
beenkeptforfeedback/t
est.

2)CourseCont ent
:Foreffect
ivetrai
ning,thesyl
labusneedst obeor ganizat
ion
specif
ic,minespecifi
candcadr especifi
c. Ast andardwr i
te-
upshoul dbe
preparedcov er
ingtheoret
icalaspectofsy ll
abusci r
culat
edi nthef orm of
textbookinlocall
anguaget oallinst
ructor
sandt r
ainees.

10
3)Appli
cabi li
ty:Itshoul
dbeappl i
cablef orwor kers,supervi
sorsandof fi
cers,
offi
cerst affandrescuepersons.
4)Trai
ningofcont r
actor’
swor kers:Separ atemodul esshoul dbedr awnf or
contract or’
swor kersast hepr esentmodul esar etoo ori
ented towards
depart ment al employ
ees.
5)Appoi ntment ,dut
iesandresponsibil
i
tiesoft raini
ngof f
icer
s:Theruleshould
provi
def orappoi ntmentofat raini
ngof f
icerineachmi neemployingmor e
than500per sonsbesidesinstruct
ors. Thequal if
icati
onsoft hetrai
ning
offi
cer ,andt heno.andqual i
fi
cationofi nstr
uct or
’sshouldbeprescri
bed.

Al
ltr
aini
ngcent
ersshal
lbeadequat
elyst
aff
edasperf
oll
owi
ngdet
ail
s:

 1stcl
assManager–Ov er
al li
n-char
ge.
 Adequat enos.oft r
aini
ngof fi
cerandf orAssist
antTrai
ningoff
icershav
ing
degreeinMi ni
ng/Mechani cal/
Electr
ical
Engineer
ing.
 Adequat e nos. of t rai
ned i nst
ruct
ors at l east diploma i n
Mining/Elect
ri
cal/
Mechani calEngineeri
ng.
 Adequat e nos.of exper ienced and safety minded trai
ner
sf oreach
special
i
zedorski l
ledjobs.
 Adequat esub-or
dinatestaff.

6)Tr ainingoft rainer s,instructors&t rainingof f

icersshouldbegi venst atutory
backi ng.
7)Tr ainingai ds:Al lt r
ainingcent ersshoul dbepr ovi
dedwi t
hcomput erswi th
requi redsof t
war e,ov erheadpr ojector s,slidepr oj
ectorsandTV+VCP/ VCD
Play eret c.
8)Speci alorient ati
ont rainingf orfemal ewor kingsshouldbei ncludedi nt he
trainingpr ogr amme.
9)Consi derabledamagei soccur r
ingt oenv i
ronmentduet ov ari
ousmi ni
ng
act i
v i
ties. Tr aining on env ironment alpr otecti
on to wor kmen and
super visorsshoul dbemademandat ory.
10)
Pr ov i
sionoft rai
ni ngi nr espectofoccupat i
onalheal t
handhy gieneshoul d
bemadei nt hest atute.
11)
Inv iewoft henewI nformat ionTechnol ogy( I
T)wav essweepi ngt hegl obe,
mi ning i ndust ry has t o keep pace wi thi tand accor di
nglyt he v ery
nat ure/ ki
nd ofv ocations done by ourwor kmen change. Such I T
appl icat i
ont oi ndust ryshoul dbeant icipatedandaccor di
nglysucht raini
ng
shoul dbei ncl udedi nMi nesVocat ional Tr ainingRules.

Til
ltheexi
sti
ngMVTRulesarethor
oughl
yrevi
sedandamendedincor
por
ati
ng
theabovementi
onedsuggesti
ons,thef
oll
owingaddi
ti
onalst
epsshoul
dbe
taken–

11
a)Eachmi ningcompanyshoul ddr aw upmodelt rai
ningschedul esf or
differentcat egor i
esofwor kper sons. Suchschedul eshoul dbegot
vettedbyt het r
ipar t
it
er ev i
ewcommi t
t ee.
b)Allf r
ontl ine super visoryof ficialsl ike sir
dar s,ov ermen,sur vey ors,
foremen, el ect r
ical/mechani cal super vi
sors as wel l as per sons
super v i
sing ot hersur face oper at i
on shoul d be i mparted st r
uctur ed
traininginsaf etymanagementf oratl east2weeksoncei nav er
y5y ear s
cov eringabout20%st r engt hev eryy ear .
c)Speci ali
zedt raini
ng:Cour sesshoul dbear rangedf orthedev elopmentof
skilled oper atorsr equi r
ed f or HEMM.L/ W f aces equi pment et c.
i
ncl udingcont ract or’
swor kers.
d)Allper sonsengagedatanywor kwi thinthemi nepr emisest hrought he
cont ractorsshoul dbei mpar tedr elevanttrainingandot herj oborient ed
brief i
ngsandt hedr iv
er sofv ehiclesbel ongi ngt ocont ractorsent ering
themi nepr emi sesshoul dbeexpl ainedt hesal ientpr ov
isionsoft r
af fic
rulesf ramedbymanagerofmi ne. Eachmi ningcompanyshoul ddr aw
up appr opriatet rai
ning schedul esand modal it
iesi nt hi
sr egar
d and
i
mpl ementt hesame.

Exer
cise
Q.1:Discussthesy st em of“ Occupat ional HealthSurveil
lance”incoal mi nesof
yourcompany .Stat eshor tcomi ngsandsuggesti mprovement s(FirstCl ass, 1999)
Q.2:DiscusshowSaf etyCommi t
t eeconst i
tutedundert heMi nesRul escanpl ayan
effecti
verolei
ni mpr ov i
ngsaf etyst andar dsinmi nes.(Secondcl ass, 1999)
Q.3:Discusspresentr ol
eandf unct ionsofWor kmen’sInspect or
.Howcanhebe
madepor eeff
ective?( Secondcl ass, 2001)
Q.4:Suggestmeasur esforimpr ov i
ngef f
ectivenessofsaf etycommi tteeand
Wor kmen’sInspect ors.(SecondCl ass, 2002)
Q.5:Wr i
teduti
esofManageri nEmer gency .(FirstCl
ass, 1998,2000and2002;
SecondCl ass,April,1999andJune, 2001)
Q.6:Underthepr esentscenar iocommentonadequacyofsaf etyst atuteal ongwi th
suggestedimpr ovement son:
a. Dutiesandr esponsi bi
li
tiesofowner .
b. Statut
oryr ecor dandr egi ster s.
c. Dutiesandr esponsi bi
li
tiesofmanager .
d. Wor kmen’ sInspect ors.
(FirstCl ass,
2003)
Q.7:Whataret hei mpr ovement sr equiredinr espectoft heprovisionsofCMR
r
egardingOpencastmi nes. (Fi
rst
Class2001)

12
 Chapt
er2
Saf
etySt
andar
ds
Iti
sof t
enst atedt hatsaf etystat usofapar t i
cularmi neisnotupt ot hemar k.What
exactl
yitmeans?Ti ll r
ecent lywehav ebeencompar i
ngsaf et yst atusofmi nes
usingaccidentr atespert housandper sonsempl oy
edoracci dentr atespermi lli
on
tonnesofout put .Itisalsocal l
edf r
equencyr ate.
Thesaf etyst andar dofami necanal sobeev aluatedusingsev erityr ates.The
severi
tyofacci dent si sev aluatedbyt imel ostduet oresult i
ngi njury .Tocal culate
theseverit
yr ate,itisnecessar yt ocalcul at
eact ualman-day sl osti ncaseof
report
ableandmi nori njuriesandaddt hespeci ficti
mechar gest akenf rom t he
standardtabl esi nr espectoff at alandser i
ousbodi l
yinjuriesgi veni nWor kmen’ s
Compensat ionAct .Thi sr equirescompi l
ati
onofal lreportabl eandmi norinjuries
andt i
mel ossduesuchi nj uri
es.Unf or tunatelythesef i
guresar enotr eadi l
y
avail
ableandhenceDGMShasgi venanempi r
icalformulaf orcal culat i
ngsev eri
ty
i
ndexofami ne.Thi si sasf oll
ows:
S.I=(50F+S)x105/Man- shif
tswor ked
Wher e S.I=Sev eri
tyi ndex
F=No.off at alaccident si nay ear
S=No.ofser iousi njur
iesi nay ear
Theabov ecr i
terioni susedf oridentify i
ngacci dent-pronemi nes.
Accidentst atisti
csf orIndi ancoal minesar egi v enatAppendi ces.I twi l
l be
observedt hat
- about100t o150per sonsar ekilledi nmi neacci dentsev eryy ear ;
- about600per
sonsar
eser
iousl
yinj
uredev
eryy
ear
;
- Deat
hrat
epert
housandper
sonsempl
oyedi
snear
ly0.
3;
- Ser
iousi
njur
yrat
eisnear
ly1.
5pert
housandper
sonsempl
oyed;
- Roofandsidefal
lsandtr
ack-
lesst
ranspor
tmachi
nesar
ethemaj
or
cont
ri
but
orst
of at
alacci
dent
s.

Pr
event
ionofacci
dent
sduet
ogr
oundmov
ement
Thepr obl em ofgr oundmov ementhasengagedt heattent ionofpr act
ici
ngmi ni
ng
engineers, researchersandt her egulat oryaut hori
ty.TheMi nesRegul at i
onshav eelaborate
statut
or ypr ovi
sionsf orinspect i
on, dressi ngandsuppor tofroofandsi des.Asar esultofthese
effort
s, t
heacci dentr atesduet ogr oundmov ementhav ecomedownt osomeext entbutmuch
mor eisst ill
requiredtobedone.Thedi f
ficult
iesbei ngfacedar eduet ot hefol
lowingr easons:
 Thepr edomi nantmet hodofwor kbei ngBor dandPi ll
ar,therear enumer ouswor ki
ng
placesandl ongst r
etchesofr oadway srequiri
ngi nspectionandsuppor t.Thesuppor t
s
atthesepl acesof tenbecomel ooseandr equi r
et obeexami ned, ti
ghtenedorr eplaced
from ti
met ot i
me.Suppor tingev eryinchofr oofisnotpr acticableandeconomi cal.
 Thest rataov erl
yingt hecoal seamsi smassi veandst rongi nsev eral
localesanddoes
notcav ei neasilyafterext r
act ionofcoal therebyt hr
owi ngwei ghtonthepi l
larsand
suppor tsresulti
ngof teni npillarcol l
apse, bumpsorf ail
ur eofsuppor ts;i
talsokeeps
hangingi ngoafov eraconsi der ablear eaandr esultsinai rblastwheni tfall
s.
Followingar esomeoft hest epst or educesuchacci dents:

 Thesi xthConferenceonSaf etyinMinesrecommendedi nterali

aformul ationof
suppor tpl
anforeachmi netakingi
ntoconsider
at i
ont helocalgeologi
cal conditi
ons,
physico-mechanicalproperti
esofthestrata,
met hodofwor k,mechanization,past
experienceetc.TheDi rect
orGeneralofMinesSaf etyconstitut
edanexper tgroupin
theyear1988t ohel penabletheminingindustr
yi ndrawingupt hesuppor tplan
properlyandscientif
icall
y.TheExpertgr
oupsubmi t
teditsreportrecommendi ng

13
 extensi v
euseofr oofboltingassy stem ofsupports.Thegr oupalsosuggest edthe
normsf orcalculatingthesuppor tdensityont hebasisofr ockmassr at
ing( RMR)of
overl
y ingstrata.Themi ningindustrywasadv isedbyt heDi r
ect
orgener alofMi nes
Safetyt oimplementt her ecommendat i
ons.Itwasabegi nni
ngofsci enti
fi
cappr oach
towar dssuppor tingther oof,parti
cular
lyindev el
opmentwor ki
ngs.Thesy stem needs
tobef ol
lowedi nal lt
hemi nessincerel
y.Hav i
nggai nedsomeexper i
encei nr oof
bolti
ng, iti
sadv isablethatanot herexpertgroupmaybeconst i
tutedtorev iewt hework
andr ecommendnor msofsuppor tfordepill
aringwor ki
ngsandl ongwall f
aces.

 Til
lnow, r
oofboltingisbeingdoneusi ngcementcapsul
esforgrouti
ngtheroofbol
tsi
n
theboreholes.Experiencereveal
sthatthecementtakesfai
rl
ylongti
met osetand
thustheroofboltcannott akeloadimmediatel
y.Resi
ncapsules,ontheot
herhandset
almostimmedi ately
.Itissuggestedthatti
mehascomet oswi t
chovertoresi
n
capsules.

 Attempt swer emadei nsomeoft hemi nestof acili

tatecav i
ngbybl asti
ngint hegoaf
behindlastlineofsuppor t
s.AtBalrampur10&12I ncli
nesofM/ SSECL, bl
astingwas
donebydr i
ll
ingholesfrom thesurf
aceov erlongwal lpanelswor kedbypower ed
suppor t
s,chargingthem indeckpat t
ernanddoi ngdel ayfir
ing.Inonepanel ,charge
perholewas50Kgwher easchargewei ghtperdel aywas150Kg.Tot alchargeper
roundofbl astwas650Kg.I nanotherpanel 1200Kgofexpl osivewasusedi nabl ast.
Yetanot herblastcompr i
sed2192Kgofexpl osives. I twasr epor t
edt hatasar esult
ofinducedcav i
ngbydeephol eblasti
ngf rom surface, loadont hepower edsuppor ts
hadr educedbyabout170t o200t onnesandl oadi ngdensi tyby43t onnes/m2.

 Despiteel aboratepr ecaut ionsli

kesuppor t
ingt her oofanddoi ngi nducedbl asti
ng,
possibilit
yofoccur rencesl ikemaj orfall
sorai r-blastscannotber uledoutcompl etel
y.
Experienceshowst hatt her ear
enor mal l
yi ndi cationsandwar ningsbef oreanymaj or
fal
l.Manydi sastershav ebeenav er t
edbywi thdr awal ofpersonsf rom themi neon
appear anceofsuchi ndicat i
onsorwar ni
ngsi gnal s.Experi
encedsuper visorsl i
ke
overmenandsi rdarshav ebeenofgr eathel p.Ther eisaneedf orintensivet rai
ningand
educat i
onnotonl yfort hesuper visorsbutal sooft hewor kersinunder gr oundmi nest o
exami ne, dr
essandsuppor ttheroofandal soexami nationofv ulnerabl
ear easlike
goaf,ar easunderext raction.Theseef fortsshoul dbesuppl ement edbyuseofst rata
pressur emoni tori
ngdev icesanddev icestocheckweaknessesi ntheroofandsi des.

 Managerofeveryundergroundmi
neisrequir
edtoprepareanemergencyplan.I
tisof
utmosti
mportancethatthisemer
gencyplaniswel
lrehearsedsot
hateveryoneknows
andcarr
iesouthisduti
esinemergency
.

Concl
udi
ngr
emar
ks
Accident sanddi sast er
sduet ogr oundmov ementposeachal l
enget othemi ningindustry,
resear chor gani zationsandr egulator yauthor it
y.Thepr obl
emsr elati
ngtogr oundcont r
ol
arelikelyt ogetaggr avatedasmi ningact i
vitiesareextendedt odeeperhor i
zonsandmor e
diffi
cultgeo- mini nglocalesi nf ut
ure.Ther ef oreconcertedef fort
sar eneededt oev ol
v ea
practical sol ut
iont ot hepr oblem.Abegi nninghasal readybeenmadewi t
hgeo- mechani cal
classificationofst rataanduseofr oofbol t
sandcabl eboltsandi nducedblastingof
ov er
lyingst r at
a.Fur theref fortsareneededt oget t
erabet terinsightint
ot hemechani sm of
strataf ail
ur e.Theseef fortsmustbesuppl ement edwi t
hsi ncereimpl ementationsoft he
l
awst opr eventsuchacci dents.Tr ainingofsuper v
isors,wor kersandsuppor tcr ewshoul d
receivemor eat tentionbecauset heyar enotonl ytheper sonswhoar eexposedmostt othe
hazar dousenv i
ronmentbutt heyar et hekeyper sonnel i
nanacci dentpreventi
ondr ive.

14
 MEASURESTOI MPROVESAFETYSTANDARDSI NMI NES
Forev er
yaccidenttherearemanycont r
ibut
oryfactor
s.Thesefactorscombi nein
random fashioncausingaccidents.Fur
ther
,itmustbeclearl
yunderstoodthattheaccidentsare
nottheproblemsbutar eonl ythesymptomsofcer t
ainproblemsexist
ingatthemi ne/mi nes.
Toer adi
cateaccidentsthesepr obl
emsneedt obeidenti
fi
edandt hencorrecti
veactionshould
betaken.
Ingeneraltermswemaysayt hattoimprov
esaf et
ystandards,t
wof ol
dact i
onasfol l
ows
shouldbet aken:

Legi
slat
ivemeasur
es
Stat utor yprov i
sionsar et hemi nimum t obeachi ev ed.Themi nemanagementshoul d
aim athi gherst andar dst hant hoser equi redbyt hest atute.I nor dert ocompl ywi th
stat utor yprovisions, itmustbeensur edt hat -
-Adequat eandcompet entsuper v i
si oni spr ov idedbyqual i
fiedandexper ienced
official sandper sons.Thi sr equi r esappoi ntmentofsuf ficientnumberofst atutor y
per sonsi ncludingt hoset ot akecar eofabsenceandl eav eet c.
- Adequat enumberofcompet entper sonsi sappoi ntedf ort heoper ati
onofmachi nery,
equipmentandappl iances.
- Adequat eandpr opermachi ner y,equi pment , appl i
ancesandmat eri
al areprov idedand
maintainedf orcar r
y i
ngoutv ar i
ousoper ations.Pr operr ecor dsofmai ntenanceneedt obe
maintained.Enoughspar esshoul dbepr ov i
ded.
- Themanagershoul dcar ef ull
yexami net her ecor ds, repor ts,regi stersandpl anst oensur e
compliancewi thvar i
ousst atut orypr ov isions.
- Mi nes/ mi neshoul dbeaudi tedf orsaf et yatr egul arinter vals.Thesaf etyaudi tr epor ts
shouldbeexami nedbyt hemanagementanddi scussedi nthemeet ingsofsaf et y
commi ttees.
PROMOTI ONALMEASURES
 I ncent i
v eshouldbegi vent othemi nes/ indiv i
dual sf orhi ghersaf et yperformance.
 Messageofsaf etyshoul dbepr opagat edt hroughsaf etycampai gnsl i
kesaf etyweeks,
saf etyf ortnightset c.
 Thor ought r
ainingshoul dbegi v enwhenev eranynewmet hodofwor k,techni queor
machi neryisintroducedi nmi nes/ mi ne.
 Managementshoul dpr acticesel f -
regul ation.
 Wor ker s’parti
cipat i
oni nsaf etymanagementshoul dbemademor eeffectiv e.
OTHERMEASURES
 Newconcept sandpr act icesl iker i
skassessmentandr iskmanagement ,
acci dent
anal ysi sandpr obl em i dent if
icat ionet cshoul dbei nt roduced.Gui del i
nesgi v eni nDGMS
circul ar13of2002andci rcular2of2011mayber efer r
edt o.
 Useofl atestmanagementt ool sl ikeuseofcomput ers,inf ormat iont echnol ogymaybe
made.
 Saf etyConf erencesatNat ional lev el shoul dbeconv enedatshor terandr egul ar
interv als.
 Ropehaul agesshoul dbephasedout .
 Qual i
tyr oofbol tsincludi ngr esi ngr out edbol tsshoul dbeusedassuppor tswher ever
appl icabl e.
 Recommendat ionsofv arioussaf et yconf er encesshoul dbei mpl ement ed.
Exer
cise
Q.
1:Ther
ateoffat
ali
ti
esperthousandper
sonsemployedi
ncoalmineshasremained
al
mostst
eadyduri
nglastdecade.Howcanitbebr
oughtdownfur
ther?(
Fir
stClass2001)

15
 Q.
2: Discusst hepurpose,scopeandi mpactofMi nesVocat ionalTrai
ning.Ar eyousati
sfi
ed
wi
tht henewmodul es?
(
SecondCl ass2001)
Q.
3: Howcany ouharnesshumanr esour cestomakemi ningsaf eandef f
ici
ent?
(
FirstClass2002)
Q.
4: Wr it
eshor tnoteonaccident-
pronemi nes. (
Fir
stClass2002)
Q.
5: Suggestmeasur esforimprovi
ngef fecti
venessofSaf etyCommi ttee.
(
SecondCl ass2002)
Q.
6: Rooff allcont
inuestobesinglelargestcauseoff atalaccidentsinourcoal mines.How
wouldy our educesuchaccidents? (
Fir
stClass2003)
Q.
7: Wr i
teshortnoteson:(a)Riskmanagement( b)Eff
ect i
venessofSaf et
y Commi t
tee
(
FirstClass2003)
Q.
8: Whatar etheobject
ivesofconveningt heNationalSaf et
yConf erences?Br i
efl
ystate
majorr ecommendat i
onsmadebyi ttil
ldat eandtheirimpactonsaf etyinmi ni
ngindustr
y.
(
FirstClass2005)

APPENDI
CES
Tabl
e1 Tr
endinfatal
i
tyr
atesincoalmines
Year Rat
esper,
000personsemploy
ed,tenyearlyaverage
Avg.no. Acc.rat
e Av g.no. Fatali
t yr
ate
accident Fatali
ti
es
s
1901-10 74 0.
76 92 0.93
1911-20 139 0.
94 176 1.29
1921-30 174 0.
99 219 1.24
1931-40 172 0.
98 228 1.33
1941-50 226 0.
87 273 1.01
1951-60 223 0.
61 295 0.82
1961-70 202 0.
49 259 0.62
1971-80 187 0.
40 264 0.555
1981-90 162 0.
30 185 0.34
1991-00 140 0.
27 170 0.33
2000- 92 0.
22 115 0.27
05*
* Pr
ovi
si
onal

Table2 Trendi
ninci
denceofacci
dentsincoal
mines
Year Numberofaccident
s
Fat
al Ser
ious Total
1996 131 677 808
1997 143 677 820
1998 128 523 651
1999 127 595 722
2000 117 661 778
2001 105 667 772
2002 81 629 710
20003 83 563 646
2004 89 962 1051
2005 103 907 1010

16
Not
e:Fi
gur
esf
ort
hey
ear
s2004and2005ar
epr
ovi
sional

17
 Tabl
e3 Trendinseri
ousacci dentsanddeathrat
esandser
iousinj
uryratesi
ncoal
mi
nes
Year Numberofaccidents Accident Numberof Rateper1000 Deat h
Frequency per
sons per
sons rate
rate/lac employed per
Fat
al Serious Tot al manshi f
ts Ki l
led Ser i
ousl
y Death Ser ous mi
i ll
ion
wor ked i
njur
ed rate injury t ones
rate output
1996 131 677 808 0.51 146 723 0.29 1.43 0.48
1997 143 677 820 0.52 165 725 0.33 1.44 0.52
1998 128 523 651 0.43 146 560 0.30 1.14 0.46
1999 127 595 722 0.48 138 650 0.29 1.37 0.44
2000 117 661 778 0.54 144 707 0.31 1.54 0.43
2001 105 667 772 0.57 141 720 0.32 1.64 0.41
2002 81 629 710 0.54 97 665 0.23 1.57 0.27

2003 83 563 646 0.50 113 590 0.

27 1.
42 0.
30
2004 89 962 1051 0.81 98 991 0.
24 2.
38 0.
26
2005 103 907 1010 0.78 124 931 0.
30 2.
23 0.
33
Note:
Figuresf
ort
heyear
s2004and2005arepr
ovisi
onal

Tabl
e4 Tr endinf
atalandser
iousaccident
sandr
atesi
ncoal mines–Place-wise
Yea Numberoff atal Numberofseri
ous Deathrateper1000 Seri
ousi
njuryrat
eper
r acci
dents acci
dents persons 1000persons
B/ O. C A.G Ov e B. G O. C A.G Ov e B.G O. C A.G Ov e B. G O. C A. G Ov er
G r r r al
l
al
l all al
l
199 75 27 29 131 47 71 128 677 0. 3 0. 4 0. 1 0. 29 1.83 1. 1 0. 8 1.43
6 8 1 2 9 0 6
199 94 27 22 143 44 79 158 677 0. 4 0. 4 0. 1 0. 33 1.71 1. 2 1. 0 1.44
7 0 1 2 4 4 5
199 80 24 24 128 34 17 105 523 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 9. 30 1.41 1. 0 0. 7 1.14
8 6 2 6 5 6 6 0
199 74 30 23 127 40 77 110 595 0. 3 0. 4 0. 1 0. 29 1.73 1. 1 0. 8 1.37
9 8 3 3 6 9 1
200 62 38 17 117 44 10 109 661 0. 3 0. 7 0. 1 0. 31 1.92 1. 6 0. 8 1.54
0 4 8 0 4 3 7 2
200 67 26 12 105 46 73 130 667 0. 4 0. 3 0. 1 0. 32 2.10 1. 1 1. 0 1.64
1 4 3 8 0 0 2 7
200 48 22 11 81 43 92 103 629 0. 2 0. 3 0. 1 0. 23 2.07 1. 4 0. 8 1.57
2 4 7 2 1 3 0
200 46 23 14 83 38 82 101 563 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 27 1.85 1. 3 0. 7 1.42
3 0 3 5 3 0 7
200 49 33 07 89 75 82 123 962 0. 2 0. 4 0. 0 0. 24 3.61 1. 2 0. 9 2.38
4 7 6 9 5 6 5
200 54 28 21 103 68 93 132 907 0. 3 0. 4 0. 1 0. 30 3.24 1. 3 1. 0 2.23
5 2 5 1 6 9 3

Not
e:Dat
afort
hey
ear
s2004and2005ar
epr
ovi
si
onal

18
TABLE5 Cause-
wisefatal
acci
dent
sincoal
mi nes
Cause Yr BCCL CCL ECL MCL NCL NECL SECL WCL CI L SCCL Other Tot
al
Fall 03 1 1 3 0 0 0 5 1 11 6 0 17
Of 04 3 2 5 2 0 0 3 4 19 6 1 26
roof 05 8 1 2 3 0 0 4 1 19 1 0 20
Fall 03 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 5
Of 04 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 6 1 0 7
sides 05 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 1 7
Rope 03 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 6 3 1 10
haul- 04 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 1 5
age 05 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 2 8 3 0 11
Dum- 03 5 3 3 1 1 0 1 3 17 1 0 18
per 04 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 9 1 1 13
05 0 1 5 3 0 0 4 3 16 1 1 18
Truck 03 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3
tanker 04 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 7 0 1 8
etc 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 03 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 2 9 5 0 14
mach- 04 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 0 2 9
i
ner y 05 3 1 4 5 1 0 3 1 18 3 1 22
Expl- 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 3
osives 04 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 5
05 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
Fall 03 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 6 0 0 6
ofper 04 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 5
sons 05 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 6 1 1 8
Fallof 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ob- 04 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
j
ect s 05 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 4
Other 03 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 6
cause 04 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 8 0 2 10
05 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 11
Total 03 12 6 13 7 2 0 11 9 60 19 4 83
04 11 10 17 4 3 2 8 13 68 11 10 89
05 18 7 20 11 2 1 14 9 82 13 8 103
Not
e:Fi
guresfor2004and2005arepr
ovi
sional
.Dat
afor2005ar
eason31.
12.
05

19
 CHAPTER3
Di
sast
erManagementi
nMi
nes

TheEncy
clopedi
aofOccupat
ional
Heal
thandSaf
etydescr
ibes`
disast
er’
asacat
ast
rophi
c
si
tuat
ioni
nwhi
cht
hedayt
odaypat
ter
nsofl
i
fear
einmanyi
nst
ancessuddenl
ydi
srupt
edand
peopl
ear
epl
ungedi
ntohel
plessnessandsuf
fer
ingand,
asar
esul
t,needpr
otect
ion,
clot
hing,
shel
ter
,medi
cal
andsoci
alcar
eandot
hernecessi
ti
esofl
i
fe.I
ncommonmi
ningpar
lance,
we
ar
eusedt
ocal
lacci
dent
swi
thhi
ghf
atal
i
ties(
10ormor
e)asdi
sast
ers.Howev
er,
def
ini
ng
di
sast
ersi
nter
msoff
atal
i
tiesmaybemer
elyapostmor
tem.Ther
emaybeacci
dent
sresul
ti
ng
i
ntr
appi
ngofwor
ker
swhi
chwi
l
lrequi
real
lthei
nput
sofadi
sast
ermanagement
.Acl
assi
c
exampl
eist
heacci
dentatMahabi
rcol
l
i yon13th.Nov
er ember1989when6per
sonsl
ostt
hei
r
l
i
vesbut65per
sonswer
etr
appedwhenani
nundat
ionoccur
redf
rom under
groundwat
erl
ogged
wor
kings.Theseper
sonswer
esubsequent
l escuedon16th,
yr Nov
ember
.Ther
eisr
ecent
out
lookt
odef
ine‘
disast
er’
int
ermsof‘
maj
oracci
dent
’whi
chmeansanunexpect
ed,
sudden
occur
rence,
incl
udi
ng,
inpar
ti
cul
ar,
amaj
oremi
ssi
on,
fir
eorexpl
osi
on,
resul
ti
ngf
rom abnor
mal
dev
elopment
sincour
seofani
ndust
ri
alact
ivi
ty,
leadi
ngt
oaser
iousdangert
owor
ker
s,publ
i
c
ort
heenv
ironmentwhet
heri
mmedi
ateordel
ayed,
insi
deorout
sidet
hei
nst
all
ati
oni
nvol
vi
ng
oneormor
ehazar
doussubst
ances.
POTENTI
ALOFDI
SASTERSI
NMI
NING
Thehi
stor
yofmi
ninghasbeenmar
redbymanydi
sast
erski
l
li
ngandmai
mingal
argenumber
ofwor
ker
s,t
hewor
stbei
ngatCour
ier
sCol
l
ier
yinFr
ancei
nthey
ear1906whenanexpl
osi
on
ki
l
led1100per
sons.I
nIndi
a,i
nundat
ionatChasnal
l
aCol
l
ier
yinJhar
iaCoal
fi
eldi
nthey
ear
1975ki
l
led375per
sons.I
nIndi
ancoal
mines2197per
sonshav
ebeenki
l
ledi
n55di
sast
ers
f
rom 1899t
o2005(
Appendi
x1)
.Themai
ncausesofdi
sast
ersi
nmi
nesar
eexpl
osi
ons,
i
nundat
ion,
fir
e,andgr
oundmov
ementi
ncl
udi
ngf
all
ofr
oof
,fal
lofsi
des,
premat
urecol
l
apse
et
c.
DI
SASTERMANAGEMENT
Di
sast
ermanagementi
sanobv
iousnecessi
tyt
oguar
dagai
nstandmi
ti
gat
etheconsequences
ofmaj
oracci
dent
s.Foref
fect
ivemanagementofdi
sast
ers,
iti
sessent
ial
thatacompr
ehensi
ve
act
ionpl
anev
olv
edt
hroughsci
ent
if
icpr
inci
plesandappr
oachi
sinposi
ti
on.Thei
ssuei
snot
si
mpl
e,ast
her
ecanbenof
ull
ypr
epar
edmodel
,whi
chwi
l
lbei
deal
foral
lty
pesofdi
sast
ers.
Thepr
inci
ple,
howev
er,
remai
nst
hesamenamel
y,
 Pr
event
ion
 Pr
epar
edness
 Mi
ti
gat
ingt
heef
fect
sthr
oughr
escue,
recov
ery
,rel
i
efandr
ehabi
l
itat
ion
Pr
event
ionofdi
sast
ers
1. I
dent
if
icat
ionofdi
sast
erpot
ent
ial
Thi
srequi
resr
iskassessment
.

20
2. Cont
rolmeasur
es–t
echni
cal
andor
gani
zat
ional
(
a)Sel
ect
ionofappr
opr
iat
eequi
pment
,mat
eri
alandt
echni
que
(
b)I
ntr
oduct
ionofsaf
etydev
icesandsaf
etysy
stems
(
c)Mai
ntenanceandmoni
tor
ingschedul
es
(
d)Locat
ionanddel
i
neat
ionofwat
erl
oggedwor
kings
(
e)Educat
ionandt
rai
ning
Pr
epar
edness
Tomi
ti
gat
ethehar
dshi
pcausedbydi
sast
ers,
prepar
ednesscal
l
sforact
ionwi
thav
iewt
o
or
gani
zeandf
aci
l
itat
eti
mel
yrescue,
rel
i
efandr
ehabi
l
itat
ionoper
ati
ons.Themeasur
esar
e:
(
a)Set
ti
ngupoft
rai
ningandr
escueser
vices.
(
b)Pr
ovi
sionofal
arm sy
stem.
(
c)Pr
epar
ati
onofemer
gencypl
anset
ti
ngoutani
nfor
mat
iondi
ssemi
nat
ionsy
stem,
the
per
sonnel
andpr
ocedur
efort
ackl
i
ngt
heemer
gency
,thepr
ovi
sionofanemer
gencycont
rol
wi
thal
arm andcommuni
cat
ionr
out
es,
escaper
out
eandev
acuat
ionpr
ocedur
e.
(
d)Li
aisonwi
thl
ocal
andot
heraut
hor
it
iesandemer
gencyser
vicessoast
ocoor
dinat
eact
ion
par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thr
elat
iont
oof
f-
sit
eemer
gencypl
an.
Ther
eisaneedf
orconsul
tat
ion,
closecoor
dinat
ionandcooper
ati
onbet
weenbodi
es
suchasr
escueser
vices,
fir
ebr
igade,
pol
i
ce,
hospi
tal
sandpubl
i
cut
il
it
ies.
Emergencyr
esponse
I
nthedev
elopmentofemergencypl
ansf
ormi
ningdi
sast
ers,
syst
emat
icwor
kst
art
edi
nthe
ear
lysi
xti
esandi
nsomemi
nesemer
gencypl
answer
efr
amedbasedont
hemodel
standi
ng
or
der
sci
rcul
atedbyDGMS.Lat
erSudamdi
hcour
tofI
nqui
ry(
1976)al
sor
ecommendedt
hat
t
her
eshoul
dbedef
ini
teemer
gencypl
anf
orev
erymi
neandr
ehear
sal
sshoul
dbeunder
taken
per
iodi
cal
l
yforev
acuat
ionandr
escueet
c.TheCoal
MinesRegul
ati
onsandt
heMet
all
i
fer
ous
Regul
ati
onswer
eamendedi
nthey
ear1985t
opr
ovi
def
oremer
gencypl
anf
orgener
alact
ion
f
orusei
nemer
gencyt
obepr
epar
edbyt
hemi
nemanagementf
orev
erybel
owgr
oundmi
ne.
Ther
egul
ati
oni
nrespectofcoal
minesr
eadsasf
oll
ows:
Regul
ati
on199A.Emer
gencyPl
an
1) Themanagerofev
erymi
nehav
ingwor
kingsbel
owgr
oundshal
lpr
epar
eagener
alpl
anof
act
ionf
orusei
nti
meofemer
gency
.Thepl
anshal
lout
li
net
hedut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesof
eachmi
neof
fi
cial
andkey
-meni
ncl
udi
ngt
het
elephoneoper
ator
s,sot
hateachper
sonshal
l
knowwhati
sexpect
edofhi
mincasef
ir
e,expl
osi
onorot
heremer
gencyoccur
s.Al
l
of
fi
cial
sandkey
-menshal
lbet
hor
oughl
yinst
ruct
edi
nthei
rdut
iessoast
oav
oid
cont
radi
ctor
yor
der
sandconf
usi
onatt
het
imewhenpr
omptandef
fi
cientact
ioni
srequi
red.
Theemer
gencypl
anshal
lal
sopr
ovi
def
ormockr
ehear
sal
satr
egul
ari
nter
val
s.
2) Themanagershal
lsubmi
tacopyoft
heaf
oresai
demer
gencypl
anpr
epar
edbyhi
mtot
he
Regi
onal
Inspect
or,
wit
hin60day
sofcomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heCoal
Mines(
Amendment
)
Regul
ati
ons,
1985,
ori
nthecaseofami
newhi
chi
sopenedorr
eopenedt
her
eaf
ter
,wi
thi
n

21
 t
hir
tyday
sofsuchopeni
ngorr
eopeni
ng.TheRegi
onal
Inspect
ormay
,byanor
deri
nwr
it
ing,
appr
oveofsuchact
ionpl
an,
eit
heri
nthef
orm submi
tt
edt
oohi
m orwi
thsuchaddi
ti
onsor
al
ter
ati
onsashemayt
hinkf
itandact
ionpl
ansoappr
ovedshal
lbeenf
orcedi
nthemi
ne.
3) Onr
ecei
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionofanyemer
gency
,themanagerandi
nhi
sabsencet
hepr
inci
pal
of
fi
cial
presentont
hesur
face,
shal
li
mmedi
atel
yputt
heemer
gencypl
ani
noper
ati
on.
Thebasi
cfunct
ionsofemer
gencypl
anar
e:
(
1)Sendi
ngi
nfor
mat
iont
odi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hemi
ne.
(
2)Saf
eandor
der
lywi
thdr
awal
ofper
sonsf
rom unaf
fect
edpar
toft
hemi
ne.
(
3)Rescueoft
rappedper
sons.Speedofr
escueoper
ati
onsi
simpor
tant
.Thi
srequi
res:
 Ear
lyl
ocat
ionoft
rappedper
sons;
 Pr
eci
sel
ocat
ionoft
rappedper
sons;
 Tr
aini
ngofr
escuewor
ker
sinuseofr
escuecapsul
es;
 Speci
alcl
othi
ngf
orr
escueper
sonsnearf
ir
e.
(
4)Recov
eryofdeadbodi
esandt
hei
rident
if
icat
ion.
(
5)Pr
event
ionoff
urt
herdangeri
nmi
ne.
(
6)Keepi
ngpr
essandpubl
i
cinf
ormedaboutt
hecor
rectsi
tuat
iont
oav
oidr
umour
s.
Theemer
gencypl
ant
odeal
wit
hdi
sast
ershoul
dcomei
ntoact
ional
mosti
nst
ant
aneousl
yat
t
hev
eryonsetofadi
sast
er.
Amodel
emer
gencypl
ani
sgi
veni
ntheappendi
x2.
Besi
dest
henor
mal
element
s,anemer
gencypl
anmayal
socont
aint
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Sei
smi
csensi
ngsy
stem f
orl
ocat
ingt
rappedper
sons.
 Pr
ovi
sionofunder
groundshel
ter
s.
 Remot
esensi
ngofi
n-mi
necondi
ti
ons.
 Hi
ghpenet
rat
iondr
il
lri
gs.
 Radi
ofaci
l
iti
es.
 Mobi
l
evanwi
thbor
ehol
epr
obi
ngf
aci
l
iti
es.
 Mobi
l
ewi
nder
s.

I
nundat
ioni
nmi
nes
Sour
cesofi
nundat
ion
 Fr
om sur
facewat
er
 Fr
om under
groundsour
ces
Fr
om Sur
facewat
er
a) Accumul
ati
onofwat
erov
erl
ow-
ly
ingar
ea;
Exampl
e–Bur
radhemodi
sast
er(
1956)28
per
sonski
l
led.

22
b) Ri
ver
s/nul
l
ahsi
nspat
e;Br
eachofembankment
;Exampl
e–Gasl
i
tandi
sast
er(
1996)64
per
sonski
l
led.
c) Wat
eri
nrusht
hroughsubsi
dencecr
acks;
d) Wat
erf
lowi
ngbackduet
ofl
oodont
hemai
nri
verorduet
odi
schar
geofwat
erf
rom dam;
Exampl
e–di
sast
eri
nCent
ral
Saunda(
1976)
;10per
sonski
l
led.
e) Thr
oughbor
ehol
es.
f
) Col
l
apseofr
iver
/nul
l
ahbed.
Fr
om Under
groundsour
ce
a) Acci
dent
alconnect
ionwi
thol
dwat
erl
oggedwor
kings;
Exampl
e:Chasnal
l
a(1975)
;375
per
sonski
l
led.
b) I
nrushofwat
eral
ongaf
aul
tpl
ane;
Exampl
e:Damua(
1960)
;16per
sonski
l
led.
c) Wat
erl
oggedwor
kingsofot
herseam comi
ngi
nli
neorcl
oset
otheact
ivewor
kings;
Exampl
e:Newt
onChi
kl
i(1954)
;63per
sonski
l
led.
d) Connect
ionwi
thwat
erbear
ingst
rat
a.
e) Fai
l
ureofwat
erdams.
Themostcommoncausei
sacci
dent
alconnect
ionwi
thol
dwat
erl
oggedwor
kingsgener
all
ydue
t
oincor
rectpl
ansori
ncor
rectsur
vey
.
Pr
event
ion
Surfacesour ce: Inadditi
ont ot hepr ov i
sionsofRegul at
ion126, thef ol
lowi ngpoint
sshouldbe
borneinmi nd:
a) Ent r
ypoi ntt obeatl east3m abov eH. F.
Linsteadof1.5m;
b) Goav es, subsi dence,borehol esshoul dbetreatedasent rypoints;
c) DangeronaccountofH. F.Lofwat ercourserisi
ngasar esultofbackf l
owofwat erfr
om t
he
mainriveri nfloodshoul dbet akeni ntoaccount .
d) Wher et herear edamsonr i
v er,suddendi schargeofwat erfrom suchdamsmaycause
suddenr iseofwat er.Theref ore,managementofmi nesondownst ream sideshould
maintai
nl i
aisonwi ththedam aut horit
ies.
e) Liaisonwi t
hmet eorological depar t
mentf orgetti
ngadv ancewar ningofheav yrai
nfall
f) Bar ri
ersbet weenmi nesi ndi fferentseamsshoul dbeverticall
ycoi ncidentsothatdanger
fr
om onemi nei snottransf erredt oothermi ne.
(Seeappendi x3f orprecaut i
onsr ecommendedbyni nthsafetyconf erence)

Dangerf rom Undergroundsour ce

Regulati
on127deal swithprecauti
onst opreventdangerf rom undergroundsources.Si
nce
mostoft heseacci dent
shav etakenpl acebecauseofi ncorrectplans,t
hefir
stprecauti
onisto
careful
lyexami neoldplansofwat erloggedwor kingsincludingAMPs.I nfor
mat i
onmayal sobe
col
lectedfrom ol demployeesparticularl
ysurveyors.Open- endedgal l
eri
esshouldbetreat
ed
wit
hsuspi cion.Ifpossi
bleoldwor kingsshallbedewat er edbyput ti
ngboreholes.
Surveysofwor kingsnearoldwat erloggedwor kingsshoul dbeaccur ateandmaybecount er
-
checkedbyanot hersur
v eyteam fr
om t hearea.Flowofwat erseepageshouldbecheckedby
i
nstalli
ngV-not ch.

Standi
ngorder
sforwi
thdr
awal
ofper
sonsi
ncaseofappr
ehendeddangershoul
dbef
ramed
andenfor
ced.

I
mport
antDGMSCircul
ars:
(
a)3of2000-r
ecommendationsof9thSaf
etyConf
erence(
Appendi
x3)

23
(
b)1&2of2001-RecommendationsofGasl
it
anCourtofInqui
ry(
Appendi
x5)
(
c)4of2005-Recommendat
ionsofGDK7( LEP)(Appendi
x6)
(
4)5of2003–Recommendat i
onsofBagdigiCour
tofInqui
ry.

24
 Appendi
x1
Di
sast
ersi
ncoal
mines1899t
o2005i
nIndi
a
Ser
ial
No. Causes Di
sast
ers Ki
l
led
Number
s %of Number
s %of
t
otal t
otal
1 I
gni
ti
onandexpl
osi
on 22 1171
40 53.
3
2 I
nundat
ion 17 749
30.
9 34
3 Fal
lofr
oof
/Pr
emat
urecol
l
apse 8 106
14.
5 4.
8
4 Fi
re 3 100
5.
5 4.
6
5 Expl
osi
ves 1 13
1.
8 0.
6
6 I
nshaf
ts 1 14
1.
8 0.
7
7 Mi
scel
l
aneousonsur
face 2 20
3.
7 0.
9
8 Mi
scel
l
aneousbel
owgr
ound 1 24
1.
8 1.
1
9 Tot
al 55 2197
100 100

Appendi
x2
Model
Standi
ngOr
der
sforI
mmedi
ateAct
iononOccur
renceofDi
sast
erUnder
ground
1. Dut
yofanyper
son:
Anyper
sonr
eal
i
zingt
hatany
thi
ngser
ioushashappenedany
wher
ebel
owgr
oundshal
l
i
mmedi
atel
yinf
ormt
henear
estmi
ningof
fi
ci
al,
Mini
ngSi
rdar
,Ov
ermanorassi
stantmanager
.If
neart
hepi
tbot
tom,
heshal
li
nfor
mtheonset
ter
.
2. Dut
yofunder
groundof
fi
cial
:
Mi
ningSi
rdar
/Ov
ermanorot
hermi
neof
fi
ci
alandonset
teronbei
ngi
nfor
medaboutt
he
di
sast
ershal
lsendi
nfor
mat
ionbyt
elephone/speci
almessengert
o-
(
a)Ot
herpar
tsoft
hemi
nesot
hatper
sonsmaybewi
thdr
awnt
her
efr
om.
(
b)Tot
hesur
face,
inpar
ti
cul
art
othemanager
.
(
c)Toanyseni
orof
fi
cial
whomaybepr
esentbel
owgr
oundatt
hatt
ime.

25
TheMi
ningSi
rdar
/Ov
eman/Mi
neOf
fi
ci
alshal
lver
if
ythev
eraci
tyoft
hei
nfor
mat
ionandt
ryt
o
wi
thdr
awal
lper
sonssaf
elyt
hroughpr
evi
ousl
yfi
xed“
escaper
out
e”wi
tht
hehel
pofsel
f-
r
escuer
s,i
fnecessar
y.
I
funsuccessf
ul,
heshal
lwi
thdr
awal
lper
sonst
othe‘
saf
ebase’
,seal
offal
lopeni
ngs,
if
ar
rangementi
spr
ovi
ded,
andawai
thel
p.
3. Dut
yofOnset
ter
Onset
teronget
ti
ngi
nfor
mat
ionofdi
sast
ershal
li
nfor
mthebanksmanonsur
faceby
t
elephone/si
gnal
l
ingbygi
vi
ng10r
apsandconf
ir
mthesamebyspeci
almessenger
.
4. Dut
yofBanksman
Thebanksmanonget
ti
ngi
nfor
mat
ionaboutdi
sast
erf
rom under
groundshal
lar
ranget
ogi
ve
war
ningt
othef
oll
owi
ngper
sonsi
ntheor
dergi
venbel
owwi
thoutl
eav
inghi
spl
aceofdut
y:
(
a)Managerori
nhi
sabsencepr
inci
pal
off
ici
alpr
esentatt
hesur
face.
(
b)At
tendancecl
erk.
(
c)Saf
etyof
fi
cer
.
(
d)Engi
neer
.
5. Dut
yofAt
tendancecl
erk:
Onr
ecei
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionofadi
sast
erunder
ground,
heshal
li
mmedi
atel
y-
(
a)Sendi
nfor
mat
ionbymessengert
oal
lmember
soft
heconsul
tat
ivecommi
tt
eeav
ail
abl
eat
t
hemi
neandal
lkeyper
sonnel
att
hemi
ne;
(
b)Pr
epar
east
atementshowi
ngnumberandnamesofper
sonsi
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hemi
ne
andsendal
i
stt
otheoper
ati
onscont
rol
room.Heshal
lkeept
hel
i
stupdat
edandkeept
he
oper
ati
onscont
rol
room i
nfor
med;
(
c)Notal
l
owany
bodyt
opr
oceedbel
owgr
oundwi
thoutaut
hor
isat
ionof‘
cont
rol
room’
and
awai
tfur
theri
nst
ruct
ions.
6. Dut
yofl
ampr
oom i
nchar
ge:
Onhear
ingofemer
gency
,heshal
l
-
(
a)st
opi
ssueofl
ampswi
thoutaut
hor
izat
ionf
rom oper
ati
onscont
rol
room;
(
b)Pr
epar
east
atementshowi
ngnamesofper
sonswhower
eissuedl
amps,
wit
hcapl
amp
numberandsendacopyt
otheoper
ati
onscont
rol
room.Heshal
lkeept
hel
i
stupdat
edand
keept
hecont
rol
room i
nfor
med;
(
c)Keepal
ll
ampsbr
oughtoutf
rom bel
owgr
oundsepar
atel
yti
l
lfur
theror
der
s.
7. Dut
yofSt
orekeeper
:
Onhear
ingofemer
gency
,heshal
li
mmedi
atel
y-
(
a)Pr
oceedt
ost
ores;
(
b)Checkt
hemat
eri
alsaccor
dingt
oemer
gencyl
i
st;
(
c)Sendal
i
stt
otheoper
ati
onscont
rol
room;

26
(
d)Ar
rangef
orpr
ocur
ingaddi
ti
onal
mat
eri
alf
rom cent
ral
stor
es/ot
hermi
nesi
nconsul
tat
ion
wi
tht
hecont
rol
room;
and
(
e)Ar
rangef
ort
ranspor
tofmat
eri
alunder
groundi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hecont
rol
room.
8. Dut
yofmember
sofconsul
tat
ivecommi
tt
ee:
Onhear
ingoft
hedi
sast
er,
all
member
sshal
li
mmedi
atel
yrusht
otheoper
ati
onscont
rol
room,
aut
hor
izeal
i
neofact
ionandaut
hor
izedi
ff
erentof
fi
ci
alsf
or–
(
a)Sur
facecont
rol
;
(
b)under
groundcont
rol
;
(
c)Of
fi
ceri
nchar
gef
orcont
rol
room andsendi
nfor
mat
iont
othemanager
sofadj
oini
ng
mi
nes,
li
kel
ytobeendanger
ed.
9. Dut
yofof
fi
ceri
n-char
geofSur
facecont
rol
:
Heshal
l-
(
a)Ensur
ethatal
lkeyper
sonnel
areondut
yaccor
dingt
opr
e-ar
rangedpl
anonsur
face;
(
b)Or
gani
zeanaut
hor
izat
ionsy
stem i
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thcont
rol
room;
(
c)Checkmat
eri
alsav
ail
abl
einst
oreandar
rangef
ort
hei
rtr
anspor
tbel
owgr
ound;
(
d)Or
gani
zeasy
stem ofr
eli
ef;
(
e)Ar
rangef
orr
escuet
eamsi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thr
escuest
ati
onsuper
int
endent
.
10.Dut
yofEngi
neer
:
TheEngi
neershal
l
(
a)Repor
ttocont
rol
room;
(
b)Cont
actt
hest
orekeeper
;
(
c)Sendmessenger
stocal
lal
lsuchwor
kmenandmechani
csasar
erequi
red;
(
d)Checkt
hewi
ndi
ngandv
ent
il
ati
onpl
ant
s;i
fmessagef
rom under
groundst
atest
hatup-
cast
shaf
tisnott
obeused,
takenecessar
yst
epst
opr
eventaccesst
otheshaf
torf
andr
if
t;
(
e)Est
abl
i
sht
ranspor
tsy
stem f
rom st
oreandst
ock-
yar
dst
othedowncastshaf
t;
(
f) Getl
oadedqui
ckl
yav
ail
abl
eemer
gencyst
ores,
li
kesandbags,
brat
ti
cecl
oth,
timber
,
gi
rder
s,auxi
l
iar
yfans,
airduct
s,wat
erpi
pes,
pumps,
etc.asmayber
equi
red;
(
g)I
ssueaut
hor
izat
ioncar
dst
osur
faceemer
gencywor
kmen.
11.Dut
yofSur
vey
or
Heshal
l
(
a)Ar
rangef
orext
rar
escuepl
ans;
(
b)Ar
rangef
orst
afft
ogounder
groundassoonaspossi
bleandputnumber
ingl
abel
son
bodi
esbef
orer
emov
al;
(
c)Recor
dthedat
eonpl
ansr
egar
dingposi
ti
onofbodi
esandot
herev
idence.
12.Dut
yofDoct
or
Heshal
l
(
a)Repor
ttocont
rol
room;

27
(
b)Pr
oceedt
othemi
nef
ort
hwi
th,
taki
ngsuchi
nst
rument
sanddr
ugs(
par
ti
cul
arl
ymor
phi
ne)
asar
eli
kel
ytobeusef
ul;
(
c)I
frequi
redpr
oceedunder
groundgui
dedbyar
esponsi
bleper
son.
13.Dut
yofwel
far
eof
fi
cer
Hewi
l
lrepor
ttot
hecont
rol
room andassi
sti
npr
epar
ati
onoft
hef
oll
owi
ngaccommodat
ion:
i
.St
ret
chercasual
tyst
ati
on
i
i
.Wal
ki
ngcasual
tyst
ati
on
i
i
i.Mor
tuar
yaccommodat
ion
I
naddi
ti
on,
heshal
l
(
a) Super
viset
hepr
epar
ati
onoft
hef
oll
owi
ngaccommodat
ion;
 Room f
orr
escuet
eamst
oassembl
einandr
ecei
vei
nst
ruct
ions;
 Sl
eepi
ngaccommodat
ion,
ifr
escueoper
ati
onsar
egoi
ngt
obepr
olonged.
(
b) Getacopyoft
hel
i
stofmeni
nthepi
tfr
om t
heat
tendancecl
erkandcheck
f
rom t
imet
oti
mewi
thbankman’
sli
standmakeanot
eoft
hemenwhohav
ecomeout
oft
hepi
t;
(
c) Cooper
atewi
thpol
i
cef
ori
dent
if
icat
ionoft
hebodi
es;
(
d) Deal
wit
hinqui
ri
esf
rom t
her
elat
ives;
(
e) coor
dinat
ewi
tht
hecant
eeni
n-char
ger
egar
dingf
oodsuppl
i
es;
(
f) Pr
epar
eli
stofv
olunt
eerwor
ker
s.
14.Dut
yofCant
eeni
n-char
ge
Heshal
lrepor
ttot
hecont
rol
room andt
akenecessar
yst
epst
oobt
ainaddi
ti
onal
suppl
i
esof
f
oodi
fnecessar
y.
15.Dut
yofsecur
it
yst
aff
(
a)Theyshal
lkeept
her
oadscl
earf
orambul
anceandot
herv
ehi
cles.
(
b)Theyshal
lar
rangef
ori
dent
if
icat
ionofbodi
es.
(
c)Theyshal
lsuper
visemor
tuar
yar
rangement
s.
Appendi
x3

RECOMMENDATI ONSOFTHENI NTHCONFERENCEONSAFETYI NMI NESHELDON2ND AND

RD
3 FEBRUARY2000, ATNewDel hi.
1.0Rev i
ewofSt at usofI mpl ement at
ionofRecommendat i
onoft he8thConf erenceon
SafetyinMi nes:
1.
1Necessar yf aci
lit
iesf ormoni toringtheenv ir
onment alpar ametersi nrespectof
Methane&Car bonMonoxi deshoul dbepr ovidedatmi nes.Faci l
it
iesofcont inuous
ty
pemoni toringshoul dbei nst al
ledwi t
hintwoy earsi nal ldegreeIIIgassycoal
minesandi nsuchot hermi neshav i
ngact i
veunder groundf ir
e.Indigenous
manuf acturersshoul dbeencour agedtomanuf acturenecessar yequi pment .
1.2Inmi neswher el ongorar duoust rav eli
sinvol
v ed,arr
angementf ortranspor tofmen
shouldbemade.
1.3Inrespectofsmal l
-mechani zedmi nes,whichar eoper atingi nnon-coal sector ,
it
maynotbef easiblef orasmal l organizati
ontocr eateaspeci aldepartmenton
Occupat i
onal Heal thSer vices.Forsuchsmal lmines, i
tissuggest edthatan
Associationofsmal lminesoper ator
scr eatescommonf acili
tiesandi nfrastructurefor

28
occupat ional heal thser v ices.Cr eat ionofsuchf aci l
ityi sspeci al lyneededf orasbest os,
manganeseandmi cami nes.
Simul taneousl ywi thcr eat ionoff aci li
tiesf oroccupat ional heal t hser vices, i
ti sal so
necessar yt oi mpr ov equal i
tyofl ifeofempl oy eeswor kingi nmi ningi ndust ryby
prov isionofwel lpl annedhousi ngcol oni espr ovidedwi t
hal lmoder nf aci li
tiessuchas
gooddr i
nki ngwat er, goodsani tat i
on, dr ainageandr ecr eat ional f
acili
t y.
1.4. 1Sui tabl et y pesofst eel /met al suppor tsshoul dbei nt roducedi nal lthe
dev el opmentdi strict si ncoal mi neswi t
hi ntwoy ear s.
1.4. 2Wher everpr act icabl e, roofbol tingasamet hodofsuppor ti ncoal mi nes
shoul dbeused.I tsper formanceshoul dbemoni toredr egul arly.Af ewconv ent ional
ti
mberpr opsmaybeusedasi ndi cat orpr ops.
1.4. 3Coal mi ningcompani esshoul dt akei ni ti
at i
v et osel ect /promot edev elopment
ofsui tabl et ypeofdr ills&ot heraccessor i
esf orusei nv arioust ypesofr oofst rat a.
At askf or cemaybecr eatedf ort hepur posewhi chmayov erseet hei ntr oduct ionof
steel suppor ts.
1.4. 4Dev elopmentofapor tabl ei nst rumentf ordet ect i
ngt hehi ddensl ipsi nt he
roofofcoal mi nesshoul dbet akenuponpr i
or itybyR&Dor gani zat ions.
1.5Al lfr ont -li
nesuper v isor yof fici alsl ikeSi rdar s/ Mat es, Ov er men/ For emen, Sur v ey or s,
Elect ri
cal /Mechani cal super visor s/ Char gemen/ For emenaswel lasper sons
super visi ngot hersur faceoper at ionsshoul dbei mpar tedst ruct uredt rainingi nsaf et y
management , foratl eastt woweeks, oncei nev er yf iv ey ear s, cov eringabout20%
strengt hev eryy ear .
1.6Ther ecommendat ionsofDGMS( Tech)Ci rcul arNo. 18of1975shal lbe
i
mpl ement edf or thwi th.
1.7Audi omet ryshoul dbei ntroduced, asapar tofmandat or ymedi cal exami nat ion, for
personsseeki ngempl oy menti nmi nesandf orper sonsengagedi noper ations/ ar eas
wher enoi sel ev elexceeds90dB( A) .
1.8.1Thepor tionofsur f acehaul roadi nmi nepr emi seswher et herei sheav yt raff i
cof
menandmachi nesshoul dhav easepar at elanepr oper l
yf encedof ff rom t hehaul road
forpedest r i
ansandt wowheel er s.
1.8.2Tr ucksandot herheav yv ehi cles, notbel ongi ngt omanagementshoul dnotbe
all
owedi nt hemi nepr emi seswi t houtav ali
dpassi ssuedbyt hecompet entaut hor ityof
themi ne.
Bef oret hepassi si ssuedt hemi neengi neershoul dcheckt her oad- wor thi
nessofsuch
vehi cles.
Inor dert ocheckent r
yofunaut hor izedv ehi clesi nmi nepr emi ses, eachmi neshoul d
establ ishpr oper l
ymannedcheckgat e( s)att heent rance( s)wher er ecor dofent ryand
exitofeachsuchv ehi cleshoul dbemai ntained.
Att hecheckgat et hel icenseoft hedr iv er sshoul dal sobecheckedf orel i
mi nat ingt he
possi bi lityofunl i
censedper sonsdr ivingt hev ehi cles.
1.9Per sonsengagedi nsur f
aceoper at ionsand, i
npar ti
cul ar, thecont ractor s' wor ker s,
whoi nci dent allyar eof teni nexper iencedandl easti nf ormedaboutj ob- saf etymat ters,
needcl oserandmor ecompet entsuper vision.Tomi ni mi seacci dent sduet osur face
oper at ionsi twoul dbeensur edt hat :
Allper sonsengagedatanywor kwi thi nt hemi nepr emi sest hrought hecont r act or s
hav er ecei v edr elev antt rainingandot herj ob- r
elat edbr iefingsandt hatt hedr iversof
vehi clesbel ongi ngt ocont ract or sent er ingt hemi nepr emi seshav eaddi tional l
ybeen
expl ainedt hesal ientpr ov isionsof" traf ficr ules" .
Eachmi ni ngcompanyshoul ddr awupappr opr iat et rainingschedul esandmodal iti
esi n
thisr egar dandi mpl ementt hesame.
Incaseofsmal lermi nes, suchar rangementmaybemadebyassoci at i
onofmi ne
oper at or s.
2.0Pr ev ent ingMi neDi sast ersf rom I nundat ion
2.1Eachmi neshal l becr i
ticallyexami nedf ori tspr onenesst oi nundat i
onand
assessmentr egar dingdangerofi nundat ionandpr ecaut i
ont obet akenshoul dbe
reviewedandupdat edy ear lypr ef er abl ybef or etheonsetoft hemonsoon.The

29
 recommendat ionsmaybedel i
ber atedi nt he( Pit)Saf etyCommi tteeoft hemi neand
i
nf or mat iondi ssemi nat edaswi del yaspossi ble.
2.2Sui tabl ei nfrast ruct ureatar eal ev el maybepr ov idedf ordr ill
ingadv ancebor ehol es
todet ectpr esenceofwat er l
oggedwor ki
ngsi nadv ance.
2.3Embankment spr ov idedagai nstr iverandj or et oguar dagai nsti nundat i
onshoul dbe
desi gnedpr oper lykeepi ngi nv iewt heengi neer ingpar amet er s.Thedet ailsofsuch
const ruct ionshoul dbepr oper lyshowni nt heunder groundpl anandwat erdangerpl an.
2.4Sur faceexcav at ionordi stur bancei nornearmaj orsour cesofwat er,whi char e
connect edorar el i
kel yt obeconnect edt obel owgr oundwor ki ngsshoul dbef il
ledup
compl etel y.
2.5Det ailedpr ecaut ionsagai nsti nundat ionmaybel aiddownwhi lewor kingbeneat hor
i
nt hev icinityofr iv erandmaj orwat erbodi es.Thi smayi ncl udef rami ngand
i
mpl ement i
ngst andi ngor derforsaf ewi thdr awal ofper sons, incl udi ngsy stem of
i
nf or mat ionbot hmanual andaut omat ic,ef fectivecommuni cat i
onsy st em andsy stem
ofsaf eandt imel ywi thdr awal ofper sonst osaf ety.
2.6Mechani sm maybedev elopedf orwar ni ngmi nesabouti mpendi ngheav yr ains
simi lart owar ningofi mpendi ngcy clonei ssuedi ncoast al ar easf ort aki ngnecessar y
act i
on.Al socoor di nat i
onwi thconcer nedagenci es/ depar tment saboutopeni ngof
damsi nt her iver sont heupst ream si deshoul dbeexami ned.
2.7Wi ndi ngsy stem ser vingassol emeansofi ngr essandegr essmaybemade
const ant lyav ailabl eev eni nadv er seweat hercondi tions, failur eofst eam orel ect ricity
oranyot herr easons.
2.8Ef fect ivecommuni cat i
onmaybeest abl ishedwi thint hemi neandbet weenmi nes
forsaf ewi t
hdr awal ofper sons.Necessar yst andi ngor der si nt hi sr egar dneedt obe
framedandenf or ced.
2.9Recommendat ionsof6t hConf er enceonSaf et yinMi nest oev olvesui tablecadr e
struct ur ef ormi nesur v ey orsandupgr adat i
onoft hei rski ll byav ailingf acilit
iesat
variousi nst itutions, appoi ntmentofqual ifiedsur veyor sandpr ov i
di ngi nfrastruct ure
i
ncl udi ngcomput er i
zedf aci l
ityatar eal ev el toov erseesur veywor koft hemi neet c.
maybei mpl ement ed.
2.10R&Def for tsshoul dbecont inuedt odev elopasy st em f orconst ruct ionofwat er-
ti
ghtchamberasl astr ef ugebel owgr oundi ncaseofi nundat ion.
3.0Pr ev ent ingMi neDi sast ersf rom Fi re, andEf fectiv eEmer gencyResponse
3.1Consi der ingt her iskoff i
re, all coal mi necompani esshal l ranki tscoal mi nesona
unif orm scal eaccor dingt oi tsr iskf rom f ireonsci ent ificbasi s.Gui del i
nesmaybe
framedbyDGMSandci rculatedt oal l mini ngcompani es.
3.2Recogni zingt heur gentneedf ormaki ngt heemer gencypl anr esponsi ve,speedy
andef fect ive, eachmi neshal lrev i
ewt heexi stingemer gencypl an, atahi gherl ev el
keepi ngi nv iewt her iskf rom f ire.
3.3At ripar titecommi tt eemaybef ormedt ost udyt hef easi bilityofest ablishingr escue
roomsi ncoal mi neshav inghi ghr iskoff i
reandempl oy ingmor et han350per sons
ordi nar i
lyempl oy edi nashi ftbel owgr oundmaybeconsi der ed.
3.4At ripar titecommi tt eemaybef ormedt ost udyt hef easi bilityofst or i
ngoxy gent y pe
selfr escueratst rat egi cpl acesbel owgr oundi ncoal mi neswi thr iskoff i
rei nsuch
scal esoast ocat ert ot heneedsofper sonswhocanbeaf f ect edi nanemer gencymay
beexpl or ed.
3.5Eachmi ningcompanyshal lf ormul ateandi mpl ementst ruct uredt raining
progr ammef ordev elopmentofawar enessandi ncr easi ngef fect ivenessofemer gency
responsei ncaseoff ireamongstwor kper sons, of fi
cial sandmanagement .
3.6Thr oughsust ai nedandmeani ngf ul R&Dact i
v i
ties, mi ningcompani esandr esear ch
i
nst itut i
onshal l hel pi ncr eatingabet terunder standi ngoft hecompl exgeo- mi ni ng
situat i
onsl eadi ngt ot heoccur r enceoff i
re, whi chi nt ur nwi ll hel pi nf or mul at i
ng
guidel inest ocombatt hepr obl em off ireinef fect ivemanner .Ear lydet ect i
onofheat ing
effectofr ev ersal off anandcont rol off i
re, otherassoci at edaspect smaybest udi ed.
4.
0Ri skManagementasaTool forDev elopmentofAppr opr iateHeal t handSaf ety
ManagementSy stems.

30
 4.1Ev erymi ningcompanyshoul di dent ifyoneormor emi nesandshoul dunder t
akea
formal ri
skassessmentpr ocessai medatr educi ngt hel ikel ihoodandi mpactofmi shapsof
allki
ndsi nmi nes.Subsequent l
yr i
skassessmentpr ocessshoul dbeext endedt oot her
mines.
4.2Ri skassessmentpr ocessshoul dai m atef fectiv emanagementofr isks, byi dent i
fyi
ng,
(i)whi chr i
sksar emosti nneedofr educt ion, andt heopt ionsf orachi ev i
ngt hatr isk
reduct i
on,
(ii
)whi chr isksneedcar eful on-goi ngmanagement ,andt henat ur eoft heon- going
att ention
4.3Ther i
skassessmentexer ci seshoul df ol l
owanappr opr i
at epr ocess.
4.4Ri skmanagementpl ansshal lbepr epar edont hebasi sofr iskassessmentand
i
mpl ement edi nt hei dent if
iedmi nes.
5.0Qual it
yCont rol forImpr ov i
ngSaf et y
5.1Eachmi ningcompanyandt hemanuf act urer / suppl iershal lsat isfyt hemsel vest hat
thepr oducthasv ali
dappr ov alwher eappl icabl eandconf or mt or elev antst andar ds
wher eav ailableatt het imeofsuppl y.
5.2Eachl argemi ningcompanymayset upqual itycont rol cel lorst r engt henwher ethe
sameexi st, i
dent ifycr i
tical itemswhi chr equi ret est i
ngf orqual ityassur anceatt hetime
ofpr ocur ementanddur inguseandar ranget est ingoft hesame.Test ingf acili
ti
esmay
beset upwher ev erf easibl e;
5.3Anydef ectorf ailureofappr ov edi t
emsort hosehav i
ngBI Scer tificationmaybe
prompt lybr oughtt ot henot iceoft heappr opr iat eaut hor ityf orf urtheract ion.
6.
0Communi cat ionSy st em bet weenDGMSOf ficesandMi neManagementatSi te.
6.1Recogni zingexi stenceofal ar gev ar i
et yofcommuni cat ionsy stemsi nmi nes, a
compr ehensi ver eviewoft heexi stingcommuni cat ionsy st emsatal lmi nesi nall
mi ningcompani esshoul dbeunder takenandaconsol idat edst at usr epor tprepar ed
forwor kingoutar eal ist icandef fect iv esy st em ofcommuni cation.
6.2I nor gani zedmi ni ngsect or, anef fect ivei nter nal andext ernal sy st em of
communi cat ionbesi desP&Tmeansshal lbeest abl ishedbot hway sbet weent he
mi nesand, RescueRooms/ stat i
ons, hospi talsandDGMSof fi
ces.
6.3Eachmi ningcompanyi nt heor gani zedsect orshal lfor mul at eandi mpl ementa
compr ehensi vecommuni cationpr ot ocol cl ear lyassi gni ngdut i
esand
responsi bili
tiesofper sonsatv ar i
ousl evel s.
6.4I nun- organi zedmi ningsect or ,ef fectivecommuni cat ionsy st em shal lbe
est ablishedi nt hef ol l
owi ngmanner ,
(i)Inl argemi nesef fect ivewi r
el esscommuni cat ionwi thint hemi nei ncl uding
att endancer oomsandmanager s’of ficeandr esi dence; and,
(ii
)P&Tt elephoneatmanager s’ officeandr esi dence.
6.5St epsshal lbet akent ost r
engt hencommuni cat ionsy st em wi thinDGMSof fi
ces
andamongstDGMSof ficesandmi nesi t
esbesi desot herconcer nedagenci es.

Appendi
x4
Recommendat
ionsofNewKendaCour
tofI
nqui
ry
1. Penal
tyf
orcont
rav
ent
ionofRegul
ati
on87(
4)(
b)f
ornon-
prov
isi
onoft
elephonei
s
i
nadequat
e.
2. Pr
ovi
sionshoul
dbemadef
ort
hir
dsepar
ati
ondoorbet
weenD.
CandU.
C.
3. I
tshoul
dbemademandat
oryt
hatev
erywor
kmani
nsi
det
hemi
nemustbeacquai
ntedwi
th
t
heescaper
out
e.Ther
emustal
sobesi
gns/
mar
kingst
oindi
cat
eexi
stenceofsuchr
out
e.
4. RescueRul
esshoul
dbeamendedt
omakei
tobl
i
gat
oryt
okeepr
escueappar
atusi
nami
ne
whi
chempl
oys350ormor
eper
sonsunder
groundi
noneshi
ft
.

31
5. DGMSmayonl
ynomi
nal
l
ybeat
tachedt
oasui
tabl
emi
nist
ryoft
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
a,
buti
tshoul
dbeaut
onomousi
nit
sfunct
ioni
ng.
6. Foref
fect
ivef
ight
ingoff
ir
es,
ther
oleofcont
rol
l
ingaut
hor
it
y,emer
gencyr
esponse
mechani
sm andmet
hodoff
ight
ingf
ir
e,needt
obecl
ear
lydef
ined.Acompr
ehensi
ve
r
egul
ati
oni
nthi
sregar
dtobemadeaf
terconsi
der
ati
onofal
ltheser
elev
antf
act
ors.I
nthi
s
r
egar
d,t
hepr
ovi
sionf
orv
ent
il
ati
onshoul
dal
sobef
urt
herconsi
der
ed.
7. Al
argear
eawasdev
elopedi
nthemi
neunsy
stemat
ical
l
y.Ev
enf
ordev
elopment
,the
Gov
ernmentshoul
dcr
eat
eanaut
hor
it
yandf
ramer
ulesr
egul
ati
nggr
antofsuch
per
missi
onsf
ordev
elopment
.
8. Ef
fi
cientof
fi
cer
sandcadr
esshoul
dbeappoi
ntedi
nRescueOr
gani
zat
ion.Agel
i
mitshoul
d
al
sobedet
ermi
nedl
ooki
ngatt
hej
obt
heyar
erequi
redt
odo.Ot
herf
aci
l
iti
esi
ncl
udi
ng
t
rai
ningshoul
dal
sobeadequat
elypr
ovi
dedf
or.
9. Manyaspect
soft
hemechani
sm ofunder
groundcoal
minef
ir
esar
enoty
ett
hor
oughl
y
pr
obedandknownt
othemi
neoper
ator
s.I
tissuggest
edt
hatspeci
alR&Dact
ivi
ti
esbe
i
nit
iat
edi
nthi
sfi
eldencompassi
ngal
laspect
sofunder
groundf
ir
eofI
ndi
ancoal
mines.
10.Ther
eisani
mmedi
ateneedf
ordev
elopmentofawar
enessamongwor
ker
s,super
visor
s
andmanagementof
fi
cial
sfori
dent
if
yinghazar
dsduet
ofi
rei
nunder
groundcoal
mines.
TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentmayt
akeappr
opr
iat
eact
iont
omeett
hisobj
ect
ivet
hrough
i
ntensi
fi
edpr
ogr
ammeofeducat
ionandt
rai
ning.
11.Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
heActr
egar
dingpenal
tyf
orcommi
ssi
onoromi
ssi
onoft
hepr
ovi
sions
ofCoal
MinesRegul
ati
onsi
sinadequat
eint
hesenset
hatnodi
sti
nctcl
assi
fi
cat
ion
bet
weengr
averandl
i
ght
erv
iol
ati
onshasbeenmade.Thel
egi
slat
ionshoul
dbemadeei
ther
bywayofamendi
ngt
her
egul
ati
onsorasepar
ateenact
mentdecl
ari
ngsomecommi
ssi
on
oromi
ssi
oni
nwor
kingmi
neasgr
aveof
fenceandpr
ovi
dingf
orst
ri
cterpuni
shment
.

Appendi
x5
Di
sast
eratGasl
i
tanandr
ecommendat
ionsofCour
tofI
nqui
ry
DisasteratGaslit
anColl
iery
Dat eofAcci dent :26-09-1995
Numberofper sonski l
led:64
Causeofacci dent: I
nundat i
on
Gasl i
tanmi nei ssituatedont hebankofr i
verKatr
i.On26th.September ,1995theentir
edistri
ct
ofDhanbadexper i
encedv eryheavyr ainf
all
.Therainwasalsov er
yheav yinandar oundKatras
townwher et hemi neissituated.Theheav yrai
ncompoundedbybr eachofsev er
al t
anksand
pondsont heupst ream sidecausedt hewat eri
nther iv
erKatr
itori
ser apidl
y,whichsoon
crossedt hedangerl evelandt hentouchedt hewithdrawall
evelbeforethemi dni
ghtofthe
fatefulday.Thel urkingdangerhowev er,
wentunnot i
cedastheguar dsforthepurposewer enot

32
post edandt hemi neof ficialsdi dnotcomeoutt omoni t ort hewat erleveli
nt her i
ver.The
dangercamet ot henot iceonl yaf t ermi dnightwhent het hirdshif triv
erguar dsawt her iverin
furyandf oundt hatwat erhadcr ossedt hedangerl evel.
Rainf all from 00hr st o23hr s(26. 09.95)285. 49mm.
Do ,, 08, , t o 07, ,( 27. 09. 95) 360. 66mm
,
, 19, , t o 23, , (26. 09.95) 87.12 mm
Standi ngor der s:I
nconsonancewi thDGMSCi rcularNo.2of1978, themanagementhad
framedst andi ngor dersi nr espectofact i
ont obet akeni ncaseofabnor malr i
seofwat erlev el
i
nKat r ir i
ver.Thest andingor der si ncludedamongstot her s, provisionofr i
verguar dsinal l
thr ee
shiftswhoshal lkeepacheckont hewat erl ev elint her i
v erandi nformt heat tendancecl erkor
themanageroranyot herof fi
cial, shoul dthewat ert oucht hedangermar k.Theguar dwasal so
requir edt oinf ormt hemanageri ncaseofanybr eachi nt heembankment .
Interconnect ions: Gaslit
ancol l
ier yconsi stedoft wouni tsnamel yUni onAngar pathraand
Gasl i
tan.Sol idbar ri
ers15t o45met r
esexi st edbet weent heseuni tsbutstabi l
it
yoft hese
bar r
ier scoul dnotbeassessedaswor ki
ngsont heout by esi dewer epackedandhence
unappr oachabl e.
Inter-mi neconnect i
ons: Fol l
owi ngi nt
er -
mi nebar rierexi stbet weenGasl i
tanandadj oiningmi nes:
Angar pat hraCol li
ery:
Thewor kingsofal lseamsst artingf r
om XI Vseam t oVI IIBseam, exceptXt opandXbot tom
seamsi nUni onAngar pat hrauni twer econnect edt oAngar pat hr
aCol l
ierythroughcav edgoav es
andi nVI I
IBseam t hroughgal l
er ies.I twashowev ernotconnect edwi thotheruni tsbecauseof
faults.
Kat r
asChoi tudihCol li
ery :
Ver tical bar rierswi t
hKat riRi verasboundar yexi stedf rom XVseam t oXIIseam.Ver tical
bar r
ierwasnotpr ov i
dedi nXIseam andbel ow.Thest owedwor kingsof 8. 2m t hickXseam
wer esepar atedf r
om ov erlyingXIseam wi thahor i
zont al bar ri
erof20m ar ound78m R. L.It
wasal sosuspect edt hataconnect ionexi stedbet weent womi nesi nXI Vseam cor respondi ng
to78m RL.

Mudi dihCol l
i
er y:
InXIIseam agal l
eryhadencr oachedi nt ot hecommonbar r
ierbet weent het womi nesandit
for
medat hinbar r
ierbuti twasst rengt henedbyadam.I nXVt opandbot tom seamsal so
gall
erieshadencr oachedi nthecommonbar rierresulti
ngi nthinbar ri
ers.Thesegal leri
eswere
l
aterisolatedbydams( 8nos. )
Sequenceofev ents:
On26. 09.1995onedepi l
laringdi stri
ctwasbei ngwor kedi nXspeci alseam inal lthreeshif
ts.I
n
secondshi f
t92per sonshadmar kedt heirattendance.By10. 30p. m.28per sonscameoutof
themi ne.Ataboutoohr s.Sr iDomarMaht oSi rdarwhohadbeendeput edt okeepwat chon
waterl eveli
nt herivercamet ot hepi tt opandi nformedt hatwat erlevelhadt ouchedt he
warningl evel.Heinf or
medbanksmanSr iBil
asMaht onott oal l
owanyper sonst ogodownt he
mineandt ot akeoutal lthewor kersf rom under groundwor kings.
Het henaccompani edbySr iZibrailMi anwentt ot heriv
erbankandsawt hewat erl evel
fl
uctuat i
ngar oundt hedangermar k.Het henr ushedt othebungal owsoft hemanagerand
safetyof fi
certoinfor mthem, ast het elephoneswer enotwor king.

Themanagerandsaf etyoff
icerrushedt ot hemi ne.Saf etyoffi
cerwentt ono.7pi tandt ri
edt o
withdrawpersonsf r
om 7pit.Hef oundt hatst eam pr essur eintheboi lerwasnotadequat e.By
usingbr i
cks/
gir
dersascount erweight,personsf r
om 7pi twer eraised.
Themanagerwentt oNo.6pi tandf oundt hatwi ndingengi neoper atorwasexper ienci ng
diff
icult
yinoperati
ngthewindi ngengine.Si gnalswer econt i
nuousl ybeingr eceivedf r om
underground.Atabout1.00hr .anunsuccessf ulattemptwasmadet ooper atet hewi nder.Soon
therewasal oudsoundi nNo. 6pitwhichshookal lstructuresincludingt hegui der opes.Att hi
s
ti
mewhi l
eattemptswer ebeingmadet ooper atewi ndingengi neanov erwindt ookpl ace.
Subsequentdewat eri
ngandi nspectionof6pi tshowedt hatcageatt hepitbot tom toget her
withitssuspensiongearandr opehadbeensweptawayi nagal l
erybyt hef orceofr ushing

33
watertoadi stanceofabout40m.Att hisst agemanagerar rangedt osendasi gnal to6pi t
bott
om f orper sonst opr oceedt o4pi tbot tom whi chi ssecondout letoft hemi ne.
From t
hest atementofSr iDomarMaht owhowaswat chingt hewat erlev el i
nther iverit
appearst hatsomet imeaf ter00. 45hr s.t hewat erov erfl
owedt heembankmentandt he
embankmentbr eached.
Thecausesofacci dentcanbebr i
efl
ysummar isedasf ollows:
 Unpr ecedent edheav yrai nfallwithinashor tspanoft imewhi chsur passedal l pr evi
ous
recordscausedabr uptr iseinwat erofKat ri
.
 Theabnor mal riseofwat erwentunnot icedasnor i
verguar dwaspost edandt hemi ne
offi
cial sdidnotexer ciseanyv i
gil
ancet omoni tort her i
sei nwat erlev eli
nt her iver.
 Theembankmentbui l
tagai nstri
v erbr eachedandt hef loodwat ersoonf i
ll
edupadj oining
quarr yandt henbr eachedat hickr etainingwal lbui l
tfurtherawayandt hefloodwat ers
enteredt hequar r
yhav i
ngconnect i
onswi thunder groundwor ki
ngsr esulti
ngi ntoacci dent.
 Ext ract i
onofbar ri
erbet weent hequar ryhav ingnoconnect ionwi t
hbel owgr oundwor ki
ngs
andt hequar r
yhav ingconnect ionsr esul t
ingi ndi rectpassageofwat erfrom r ivert ot he
mine.
 St eam atsuf fi
cientpr essur ewasnotav ai l
abl eduet opr emat urest oppageofboi l
ers.
 Fai l
ur et oensur ethatst eam wasconst ant lyav ai l
ablet ot hewi nder s.
 Notr unni ngt hewi ndert or aiseper sonsatt heendofsecondshi ftwhenst eam was
available, evenonr ecei vingt hesi gnalsf rom bel owgr ound.
 Notmaki nganyef fortst oensur et hatper sonswer enotl eftbel owgr oundatt heendoft he
shift
.
 Fai l
ur et opl acet heaf ter noonshi ftundersuper visionofassi stantmanager , orev enan
exper iencedov ermanr esul t
ingini ndisci pli
neandchaot iccondi tionst oprev ail atthe
surfacet her ebyf ail
ingt owi thdrawper sonsf rom bel owgr oundt osur faceatt heendoft he
shift
.
OBSERVATI ONSANDRECOMMENDATI ONS
1. DGMSt obesui t
abl yst rengt hened.
2. Prosecut ioncasesofv iolationsoft heMi nesActmaybeexpedi ted.Necessar y
amendment si nCr .P. C.andMi nesActmaybemadesot hatsuchcasesar ehear dby
speci fiedmagi strat esanddi sposedof fwi t
hinat i
mef rame.
3. Bef oreonsetofmonsoonmi nessi tuat edonr i
verbanksshoul dbei nspect edbyDGMS
alongwi t
hmi nemanagement .
4. Thef easibilit
yofr ecl amat ionofopencastmi nesincludi ngdi susedones, nearr i
ver sand
maj orsour cesofwat er, par ti
cul arl
yt hosehav i
ngconnect ionswi thbel owgr oundwor ki
ngs
eitherdi rectlyort hr oughsubsi dencecr acksandf issuresmaybeexami nedt opr ev ent
i
nundat i
oni nsuchmi nes.
5. Det ailedpr ecaut ionar ymeasur esagai nstdangerofi nundat i
onshoul dbel aiddownwhi l
e
wor kingbeneat hori nt hev icinityofr iv
ersandmaj orsur f acebodi es,par t
icularlydur ing
rainyseason.Thi smayi ncludef rami ngandi mplement i
ngofst andi ngor der sforsaf e
withdr awal ofper sonset c.
6. Theneedf orforewar ningofmi nesaboutpossi bleimpendi ngheav yrains, similartot he
war ningofi mpendi ngcy clonei ssuedi ncoast alareas, maygoal ongwayi nensur ing
saf etyofmi newor ker sf rom i nundat ion.Thef easibil
ityofl i
nkingcoal fi
eldst o
met eorological l
abor at oriesf ort i
mel ydisseminationofi nformat ionmaybeexami ned.
7. Mi neshav i
ngv er ti
cal shaf tsast heonl ymeansofexi tmayr equirecapt iv
egener ators. In
caseofst eam boi l
er sbasi cpr ecaut i
onar ymeasur eslikekeepi ngt heboi lersundershed,
prov idingsuf fici
enti nsul at i
onar oundt heboil
ersandpi pel i
nesaswel l asat tendingt he
boiler sconst antlypar ti
cul arlyinadv erseweat herneedt ober eligiouslyf ollowed.
8. Theneedf oranef fect ivecommuni cationsystem ov erandabov et hesi gnal l
i
ngsy stem
bet weent hesur faceandbel owgr oundwhi chshall r
emai ni noper ati
onev enwi thf ail
ureof
elect ri
cityandal sor uggedenought oremai noperativei nadv ersecondi ti
onhasbeenf elt
strongl y.Sui t
ablesy stem maybedev eloped.
9. Inter minebar ri
eri sanef fect ivemeanst opreventt r
ansf er enceofdangerf rom onemi neto
anot her .Inmi neswher ebar riershav ebecomei nef f
ect i
v eduet oi nterconnect i
onsor

34
 otherwise,
thesamemayber estoredearl
y,evenart
if
ici
all
ybybuildingdams, expl
osion
proofstoppingsandothermethods.
10.Alldi
susedpi t
s,pothol
esandsurfacesubsidenceexist
ingi
nt hevicini
tyofri
verorsurf
ace
sourceofwat erandwherethereisdangerofinundat
ionpresent,
shal lbeseal
edby
rei
nforcedconcreteseal
sorothersuitabl
emeans.
Recommendat ionsoftechni
calassessor
1. Sanctit
yofmi neboundar y
: Ver
ti
cal barriersindiff
erentseamst obemai ntai
nedwi th
adjacentmines.Wheresuchbar r
iersdonotexi stprotecti
vemeasurestobeadopt ed.
2. Embankment : Gui
deli
nesr egar
dingf oundat i
ondesi gn,materi
alofconstruct
ion,natureof
sl
ope, andprocedureofconst r
uctiont obel aiddown.Ther eisneedtodoso.
3. Riverchannel
: Duetomi ni
ngofsev eralseamst hegr oundleveladj
acenttorivercourses
hasbeenl owered.Thisneedst obeconsi dered.
4. H.F.L:Theri
vercross-sect
ionchangeswi t
hmi ningact i
vi
ti
es.Theref
ore,HFLal sochanges.
Thisaspectshouldbepai ddueat tention.
5. Abandonedpi ts:
Allabandonedpi tsorpi tsproposedt obeabandonedshoul dbepr oper
ly
secur
edatcol l
arlevel
.

Appendi x6
DGMS( Tech)Ci rcul arNo.04of2005Dhanbaddat edt he18t hMay ,2005
Subject : Recommendat i
onsofGodav arikhani No.7( LEP)Cour tofI nquiry,
To,
Owner s, Agent s&Manager sofal l bel owgr oundCoal Mi nes
TheCour tofI nqui ryappoi ntedunderSect i
on24oft heMi nesAct1952t oi nquir eint othecause
andci rcumst ancesat tendi ngt heacci dentt hatoccur r
edi nGodav ar i
khani No.7( LEP)col l
ieryof
M/ sSi ngar eni Col li
er iesCo.Lt d.on16thJune, 2003causi ngl ossof17l i
vesduet oinundat ion,
hadmade, int er -
alia, thef ollowi ngr ecommendat ions: -
1.Asi ti snotpossi blet ocheckt heef fi
cacyofst owi ngoncet hemout hofagal leryormout hof
adistricti sf illedwi thsand, itisessent ial t
odev iceasy stem t oensur epr operef fect i
vest owi ng
andf ixt heaccount abi li
ty .Itisr ecommendedt hatt heAsst .
ManagerandOv erman, apar tfrom
theSur vey or ,shoul dr ecor dt heact ual amountofv oi df ill
edupt oget herwi tht heef ficacyoft he
stowing.Whenst owi ngi nadi st r
icti scompl eted, t
heAsst .ManagerandManagershoul d
certi
fyi nwr itingt heact ual st atusofst owi ngi nthedi strict.Thev olumeofsandst owedi n
shouldi nvar iabl yber ecor dedatt het imeofcl osingt heDi st rict.
2.Bef or est ar tinganewdi strict ,cl ear ancef rom t heI nt ernal Saf etyOr ganizat ionmustbet aken
i
nwr i
tingbyt hel ocal mi nemanagement .
3.Det ailedpl anni ngf orpr oduct ioni ndi fferentdi strictsmustbedoneatcor por atel eveland
projectionsgi v enshoul dnotbeal ter edatt hemi nel ev el .
4.Owner smustmoni tori mpor tantSaf et yfunct i
ons, incl udi ngst owi ngindi strictsatr egular
i
nter v
al s.
5.Saf etyi nmi nesi sav erycompl exphenomenonandsuppor tfrom t hehi ghestquar teris
neededf ori mpl ement ationofsaf et ymeasur esi nt hemi nes.I ftheper sonwi tht hemaxi mum
powerdoesnothav et hehi ghestr esponsi bilityforsaf ety ,ther ei sal waysapossi bil
ityof
miscuedst r essont hepr oduct ion, somet imesatt hecostofsaf et y.Soitisr ecommendedt hat
theChi efExecut i
veort hecompanyshoul dbenomi nat edast heownerunderSect ion76oft he
MinesAct , 1952.
6.Keyper sonnel int hemi nesl i
keagent s, manager sandSur vey or s,whohav east rongbear ing
ont hesaf et yi nmi ne, shoul dnotbet ransf er redf requent ly.Bef oreposi t
ingsuchkeyper sonnel
duedi ligenceshoul dbeunder takent oascer taint hesui tabilityoft heper sonsf ort hepost ,so
thattheydonothav et obet ransf er redaf terashor ttimeexceptonr areoccasi ons.
7.Dur ingourdel i
ber at ionswewer eoft hev i
ewt hati nf ormat iont echnologycoul dbeusedf or
effi
ciency ,incr easi ngpr oduct ionandal somi nesaf et y.Butwear eoft hev i
ewt hatt hisis
alt
oget heradi fferentsubj ect ,al t
houghwear econv incedt hati nfor mat i
ont echnol ogycanbe
usedf ormi nesaf ety ,buti tneedsadet ai l
sst udyandexper tsneedt obegr aftedi ntoast udy
team, whi chcoul dst udyt hesubj ect .Singar eni Col lieriesar ebei ngoper atedbyadopt i
ngt heol d
agemet hodsofmi ni ngal most100y ear sandt her ear enotsi gni fi
cantchangesei t
heri n

35
managementori nmining.Infor
mat i
ont echnol ogyisbeingusedsuccessf ul
lyineveryf
il
ed.
Theref
orewehav enodoubti nourmi ndt hanitproperinfor
mat i
ont echnol
ogyisusedmi ne
wouldbemuchsaf er.Properimplement at ionofthi
srecommendat ioncanbringaboutdefi
nit
e
i
mpr ovementi
nthesaf etystandardsint hemi nes,especial
lyagainstthedangerofinundat
ion.
Youarerequest
edt otakesui t
ablestepst oi mplementtheabov e-ment i
onedrecommendations
oftheGodavari
khaniNo.7( LEF)CourtofI nqui
ryinallminesundery ourcontrol
.

APPENDI X7
Met hodofExami nat i
onf ol l
owi ngaCol lier yExpl osi on
By
F. V.Tideswel l
(Abst r actofpaperr eadbef oret heMi dlandCount iesI nst itut i
onOfEngi neer satNot t
ingham,
Apr il23, 1952)
Itisi mpor tantt hatdur i
ngear lyoper ationsofr escueandr ecov ery ,nov ital ev i
denceshoul dbe
dest roy ed, oroppor t
uni tyt omakev aluabl eobser v ationsl ost .Oneoft her escuet eam member s
shoul dbedeput edt or ecor di mmedi ateobser vat ionsandmar kobj ect snecessar il
ydi sturbed.
Thespeci alinv est i
gat iont eam shoul df ollowascl osel yaspossi ble, wi thouti nter feringwi tht he
recov er y.Fi nally ,ear lycol l
ect i
onofev i
dencef rom wi tnessesmayassi stt heact ual
under gr oundi nv est igat i
onsandv i
cev er sa.
Gener al obser vat ionsonmi neexpl osi ons
Al mostev eryr ecentexpl osi onhasbegunbyi gni tionoff i
redamp; wi t
hi nt hel ast20y ear sonl y
twohav ebeenascr ibedt odi recti gni ti
onofcoal dust , thoughcoal dusthasser iousl yext ended
thespr eadofexpl osi onsonmanyoccasi ons.Theexpl osi v ecombust ionmaybei nitiatedbya
wi dev ar ietyofcausesandoncei nitiatedcont i
nuesasl ongasmedi um r emai nsi nflammabl e.
Theef fecti sdev elopmentofheatener gyconcent rat edi nt hef lame.Thef lamepr ovidesa
cont inui ngi gni tingsour ce, enabl ingt heexpl osiont oeati t swayt hr ought hatpar toft he
medi um y etunbur nt.Theexpansi onduet oheatdev elopspr essur ewhi chpushesequal ly
agai nstt hegasal readybur ntandt hatr emai ningunbur nt.Theact ual mov ementofgas
dependsonhowf reei ti st omov e.
Ifwet akeasi mpl eandcommoncase, thatofaf iredamp- airmi xtur ei gnit edatt hef aceofa
headi ng; theexpansi oncanonl ypusht hef lamef rontandt heunbur ntgasf orwar d, andt he
flameadv ancesataspeedcompoundedofi tsspeedt hr ought hei nflammabl emedi um and
thatoft hemedi um i t sel f.Thusaf lamet endst oaccel er at ewhenpassi ngf rom acl osedt oan
openend.Conv er sel y, af lamemov ingf rom anopent owar dsacl osedendmov esmor eslowl y
andst eadi l
yandt hemov ementofgasi sgr eaterbehi ndt hef lamet hani nf ront .Thusr eleaseof
pr essur ei nf rontoft hef lameaccel erat est hef lame; behi ndt hef lamer et ardsi t .
Ev enwi thanexpl osionwhi chhasst artednearacl osedendandi sspr eadi ngout bye, t
her emay
beconsi der abl emov ementofbur ntgasbackf rom t hef lamet owar dst hesour ceofi gnition.
Thi si spar t
icul ar l
ymar kedi ftheexpl osi oni ncr easesr api dlyi ni ntensi t yandpr essur e.Fi nally,
ast hebur ntgasescool behi ndt hef l
ame, ther ei sagener al cont ract i
onwhi cht endst opul lthe
flameback; t
hi si susual lyl essv i
ol entt hant hef orwar dandbackwar dpusheswehav eal r
eady
consi der ed.Thesemov ement sar eofi mpor t
ancei nconsi der ingt hesi gni f i
canceof
displ acementofmat er ial i
nanexpl osion, andofdeposi ti
onofcoke.
Thesameconsi der at ionsappl ywhencoal dustt akespar t.
Gener al lyacoal dustexpl osi oni sst artedbyoneoff iredamp.I ft hel ay outi ssuchast ocausea
viol entbl astofai ri nf rontoft hef l
ame( andi tof teni s)andt hisbl astr aisesacl oudofdust
signi f icant l
yr ichi ncoal dustt obei nflammabl e, thent hef iredampexpl osi onwi lligni tet he
cloudofdustandacoal dustexpl osi onwi ll f
ol l
ow, andwi ll cont inuet opr opagat eunt i
l t
he
composi tionort hedensi tyoft hedustbecomesunf av our abl e.Thechangei ncondi ti
onsof
cloudt endi ngt oext ingui sht hef lamei sunl i
kel yt obesuddenandt heext inctionofacoal dust
expl osi onbyadeposi tofst onedustmustber egar dedasusual lyagr adual pr ocess.
Thedi mensi onoft hedustcl oudf or medaheadoft hef l
amedependsont heef fect i
v e
expansi on( int hatdi r ect ion)oft heexpl odi ngmedi um upt ot hatpoi nt.Thespr eadoff lameofa
firedampai rmi xt ur eonbur ni ngmaybeupt osev ent heor igi nal spr eadoft hemi xtur e.I nthe
roadl ay outofapi t,suchl ongpr oject ionsoff lamear eunl i
kel yt ober eal ized, andt hr eet of our

36
foldpr
oject
ionsorl
essaremorelikel
y.Fordustexpl
osi
ons,wher
ethecoal
dusti
sdi
l
utedwi
th
stonedust,
amuchl owerpr
oject
ionrati
oistobeexpected.
Themai neffect
sofexpl
osi
onare:
 Bl
ast–causi
ngdi
stur
bancesanddamageext
endi
ngof
ten
 Bur
ning–t
hespr
eadoff
lamei
scust
omar
il
ytakenasdef
ini
ngt
heext
entofexpl
osi
on.
 Af t
er damp–t hepr oduct sofcombust ionmai nlyCO2, andCO, st eam andni t
rogen,with
smokeanddust ,whi chf ir
stfillt
hear eat raversedbyt heflame, aresuckedbackoncool ing
tooccupyav olumeoft heor deroft hatoft heor iginalexplosivemedi um, andthendiffuse
orarebl ownt hr ought hewor kingsf ormi ngasgr eatadanderast heoriginalexplosi
on.
Differentiationoff ir
edampandcoal dustexpl osion
Thi sdifferenti
ationt osomeext entisar ti
fi
cial,f
ort her ei severygr adat i
onf rom pur el
yfir
edamp
expl osi
ont ooneofacoal dustexpl osional one.Adustcl oudnoti nflammabl einitselfmaybe
madei nflammabl ebyt hepr esenceoff i
redampi nl esst hant heconcent r
ationneededf orits
owni nfl
ammat i
on( 5%) .Itisconv enienttor egardf iredampexpl osi onst hosewher ethegas- ai
r
mi xturecanpr opagat et hef lamewi thouttheassi st anceofanycoal dust;ascoal dust
expl osi
ons, thosewher egasi snotsosuf f
icient,butt hedustcl oudbyi tselfiscapableof
car r
y i
ngont heexpl osion; andasj oi
ntgas- dustexpl osions, t
hosewher enei therisadequateby
i
t self.I
nami neexpl osion, anyoral lofthesemayoccuratdi fferentst agesofexpl osi
on.
Itisnotpossi bletosaymer elybyexami nationoft her esiduesl eftwhet heranexpl osionisone
ofcoal dustorwhet herithasbeencar ri
edonmai nly ,orinpar t
,byf i
redamp.Whatcanbedone
i
s:
 Toest
abl
i
sht
hepat
handspr
eadoft
heexpl
osi
on;
 Obser
veclosel
yforevi
denceofpresenceofinf
lammabledusti
nsuf
fi
cientquant
it
yint
he
ai
rduri
ngexplosi
on,i
ndicat
ingt
hatintheabsenceoff
ir
edamp,coal
dustcouldhave
pr
opagatedtheexpl
osion;
 Est i
mat ethepossibi
li
ti
esofpresenceoff ir
edamp.I
tisthenusuall
ypossibl
etoesti
mate,
withsomecer tai
ntyandmoder at
epr eci
sion,t
hepart
splayedbyf i
redampandcoaldust
respecti
velyi
npropaga6ti
ngexplosion.
Inmakingsuchanest imate,t
hequantit
ativeaswellasqual
itat
iveaspectsmustbeconsi
dered
andduer egardmustbepai dtodi
ffer
entmobi li
ti
esandgeographical
accumulat
ionsi
nthe
mineofcoal dustandfir
edamp.Thesalientfeatur
esofcoaldustare:
 I
tisl
i
kel
ytobedi
str
ibut
edmor
eorl
essuni
for
mlyal
ongt
hepot
ent
ial
pat
hoft
heexpl
osi
on;
 i
tmaybedi spersedprogr
essi
velybytheadvanceblastofexplosi
on,gi
vi
ngadustcl oud
fi
ll
i
ngamuchl ongerl
engthofr
oadwayt hanwascov eredbytheorigi
naldeposi
t,sothata
successi
onofi solat
edaccumulati
onsofcoal-
richdustmaybeasdanger ousasamor e
unif
orm deposit;
 thewiderangeofconcentrat
ionoverwhichaclouddustisinf
lammable,r
angingfr
om l
ow
val
ueofonet went
iethouncepercubicfoot(i
fpurecoal)toonehundredormoretimesthat
val
ue.Consequentl
y,ifasuffi
ci
entl
ycoalri
chdustispresent,
thechanceofthefl
ameof
expl
osionfi
ndingacont i
nuouslyi
nfl
ammablecloudinitspathisgr
eat.
Ont
heotherhand,asregardsfi
redamp:
 i
tsoccur
rencei
nhi
ghconcent
rat
ioni
susual
l
ylocal
;
 Bei
ngagas,i
tissweptalongwit
htheairaheadoft
heexplosi
onandinti
mat
emi
xi
ngofgas
andai
ror
igi
nal
lyinconsecut
ivel
onglengthsofr
oadcannotbeexpect
ed;
 theexpl
osibil
ityofmi xtur
esofmet haneinairchangesrapidl
yoveranarr
owr angeof
concent
rationrisingfrom ni
ltomaximum andf all
ingagaintoni
lastheproporti
onof
methanerisesf rom 5t o15%.Thusitisunli
kel
ythatanylonglengthofr
oadwaywi l
lof
fera
conti
nuouslyinflammabl efi
redamp-airmixt
uretoanadv anci
ngexplosi
on,unlessi
twas

37
 near l
yuniformlyfouledinit
ially.Theseconsi derat
ionsprovi
deoner easonwhyexpl osions
offiredampdonotusual lyspr eadsof arasofcoal dust.
Det ail
edExami nat i
onunder gr
ound
Thet racingoft hecourseofami neexplosi ont oitssourceanddeterminati
onofi t
snat ur
eare
dif
ficult.Therearetwocompl ement arymet hodsofappr oach.One,theint
uit
iveapproach,is
basedonexper i
enceandknowl edgeoft hepi tandoft hemi ni
ngoper at
ionsinprogress;t
he
other,theanal yti
calapproachwhi chitisthepecul i
ardutyofthescienti
sttofoll
ow,isbasedon
adispassi onatesurveyofal levidencer ecov erable.Bothapproachesareneededandmustbe
rel
ated.
Maint ypesofobser vat
ionsmadeconcer n:
 Vi olence–Thi smaybebur sti
ngofdoor sorai r-cr ossi ngsbypr essur e,ort hebendi ngof
weak, locallyf i
xedobj ectsbydy nami cpr essureoft hebl ast,buti tismai nlyduet o
mov ementofobj ect sbybl astandt heirsubsequentsuddenar rest.
Heav yf allsofr oofar enotsi gnsofgr eatv i
olence.Thenet herr oofmaybel iftedbyt he
expl osi onpr essur e, oritswei ghteasedenought oloosent hesuppor tsandal l
owt hesetobe
blownout .Gener allyar ches, pr opsandgi rdersar epushedi nt hedi rect i
onoft hef orwar dblast
ofexpl osi onbutt hecont rar yi sof tenseen, intersper sedwi ththef or mer .Aser iesofbendabl e
str uct ures, e.g.signal suppor t sorconv eyorsuppor ts, bentconsi stent l
yinonedi recti
oni sa
usef ul indicat i
onoft hedi rect ionoff orwar dbl astofexpl osionbutcanbemi sl eading,because
i
ft heex plosionpassesf rom ami l
dt oani ntensest age, ast rongerbl astmayr unbackf r
om t he
flame.
Thebestgui det ot hegener al directi
onofspr eadofexpl osioni smov ementofheav yobject s,
machi ner y ,
loadedt ubsandheav ygi rders.These, i
ff reet omov e,ar eprogr essi velyaccelerated
byt hef orwar dbl astofexpl osi onandbecauseoft hei ri nertiat heyar enott ooser i
ouslyaf f
ect ed
byt her eturnf orces, unl esst hesear eunusual l
yst r
ong.Li ghtobj ectsar eunt rust wor t
hygui des
sincet heyar eatt hemer cyofsmal l
subsi diar yforces.
Itisdesi rablet hatanyev idenceofmot i
onorbendi ngshoul dbesepar atelyandf actuall
y
recor dedont hepl anr athert hant hatagener alindicat ionshoul dbegi venexpr essionoft he
direct ionoff orce.I tisof tent akenasagener alguidet hatt heev i
denceofv iolencei sleast
mar kedaboutt heor iginoft heexpl osi on.Thi sisnoti nv ariabl ytrue, forthear eamaybe
trav ersedsubsequent l
ybysev er eblastf rom t heexpl osi onasi tintensi f
ies.Mov ementdamage
i
sgr eat esti nthel ongr oadsandpar ticularlywhenappr oachi ngr eleaseofpr essur e,buthigh
pr essur emayal sobui ldupt her e.
 Ev idenceofbur ni
ng–Gener al
lyevi
denceoff l
amei squitehar dt of i
nd;t
hef l
amepassesso
rapidlythatheav ymater
iali
snotnot i
ceablyaf
fected.Themat erialsmostsensi t
ivet oflame
aret hefibrousedgesoftornpaper,stri
ngandcloth,theraisedpi leoftexti
les,t
hef inest
fi
br esoft ornwoodandhai ronhumanski n.Eyeisapoorj udgeofsi gnsofbur ni
ng.Agood
magni fyingglassisahelpbutiti
susual l
ynecessarytoexami net heobjectunder
mi croscope.Aposi t
ivesi
gnofscor chi
ng,howeversmal l
,isar easonableassurancet hat
fl
amehaspassed.Absenceofscor chi
ngdoesnotpr ovet hecont r
ary.Loosescor ched
papershoul dbenoted.
Generallyseriousburni
ngisfoundtowar dsthepoi
ntsofext i
nct i
onoft heexplosionwher e
heat
edmat er i
alhasaccesstoairsuckedinagainashotpr oduct sofexpl osionretr
eat .
 Cokeddust–Whenaf lamepassest hroughacl oudofcoaldustther
ei slef
tar esidueof
part
ial
l
yorheav il
ycokeddust ,whichisult
imat elydeposi
tedintheroadway .Ifthecloudis
dense,t
hecoal dustpureandf rom acokingcoal ,andtheexplosi
onslow, veryheav y
deposi
tofcokemaybef oundintheroadway s.Butift
hecloudisfair
lythinandt hecoal
dustwell di
l
utedwithstonedust ,
andnotofgoodcoki ngcoal,thenmassi vedeposi t
sof
cokewillnotbefound.Parti
cularl
yinast r
aightandcompar at
ivel
ysmoot hr oadwayand
wit
hamedi um tofastmov i
ngf l
ame,itmaybedi f
fi
cul
ttofi
ndanyev idenceofdeposi ti
on
ofcoket houghtheexplosi
oni sknownt obeoneofcoal dust.Thustheabsenceofobv ious
deposi
tionofcokeddusti snotapr ooforev enani ndi
cati
onthatcoal dusthaspl ayedno
part
.Cokeddeposi tshavethreeorigi
ns:

38
i
.Coal dustaccumulat
edduringnormalworki
ngofthepitandcokedinsi
tu.Thi
sgiv
es
usefulevidenceofavai
labi
l
ityofcoal
dustandthepassageofflameoverit;
suchdeposi
ts
usuallyshowat hi
ncrustofcokerest
ingonalmostunheateddust;
i
i
.Coal dustdi
stur
bedbyexplosi
onblast
,inadvanceoffl
ame,i
mpactedonsur
facesand
cokedther
e;gener
all
yfoundquit
enearthesourceofdust–aloadi
ngpoi
nt,
afil
ledt
ub;
againt
hereisathi
ncrustofcoke;
i
ii
.Acoal dustcloudthroughwhichflamehaspassedandf rom whi
chhotplasti
cpart
icl
es
havebeensubsequent lydeposit
edasanear l
yhomogeneousdeposi t
,whichmaybe
l
oosel yspatt
ered,oracoherentcrust,
thickorthin.Asar ul
e,whenthefl
amei smov i
ng
steadil
y,oracceler
ati
ng,thi
scokeddusti sthrownbackbyt hefl
ameanddeposited
consistent
lyonsur f
acesfaci
ngint hedir
ecti
ont heflamehasgone.
Sampl esofalldeposit
sshouldbecol l
ectedandexami nedundermicr
oscope.
 Explosiondust–Thedeposi tedcokeddusti saspecialcaseofwhatwecal l
’expl
osiondust ’
.Thebl astoft heexplosionraisesahead,i
nandbehi ndtheflame,a
cloudofdust ,onlyapar tofwhi chistraversedbyf l
ame.Thisdustsettl
esafterthe
explosi
onhasdi eddown.Thi sdustisinteresti
ngbecauseitgivesthecomposi t
ionof
thedustdi sperseddur i
ngt heexplosi
on.I tisoftencl
earl
yrecognisabl
easabul ky
depositonwhatwoul dnormal l
ybecl eansur f
aces.Likepaper,i
tisfoundnearerthe
origi
noft heexpl osi
ont hanwher eitwaswhenbur nt
.
Expl
osiondustmaydi vi
dedi nt
of ourcl
asses, inorderofdeposit
ion:
 Ther
mal
deposi
t,ani
mmedi
atedeposi
toff
inedustf
rom ahotmedi
um ont
oa
col
dsur
face;
 Gr
avi
ty-
set
tl
ed,
ori
mpact
ed,
coar
sedust
,mer
gingi
nto;
 Gr
avi
ty-
set
tl
edf
inedust
;
 Slowl ydeposi tedul tr
a- finedust ,e.g.soot -l
ikest reamer s;
Ther mal deposi tist hedar k, smokydeposi tof t
enseenonst onesi desandr oofandof ten
takent obeev i
denceofpassageoff lame.
Thesoot yst reamer swhi chatf i
rstsi ghtappeart oi ndicatet hepr esenceofheav y,tarry
smokeandhencef lame, areessent iall
ycomposedofext remel yf ineandof tenunbur ntdust
whoseaggr egat i
oni sdoubt lessassi st edbyst eamywar m condi tions, andt heyar ef oundi n
stagnantpl aceswher et heycansl owl yaggr egat eandset tle.Thel ight -
browndustwhi ch
somet imesf ormsacr ackledsur faceont hef l
oori sdoubt l
esssi mi lar.Nei t
hershoul dbe
regar dedasasur esi gnofpassageoff l
ame.
Composi ti
onofr oaddust–I tiscust omar yt otakest ripsampl esf rom t her oofandsi des,
andf l
oorov erev er y50y ardsoft heaf fectedar eaandbey ond, wit hav iewt oassessi ngt he
composi ti
onoft her oaddustav ailabl et ot heexpl osion.Excl udi ngt her egionsofheav yf al
l
s,
orofupset ti
ngofcoal int ranspor t, suchsampl esdogi vear oughgui det othegener al
composi ti
onoft her oaddustbef or et heexpl osion.I nsomeexpl osi ons, howev erwi de
diff
er enceshav ebeenobser vedbet weent hecomposi ti
onoft her oaddustasdi sclosedby
statut orysampl i
ngandt hecomposi ti
onofdustcl oudr aisedbyt heexpl osion,thel atter
beingmuchr icheri ncombust iblecont entduet opr eferential raisingofcoal dust.
Collect i
onofspeci mensandsampl es–Theobser vingandcol l
ect ionofsampl esisbest
dealtwi t hbyst affspeci al i
singi nsuchmat ters.Dustsampl esmaybet akeni nenv elopes
butpr eferablyi ntinsort ubes.Speci menofanyki ndsuspect edofshowi ngcokedor
scor chingshoul dbeguar dedagai nstcr ushing.
Br oaderExami nat i
on
Ev i
denceoft hepr esenceoff i
redamp–I tissel dom t hatt her eisf act ualev i
denceoft he
presenceoff i
redampi mmedi atelybef or etheexpl osi on.Ont heot herhand, t
henat ur eand
previoushi storyoft hepl ace( e.g.awast eoraheadi ngl eftunv ent il
at ed)maybesuchast o
l
eadunr easonabl yt oassumpt i
ont hatanexpl osivegasmi xt urewaspr esent .Butt hewher e
historyorci rcumst ancedoesnotsuggestt heoccur renceofgasi ndanger ouspr opor tions,a
sear chmaybemadebydr ill
ingorbyexami ningadj acentar easf orpossi blef eedersofgas.

39
 Theoccur renceoff i
redampi nt heaf t
erdampl eftbyt heexpl osioni snotnecessar ilypr oof
thatgaswast her ebef ore, nei therisacont inuedmakeofgasaf terexplosion, f
ort he
disturbanceoft hest ratabyt heexpl osionmayr eleasegaspr ev
iouslynotaccessi bl e.They
are,ofcour se, ev idencet hatgaswasnearathandandmayhav ebeenpr esent .
Sear chf orpossi blesour cesofi gniti
on–I tisnotof tent hatt hereisimmedi ateandcl ear -
cut
evidenceofmeansofi gni ti
on.Thegener al invest igat i
onmayhav eledt owar dsand
narroweddownt helikel ypl aceofi gnit
ion, wher esear chf oracausemaybeconcent rated,
buti tisusual andpr ef erabl eaddi ti
onallyt osur veycar eful
lyt hewhol eoft heaffect edar ea
forpossi blesour ceofi gni t
ion.Al ll
ampsandel ect ri
cal equipmentar ewi thdrawnf or
exami nation( unl essheav yandf oundsat i
sf act orybyex aminat i
onont hespot )
,other
possi blecausesofi gni ti
onl ookedf orincl udeexpl osi ves,compr essedai requi pment ,cut ti
ng
andot hermi ningoper at i
ons, mechani cal faul t
s, fi
r es,cont r
aband.
Posi ti
onofequi pmentandv ictims–Theposi tionsofv ict
imsandequi pmenti nrelat i
ont o
whatmi ghthav ebeenexpect edinnor mal wor kmayy i
eldv aluableinformat ionnotonl yas
totheoper ationsbei ngcar riedonbutal sounusual happeni ngaboutt hattime.Thepost ure,
i
njuries, bur nsandcar bondi oxi depoisoni ngofv i
ctimsmaygi veev i
dencer egardingt he
cour seandnat ureofexpl osion.
Gener al –Byt het imet her esul t
sofpr elimi nar yexami nati
onhav ebeencol l
ated,itisusual ly
possi blet or eachar easonabl ybasedi nt er i
m hy pot hesisast othecauseandnat ureof
explosi on.Bef oreaf i
nal concl usioncanber eachedi ti snecessar ytoconsi derther esul tsof
detailedexami nat ionofal lspeci mensandobser vationsandt otestimpar t i
all
ythef av oured
andot herhy pot hesesi nt hel ightoft hisf ull evidence.Onl yt huscant heexpl osionbe
reconst ruct edwi thanyassur ance.

Exercise
Q.1:Statest at
ut oryprovi
sionsinr espectofEmer gencypl anandsket chofacci dentsit
e.
(FirstCl ass,2000, 2002)
Q.2:Drawaschemeofemer gencypl anforalargebel owgr oundmi nehav i
ngdanger sof
i
nundat ionandf i
re.
(FirstCl ass2001)
Q.3:Inundat i
onhappenst oamaj orhazar di
nbel owgr oundwor kings.Asamanager ,what
acti
onwoul dy out aketoidenti
fyandel i
minatethishazar df r
om y ourmi ne?Dr awanact i
onplan
forthesame.
(FirstCl ass2005)
Q.4:Inanunder groundmi ne,theov ermanhasr epor t
edpr obableexpl osioninamechani sed
developmentdi str
ictand16per sonsar emissing.Dr awal i
stofact i
oni norderofpr i
ori
tythat
youwoul dtaket odeal wit
hemer gencyandr escue/r ecov eryofmi ssingper sons.
(FirstCl ass2004)
Q.5:Whatar ethest atut
oryprovisionsr el
ati
ngt o“ Emer gencyPl an”?Br iefl
yexplainthe
essentialelement sofagoodemer gencyplanandt heirrat i
onale.Howwi llyouincorporate
moder nt echnologyadv ancement si ntoemergencypl anf oral argecol l
i
er ywithbelowground
workings.
(FirstCl ass2005)

40
 CHAPTER4

RI
SKASSESSMENTANDRI
SKMANAGEMENT

Object
iveofri
skmanagement:
Itai
mstor educethelikel
i
hoodandimpactofmishapsofal
lkinds,r
educethe
i
nherentpotenti
alformaj
oracci
dent
swhichcouldkillori
njur
epersonsorcausepr
oducti
onandprofi
tlosses.Ni
nth
Conf
erenceonsaf etyinmi
nesrecommendedthatriskmanagementshouldbeusedasat oolf
ordevelopmentof
appr
opriatehealt
handsafet
ymanagementsystem.

Somei
mpor
tantt
erms

Riskisthechanceofsomet hinghappeningthatwil
lhaveanimpactonobj ecti
v es.Theobjecti
vesmaybet o
producemi neralatar
easonablecostandwithgoodpr oducti
vi
tyandsafetyet
c.Ther efore,anyhappeningthataff
ects
adversel
yt heproduct
ion,
producti
vit
yorsafetywill
bet er
medas“ r
isk”.I
nthecontextofmi nesafetymanagement ,
the
term‘ri
sk’will
hav eal
imit
edmeani ngasany t
hinghappeningthatwil
lhaveadver
seef f
ectonsaf etyofthepersonsand
ofthemi ne.

Ri
ski
smeasur
edi
nter
msofconsequencesandl
i
kel
i
hood.

Ri
sk=CosequencexPr
obabi
l
ityxExposur
e.

Wher
e

Consequencei
sthedegr
eeofhar
m byt
hehazar
d;

Pr
obabi
l
ityi
ndi
cat
est
hechanceofhar
m;

Exposur
emeanshowof
tenandhowl
ongar
etheper
sonsexposedt
ohazar
dwhent
alki
ngofsaf
ety
.

Hazar
dmeansasour ceofpot
ent
ial
har
m orasit
uat
ionwi
thapotent
ial
tocausehar
m,f
or
exampl
e,i
naccur
atesur
veyingi
sahazar
dcausi
ngtheri
skofi
nundat
ion.

Toler
abl
eri
sk:Ar
iskt
hatwearepreparedtoliv
ewi t
hsoastosecurecert
ainnetbenef
it
sint
he
confi
dencet
hati
sbei
ngproper
lycont
rol
led,keptunderrev
iewandf
urtherr
educedasandwhen
possi
ble.

Riskanal
ysi
s:Theuseofav
ail
abl
einf
ormat
iont
oest
imat
ether
iskt
oindi
vi
dual
sorpr
oper
tyort
heenv
ironment
f
rom hazards.

Ri
skassessment
:Thepr
ocesswher
ebyr
iskmanagementpr
ior
it
iesar
eev
aluat
ed.

Ri
skManagement:Thesystemati
cappl
icat
ionofmanagementpoli
cies,
proceduresand
pr
acti
cest
othetasksofident
if
ying,
anal
yzi
ng,assessi
ng,
treat
ingandmonitor
ingri
sks

St
epsi
nvol
vedi
npr
epar
ati
onofRI
SKMANAGEMENTPLAN

Ri
skAssessment

Riskassessmenti
stobeper f
ormedonaregularbasis. Thegoalf
oreachri
skassessment
sessioni
st oi
dent
if
yhazards,det
ermi
neri
skratingsandcontr
ols,
andtorev
iewthe
i
mpl ementati
onofr
iskcontr
olsfr
om pr
evi
ousr i
skassessmentsessi
ons.

41
 Thefoll
owi
ngwor
kfl
owdi
agr
am i
l
lust
rat
est
hear
easi
nvol
vedi
nper
for
mingar
iskassessment
sessi
on.

Ri
skI
dent
if
icat
ion:

Thisi
sthepr ocessofidentif
yinghazar dsandt heircausesanddet ermini
ngwhat , howandwhyt hingsmaygo
wrong.Allmajoractiv
iti
esbeingcar ri
edonl ikemi nedesign,sur
veying,excavati
on, bl
asti
ng,suppor t
,st
owing,
l
oading,t
ransport,coaldi
spatch, generat
ion, t
ransmissionanduseofel ectri
cit
y,travel
ingetc.areconsider
ed
tofi
ndouthazar ds. Al i
stofallpossiblerisksi sgenerat
edusingbr ai
nstormingsessions,checkl i
sts,
fault
tr
eeanalysi
set c.Pastaccidentsandi nci
dent slikefi
res,i
nundati
ons, majorrooffall
s,over
wi nds,occur
rence
ofgasetc.mayal sobeconsi deredt ohaveani deaofthehazards/ri
sks.

Nor
mal
l
ythebestpr
ocessi
stopr
oceedst
epbyst
ept
hroughat
ask.Anumberofot
herpr
ocessescanal
sobeut
il
ized
l
i
ke–

 Previousexper i
enceofacci dentsoroccurrencesinthemine.
 Wor kpr ocessevaluati
on.
 Consul tati
onwiththeempl oyeeswhomayhav eexperi
enceinthejob.
 Advicef rom consult
ants.
 Faulttreeanalysistodetermineunder l
yingissuesandhazardsthatmi
ghtnotbeev
identatf
ir
stgl
ance.
 Safetyst at
ist
icsofthemi neandoft headjoini
ngmines.
 I
ncident sandnearmi ssacci dentreport
s.
 I
nspect ionsofthemi ne.

Notwit
hst
andi
ngwhichevermethodi
susedf
ori
dent
if
icat
ionofhazar
ds,
theyshoul
dal
lbenot
eddownso
t
hatarecor
dofthei
rexi
stencei
skept.

Someexampl
esoft
hehazar
dident
if
icat
ionar
egi
venbel
ow:

1.Act
ivi
ty:
Suppor
tdesi
gnandexecut
ion

Hazar
d:I
nadequat
esuppor
tdesi
gnandi
nadequat
esuppor
t.

42
2.Act
ivi
ty:
Trav
ell
i
ng

Hazar
d:I
mpr
opermai
ntenanceoft
rav
eli
ngr
oadway

3.Act
ivi
ty:
Transpor
tat
ionofcoal
byconv
eyor

Hazar
d:I
mpr
operl
ayi
ngofconv
eyor
.

AssessmentofRi
skandRanki
ng

Thepr
ocessofr
iskr
ankingiscarri
edoutbyconsider
ingbot
htheli
kel
i
hoodoft
heoccur
rence
ofeachhazar
dandpotent
ialconsequenceshoul
dthehazardoccur
.

Thevaluesusedforli
kel
ihood,consequenceandexposureorpr
obabi
li
tyneedtobeagr
eed
byriskassessmentteam.Itis,
therefor
e,ver
yimpor
tantthatmembersoftheteam ar
e
knowledgeableandexperi
encedper sons

Ashasbeenment
ionedi
nthev
erybegi
nni
ng

Ri
skscor
e=ConsequenceXPr
obabi
l
ityXExposur
e.

Fol
l
owi
ngv
aluesmaybeused:

Scal
eofConsequence

 Sev
eraldead 5
 Onedead 1

 Si
gni
fi
cantchanceoff
atali
ty 0.
3
 Oneper
manentdisabi
l
ity
/ 0.
1

l
esschanceoff
atal
i
ty

Scal
eforexposur
e

 Continuous 10
 Frequent(dail
y) 5
 Seldom (Weekly) 3
 Unusual (
Mont hly
) 2.5
 Occasional (
Yearl
y) 2
 Oncei n5y ears 1.5
 Oncei n10y ears 0.
5
 Oncei n100y ears 0.
02

Scal
eforpr
obabi
l
ity

43
  May wel
lbeexpect
ed 10

 Qui
tepossi
ble

 Unusual butpossi
ble 3
 Onlyremot el
ypossibl
e 2
 Conceivablebutunli
kely 1
 Pract
icallyi
mpossible 0.
5
 Vi
rtuall
yimpossibl
e 0.
1

An

Exampl
eofRi
skassessmentandact
ion

S.
No. Hazar
d Ri
sk Consequence Pr
obabi
l
it Exposur
e Tot
alr
isk
y
1 Ri
ver I
nundat
io 5 10 10 500
n
2 Roof Rooff
all 1 7 5 35
supervi
si
o
n
3 Sulphuri
n Spont. 5 3 10 150
coal heat
ing
4 Haulage Runaway 1 7 10 70
5 Blasti
ng Fl
yrock 5 5 7 175

Tr
eat
ment
,Cont
rol
andAct
ionPl
ans

 Exami
nehi
ghpr
ior
it
yri
sk

44
  Consi
derv
ariousst eps
 Eli
mi natione.gnoblasti
ng
 Subst it
ution
 Separ ati
on
 Admi nistrat
ion:r
educeexposur
e
 Training
 Personal pr
otect
iveequi
pment

Thet
eam shoul
ddev
elopanact
ionpl
anr
ecommendi
ng:

 Acti
ons
 Responsi
bil
i
ty
 Ti
mef rame
 Tr ai
ning
 Moni t
or
 Rev iew/audi
t

Concl
usi
on

Managementofsaf etyissuesbasedonassessmentofr i
sksnotonl yintegr
atessafetywith
productiv
itybutalsocanbeusedasav erygoodt oolforreducti
onofcost s. Thesy st
ems
standont hepremi set hatallri
sksneednotbeel i
mi natedanddi ff
erentcontr
olmeasur escan
beadopt edfordifferentl ev
elsofrisks. Thekeyher eistoai mforALARA( aslowas
reasonablyachievable), whicheventuall
ydependsoncostconsi der
ations. Thesystem all
ows
prior
it
isati
onofal l
ocat ionofscarcer esourcestherebycut t
ingcostsandr educi
ngwast ages.
Thisassumesgr eatimpor t
anceint hecurrentI
ndianscenar io.

Theot hermer i
tsofthesy st
em arethati
tiscreat
edbyt hemineoperatorsthemselvesthrough
considerabl
ebr ainst
ormi ng. Thisapproachlett
hemi neoperat
ors/usersfeelownershipofthe
syst
em, somethingthatisnotcastuponhem byexper ts,Govt
.agenciesorout si
ders,and
hencechancesofsuccessf ulimpl
ement at
ionismuchmor e. Inthi
ssy stem,greyareasare
minimized;responsibil
i
tiesf oract
ionarepinpoi
ntedandscopesforaudi t
ingandimpr ovements
arealway spresent.

Exer
cise

Q.
1:Wr
it
eshor
tnot
eson“
RiskManagement
”

(
Fir
stCl
ass2002.2003)

Q.
2:Di
scussSaf
etymanagementpl
anv
is-
à-v
issaf
etyi
nmi
nes.

45
 Chapter5
Under
groundMi ning
A.LongwallMining
Longwalli
sthef ut
ureofundergroundmini
nginIndia.At
temptshavebeenmadef rom ti
me
toti
met oext
ractseamsbyt hismethodwi t
houtmuchsuccess.Thefail
urehasbeeneitherdue
tocoll
apseoffaces,str
atacontr
olproblemsorpoorproducti
vi
tyduetovari
ousfact
ors.The
causesoffai
l
urecanbesummar i
zedasf ol
l
ows:
 Poorpl
anni
ng.
 Absenceoft
otal
syst
em appr
oach.
 Mi
smat
chofequi
pmentt
othegeot
echni
cal
env
ironment
.
 Pr
esenceofhar
dst
rat
aposi
ngpr
obl
emsofcav
ing.
 I
nadequat
ecoal
clear
ancef
aci
l
iti
es.
 Non-
avai
l
abi
l
ityofspar
es.
 Non-
avai
l
abi
l
ityofwor
kshopf
aci
l
iti
es.
 I
mpr
opermachi
nemai
ntenance.
 Non-
avai
l
abi
l
ityofnewpanel
duet
opoordev
elopmentdr
ivage.
 I
nadequat
emachi
nemai
ntenanceofmachi
nesandsuppor
ts.
 Lackoft
rai
nedmanpower
.
 Lackofexper
ience.
Act
ion/strat
egi
esforsuccessofLongwal
lmi
ningi
nIndi
a
 Select
ionofsui
tabl
esupports
Ifwel ookatt hehi storyofLongwal lmini
ngi nIndia,wewoul df i
ndmanypi tfalls.Andt he
reasoni sthatbef orest arti
ngt hesef aces,adequat estudywasnotcar riedoutt oest i
mat e
theloadt hatwoul dbecomi ngont hewor kingsatdi ff
erentstages( e.
g.bef or eanddur i
ng
fi
rstwei ghtingandt hendur ingper iodi
cwei ghti
ng), i
nadequatesuppor tr esistance,
i
nadequat eornomoni tori
ngofi mpor t
antpar amet er
slikeconv ergence, l
oadet c.Inor derto
esti
mat el oadatdi f
f erentst ages,itisessentialtostudyphy si
co-mechani calpr oper ti
esof
coal measur est rata.Int hisdi r
ectionweshoul dknowt hemechani sm ofl oadi ngoff ace.
 Whenal ongwal l f
acei swor kedbycav ing,immedi ateroofshoul dcav ei nt hev oid.The
successofl ongwal lmi ningdependsoncav abili
tytoalargeext ent.Whati scav abil
it
y?
 Ar oofmaybeconsi deredt obei deall
ycav ablewhent hef oll
owingcondi tionsar e
satisf
ied:
Theov erly i
ngr ockf i
ll
si nthegoafassoonast hesuppor tsarewi thdrawn.
 Thef all
enr ockdebr i
sf i
llinthegoafbehi ndt helastrowofsuppor tscompl etely.

 Forcompl etefill
ingofgoafbydebr is,asuffi
ci
entthi
ckness‘
t’ofov
erl
yi
ngroofshould
beinvol
v edi nthecav i
ngpr ocess.Thev alueof‘t’
maybewor kedoutf
rom t
hef ol
l
owi ng
rel
ati
onshi p:
t=h/ (
k-1)
Whereh=hei ghtofext r
action;
k=bulkfactorofr oofstrata.
Wi
thk=1. 2,t=5h; wit
hk=1. 5,t=2h
 Forhar dandmassi verocks,k=1. 2andhencei mmediater
oofupto5ti
mest heheight
ofextr
act ionshouldbeconsi dered.Howev eritwoul
dbesafertost
udytherocksupt o
10h.

 Anotherver
yconveni
entmethodi
stoassessthecavabi
li
tyont
hebasi
sofdata
col
lectedfr
om B&Pdepil
l
ari
ngpanel
.Theareaext
ractedi
ndepi
ll
ari
ngpanel
maybe

46
 takenasmeasur
eofcavabil
i
ty.Theval
ueofcavabi
l
ityi
ndex‘
I’
andtheexposur
e
necessar
yinB&Pdepi
l
lari
ngbeforet
heoccurr
enceoffi
rstwei
ght
.

I
nfl
uenceofdept
honcav
abi
l
ity
Thedept hhasgotar oletopl ayininducingcavi
ng.Thei mmedi ateroofr ocksi nadv anceofthe
facearesubj ectedtofrontabut mentpr essur
ewhi chisproporti
onal todept h.Incaset hedepth
i
shi gh,
t herocksar esubjectedtohi gherabutmentpressurewhi chpr oducesmi nutecracksin
advanceoft heface.Suchcr ackshav egenerall
ynotbeennot icedinanyoft heIndianfaces
withdept hlessthan200m buthav ebeenobser vedatdept hofar ound300m andabov e.I
thas
alsobeenobser vedthatrockswi thcompar abl
ecav abi
li
tyindexexhibi tbettercavingbehav i
our
atgreaterdept hs.Howev er
,ithasnotbeenpossi blet
oquant i
fythei nfluenceofdept hon
cavingi
ndi cesdev el
opedbyCMRI .

Assessi
ngsuppor
trequi
rement
s
Studyofcol l
apsedf acesi nI ndi anmi nesshowedt hataf terst artoft heface, t
hei mmedi at
er oof
ofshal ewascav ingi nt hegoafaf t
eranadv anceof8t o12m.Thecav edshale, howev er,i
n
mostoft hecasesdi dnotf illupt hegoafduet oinadequat et hickness.Theov erly i
ngbedof
sandst onehangedi nt hegoafov eraconsi derablespant illt
hest ressesi ntherockbeam due
toitsownwei ghtexceededt hest rengthofsandst onebedandr ockbeam st artedf racturi
ng
throwi ngheav ywei ghtonsuppor tsandsol idcoal aheadoft hef ace.Thesuppor tsystem ofany
l
ongwal lfaceshoul dbesucht hati tmaybeabl etoof ferr easonabl ewor ki
ngcondi ti
onsdur i
ng
periodofwei ght i
ng.Taki ngconv ergenceast heobj ect i
v ecr i
ter i
onofr oofcondition, t
hesuppor t
resistanceshoul dbesoar rangedt hatt hattheconv ergencei skeptwi thinaccept ablelimits.
Anal ysisconduct edbyCMRIatv ariousf acesindicat est hatwi throof sofcompl eteshal eand
sandst onenor mal lymeti nourmi nes,goodmai ntenanceofr oofi sachi evedwhent he
conv ergencedoesnotexceed60mm/ m perm adv ance.Whenconv ergenceexceeds80- mm/ m
faceadv ance( cor r
espondi ngt oachangei nroofsl opeofappr oximat ely70)cont inuit
yofr oof
getsl ostanddi sl
ocat i
onst ar tsoccur r
ing.Wi thconv ergenceexceedi ng160mm perm of
adv ance( correspondi ngt oar oofsl opechangeofappr oximat y90)r
el ooff al
lsmayoccur
l
eadi ngt ocollapseoft hef ace.Thesel imitswoul dnotappl yt olesscompactandf ri
ableroofs.
1. CMRIMet hods
(i
) 0.6 n
Cav i
ngi ndexI ’ =t (m)
Wher et=t hicknessofst rongbed( m)
=Uni axialcompr essivest r
ength( Kg/ cm2)
m =( RQD+10) /100
n=Af actort hev alueofwhi chdependsont hev alueofRQDofst r
ongbed.The
valueofn=1. 1t o1. 3.

(
ii
) Cavabil
it
y i ndex-
I=Lnt 0.5
5
Wher e=Compr essivest rength( Kg/cm2)
L=Av eragel engthofcor e( cm)
t=Thicknessofst rongbed( m)
n=1. 2foruni for
ml ymassi verockswi thwei ghtedaverageRQDof80%and
abov e;
inothercasesn=1
Thismet hodgivesbetterr esult
st hant hef i
rstmet hod.
Thesuppor tresi
stanceneededatl ongwal l
facewoul dmai nl
ydependon
 Hei ghtofextraction.
 Cav abili
tyofov erlyi
ngroofandnat ureofimmedi ateroof.
 Posi ti
onofst r
ongestbedwi t
hr espectt ocoal seam.
CMRIhasgi venmonogr amsi ndicatingsuppor tresist
ancer equi
redfordiff
erentv
aluesof
cavabi
li
tyindexforv arioushei ghtsofext racti
on.
Capacit
yofPower edSuppor t=RxSxS2xK1xK2
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
n

47
 WhereR=Effect
ivesuppor tr
esi
stance
S=SpanatLongwal lface
S2=Spaci ngbetweenmember sofsupportsystem
K1=Fact ortotakecareofspanv ar
iat
ion(1.2)
K2 =Fact ortocompensat eforl
eakageandl owsetti
ngl
oad(
1.1)
n=Ef f
iciency(0.
8to0.9)
Exampl
e:
I
fR==80( fr
om Nomogr am)
h=2
S=4
S2=1.2
ThenCapaci
ty=80x4x1. 2
--
---
--
--
--
--1.
2x1.
2 ==600t onnes
0.8

Gr
oundmov
ementmoni
tor
ingi
nlongwal
lmi
ning
Itisnecessar ytomoni torgr oundmov ement .Fort his,conv ergencei nthegat eroads,
l
ocat i
onandmagni t
udeoff rontabut ment ,stressinbar r
ierpillar swhi chindicateside
abutment ,closureandpr essurechangesi nt hesuppor tl
egsneedt obemoni tor
ed.
Instr
ument sr equir edar e:
 Magni tudeandl ocationoff rontabut ment : Fort hi
spur pose, Str
essgauges( e.g.
vibratingwi rest ressgaugesorVWSgauges)canbei nst all
edi nbor eholesof
suitabl elengt haheadoff acef r
om t hegat er oadway s.Thehol esshoul dbepar all
el
tot hef aceandabout12m l ong.
 Si deabut ment :Thesi deabut mentscanbemeasur edbyVWSgaugesi nstal
l
edi n
bor ehol esmadei nthebar ri
erpill
ar ssimi l
art othosef orf rontabut mentmoni t
or i
ng.
 Gat er oaddef ormat ion:Spr i
ngAnchorwi reex tensomet er(SAWE)canbeused
alongwi thConv ergencer ecorderst omoni torgat er oaddef ormation.
 Cl osur eandpr essur echangesi nsuppor ts
AfewPower edsuppor tspr efer
ablyonei nthecent eroft hef aceandot heronei t
her
si
decanbesel ected.Thecl osureofi ndiv i
dual l
egoft hesuppor tcanbemeasur ed
usi
ngl egcl osur ei ndicator.Thepr essur eoft hehy draulicf luidint helegscanbe
measur edusi ngt hepr essur egaugespr ovidedont hepower edsuppor ts.

HardRoofManagementi nlongwal l mi ning

Manylongwal lf
aceshav efailedbecauset her oofdidnotcavei nregularl
yandeasil
y.
Thecavabi
lityofov erlyingroofr ockdependson:
 Massi venessofbedv is-à-vi
sbanddensi t
y .
 St rengthofbeds.
 Uni nterruptedt hicknessofbedi nvolvedincav i
ngv i
s-à-vi
spresenceofshaleor
coal bands.
 Por osi
ty,permeabi li
tycl aycontent ,
grainsizeandshapeofov erl
yi
ngrockmass.
 Dept hofwor kings.
 Lengt hoff ace.
Oftheabov esi xpar amet er s,themosti mpor tantparameteraffectingcav
abil
it
yin
I
ndianmi nesi stheun- inter ruptedthicknessofbedi nvolv
ingcav ing.
Recentl
ytri
alshavebeenmadet oinducecav ingsuccessf ull
ybyblastingfrom thesurf
acein
thetar
getstrat
aorbyhy dro-fracturing.

B.Ext
ract
ionofpi
l
lar
sbycav
ingmethodusi
ngcont
inuousmi
nerandshut
tl
e
carcombi
nati
on

48
Aper mi ssi onl et terf orext ract ionofpi l
larsbycav i
ngmet hodusi ngcont i
nuousmi nerand
shuttlecarcombi nat ioncont ainsst andar dcondi ti
onsl iket hoser equi redunder( a)
Regul ations100( 5)r eadwi thDGMSt echni cal circul ar21988r egar di ngpr ecaut ionsagai nst
air
-blast ,Regul ation112( 1)( c)r egar dingf enci ng, (b)Regul at i
on118A( 1)r egar ding
for
mat ionofpanel s,(c)Regul ation118( 3)(c)r egar di ngi nspect i
onofi sol ationst oppi ngs
and( d) DGMSci rcularNo.4of1988r egar di ngsubsi dencesur v ey .Condi tionsr egar ding
mannerofext ract ioncompr iset hemosti mpor tantpar toft heper mi ssi on.Thecondi tions
mayi ncl udet hef ollowi ng:
i
. Geol ogi cal mappi ngoft hepanel shal lbedonet odel ineat epr esenceofgeol ogical
distur bancesi nadv ance.Suchdi stur bancesshal l bepr ov idedwi thaddi tional
suppor ts.
i
i. Remot eumbi li
cal cor dcont rol shal lbepr ov idedont hecont i
nuousmi nersot hat
per sonsshal lbeempl oy edundersuppor tedr oofonl yi nt hesl iceunderext ract i
on.
i
ii.Eachpi l
larshal l bedi videdi ntot woequal hal vesbydr i
v ingaspl itnotexceedi ng6. 6
mi nwi dt hand4. 5m i nhei ght .Eachhal fpi llarsof or medshal l beext ract edby
drivingsl icesatanangl eof600wi t
hr espectt ocent reoft hespl i
tgal l
er y.Suchsl i
ce
shal l notexceed6. 6m i nwi dt hand4. 5m i nhei ght .Ar i
bofabout2m t hickness
shal l bel eftbet weensl i
ces.Thi smaybeext ract edj udi ciousl ywhi l
er etreat ing.
i
v .Thef irstsl icei nt hehal fpi llarshal lcommenceatl east5m awayf rom t hecor ner
oft hepi l
lar ,sohowev ert hati ncaseofanov erhangi nggoaft hedi st ancemaybe
i
ncr easedt o7m.
v. Themaxi mum cut -
of fdi st ancei nspl itandsl iceshal lnotexceed14m and10m
respect ively .
vi.Ext r act ionshal lber est ri
ct edt omi nimum pi llarsatat i
mesucht hatonl yonepi ll
ar
shal l beunderspl it
tingandonl yoneunderact ual ext ract i
onatat ime.
vii
.Li neofext ractionshal lbest raight .
vii
i.Ext r act ionofpi llar sshal l commencef rom t hedi pandpr oceedsy stemat i
callyt o
ther ise.
i
x.Onceext ractionofasl icecommences, thecont i
nuousmi nershal l wor knon- st op
ti
lltheext ractionofsl iceandr ibi scompl eted.I ncaset hecont i
nuousmi nerst ops
formor et han2hour sduet obr eakdownorot herr eason, ext ract i
onshal l not
commenceunl esst hest abi li
tyoft hesl icehasbeenev aluat edandf ound
satisf act ory .
x. DUSTCONTROL: Cut tingofcoal shal l notcommenceunl esswat er -spr ay ing
arrangement satt hecut tingpi cksi spr ov i
ded, mai nt ainedandi swor ki ng.Sui table
mechani sm t oi nt erlockt heoper ationofwat erspr ay ingandcut t
ingshal l be
prov idedandmai nt ainedatal lti
mes.
xi.OPERATI ONANDSUPERVI SI ON: Eachshi f tshal lbeundert hesuper visionofan
assi st antmanager .Themai nt enanceshi ftshal lbeundert hechar geofan
exper iencedengi neer .
TheCont inuousmi nerandshut t
lecar sshal l beoper atedbyspeci al lyt rained
compet entoper at or s.
xii.STRATACONTROLandgr oundmov ementmoni tor ingshal lbekeptundert he
super v isionofanassi st antmanager .
xiii
.MONI TORI NG: Sci ent i
ficbodyhav ingexper ti
seandi nfr ast ruct ureshal lbe
engagedf ormoni toringst ratabehav iori ncl udi ngcav i
ngchar act er ist i
cs, loadon
suppor tsandst ressesdev el opedov ert hepi llarsandsuggestcor rect iv emeasur es.
xiv.STRATAMANGEMENTPLANi ncl udi ngdet ailedschememoni t
or ingshal lbedr awn
outi nconsul t
at ionwi thasci ent ifi
cbody .Rot ar yt ell-talesatev er yj unct ionand
conv er gencei ndi cat orshal lbei nstal ledatev eryal ter nat epi ll
aral ongt hecent ral
headi ngandot hercr i
tical places.St resscapsul esshal lbepl acedt oassesst he
dev el opmentofl oadi npi ll
ar s.Cav ingbehav iourmaybest udi edwi tht hehel pof
mul tipoi ntbor ehol eext ensomet ers.
xv .St andar doper at i
ngpr ocedur esf ori nst allation, oper at i
onandmai nt enanceoff ace
machi ner yandequi pmentshal lbef ramedbasedont heconceptofr isk
assessmentandshal lbeadher edt o.

49
 xv
i.Aconti
ngencypl
anforwithdr
awalofconti
nuousminersaf
elyi
ncaseofa
Br
eakdownorstoppageduetofal
lofrooforotherr
easonshal
lbef
amedandput
i
ntooper
ati
onwhenr equi
red.

C.Wor
kingunderadv
ersegeo-
mini
ngcondi
ti
ons
Greatdepth,geol
ogi
caldi
stur
bances,hi
ghlygassyseams,suscept
ibi
li
tyt
ospontaneous
heati
ng,thi
ckseams,hardrooft
hatisdif
fi
culttocaveandwaterl
oggedworki
ngsorwater-
chargedstrat
aabovearesomeoft hecondit
ionswhichmakemi ni
ngcomplexandpose
safetypr
oblems.

(a)HighDept h:
Higherstrataloadandst ressesmayposeproblemsofgr oundcontrol
.Properpl
anning
requir
ingdesignofwor kingsandadequatesupport
sincludingi
mmedi atesupportofroof
andst rat
amoni tor
ingshoul dbepai
dattenti
onto.
Higherdepthsar eassociatedwit
hhighstrat
atemperature.Geot
hermal gradi
entinour
coalfi
eldsis10Cf orevery36m.Temper atureatadept
hof18m i s27.20C.Athigher
depthshigherv ent
il
ati
onst andar
dsshouldbeaimedat.Iftemperatureisveryhi
gh,spot
coolersorairconditi
oningmayhav etobedone.

(b)Geol ogi
caldistur
bances:
Whi leprepari
ngsupportpl an,addit
ionalsupportsshouldbeprovidedforworki
nginthe
vici
nityofgeologicaldi
sturbances.Hi ghergasemi ssi
onmaybeexpect ednearf
ault
sand
sill
sordy ke.Advancebor eholesshoul dbedri
ll
ed.Wat erf
rom higherhori
zonsmaybe
expect edalonggeologi
cal distur
bances.Possibili
tyofwater
loggedwor ki
ngscominginli
ne
oft hepresentwor ki
ngsmaybecar ef
ullyexamined.

(c)Gassyseams:
Duri
ngdev el
opment
,lev
el anddi
pheadi
ngsshoul dbedri
ven.Ext
racti
onbystowingshould
bedoneindegree3gassyseams.Bli
ndheadingsshouldnotbeallowedtoexist
.Ift
here
areanybli
ndheadi
ngs,airshoul
dbekeptcoursed.

(d)Seamsl i
abletospontaneousheat ing:
Dev elopmentshoul dbedonest ri
ctlyonpanelsystem.Asf araspossible,extract
ionmay
bedonewi thstowingotherwisegoafmaybekeptf l
oodedwi t
hni t
rogen.Env i
ronment al
moni toringforCO, CO2shouldbedonewi thcontinuousmoni t
oringsystem.Fi ref
ight
ingand
sealingar rangementsshouldbepr ovi
ded.Emergencypl anshouldbepr eparedand
rehear sed.Oxy gentypeself
-r
escuer sshouldbekeptatst rat
egicplaces.Telephonic
communi cati
onshoul dbeprovided.Escaperout
esshoul dbeprovidedandcl earl
ymar ked
belowgr ound.

(
d)Extractionofthickseams:
Extractionofthickseamsposesst ratacont rolproblems.Al argeamountofcoal islosti
n
parti
ngsbet weendi fferentsectionsandal soingoaf .Thisposesser i
ousproblem of
spont aneousheat i
ng.Anymet hodofext racti
onoft hi
ckseamsshoul daddresst hese
problems
Recentmet hodslikesub- l
evelcav i
ng, i
ntegratedsubl evelcavi
ng,hydraul
i
cmi ningor
blastinggaller
ymet hodshoul dbeadopt ed.Wher ethereischanceofspont aneousheat i
ng
goav esmaybekeptf loodedwi thNitrogen.Ther eshoul dbecont i
nuousmoni t
or i
ngof
environment .Moni t
oringofpar amet ersli
kest rat
al oad/pr essureandconvergenceshould
becar r
iedout.

(
f)Har
droof
,di
ff
icul
ttocav
e:

50
 I
fextracti
oni sdonewi t
hcav i
ng,thenmeasur essuchasi nducedblasting,hy
dro-
fr
acturing
maybecar r
iedoutt obr i
ngdownmassi veroofduringextract
ion.Precauti
onsasperDGMS
Cir
cul
arNo.2of1988maybet aken.Convergencerecordersshouldbeused.Ani mmi nent
fal
li
si ndi
catedi fC1/C2ismor ethan2.
WhereC1i sdai l
yconv ergenceondayn;
C2isav er
agedai lyconvergenceupt odayn-1.
I
nducedbl astingandhy dr o-
fr
acturi
ngareofgr eathelpi
ndeal i
ngwi thsuchcondi
tions.

(g)Wor ki
ngunderwat er:
Whi lewor kingbel owwat er-
chargedbedsaddi t
ional pumpi ngcapacityshoul dbepr ovided.
Dev elopmentshoul dbedonebydr i
vinglevel
sandr isegal ler
ies.Forextract i
onbelow
wat erloggedgoav es/wor ki
ngsitisidealtomaki ngsuchgoav esandwor kingsdry.
Other wiseext r
acti
onshoul dbedonebynonef f
ective( NEW)met hod.Wi dth: Dept hrati
oof
thepanel shoul dnotexceed0. 3to0. 5(Generally0.4) .Thewi dthofpanel barri
ershallnot
bel ess10t i
mest hehei ghtofextractionor0.15t i
mest hedept h,whichev erismore.
I
ff ullextractionisdonebycav i
ngt hen,thevalueoft ensilestrai
ninthebedofwat erl
ogged
wor kings/goafshal lnotexceed3mm/ m.
Valueoft ensi l
estrainmaybeest imat edbyfollowingf ormula:
e=0. 35Xt/D
Wher ee=Tensi l
est r
aininmm/ m
t=Thi cknessofex t
ractioninmm
D=Par ti
ngbet weent hewat erl
oggedwor ki
ngsandt heseam underext racti
on.
I
ncaseext ractionisdonewi thstowing, t
hev al
ueofst rai
nmaybet akenas15%oft he
valueobt ainedbyabov ef or
mula.
Pleasenot et hatthisisar oughformul aforestimationoft het ensi
lestrain.

(h)Wor ki
ngov ergoav edoutseams:
Followingdif
fi
culti
esar elikelytobeencount ered:
 Upperseam get sdamagedandhencet heremaybedi ffi
cul
tyinproper
planningofhaul agel ayout.
 Pr oblemsofst ratacont r
ol i
nv i
ewofbr oken/disturbedroof.
 Ri sesidewor kingsmaycont ainwaterandCO2t hatmayent ertheupper
seam wor kingsthr oughcr acks.
 Roofmaybedi sturbednearpanel bar
ri
er sinl
owerseam.
I
fupperseam i svir
ginandpar ti
ngi smor ethan12T( whereTi sthet
hicknessofext racti
onin
l
owerseam) ,t
heremaybenodi fficul
tyi nwor ki
ngupperseam.I fupperseam i sstandingon
pi
ll
arsthensaf eparti
ngmaybet akenas100T.
I
fextracti
onisdonewi thhy draulicstowi ng, t
hefor mulamaybemodi fiedtakingshri
nkageof15
%.

(i
)Worki
ngunderf ir
ear ea:
Themostcommonpr oblemsassoci at
edwi t
hextracti
onbel owfi
reareasincludet hosedueto
noxi
ousgases.Followingprecaut i
ons/st epsshouldbet akenforsafewor k:
 Permi ssionshoul dbet akenf r
om DGMSi ft
hepar t
ingislessthan10m ofhar dcover
[
Regulation122( 1)(c)]
 Vent i
lati
onofl owerseam shoul dbei ndependentoft opseam fir
earea.
 Forcingsy stem ofventilat
ionshoul dbeadopt ed.
 Thear eashouldbef reef r
om f aultplanessothatfiredoesnottravelalongt hefaul
t
pl
ane.
 Asf araspossi bleextractionbel owf i
reareashouldbedonewi t
hsandst owing.Cavi
ng
maybedonei fthepar ti
ngi smor ethan15Tandt hepar t
ingisfreefr
om car bonaceous
matter.
 Cont i
nuousmoni tori
ngf ornoxi ousgasesshoul dbedone.

51
 Exer
cise
Q.1: Amoderatel
ythickseam atshall
owcov eri
sproposedtobeextractedforthefi
rstti
me
i
nami nebylongwallpower edsuppor
t.Howwoul dyoumakeast atutor
yapplicat
ionforthe
extract
ionandwhati nformati
onsarerequi
red? (
Fir
st
Class2002)
Q.2: Dr
awupcondi t
ionsf oruseof:
(a)LHD
(b)Beltconvey
orsbel owground
(Fi
rstClass2002)
Q.3: Whatar
ethestat utor
yrequi
rementsbeforeabandonmentofbelowgroundwor ki
ngs?
Whatar edangersfrom suchwor ki
ngsandhowcani tbereduced?

(Fi
rstCl
ass2002)
Q.4:Aseam,4m t hi
ckanddi
ppi
ngat1in12isproposedtobewor kedbyl
ongwal
lcav
ing.
Descri
bethepreparat
orywor
kneededandprepar
eanapplicat
ionseeki
ngper
missi
on
underRegul
ati
on100AofCoal MinesRegul
ati
ons,1957. (
Fir
st
Class2000)

Q.5:An8m t hickseam (thi

rddegr eegassy )dippi
ngat1i n7isbei ngext ractedi n3l i
ft
sby
BordandPi ll
armet hodwithsandst owing.Whi ledevel
opingsecond/t hir
dl i
ftsov ersand,
someoft hef acesgiveoutlargev ol
umesofi nfl
ammablegasf orsever alweeks.Whatar e
thepossiblereasonsforgasemi ssi
on?St atethedangersinvolvedandpr ecaut i
onst obe
takenduringdev el
opment .
(FirstClassAugust
1999)
Q.6:Drawaschemeofsaf eoper ati
ngpracticewithconti
nuousmi ner.Howwoul dy ou
i
mpl ementit?
(Fi
rstCl ass2002)
Q.7:Whatar ethesafetyproblemsassoci atedwi t
hworkingthickseamsbyunder gr
ound
met hods?Howcansuchpr oblemsbesol ved?

52
 CHAPTER6
OPENCASTMI NING
GeneralSaf etyProblemsassociatedwi t
hopencastmi nes
Problemsassoci atedwithmechani zedopencastmi nesareasfoll
ows:
Technical problems
i
. Sl opest abili
ty
i
i. Bl astingr el
atedpr oblems
i
ii
.Tr anspor trelat
edpr oblems
i
v.Thosear isi
ngf r
om machi neoperati
ons.
v. Mi scel l
aneouspr obl emsl i
kef i
re,
inundat
ionorev encoaldustexpl
osi
oni
n
opencastmi nesquar r
yingoutf or
medpi l
l
ar s.
Administ
rativepr oblems
Theseincludet hosear i
singfrom deploy mentofcontractors’
workers.

I
nthi
schapt
eri
tispr
oposedt
odeal
wit
hthepr
obl
emsofsl
opest
abi
l
ity
.

Sl
opest
abi
l
ity
I
nopencastmi nes, thesi desar ekeptsl opedorbenchedf orensuri
ngsaf etyagainstsl i
des.
Sl
opedesi gnshav ei mpactonsaf etyaswel laseconomy .Steeperslopesfav oureconomy
butadverselyaf fectsaf et y.Abal ancehast obest ruckbet weensaf etyandeconomy .
Typesofslopef ailur es:
i
. Pl anef ailur e: Amaj ordi scontinuitylikeaf aultplanecausest hesl opetosl i
de
alongt heweakpl ane.
i
i. Ci rcularf ailur e:Thi stypeoff ail
ur enor mallytakesplacei nweakmat eri
al and
dumps.Thef ail
edsur faceassumesaconcav eshape.
i
ii
.Wedgef ailur e: Whent her ear et wodi scontinuiti
esstri
kingobl i
quely,thewedge
shapedpi ecescol lapse.
i
v.Toppl ingf ai l
ur e:Ther eisnosl idingbuti nweat herdground,theent i
reslope
mayt oppl e.
v. Non- circul arf ail
ur e: Weakmat er i
al wit
hst rongl ay
eratbasewhi chprev ents
compl eteci rcul arf ail
ur e.
vi
.Fal li
ng: Anyov erhangscr eatedbyunder cutti
ngorot herwisemaycauset he
ov erhangi ngmat er i
altocol lapse.
I
ndicationsofdamagei nsl opes/pot entialfail
ures:
i
. Smal l recentf ai
lur es
i
i. Fr esher osi on
i
ii
.Recentmov ement s
i
v.Tensi oncr acks
v. Recentseepage
vi
.Fl oorheav i
ng
vi
i.Reduct ioni nR. L
vi
ii
.Changei ndr ainagesl opes
Factorsaf f
ect i
ngsl opest abi l
ity
:

Natur
al f
act or
s
i. Phy sico-mechani calproper
ti
esofr
ock
ii
. Geol ogicalstructures
ii
i.Hy drologicalproper t
ies
iv.Lithol ogy
v. Seismi cact i
vity
vi.Climat icconditi
ons

Ar
ti
fi
cialfact
ors:
i
. Sl opegeometr
yincl
udi
nghei
ght
,angl
eandcur
vat
ure

53
 i
i
. Miningmethodi ncl
udi
ngrat
eofpr
oducti
on,t
ypeofdri
ll
i
ngandblast
ingandt he
heightofbenches.
i
i
i.Presenceofoldwor ki
ngs–thi
smayrequi
rehei
ghtofbenchest
ober educed.

Prevent
ionofsl
opef ai
lures:
1. Form wel ldesignedsl ope.Fact orofsaf etyshouldbemorethanoneand
preferablyabout1. 2.
2. Reducedr i
vingf orceandi ncreaser esisti
ngforceby:
 Remov al oftopbenches
 Fl atteningofsl ope
 For mi ngt erracesi nst eepsl opes
 Remov al ofunst ablemat eri
al
 For mi ngwel ldesi gnedsur facedrainage
 Dr ainageofsub- surfacewat erbyhor i
zont
aldr
ains,
ver
ti
cal
borehol eswi thsubmer sibl
epumps
 Soi lnailing/r ockbol ti
ng
 Pr ovidingr etainingwal l
s
 St onecol umns
 Veget ationondumps
 Soi lhardeni ngbygr outing/l i
meinjecti
onofdumps.
 Remov al ofov erhangs/under cut
s.
Moni
tori
ngpitsl
opesisv eryimpor tant.

MONITORI
ONGOFPI TSLOPES:
Thi
scanbedoneby:
1. Visualobservati
ons/inspection
2. Inst
rumentation
 EDM-Theodol i
te–l evel
basedmoni t
ori
ng
 Tensi oncr acksmoni t
ori
ng
 Ter r
estr
ialphotogrametri
cmet hods
 GPS
 Laser pr ofil
ebasedmoni t
oring
 Usi ngpiezomet ersinboreholest omoni
torhy
draul
i
cpr
essur
e

Mov
ement
-wi
semoni
tor
ingt
echni
que
Rangeofmov
ement Suggest
edmoni
tor
ing
method
10–100mm B.
H.Extensometer
100–500mm E.
D.M survey

BALANCINGDI AGRAM
Iti
ndi
catest heposi
ti
onofadragli
newi t
hrespecttoO.Bitcanremov efrom t
hatpositi
onand
theposit
ionwher eO.Bwil
lbedumped.Thedi agram i
ndi
catesre-
handli
ngofO. Bifrequi
red.
Thebalancingdiagr
am showssequenceofoper ati
onforO.B.r
emov albythedragli
ne.Many
suchdiagramsar edr
awnbyt r
ial
ander r
ormet hodbeforemostopti
mum schemeofoper at
ions
i
sselectedfortheavail
abl
edragl
ine.Thi
scanal sobedonewi t
hthehel pofcomput er
progr
amme.

54
 8Exer
cise
Q.1: Wr it
eshor tnot eonhaul roadgradienti
nopencastmi nes.
(Fir
stCl ass2005)
Q.2: Al argeopencastmi nei sbei ngpl
annedinav ir
ginarea.Br i
eflystateand
discusst hestatutorynot i
cest hataretobesentandper mi ssions/r el
axati
ons
tobeobt ained.Whatst epsshoul dbetakentosel ect,r
ecr uitandt rainthe
wor kmen, st
af fandof ficer s?
(Fir
stCl ass2004)
Q.3: Themanagementofal argeopencastmi nehasent r
ust edt hewor kof
remov alofov erburdent oacont r
actor
.Deploy mentofcont ractor’
st rucksand
wor kersf orremov alofov erburdenhasl edt
oi ncreaseofacci dents.Discuss
ther easonsf ori ncreasei nacci dentsandsuggestpr eventivemeasur es.
(Fir
stCl ass2001)
Q.4: Whatar et hei mprov ement snecessaryforbet t
erandsaf eruseof
Opencastmachi nery?
(Fir
stCl ass2002)
Q.5: Whatar et hecommoncausesofsl opefailur
esi nopencastmi nes?How
cansuchf ai
luresbepr ev ented?

55
 Chapt
er7
Bl
asti
ng
Acci
dent
sandsaf
etyprobl
emsduet
obl
ast
ing
Largeamountofexpl osiveisusedi nopencastaswel lasbel owgr oundmi nes.Inspiteof
elabor at epr ecaut ionsgi venint heCoal Mi nesregul ati
ons,ithasnotbeenpossi bletoer adicate
accident sduet ouseofexpl osiv es.Aswoul dbeseenf rom Tabl e5, Chapt er2, t
herewer e3, 5,
and2f at alacci dent sdur ingt hey ears2003, 2004and2005r espect ivelydur ingblast
ing
oper ations.
Theseacci dent sar emost l
ycausedbyf lyrock.Elabor ateprecaut ionsar egi veninRegul ati
on
170oft heCMR, 1957.Theseacci dent scanbepr ev entedbyst r
ictadher encet ot heprov i
sions
ofthi sr egul ation.I nl argeopencastmi nes, themanagershoul dpr epar eacodeofpr act i
cef or
safeuseofexpl osi veswi thduer egar dt othesepr ov i
sions.
Gener al causesoff lyr ockar elocal geol ogicaldi
st urbances, poorbl astdesi gn,i
nsufficientor
veryhi ghf rontr owbur den, i
nadequat est emmi ng,excessi veorl owamountofexpl osive,
i
mpr operdel ayt imeandi nit
iati
onsequenceandexpl osivev erycloset ot hemout hofbl ast-
hole,
etc.Incaset hef l
yr ocki stobecont rolledwi thi
nshor tdist
ances, thebl astr oundneedst obe
muf fledt oinhi bitt het raveldistance.
Apar tfr om f lyr ock, blastingmaysomet imecausei gniti
on/expl osi onofi nfl
ammabl egas,
accident sduet oi nhal ati
onofpoi sonouspostdet onat i
onfumes, coal dustexpl osionwhi le
extract ingf or medpi l
larsandpr emat uredet onationwhi l
eblast i
ngi nf ir
ear ea.Precautions
againstsuchmi scel laneousdanger shav ebeengi veni nsev eralcircular sbyDGMS, t
he
i
mpor tantonesbei ng:
 DGMSci rcul ar20f1985: Blastingi nhothol es.
 DGMSci rcul ar4of1983: Precaut ionsagai nstcoal dustexpl osion.
 DGMSci rcul ar4of1984: Precaut ionsagai nstblastingf umes.
 DGMSci rcul ar3of1980: Precaut ionsagai nstblownt hroughshot swhi l
equar rying
pi l
l
ar s.
 DGMSci rcul ar7of1981: Precaut ionsagai nstinhalationofni trousf umes.

Gr oundv i
br ati
ons
Thesecondmosti mpor tantpr oblem r elatingt obl astingi sgr oundv i
brations.Whenan
expl osivechar gei sbl ast edi nahol e, itisinst antl
yconv ertedi ntogasesunderhi ghpr essure
thatexer tint ensepr essur eont hebl ast -
hol ewal l
s.Ther ockar oundt hebl ast-
holeupt otwi ce
ther adiusoft hehol eget scompl etel ycr ushed.Expandi nggasescont i
nuet owor kont her ock,
ext endingt hecr acksandmov ingt hebr okenr ockout war dandupwar ds.Theseact i
v i
ti
es
consumeapar tofexpl osi v eener gy .Ther emai ni
ngpar tofener gywhi chisqui tesubst anti
al
causesel ast icgr oundv ibr at i
ons.Asei smi cwav et ravelsal ongt hegroundgener at i
ngpar t
icle
mot i
onont hesur f
ace.Thev el ocityofosci l
l
at i
ngr ockpar ticlesi scall
edpar t
icl
ev el
ocityandi t
s
maxi mum v aluei scal ledpeakpar ticlev elocityorPPV.Gener al
lypeakpar ti
clevelocityis
recor dedint hreeor thogonal direct ions( l
ongi tudinal /
radial ,transverseandv erti
cal )
.PPVi s
measur edwi tht hehel pofsei smogr aph.
Thesev ibrat i
onscancausedamaget ot hesur facest r
uct uresast hesest ructuresal sotendt oo
vibrate.Thedamaget hatr esul tswi l
l dependoni nher entst rengt hofthest ructure, i
tsheight
andst r
engt handr igidityoft hef oundat i
on.Akut chahutwi l
l bemor epronet odamaget hana
puccabui lding.
TheUSBur eauofMi neshasdev elopedamat hemat i
cal model whi chrelatesPPVt ocharge
wei ghtanddi stancef rom t hebl asthol e.Thef ormul af orsi tepr edict
orequat ioni s-
¬- b
V=K( D/ \/ Q) ¬
Wher eV=PPVi nmm/ sec
D=r adial distancef rom hol et omoni toringst ati
oni nm
Q=Maxi mum char geperdel ay( kg)
Kandbar esi teconst ant s.
D/ \/Qi scal ledscal eddi st ance.

56
Foranewar eainwhicht heseismiccharacteri
sti
csarenotknown, t
heconst ant
s‘k’
and‘ b’
ar e
determinedbymonitor
ingt hegroundvibrat
ionsatdiff
erentdi
stancesforknownquant i
tyof
explosi
veperdelay
.
Thev al
ueofPPVr ecommendedbyDGMSf orvar
ioustypesofstr
uctur
esar egiveni
nTechni cal
ci
rcular7of1997.Thev aluesforstr
ucturesnotbelongi
ngt ot
heowner saregi v
enbelow:

Ty
peofst
ruct
ure PPVi nmm persec
Fr
equency<8Hz Frequency8–25Hz Fr
equency>25Hz
Kutcha/br i
ckhouses 5 10 15
Industri
albuil
ding 10 20 25
Histori
cal 2 5 10
monument s

Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethepar
amet
ersaff
ect
inggr
oundvibr
ati
ons:
Paramet
ersi
nfl
uenci
nggroundvi
brat
ions

Vari
ablef act or s Inf
luence
Controll
abl e Signi
fi
cant Moder
ate I
nsi
gni
fi
cant
1.Chargedel ay yes
2.Delayi nter val yes
3.Delayaccur acy Yes
4.Burdenspaci ng Yes
5.Stemmi ngl ength Yes
6.Stemmi ngmat eri
al yes
7.Chargel engt h yes
8.HoleDi amet er test
9.Holeangl e y
es
10.Char gedept h y
es
11.Bare/cov eredD. F y
es
12Char gewt .per y
es
bl
ast
Non-cont rollabl e
1.Surfacet errain y
es
2.TypeofO. B y
es
3.Windandweat her y
es
conditi
ons

Reducinggr oundvibrati
ons
1.Reducechar gewei ghtperdelay.
2.Avoidtoomuchbur denandorsub-dri
ll
ing.
3.Primershoul dnotbei nsub-dri
l
li
ng.
4.I
fdelaysi nrowsar earrangedinsequence,t
helowestshoul
dbenear
estt
othest
ruct
urei
.e.
shotsshouldpr opagateawayf rom t
hestruct
ure.
5.Airdecking.
6.Goodbl astdesign.

57
 Vi
brat
ionsi
nducedbybl
ast
ingonr
oofandpi
l
lar
sofunder
groundcoal
mines

AstudybyCMRIshowedt hat:
1.Roofvi
brat
eswi t
hhi ghermagni t
udeofPPVthanthesidesoft
hegal l
eri
esby4to6.
5ti
mes.
2.Roofofdevel
opedpi ll
arswasf oundt
ov i
brat
ewithlowermagni
tudeincompari
sontot
he
vi
rgi
nareawher eli
mitedgal l
eri
esweredriv
enasincaseofB.Gmet hod.
3.Safevi
brat
ionlevel
f orroofofbelowgroundworki
ngsis100mm persecond.

Contr
olledBlast i
ng
Cont
roll
edbl asti
ngt echniquesar eusedt omi nimizeov er-
break( orf
ractur
ing)bey ondthe
desi
gnedboundar y.Thisisusedbot hinopencastandbel owgr oundwor kings.Thisisdoneby:
 Li nedr i
ll
ing:Singleli
neofunl oaded,closelyspacedhol esareleftbetweenpl aceof
blastingandt heboundar y .
 Pr eshear i
ng: Asingler owofhol es,5to10cmsi ndiamet eraredri
lled,chargedwith2.
5
cmsdi acar t
ri
dgesandf i
redbef oremai nbl asti
ng.Theannul arspacei ntheholesis
fi
lledwi t
hcr ushedst one.
 Cushi onBlasting:Asi ngl
er owofhol esi sdr i
ll
edalongt heneatexcav ati
online,l
oaded
withl i
ght,welldistr
ibutedchar gesandf iredaftermainexcav ati
oni sremov ed.

Airov erpressures
Airoverpressur eistheener gyt ransmitt
edf rom theblastthrought heatmospher einthe
form ofpr essur ewav esconsi sti
ngofwi der angeoff r
equencies,someofwhi chareaudibl
e
andsomear ei naudibl ewhichr esulti
nannoy anceproblem.Ai roverpressureismeasured
i
ndeci ble( dB). Lowf requencyai rvi
brat i
ons( lessthan20Hz)causeai r-
blastwhil
ehigh
frequencyai rv i
br at
ions( 20Hzt o20KHz )producenoi se.Airoverpressuremayal soresult
i
ncr acksi nt hepl asterorbr eakageofwi ndowpanes.
Mi ni
misingnoi seandai rbl
ast
 Cov erdet onat i
ngcor dwi thearth.
 UseNonel .
 Av oi
dsecondar yblastingwi t
hpl astershooting.
 Bl astingshoul dbedoneunderf av ourableweat hercondit
ionsl i
keclearskyand
lightwi nd.
 Bl astingmaybedonedur ingper i
odofhi ghambi entnoise.

Sl eepi ngofhol es
TheCoal Mi nesRegul ations,1957r equi rethatonl yt hosehol esshal l
bechar gedwhi ch
aretobef i
redi nar ound.I nlargeopencastmi nes, i
tcausespr acti
caloperational
di
fficul
ti
es.Sev er
al rowsofhol esmayber equir
edt obechar gedatat ime, outwhi ch
onlyfewwi l
l bef i
red.Theot herchar gedhol esar ecal l
ed“ sl
eepi ngholes”.Inlarge
Opencastmi nesusi ngdr agl i
nes, sleepi ngmayext endt oev en15day sorso.
Foll
owingpr ecaut ionsshal lbet akeni ncaseofsl eepi ngholes:
1) Smoki ngoropenf l
amei ncludi ngwel dingshal lnotbeal lowedwi thi
n30m of
loadedhol es.
2) Atl eastt wor owsofunl oadedhol esshal l bel eftbetweenl oadedhol esand
hol esunderdr il
l
ing.
3) Thear eaofl oadedhol esshal lbeconspi cuousl ymar kedbyv isibl
ebr ightred
flagsdur ingdayandbyr edf luor escentpai ntdur i
ngni ghthour s.
4) Ent ryt othear eashal lbecor donedof f
.
5) Blast -holesshal l bestemmedi mmedi atelyaf t
erloadi ngandashor tlengthof
D. Fshal l
bekeptexposed.
6) Thebor ehol eandcol l
arar eashal lbecov er edbysof tstemmi ngmat erial
so
thatt hedet onatingf usei scompl etel
ycov eredanddoesnotcomei ncont act
wi thdi schar geofst aticelect ri
cityandl ight eni ng.

58
 7) Connectionsforblastingshallbedoneonlydayofblasti
ngduri
ngdayl i
ght.
8) Onlydetonati
ngf useshal lbeusedintheblasthol
e.Detonat
orshall
be
connectedjustbeforebl asti
ng.
9) Nohol eshallr
emai nloadedbey ondtheperiodpermit
tedbyDGMS( Upt o15
daysincaseofdr aglineandupt o7day sinshovelbenches)
.
10)Recordsofallsleepinghol esshal
lbemaintainedandsignedbytheblast
ing
off
icer/i
ncharge.

Exercise
Q.1:Whatarethecausesofdamaget obuil
dingsandst r
ucturesduetoblast
ingin
opencastmines?Whatprecaut ionsshouldbet akentopreventsuchdamage?
(
Fir
stClass2005)
Q.2:Writ
eshortnot
eson“ Flyr ocksi
nopencastmi nes,
theircausesandprevent
ion”
.
(
Fir
stClass2004)
Q.3:Writ
eshortnot
eson“ fi
ringofshot snearsur f
acestructur
es”.
(
Fir
stClass2003)
Q.4:Drawupasetofcondi t
ionsf or;
(
a)UseofSMS.
(
b)Fir
ingofshotsint heshaftfrom mains.
(
Fir
stClass2001)

Q.
5:Wr
iteshortnoteson:
(a)Control
l
edbl ast
ing
(b)Deali
ngwi thmisfi
reindeep-
holebl
ast
.
(
FirstCl
ass1998)
Q.6:Amechani zedopencastminehasapproachedavi
ll
age.Whatsaf
etyand
heal
th problemsarelikelyt
oar i
se?Suggestst
epstogetovert
heseprobl
ems.

59
 Chapt
er8
Noisei
nMines

Manysoundsar
eunpl
easantorunwant
ed.Thesear
ecal
l
ednoi
se.
Soundi s“ v
ibratingener gy ”
.Whenanobj ectvibrates,
itpushesai rinonedirect i
on;thenpushes
airinot herdirect i
on.Thi sbackandf orthmov ementcausesar iseanddr opi npressure.The
changesi npressur eduet osoundwav esar equitesmal lcompar edtoatmospher i
cpr essure.
Thechangei npr essur eiswhatr eall
ysoundl evel measuringinstrumentsmeasur e.
Asagener alr ule,soundwav esmov ewi thequali nt
ensityinal ldir
ecti
onsf r
om thesour ceof
noise.Ast hesoundwav esmov eout war df r
om t hei
rsour cetheycov eral ar
gear eaandt hei
r
strengthdi mi nishes.Gener all
yspeaki ng,thesoundi ntensit
yi satf ul
lstrengthf oradi stance
thatist hreetimest hesi zeofnoi sesour cei t
self.Forexampl e,ifthenoisesour ceisonemet re
i
ndi amet er,t
hent hesoundi satfullstrengthf orapproximately3met r
esfrom t hesour ce.With
eachdoubl i
ngofdi stancef rom thesoundsour ce,t
hesoundst r
engthisr educedbyonehal f
.
Ther efore,int hisexampl et hesoundwoul dbeat100%st rengt hfrom 0-
1met r
e,at50%at6
met res,and25%st rengthat12met res.

Soundi sdescr ibedbyt hreequant iti

esnamel yf requency ,wav el engthandampl i
tude.The
numberofpr essur ev ariationspersecondi scalledf requencyandi smeasur edi nher tz( Hz)
.
Thenor mal hear i
ngr angeofaheal thyper sonext endsf rom 20Hzt o2000Hz.
Wav el engt h( )SpeedofsoundFr equency
The nextmai n quant ityused t o descr i
be a sound i st he size orampl itude ofpr essure
fluctuat ions.Theweakestsoundahumanearcandet ecthasanampl it
udeof20mi cr
oPascal s
(Pa)-some5109t imesl esst hannor malat mospher i
cpr essure.Ifwemeasur edsoundi n
Pascal swewoul dendupi nsomel argeunmanageabl enumber s.Toav oi
dt his,anot herscale
calleddeci belscal ei sadopt edandi sl ogar i
thmi cscal eanduseshear ingthreshol dof20Pa
ast her efer encel ev el.Thi si sdef i
nedas0dB.Whenwemul ti
plythesoundpr essur emeasur ed
i
nPaby10, weadd20dBt odeci bel level.So200Pacor respondst o20dB, 2000Pat o40dB
andsoon.
dBscal e
20Pa =0dB
200Pa =20dB
2000Pa =40dB
20000Pa =60dB
Howt heabov escal ei sder i
ved?
Hear i
ngobey s,asal lhumansenses,t hel aw ofdi fferentialsensi ti
vitywhichst atest hatthe
i
ncr easei ni ntensi t
ynecessar yt opr oducet hemi ni mum per ceptibleincreasei nl oudnessi s
directlypr opor t
ional tot heor iginalintensi tyandt hei ncr easei nloudness.Thus
dIdLXI
Or dL=KdI /I
Integr atingbot hsi des
L=Kl og10I+C
Subj ect i
v echangebet weent wol oudnessper cept
iblet ohumanear=L- L0
=K( Log10I -Log10I 0)
=KLog10I /I
0
K=20, taki ng20Pa=0
Thust heearr eact st ol ogar ithmi cchangei nl evelwhi chcor r espondst ot hedeci belscalewher e
onedeci beli sthesamer elat i
v echangeev erywherei nt hescal e(e.g.doubling‘I’doesnotmake
‘
L’ doubl ebutdi fferencei nl oudnessr emai nsconst anti nsuccessi vedoubl i
ngofi ntensit
y )
Deci beli st hesoundpr essur ei nlogar ithmicscal er eferencet oapr essureP0 ( 20Pa)whi ch
cor respondst ot hehear i
ngt hr esholdofav eragey oungper sonatonKHzf r
equency .
Int ermsofsoundpr essur elev el,audi bl
esoundsr angef r
om t het hresholdofhear i
ngat0dbt o
thet hr eshol dofpai nwhi chcanbeov er130dB.

60
 Basi cSoundLev el Met er
Asoundl ev el met eri sani nst rumentdesi gnedt or espondt osoundi nappr oxi mat el yt hesame
wayast hehumanearandt ogi veobj ect i
v eresponsi bl emeasur ement sofsoundpr essur elev el
(SPL) .Thebasi csoundl evel met erconsi stsofami cr ophone, apr ocessi ngsect ionanda
readoutuni t.
Sev eral differ entt ypesofpr ocessi ngmaybeper formedont hesi gnal s.Iti sr elativelysi mpl et o
bui ldel ect roni cci rcui twhosesensi tivityv arieswi thf requencyi nt hesamewayashumanear ,
thussi mul at ingequal loudnesscont our s.Thi shasr esul tedi nt hreedi fferenti nternat i
onal l
y
standar disedchar act er istict ermst heA, B, andCwei ght ings.
The‘ A’ wei ght ingnet wor kwei ght sasi gnal inamannerwhi chappr oximat est oani nv ert
ed
equal loudnesscont ouratl owSPLs, t he‘ B’net wor kcor respondst ocont ouratmedi um and‘ C’
net wor kt oanequal l
oudnesscont ourathi ghSPL.Now- a-day st he‘ A’ wei ght ingnet wor ki sthe
mostwi del yusedsi nce‘ B’ and‘ C’ wei ght ingsdonotcor relatewel lwithsubj ectivet est s.
Aft ert hesi gnal hasbeenwei ght edand/ ordi v idedi nt of requencybandst her esultantsi gnal is
modi f
ied, andt her ootmeansquar ev al uedet er minedi naRMSdet ect or.TheRMSv alueis
direct lyr elat edt ot heamountofener gyi nt hesoundbei ngmeasur ed.
ENERGYPARAMETERS
Assoundi saf or m ofener gy , t
hepot ent ial ofhear i
ngdamageofagi vensoundenv ironment
dependsnotonl yoni tsl evel butal sooni tsdur at i
on.So, toassesst hehear i
ngdamage
pot ent ial ofasoundenv ironment ,bot ht hesoundl ev el andt hedur ati
onofexposur emustbe
measur edandcombi nedt opr ovideadet er mi nat ionofener gyr ecei ved.Forconst antsound
l
ev el ,thisi seasybuti ft hesoundv ar ies, thel ev elmustbesampl edr epeat edl yov erawel l
-
def inedsampl ingper iod.Basedont hesesampl es, iti st henpossi blet ocal culateasi nglev alue
knownast he‘ equi v alentcont inuoussoundl ev el’or‘ Leq’ whi chhast hesameener gycont ent
andconsequent lyt hesamehear ingdamagepot ent i
al ast hev ary i
ngsoundl ev els.
Ifthesoundl ev el var iesi nst eps, ‘Leq’ canbecal cul at edusi ngmeasur ement sf r
om soundl ev el
met ersandst opwat ch.Howev er,ift hesoundl ev el v ariesr andoml y,itisnoteasyt ouse
manual calcul ationst oev aluat e‘Leq’ .Insuchcasesi nt egr atingsoundl ev el met er sar eused.
Suchmet ersaut omat ical l
ycal culat et he‘ Leq’ oft hesoundbei ngmeasur ed.
Anal t
er nativ eener gypar amet ertot heLeqi s‘ soundexposur el ev el’or‘SEL’ whi chi sdef inedas
theconst antl ev el act ingf oronesecondwhi chhast hesameamountofacoust i
cener gyast he
origi nal sound.AnSELmeasur ementi sof t
enusedf ordescr ibingt henoi seener gyofasi ngle
ev ent ,suchasav ehi clepassi ngby .Asal lSELmeasur ement sar enor mal isedt oaonesecond
timei nter val ,theener gycont entofdi ffer entt y pesofnoi seev ent scanbeeasi lycompar edby
usi ngSELmeasur ement s.
Ty pesofnoi ses
 Cont inuousnoi seasi ncaseofsur facef an.
 I mpactnoi se( singl ei mpul seofshor tdur ation)asi nbl asting.
 Repet iti
v enoi seaspr oducedbyat ypewr iter .
Noi sei nmi nes
Noi sei spr oducedi nmi nesgener allyduet ooper at i
onofmachi nesl i
kemechani calv entil
at or,
boost erf an,auxi liaryf ans,coalcut ting,dr il
li
ngandl oadi ngmachi nes,t ranspor tmachi neryat
sur face, opencastorbel owgr ound, cr ushi ngandl oadi ngoper at ionsandbl ast i
ngoper ationset c.
Hazar dsassoci at edwi thnoi sear easf ollows:
 I tint er fereswi thcommuni cat ion.Thi smayl eadt osaf et yprobl emsbesi desoper ational
di f
ficul t
iest her ebyaf fectingpr oduct i
onandpr oduct ivity .
 I tmayaf fecthear i
ng.Exposur et onoi seov eral ongper iodoft i
memayl eadt o
tempor aryorper manenthear ingl oss.
 Exposur et o noi se mayal so r esul ti ni r ritabi l
ity,hi gh bl ood pr essur e,headache,
neur ol ogi cal di sor der s,anxi et y, fatigueandl ossofwor ki ngef fici
ency .

NOISEDOSE
Noiseexposureofi
ndi
vidualswhomov ebetweendi f
ferentnoi
syenvi
ronmentsduringt he
worki
ngdaycanbeobt ainedusi
ng‘NoiseDoseMet ers.’Theycanbecarri
edinperson’spocket
.
TheInter
nati
onalSt
andardsOrgani
sati
on( I
SO)definesonemet hod,whichusesonlytheenergy
cr
it
eriaandmakesnoal l
owanceforrecoveryofhearing.Thusanincr
easeinsoundl evelfr
om

61
90dB( A)to93dB( A)mustbeaccompani edbyhal vi
ngthepermissi
bleexposuredurat
ionfrom
8hour st
o4hour s.InUSAt heOccupationalSafet
yandHeal t
hAdmi ni
str
ation(OSHA)defines
anotherr
elat
ionshipwhichper mit
sa5dB( A)incr
easeinsoundlevelf
oreachhal v
ingof
al
lowableexposureperiod.
Therearenostatutoryprovi
sionsintheMinesAct .However,
DGMShasr ecommendedt hrough
Cir
cularNo.17of1975t hefoll
owingnorms:
 War ni
nglev elf
or8hour sdail
yexposure -85dB( A)
 Dangerl i
mitfor8hour sdail
yexposure - 90dB( A)
 Compul soryuseofearpr otect
ion - 115dB(A)
 Nowor k - 140dB(A)

Noi
seabatement
Noi
secanbecont r
oll
edby :
i
. Reducingnoiseatt hesour ce
i
i.Inter
rupti
ngthepat hoft henoise
i
ii
.Providi
ngprotectiont othewor kers(Earmuffs,earpl us,helmets).
Someofthetechni
quesf ornoi seabatementar e:
a. Lubri
cation, maint
enanceandspeedr atingoft hemachines;
b. Properdesi gnofequipment ;
useofsilencers; dampi ngsoundbyuseofsound
absorbants;
c. Restr
icti
ngt i
meexposur eofpersonstonoi syenv i
ronment;
d. Control
ledbl asti
ng,cov eri
ngD.Fwithsoi l
;blast i
ngunderfavour
abl
eweather
conditi
ons.

Exer
cise
Quest
ion1:
Hownoisei
sproducedinmines?Whatarethehar
mful
eff
ect
sofnoi
se?Suggest
waysandmeanst
opreventsuchef
fect
s.

Quest
ion2:
Discuss“noiseinmines”
.
Quest
ion3:
Wr i
teshortnoteson“noi
se”
.

62
 Chapter9
Dusti
nMi nes

Mi ningi sadust yoccupat ion.Al mostal loper ationsl ikecut ting, dr i

ll
ing, bl ast ing, l
oadi ng,
transpor t,scr eeni ngorsi zingpr oducedust .Wher eascoal dustcanbeasour ceofexpl osi on, al
l
typesofdust si ncl udingcoal dustposeser iousheal thhazar dcausi ngr espi rat or ydi seases.
Dusti sal soanenv i
ronment al pol lutant .
Ther ear edet ailedpr ov i
sionsi nTheCoal Mi nesRegul ations, 1957r egar dingpr ecaut i
ons
agai nstdust( Regul ation123) .Ther egulat ionr equi r
es“ Owner ,agentandmanagert ot akesuch
stepsasar enecessar yf ormi nimi zingofemi ssionofdustandf orsuppr essi onofdustwhi ch
ent erst heai ratanywor kpl acebel owgr oundoronsur faceandf orensur ingt hatt heexposur e
ofwor ker st or espi r
abl edusti sl i
mi tedt oanext entt hati sr easonabl ypr act icabl e, buti nany
casenotexceedi ngt hel imi tst hatar ehar mf ul toheal t hofper sons. ”
Respi rabl edusti st hef r
act i
onofdustwhi chposesgr eatesthazar dtoheal th.I thasnotbeen
def inedi nt her egul ations.I nt heMi nesRegul ationsofU. S. A, thet erm Respi rabl edusthasbeen
def inedas“ t hedustcol lect edwi thanappr ov edsaf etydev ice. ”
Whatar et hel i
mi tsofsuchdustasar enothar mf ul toheal th?
Thi shasbeencl ar if
iedatsub- regul at ion( 2) .Accor dingt ot hissub- r
egul at ion, “apl aceshal lnot
bedeemedt obei nhar ml essst atef orper sonst owor korbet her einift he8hour st ime-
wei ght edav er ageconcent rationofai rbor ner espi rabledusti nmi lli
gramspercubi cmet reofai r
sampl edbyagr av imet ricdustsampl erofat ypeappr ovedbyanddet er mi nedi naccor dance
wi t
ht hepr ocedur easspeci f
iedbyt heChi efI nspect orbyagener alorspeci al or derexceeds3
wher ewor ki ngi sbei ngmadewhol lyi nacoal seam orwher ef reesi li
capr esenti sl esst han5%
andt hev aluear r i
v edatbydi viding15wi tht heper cent ageoff reer espi rabl esi li
capr esenti n
othercases. ”
Thussampl ingi st obedonewi thanappr ov edt ypeofgr av i
met ricdustsampl er .Oneoft he
appr ov edt ypesofsampl eri sMRE113A.
Whatar et hepr escr ibedi nt erv alsf orsampl i
ng?Thi sisgi venatsub- r
egul at i
on( 3)( a).
Accor di ngt ot hisr egul ation, sampl ingshal lbedoneatani nter val of6mont hs.
Iftheconcent r ationexceeds50%oft heper mi ssiblel imitt hen, sampl i
ngshal l bedoneat3
mont hsi nt er v al;
Ifitexceeds75%oft heper mi ssibl el i
mit ,thenatmont hlyi nter val ;
Whatact ionshoul dbet akeni ft hesampl ingshowst hatt heconcent rationofr espi rabledusti s
exceedi ngt heper mi ssi blel imi t?
Thi si sgi v eni nsub- regul ation( 4) .Thi srequi rest hati nsuchacasei mmedi at est epsshal lbe
takent omi nimi zeemi ssi onofdustandt onot ifytheR. I.
M.I ft heav erageconcent rat i
onof
respi rabl edusti naser iesof5sampl est akeni n7successi venor mal wor kingshi f tsdur i
ng
subsequentmont hexceedsoneandahal ft imest heper mi ssi blel i
mi ts, ther elev antoper ations
causi ngexcessi vedustshal lcease.
Howev er, pur el yasacont ingencymeasur eorassecondar ymeansofwor ksi tuat ionwher eini t
i
st echni cal lynotf easibl et or educet her espi r
abl edustconcent r ati
onbel owper mi ssibl elimi tor
dur ingt het imeper i
odnecessar yt oi nstall andcommi ssionanydev iceort oi nst ituteanynew
wor kpr act i
cef ordustpr ev ent i
onorsuppr essi on, compl iancewi ththeper mi ssibl el i
mi tofdust
maybeachi ev edbyr emot eoper at i
onorbyj obr ot ationandf ai l
ingwhi ch, byuseofsui tabl e
dustr espi rat or .
Stepst opr ev entl iber at i
onandaccumul ationofdusti ngener al andpr opagat ionofai rbor ne
dusti npar ticul arar egi veni nsub- r egul ation( 6)
TheRegul at ionsal sor equi remanagert opr epar easchemef ort aki ngsui tabl eact ionr egar ding
respi rabl edust .
DGMShasgi v endet ailedgui del i
nesf orconduct i
ngr espi rabledustsur v ey si nCi rcul arno.1of
2004.

Ef
fectofdustonhumanheal
th

63
Theadul thumanl ung, wi t
hsur facear ea40t o120squar emet res, comesi ncont actwi t
habout
10,000t o20, 000l itresofai rdai lyandi sexposedt ot hepar ticlespr esenti nt heai r.Sili
cadust
causesSi l
icosi sandcoal dustcausescoal wor ker s’ pneumoconi osi s( CWP)
Ther espi r
at orysy st em i scomposedoft wol ungs.Theai rpassagesbegi natt henoseand
mout h,andi ncl udet hewi ndpi pe( trachea)andi tst wobr anchesknownasbr onchi .Thebr onchi
dividei ntof ivemai nbr anchesandt hensubdi videf inal lyr eachi ngt het ermi nal br onchi (
or
respi r
at orybr onchi ol es)deepwi thinl ungs.Att heendofbr onchi olesi st hecount lesst inyai r
sacsknownasal veol i.
Par ti
cul atemat teri nhal edi sdeposi tedi nv ariousr egi onsoft her espi ratorysy st em dependi ng
ont hepar ticlesi ze.Thehumanr espi r ator ysy stem i si l
lust rat edi nt hef igureont henextpage.
Theupperr espi rat or ysy stem consi st sofnasal cav ityandt rachea, whi l
et hel owerr espir
at ory
syst em consi st sofbr onchi al tubesandt hel ungs.Eachbr onchusdi vi
desi nt osmal lerand
smal l
erbr anches, t er mi nat i
ngwi thal ar genumberoft inyai rsacscal l
edal veoli.Lar gepar ticl
es
thatent erther espi r ator ysy stem ar et rappedbyt hehai randl iningoft henoseandar edr i
v en
outbycoughorsneeze.Par ticlesl ar gert hanabout10μar equi teef f
ect iv
elyr emov edbyupper
respi r
at orysy stem.Smal l
erpar ticlesar ecapt uredbymucusandsentbackt ot hroatbyt inyhai r
l
ikecel i
aandr emov edbyswal lowi ngorspi t
ting.Fi nepar t
iclesi nt her ange0. 5μt o5μdeposi t
i
nbr onchi oles, whi char elinedwi thhai rlikest ruct ur escal ledci liaandbr oughtbackt othroat
withmucusbutaf ewr eacht heal veol i.Theheal thr iski sduet ot hedeposi ti
onoft hese
particles.Thedustpar ticlesbel ow0. 2μar emosti nj uriousandcausePneumoconi osis.Lesser
thesi ze, great eri st heef fect .
ILOhasadopt edt hef ollowi ngdef initionofPneumoconi osi s:
“Anycondi tionoft hel ungsr esul t
ingf r om i nhal ationofdustt hatmayormaynotbeofany
cli
nical signi ficance. ”
Sympt omsofPneumoconi osi si ncl udeshor tnessofbr eat h, chr oniccough, fatigueandi n
adv ancedst ageev enf ev er .Thesy mpt omsdependupont hest ageoft hedi sease.I near ly
stage, ther emaynotbeanysy mpt oms.Thedi agnosi satt heear l
yst agesmaybepossi ble
throughr adi ologi cal techni ques.
Thepr ecaut i
onsagai nstt hedi seasei ncl udet hef ollowi ng:
I
.Pr ecaut i
onst opr ev ent / cont r ol for mat i
onanddi sper sionofr espi rabledust .
I
I.Strictadher encewi t
ht hest at ut or ynor msofr espi rabl edustl aiddowni nRegul ati
on
123ofCMR.
I
II. Moni tor i
ngofr espi rabl edustati nt er valspr ov idedunderRegul ation123of
CMRandt ot akemeasur esi ncl udi ngst oppageofwor ki fthedustconcent ration
exceedsoneandhal ft imet hel i
mi ti
ngv alue.
I
V. Jobr ot ationi ft hedustconcent rationi sex cessi ve.
V. Pr ov isionofdustr espi rat orsaspur elycont i
ngencymeasur es.
VI. Medi cal exami nat ionofwor kper sonsaspr escr i
bedunderRul e29BofMi nes
Rul es, 1955f ordet ect ionoft hedi sease.I fanyper soni sf oundt obesuf feringf r
om t he
disease, fur theri nv est igat ionsmaybedoneandr emedi al measur esmaybet aken.

Safetyproblemsassociatedwi thcoaldust
Coal dustwhenr ai
sedint heairasacl oudcanf or
m anexpl osivemixtur
ewhi chcanexpl odei
f
asour ceofignit
ionispresent.Normally,agasexpl osioncanr ai
seroadwayscoal dustasa
cl
oudandt hemov ingfr
ontofgasexpl osioncancauset hi
scloudtoexplode.Thesaf et
y
precauti
onsi ncl
udekeepingt heplacef r
eeofcoal dustandmaki ngthedustifpresentsafeby
tr
eatingitwithadequateamountofst onedustorwat er. Stonedustbarri
ersar erequi
redtobe
provi
dedi ngassyseamsofdegr eetwoandt hreeori nthedev el
opmentwor kingsofdegree
onegassyseams.Thepr ecauti
onsar egiveninRegul ati
ons123, 123A,123Band123C.

Exercise
Quest
ion:WhatarethecausesofPneumoconi osi
s?Whatar etheprecautionstobetakento
pr
eventit
?
St
atestat
utoryprov
isionsrel
ati
ngtoperi
odicalmedical
examinationanddi scussr
elevanceof
I
LOclassif
icat
ionofradiogr
aphsfordet
ecti
onofPneumoconi osis.(Fi
rstClass2005)
Humanr espir
atorysyst
em

64
65
 Chapt
er10
Recentdev
elopmentsi
nMi
neSaf
ety

Likeanyot herf ield, ther ehav ebeendev elopment sinmi nesaf et yint her ecentpast .Thesame
arebr i
eflydescr ibedbel ow:
1. Ident i
ficat ionofhazar ds, probl em ar easandanal ysisofacci dent s
Thef irstst epi ni mpr ov ingsaf etyst andar dsi st oi dent if
yt hehazar ds.Ear lierandev ennow,
somet i
mest hest ar tingpoi nti sanal ysisofacci dent si nconv ent ional way .Howev er ,t
his
maynotgi veacompl et epi ct ureoft hepr obl ems, whi char ecausi ngacci dent sand
i
ncident satt hemi ne.Recentt oolsf orpr operassessmenti ncl uder i
skassessment ,
accidentanal ysi sandpr obl em i dent if
icat ionmet hod.Ri skassessmentbecameapar tof
SafetyLegi slat ioni nU. Ki n1992.Heal thandSaf et yr iskassessmentbecameal egal
requirementi nSout hAf ricai nJanuar y1997.I nI ndi a, Nint hSaf etyConf erenceemphasi zed
onr i
skassessment .
Acci dentanal ysi sandpr obl em i dent i
f icat i
on( AAPI )i sat echni queusedi nUSA.The
techniquei sbasedont hef actt hatacci dent sar et her esul tofabsenceofphy sical bar r
iers
orpresenceofhumanbar rier s.Exampl eofphy si cal barr i
er sar e: roofsuppor t
s,fenci ng, cut-
offswi tcheset c.Humanbar riersar ei nf or mat i
on, knowl edge, tool sandequi pment , andbad
i
ncent iv es.
Saf et yaudi ti sanot hert echni quef ori dent ificat ionofhazar ds.
2. Comput erbasedSy st emsf oranal ysi s, det ect ionandpr ev ent ionofhazar ds
ManagementI nf ormat ionSy st em ( MI S) :
Itisacomput erbasedi nf or mat i
onsy st em whi chpr ov idesi nf or mat i
onsuppor tf ordeci sion
maki nginanor gani zat ion.I nanyor gani zat ionamaj orpor ti
onoft i
megoesi ndat acol lection,
processi ngandcommuni cat ingi tt ot hepeopl econcer ned.Thi si sappl icabl etodat ar elatingt o
saf etyalso.MI Shasbeenofgr eathel pi ncol lect ing, pr ocessi ng, anal yzing, stor ing,retrieving
andcommuni cat ingt hei nf or mat i
oni npr ocessedf or mt oal l concer ned.
MI NOS( Mi nesOper at ingSy st em)-Thi si sacomput erbasedr emot emoni toringandcont rol for
coal cl
ear ance, env ironment al moni toring, pumpi ngandf acemoni toring.
Theot heri nf ormat ionsy stemsi nusear eMI DAS( Machi nei nf or mat iondi splayandAut omat ion
Sy stem) ,IMPACT( Inbui ltMachi nePer for manceandCondi t
ionTest i
ng) ,andOPTI C( Oper ati
ng
Per formanceandTechni cal Inf or mat i
onConsol e) .
3.Cont rol ofacci dent sduet ogr oundmov ement :
Foll
owi ngar esomeoft her ecentdev elopment sf orpr event ionofacci dent sduet ogr ound
mov ement :
 SSRbasedongeo- mechani cal classi fi
cat ionofst rat a( RMR) .Thi si ncludes,
classi fi
cat ionofr oofst rata, cal cul at ingsuppor tr esi st anceanddev i
singsuppor t
pat ter n.I ncaseofLongwal lfaceswor kedwi thpower edsuppor t
s, simi l
arappr oach
isusedbutt heempi rical for mul aeusedar edi ffer ent .
 Useofr oofbol ts/cabl ebol tsf orsuppor tofr oofandsi des.
 Useofy ieldi ngsuppor tsincl udi ngpower edsuppor tsi nLongwal lfaces.
 I nducedbl ast ing/hy dr o-fract ur ingofmassi v ebedabov ecav ingpanel s.At tempt s
wer emadei nsomeoft hemi nest of aci l
itat ecav ingbybl ast i
ngi nt hegoafbehi nd
lastl ineofsuppor ts.AtBal r ampur10&12I ncl i
nesofM/ SSECL, bl astingwasdone
bydr ill
inghol esf rom t hesur faceov erl ongwal l
panel swor kedbypower ed
suppor ts, char gi ngt hem i ndeckpat ternanddoi ngdel ayf iri
ng.I nonepanel ,char ge
perhol ewas50Kgwher easchar gewei ghtperdel aywas150Kg.Tot al char geper
roundofbl astwas650Kg.I nanot herpanel 1200Kgofexpl osi vewasusedi na
blast .Yetanot herbl astcompr i
sed2192Kgofexpl osi ves. I twasr epor tedt hatas
ar esul tofi nducedcav ingbydeephol ebl ast i
ngf rom sur f ace, loadont hepower ed
suppor tshadr educedbyabout170t o200t onnesandl oadi ngdensi tyby43
tonnes/ m2.
4. Pr ev ent i
onofmet hanei gni t
ions/ expl osi ons
 Cl assi ficat ionsofseamsaccor dingt ogassi ness.
 Cont inuousenv ironment al moni tor i
ng.
 Met hanedr ai nage.

66
  Useoful
tr
a-saf
eexpl
osi
ves.

5. Pr ev ent ionofcoal dustexpl osionsandt heirspr ead

Wat erbar rier s/t rigger edbar riers
Trigger edbar riers: thei rf unct iondoesnotdependuponexpl osi onpr essur e.Theexpl osion
i
sdet ect edandt rigger edbyopt ical ,i
nf raredort hermocoupl esensor s.Thet rigger edbar r
ier
compr isesanel ect rical i
nst allationandext i
ngui shingf aci li
ty .Thedi stanceoft hebar ri
er
from t hef acemaybeasmuchas500met res.
Themobi let ri
gger edbar r i
ersar ei nst all
edi nt hosepl aceswher ewor kingpoi ntmov es
continuousl y.
Thet rigger edbar riersdi sper sewat erov erar adiusofappr oxi mat ely2met resascompar ed
toonemet ref orpassi v ewat erbar ri
er .Incaseoff ailur eofel ect rical trigger ing, the
tr
igger edwat ert roughbar rierscanst illserv easpassi vebar riert osomeext ent.
InGer manyt rigger edbar ri
erwi thdr ypowderasext ingui shi ngmedi um ar eused.The
tr
igger ingmechani sm i sact uat edbyanul trav i
oletlightsensor .Thepowdert ypet rigger ed
barri
er sar edesi gnedt obef i
ttedt of acemachi nesandt heysuppr essmet hanei gni ti
on
befor edev elopmentofdustexpl osi on.
6. Pr ev ent ionoff ires/ spont aneousheat ing
 Co ntinuousenv ironment al moni tor i
ng
 Us eofcr ossi ngpoi nttemper at ureandot heri ndicesl ikef ire
riski ndexf ordet ermi nat ionofr el ativ epr onenessofaseam t o
spont aneousheat ing.
 Us eoff i
rer esist antmat er ial li
kebr at ti
ce, bel tset c
 Tr eat mentofcoal pill
arswi thseal ant st opr ev ent /r educeai r
leakages.
 Us eofni trogenf ori nertisat ionofgoaf .
7. Rescueandr ecov er y
 Useofl iqui dni trogenf orquenchi ngf ire.
 Dev elopmentofOxy gent ypesel f-rescuer s.
 Under gr oundshel ter s/ref ugebay s.
 Lar gedi amet erdr i
llsandcapsul esf orr escueof
trappedper sons.
 I mpr ov edcommuni cat iondev ices.
8. Saf ermi ningmet hods
 Har moni ousmi ni ngf orpr ev ent i
onof
damaget ot hesur facef eat uresduet o
subsi dencedur ingext ract ionofcoal .
 Hy draul icmi ni ng
 I nsi t
ugasi fi
cat ion
 Non- ef fect ivewi dt hext ract i
onbel ow
sur facef eat ures( NEW)orbel owwor kingsi n
upperseams.
 PSLW f aces
9. Bl ast i
ngi nhotst rata: Blast ingi nhotst r
at aasi ncaseoff irear eai sf raughtwi thdanger
ofpr emat urebl ast ing.DGMSr ecommendedpr ecaut ionsf orbl ast ingundersuch
situat ionsi nCi rcul ar2of1985.
10.Appl icat i
onofsci ent i
ficappr oachwhi ledesi gningandmoni tor ingsl opesi nopencast
mi nes.( Ref ert ochapt er6)
11.Equi pmentandsof twar et ost udybl asti nducedgr oundv ibr ationsandai rov er-
pr essur es: Inst ant el makeMi nimat e( D-077)wi thBl astmat esof twar ecangi vepr intout
ofbl ast i
ngr esul tswi thpr int erpr ov idedal ongwi tht hemachi neort hroughaPC.The
out puti si ngr aphi cf orm wi thf ourwav epat ternshowi ngsepar at el ytransv er se,
longi tudi nal ,v ertical wav esr ecor dedbygeophoneandai r-ov er pr essur er eadi ng
recor dedbymi cr ophone.Tof i
ndsaf echar geperdel ayf orv ar iousdi st ances, anumber
ofbl ast sar emoni tor edbykeepi nggeophoneandmi crophoneatv ariousdi stances.

67
 Thedat aisst or edi nt hemachi ne.Af tert hef ieldst udy ,datai sdownl oadedi naPCand
regressionanal ysisi sdone.
12.UseofSof twar ef orMi nePl anni ng: CMPDIi susi ngMI NEXsof twar ef ormi nepl anni
ng.
Thisissuppl iedbySur pecMi nexgr oup.Basi cr equi rementf orpl anni ngbyt his
softwar eisbor ehol edat a.Basedont hedat av ar i
ousmodel sar emadee. g.Gr idded
model ,Tr i
angul ations, Geomet rydat aandGeol ogi cal model set c.Thi spr ogr ammei s
veryuserf ri
endl y .Usi ngt hedat a, variousl ayer scanbemadeandquant it
iesofcoal ,
O.Batv ariouscut -of fdept hscanbecal culated.3-Dsect i
onsoft hemi necanbe
prepared.
13.Applicationofcont rolledbl ast ingt echni ques.( Ref ert oChapt er7)
14.Safetyinopencastmachi nes
 ROPS/FOPS: InUSA, t
heMi nesSaf etyandHeal thAdmi ni strat i
on( MSHA)r equi
re
prov i
sionsofseatbel t
sandRol lOv erPr otect edSt r
uct uresonev eryequi pment
wher et her ei sadangerofov ertur ning.
FOPSorf all
ingobj ect spr ot ect i
v est ruct ur esar eov er headst ruct ur est hatpr ov i
de
operator swi thpr ot ect ionf rom f all
ingobj ects.
15.Applicationofcomput ersi nmi nesur vey i
ng:
 Dat aent ry: Thesy stem pr ov i
desi nt erfacet ot headv ancedsur veyi nstrument st
o
dir
ect lycapt ur et hesur v eydat a, thusel i
mi nat ingt heneedf ormanual ent ry.
 Tr av ersemodul e: Thesy st em capt uresbot ht rav er seandof fsetdat a.Af terdata
entry,thet rav ersei scomput edandpl ottedandof fsetp[ poi ntsar est oredf or
furtherpr ocessi ngby‘ edi t’faci li
ty .Forcl osedt rav erse, closi nger rorcanbe
calculatedanddi st ribut edPl otterandpr interout putcanbet akent hroughr epor
t
gener ationmodul e.
 Lev el i
ngmodul e: Itt akesupr awdat aasr ecor dedi nt hef ieldbook, calculates
reducedl ev elsandupdat esdat abase.Coor di
nat escanbeaccessedwher ever
requi r
ed.
 Whatt hesy st em canpr ov ide:
 Cont our s
 Vol ume
 Haul roaddesi gn
 St owi ngr angel ay out
 Pumpi ngl ay out
 Updat ionofmi nest at us
Sy stem r equi rement :
 PC
 Di git i
lizer
 Pl ot ter
 Sof twar e
Benef i
ts:
1. Fastcal culat ionandpl angener at ion
2. hi gherdegr eeofaccur acy
3. cl ear erpl ans
4. Nopr obl em ofshr inkage.
Limi tations:
 Apl anoncepl ot tedcannotber evised.Fr eshplan
ist obepr epar ed.
 Theper ipher alsneedspeci al at tention.
 Thesur vey orhast obespeci all
yt rained.

Vari
oussof t
war esareavai
l
ableforthepurpose.LI
SCADPlusSurveyingandEngi neeri
ng
Envi
ronment( SEE)isonesuchsurveyingappli
cati
ondev
elopedforMi cr
osoftWindows
oper
atingsystem.
16.GlobalPositioni
ngSyst
em (GPS) :
Twentyfourmanmadesat ell
it
esar eorbi
ti
ngear thi
n
dif
ferentorbitsatanal
ti
tudeofabout23,000km.Thesesatell
i
tesconst ant
lytransmit

68
 signal
s.Receiversatearthcandeterminedist
ancefr
om eachsatel
li
teandcan
calcul
atei
tslatit
ude,longit
udeandalti
tudeasataparti
culart
ime,posi
ti
onofeachof
thesatel
li
tesispreciselyknown.I
nmi ning,
thesyst
em canbeusedf or
:
 Mappi ng
 Tr ansportati
onf l
eetmanagement
 Tr acki
ngmachi neryandpersons.

Exercise
Q.1:
Howcany oumakeeffect
iveuseofEl
ectr
onicsandi
nformat
iont
echnol
ogyi
nmi
nesaf
ety
?
(Fir
stCl
ass2003)
Q.2:Di
scussr
ecentdev
elopmentsinminesafet
y.

69
 Chapter11
Answer
stoQuest
ionsofthey
ear2005

Manager s’ FirstCl assCer tificat e

December2005
Q1: Whatar etheobj ect ivesofconv eni ngt heNat i
onal Saf etyConf erences?Br i
ef l
yst atemaj or
recommendat ionsmadebyi tt il
l dat eandt hei rimpactonl egi slat i
onandsaf etyi nmi ning
i
ndust ry.
Answer :
OBJECTI VESOFSAFETYCONFERENCES:
Conf er
encesonSaf et yi nMi nesar eor gani zedwi thav i
ewt opr ov i
deacommonf or um at
nat i
onal level foral lt hosewhoar econcer nedwi thheal th, saf et yandwel fareofmi newor ker s
tor ev i
ewi naspi ri
tofmut ual cooper at iont hest at usofsaf et yinmi nes, adequacyofsaf ety ,
heal thandwel faremeasur esandt omaker ecommendat i
onsf ori mpr ovement soft hesame.
Beingt ri
partiteinnat ure, theConf erencesar eat tendedbyr epr esent ativesofmi neowner s,
wor ker s,manager s, super visor s, gov er nmentor gani zations, educat i
onal resear chi nst itutesand
prof essional bodi es.
RECOMMENDATI ONS:
Til
l dateni nesuchconf erenceshav ebeenhel dandnumer ousr ecommendat ionshav ebeen
made.Fol l
owi ngar et hei mpor tantr ecommendat i
ons:
DangerofI nundat ion:
1. Wat erdangerpl anshoul dbepr epar ed.( 1stConf erence)
2. St andar dsofaccur acyofmi nepl ansmaybepr escr ibed.( 1stConf erence)
3. Thewor kofcor relationofmi nepl ansandl inkingt hem wi thnat i
onal gr i
dshal lbe
done. (5thConf erence)
4. Pr ecaut i
onsagai nsti nundat i
onpr escr ibedar i
singoutoft her ecommendat ionsof
Gasl i
tanCour tofI nqui ry.( 9thSaf etyConf erence)
Wor kers’par t
icipat ioni nSaf et yManagement :
1. Appoi ntmentofWor kmenI nspect or sandconst i
tut ionofSaf etyCommi t tees( 1st
Conf erence)
2. TheMi nesActshoul dbeamendedt ogi v est atut orybacki ngt oPi tSaf et y
Commi tteesandWor kmen’ sI nspect or s.(5thConf er ence)
3. Member sofSaf et yCommi tteest obet rained.Oncei ny earmeet ingofSaf ety
Commi tteet obeat tendedbyseni ormi neof ficialsandt radeuni onof f
icial s.(8th
Conf erence)
4. Al l mechani zedmi neswher e100ormor eper sonsar eempl oy edshoul dappoi nt
Wor kmen’ si nspect ors.I nl ar gemi nessect ional , depar tment alsaf etycommi ttees
shoul dbeconst i
t uted.Thet enur eofsaf etycommi tt eeshoul dbe2y ear s.Tr ainer s
oft hesaf et yCommi t
teeshoul dbet rained.( 9thConf erence)
I
nt ernal safetyor gani zat ion
1. Mi nemanagementshoul ddev elopI SO( 4thConf erence)
2. I SOshoul dbei ndependentofpr oduct ionl ine.Det ailedgui del inesshoul dbel aidf or
effi
cientf unct ioni ngofI SO.( 5thConf erence)
Prev ent i
onofr oofandsi def al lacci dent s
1. Wi thef fectf rom 1. 7.1982, nowor kert obeempl oy edbel owunsuppor tedr oof .St rata
control uni tsshoul dbedev elopedi nmi ningcompani esandDGMSwi thinoney ear .(5th
Conf erence)
2. Managerofev eryu. gmi net of or mul ate“ suppor tpl an”( 6thConf erence)
3. Roofst ratashoul dbecl assi fi
edusi ngRMRmet hod.Suppor tsbyr oofbol tsasperPaul
Commi tteeshoul dbei nt roduced.( 8thConf erence)

Saf
etyi
nOpencastmi nes
1. Suit
ablecodesofpr act
iceforr egul
atingtraff
ic,
preventi
onofinj
uri
estopersons
engagedintipping,
dumpi ng,atloadingpoi nt
setc.Otherdet
ail
edprecaut
ionsino.
c
operat
ionsrecommended.( 7thConference)

70
 2. Pr ecaut ionst ocont r
olacci dent sduetodumper sandt ruckspr escr i
bed.(6th
Conf er ence)
Occupat ional Heal thSer vices
1. Occupat ional Heal thSer vicesatCompanyl evel shoul dbeest abl i
shedassoonas
possi ble.( 3rdConf erence)
2. Thepr ov isionsr egar di
ngi ni ti
alandper i
odi cal medi cal exami nationshoul dbe
impl ement ed.( 5thConf erence)
3. Eachmi ni ngcompanywor kingmechani zedmi net ocr eateadepar tmentof
Occupat ional Heal thser vices.( 7thConfer ence)
4. Det ailsr egar dingmedi cal sur veill
ance,pr ecaut ionsagai nstdust ,
noi seprescr i
bed.(8th
Conf er ence)
Heal th
1. I nmi neswher elongandar duoust ravelisinv olv ed,arrangement sshoul dbemadef or
transpor tofmen.
Accur acyofmi nePl ans
1. Accur acyofmi nepl ansshoul dbegi v
eni mpor tance.( 5thConf erence)
2. At eam ofqual if
iedsur v eyor sshoul dbeappoi nt edatar elevel toconnectt hemi nesto
nat i
onal gr id.
Prev enti
onofdi sast ersf rom f i
re
Det ail
edpr ecaut ionsagai nstdi saster
sf rom mi nef i
reswer epr escribed.(9thConf er
ence)
RiskManagement
Gener alSaf ety
Riskassessmentandr i
skmanagementshoul dbedoneatl eastintwomi nesineachcompany .
(9thConf erence)
IMPACT:
Manyoft her ecommendat ionshav ebeennowi ncl udedi nthel egisl
ation, e.g.,
wor kers’
par t
ici
pat i
oni nsaf etyi nmi nes, syst emat i
csuppor trules, precautionsagai nstdangerof
i
nundat ionet c.Ther ecommendat ionshav ecertainlypl ay edimpor tantr oleinimpr ovingsafety
andheal thst andar dsi nmi nes.

Questi
on2:I
nundati
onhappenstobeamajorhazardinbelowgroundworki
ngs.Asamanager
,
whatacti
onwouldyout
aketoident
if
yandeli
minatethishazar
df r
om yourmine?Dr
awan
act
ionplanf
orthesame.

Answer:
Sever
aldisastersduetoinundat ionhav etakenpl aceinourcoal minesfr
om t imet otime.
Thesedisastershavetakenpl acebot hfrom sur f
aceandunder groundsour ces.
Asamanagerofami ne,Iwi l
l takefollowingact i
ont oident i
fyandel i
minatet hishazardfrom
mymi ne:
1. Inundat i
onfrom sur f
acesour ce
Iwillgetanup-t
o- dateandcor r
ectwat erdangerpl anmadeshowi ngt helatestHFLof
anywat ercourses,l
akes, pondsandt ankset c.Thepl anwi llal
soshow:
 Sur f
acecont ours
 Anysubsi dence
 Anybor ehol es
 Opencastwor kings,bothnewandol d
 Mi neopeni ngswi t
hR. Loft helowestl evel oftheopening
 Bor eholesect i
onshowi ngclearlythehar dandunconsol idatedst rata
 Mi newor kingsshowi ngal sother educedl evels
Theplanwi l
lbecareful
lyst udiedt oshowi fthereisanypossi bil
i
tyofwaterent er
ingthemi ne
fr
om:
 Mi neopenings
 Quar ry
 Bor eholes

71
  Subsidence
 Lowl yi
ngar eashav i
nglowdept hofhardcover
Whi l
estudy
ingthedanger ,prov
isionsofRegulation126ofCMRwi llbekeptinvi
ew.R.Lofmine
openingswil
lber aisedatleast1.5m andpr ef
erably3m aboveHFLofwat ercoursei
fany.
Boreholeswil
lbecl osed.Subsidedgr oundwil
lbef i
ll
edini
fther
eisanydangerofwat er
enteri
ngthr
oughi t.Ifpossibl
e,quar r
iesnearri
verorjoresi
dewil
lbef i
l
ledinift
hesamear e
connectedtowor kingsbelowgr ound.Theembankment sagai
nstri
verornull
ahsidewill
alway
s
bekeptingoodr epai rwit
hr i
versidepi t
chedwithstone.

Theper mi ssionsgr ant edf orwor kingbeneat handwi thi n15m oft hesur facewat ersour ceswi l
l
becar eful l
yst udiedt oensur et hatt hecondi t
ionsl aiddowni nt heper mi ssi onl et t
erar eadher ed
to.Suchwor kingswi llbecl ear lydemar catedbel owgr oundandi nspect edatr egul ari ntervals.
Inadditiont ot heabov eIwi ll takef ollowi ngact ion:
 Bef or eonsetofmonsoon, rev i
ewt hesi tuation; i
nspectt hepr otect iv emeasur esl ike
embankment .
 Checkdangerl evel ,war ningl ev elandwi thdr awal lev els.
 Checkt el ephoni ccommuni cat i
on
 Ensur ethatwi ndi ngar r
angement sar epr oper lymai ntai nedsopt hatt heydonotf ailat
thet imeofemer gency .
 Li ai sonwi l
l bemai nt ainedwi t
hdam aut hor iti
es( ift her ei sanydam ont heupst ream
side)t oensur ethati nf ormat i
oni sr ecei v edwel l int imebef or ewat eri sdischar ged
from t hedam.
Dangerf r om Under gr oundsour ces
Iwillcaref ullyst udyt heunder gr oundpl ansoft hemi neandal sot hepl ansofadj acentmi nes
i
ncludingabandoned/di scont inuedmi nes.I ft her ear eanywor kingst heext entofwhi chi snot
preciselyknown, all informat ionwi l
l begat heredf r
om t heol dwor ker s,DGMSet c.Ifpossi ble,
thewor kingswi llbedewat er ed.Ot her wi se, nowor kwi thin60met resofsuchwor kingswi llbe
donewi t
houtper mi ssi onunderRegul at i
on127f rom DGMS.Whi l
ewor kingi nt hear ea, apar t
from thecondi tionsl aiddowni nt heper mi ssionl etter, followi ngpr ecaut ionswi llbet aken:
 Aj oi ntsur v eypl anwi llbepr epar ed.
 Al inei ndi cat ing120met resbar ri
erwi llbedr awn.Pr ecaut ionsst ipul atedi nReg127
wi l
l beobser vedwhi leext endi ngwor ki ngsi nt hisar ea.
 Checksur v ey swi l
l becar riedoutbyasur veyt eam f rom t hear eal ev el .
 Vnot chwi llbei nst alledt omeasur eseepageofwat er .Ifanyunusual seepagei s
obser ved, wor kwi ll besuspended.
Inadditiont ot heabov e,Ri skassessmentexer cisewi llbecar riedout .
Anemer gencypl ani ndi cat ingact iont obet akeni nt heev entofanemer gencywi l
lbedr awnand
i
mpl ement ed.
Actionpl an
Foll
owi ngi sanact ionpl ant opr ev entdangerofi nundat ion:
1.Pr epar atoryar rangement s
 Theembankmentagai nstr iver/nul l
ahwi l
l bemai ntainedi ngoodr epai r.
 Apol ei ndi cat ingH. F.L, dangerl ev el andwi thdr awal l
ev elswi ll bef ixedonr i
ver/
nul l
ahsi de.
 Dur ingr ainyseason( ie.15thJunet
. o31stOct oberev er yy ear , guar dswi llbe
post edr oundt hecl ockt okeepwat chonwat erl ev elandcondi ti
onoft he
embankment .
 Tel ephoni ccommuni cat i
onshal l bepr ov idedf ror iversi det oat tendancer oom.
 Escaper out esshal l becl earlydemar catedi nt hewor kingsoft hemi ne.
 Escaper out esshal l beshownonmi nepl ansandpost edatpr omi nentpl acesi n
themi ne.
2. Act ion
 I fthewat erl ev el int her i
vert oucheswar ni ngl ev el, theguar dshal linformt he
at t
endancecl erk.

72
  Whent hewat erlevel t
oucheswi thdrawal l
evelorifanybr eachisnoticedint he
embankmentori fanyot herdanger ouscondi t
ionisnoticedt heguardshal l
i
nformt heat tendancecl erkt elephonically.
 Theat t
endancecl erkshal linfor mt hemanagerandt hebanksman.
 Thebanksmanshal l i
nformt heonset ter,
 Theonset t
ershal linformt henear estof fici
alpresent.
 Theof f
ici
al shallwi t
hdr awal l personsf rom themi neinanor derl
ymanner
thr
oughescaper outes.
 Whenev eranyabnor mal seepageofwat erisnoticed,acti
onf orwithdrawal of
personsasgi v enabov ewi l
l bet aken.
 Deal
i
ngwit
hemer gency
 Acont rolroom shal lbesetupatt hesurface.
 I ntheev entofemer gency ,actionsuggest edbyt heconsultativ
e
commi tteeshal lbet aken.
 Thedeci sionsmadeandact i
ont akenshallberecor dedinar egister
.

3. Resumptionofwork
Wherewor kwasstoppedandpersonswerewit
hdrawn, t
heplaceshallbethor
oughly
examinedbythemanagerorassist
antmanagerbeforeresumpti
onofwor k.Theresul
ts
ofsuchinspect
ionshal
lberecor
dedinaregi
sterkeptforthepurpose.

Q.
3:Defi
nit
ions
Pl
easeseeMi nesAct
,CMR,
andI
ERet
c.

Q.4(a)Whatar et hestat
utorypr ovisionsrelati
ngt oSSR?Expl ainthef actorsthaty ouwi l
ltake
i
nt oaccountwhi l
ef or
mulatingSSRf ory ourmi ne?
Thisisadi rectquest i
on.ReadRegul ation108andr eply
(b)Whatdoy ouunder standbyt heTer m“ RMR” ?Whati si t
sappl i
cat i
oni nstrat
acont rol
?
Answer : “
R. M. R”orr ockmassr at i
ngi sasy stem ofcl assificationofther oofst rataont hebasis
ofgeo- techni cal parameters.Thepur poseoft hisist odesignsuppor tsy stem.Ther ear e
diff
erentsy st emsf orsuchcl assificationnamel yBieniawski ’
sRMRsy stem andCMRI /
ISM
system.I nI ndi a,weuset hel atersy stem asr ecommendedbyPaul Commi tt
ee.
Fivepar amet ersnamel ylayert hickness, structuralfeatures,rockweat herabil
ity,str
engthof
roofstrataandgr oundseepagear econsi deredt odet erminet heRMRoft her oof.Ther oofis
thenclassi fiedasv erypoor,poor ,
f ai
r,goodandv erygooddependi ngont hisv alue.
Anempi rical relati
onobtainedbet weenRMRandr ockl oadi s:
Likel
yr ockl oadi ntonnes/m2=spani nm xmeanr ockdensi tyx( 1.7–0. 037RMR+0. 0002
RMR2)
Knowi ngt hel oadbear i
ngcapaci tyofasuppor t ,wecandet ermi nethenumberofsuppor tsli
ke
roofbol trequi redi narowandt hedi stancebet weent herows.

Q.5:Whatar ethestatut
oryprov
isi
onsrelat
ingto“EmergencyPlan”?Bri
efl
yexplainthe
essenti
alelement sofagoodEmer gencyPlanandthei
rrational
e.Howwi l
lyouincorpor
ate
moder ntechnologyadvancementsint
oemer gencypl
anf oralargecol
l
ierywit
hbel owground
workings?

Answer
Thestat ut
oryprovi
sionsregardi
ngemer gencyplanar
econtainedi
nRegulat
ion199AofCMR,
1957.Thepr ovisi
onsareasf oll
ows:
Regulat
ion199A.Emer gencyPl an
1.Themanagerofev eryminehav i
ngwor ki
ngsbel
owgroundshall
prepar
eagener alpl
anof
actionforuseint i
meofemer gency.Theplanshallout
li
nethedut
iesandresponsibi
li
ti
esof

73
 eachmi neof ficial andkeymeni ncludi ngt het elephoneoper at
or s,sothateachper sonshal l
knowwhati sexpect edofhi mi ncasef i
re, expl osionorot heremer gencyoccur s.Al l
official sandkeymenshal lbet hor oughl yi nstruct edi nt heirdut i
essoast oav oid
cont radi ct oryor der sandconf usionatt het i
mewhenpr omptandef fi
cientact i
oni sr equired.
Theemer gencypl anshal l alsopr ovidef ormockr ehear sal satr egularint erv al
s.
2.Themanagershal lsubmi tacopyoft heaf oresai demer gencypl anprepar edbyhi mt ot he
Regi onal I
nspect or, within60day sofcomi ngi nt of orceoft heCoal Mines( Amendment )
Regul at i
ons, 1985, orint hecaseofami newhi chi sopenedorr eopenedt her eafter ,within
thirtyday sofsuchopeni ngorr eopeni ng.TheRegi onal Inspect ormay ,byanor deri nwr i
ti
ng,
appr ov eofsuchact i
onpl an, eitheri nt hef orm submi ttedt oohi m orwi thsuchaddi ti
onsor
alter ationsashemayt hinkf i
tandact ionpl ansoappr ov edshal lbeenf or cedi nt hemi ne.
3.Onr ecei vingi nfor mat ionofanyemer gency ,themanagerandi nhisabsencet hepr i
nci pal
off i
ci alpr esentont hesur face, shall immedi atelyputt heemer gencypl ani noper at i
on.
Theessent ialel ement sofemer gencypl anar e:
1.Sendi ngi nformat i
ont odi fferentpar tsoft hemi nesot hatper sonsf rom unaf fected
part
soft hemi necanbesaf elyandqui cklywi t
hdr awn.
2.Saf eandor der lywi thdr awal ofper sonsf rom unaf fect edpar toft hemi ne.
3.Rescueoft rappedper sons.Speedofr escueoper ationsi simpor t ant .Thi sr equires:
 Ear lyl ocat ionoft rappedper sons;
 Pr eci sel ocat i
onoft rappedper sons;
 Tr ainingofr escuewor kersi nuseofr escuecapsul es;
 Speci al clothi ngf orr escueper sonsnearf i
re.
4.Recov er yofdeadbodi esandt heiri dent i
ficat i
on.
5.Pr ev ent i
onoff ur therdangeri nmi ne.
6.Keepi ngpr essandpubl ici nfor medaboutt hecor r
ectsi t
uat i
ont oavoi dr umour s.
Theemer gencypl ant odeal wi thdi sast ershoul dcomei ntoact ional mosti nst antaneousl yat
thever yonsetofadi sast er .
Foll
owi ngmoder nt echnol ogyadv ancement smaybei ncor por atedi nt heemer gencypl an:
Besidest henor mal element s, anemer gencypl anmayal socont ai
nt hef ol
lowi ng:
 Sei smi csensi ngsy stem f orl ocat ingt rappedper sons.
 Pr ov isionofunder groundshel t
er s.
 Remot esensi ngofi n-mi necondi ti
ons.
 Hi ghpenet rationdr il
l r
igs.
 Radi of aci l
ities.
 Mobi lev anwi t hbor ehol epr obingf acili
ties.
 Mobi lewi nder s.

Q.6: (a)Whatar et hecausesPneumoconi osis?Whatar eitssympt oms?Whatar ethe

precaut ionst obet akent opr eventi t
?
(b)St atest atutor ypr ovisionsrelat
ingt oper i
odicalmedi cal exami nationsanddiscuss
i
tsr elevancet oI LOcl assi fi
cat ionofr adiographsf ordetectionofPneumoconi osis.
Answer :
(a)ILOhasadopt edt hef ollowi ngdef i
niti
onofPneumoconi osis:
“Anycondi ti
onoft hel ungsr esultingfrom inhal ationofdustt hatmayormaynotbeofany
cli
nical significance. ”
Inot herwor ds, Pneumoconi osisiscausedbyi nhal ati
onofdustpar t
icles.Exceptasbestos,
thesepar ticl
eshav etobeofv eryf i
nesize,gener all
ybelow5mi cronandmost l
ybelow2
mi cron.
Sympt omsofPneumoconi osi sincludeshor tnessofbr eath,chroni ccough, fati
gueandin
adv ancedst ageev enf ever .Thesy mptomsdependupont hest ageoft hedi sease.I
nearly
stage, ther emaynotbeanysy mpt oms.Thedi agnosi sattheear lystagesmaybepossi ble
throughr adiologi caltechni ques.
Thepr ecaut ionsagai nstt hedi seasei ncludet hef ollowing:
1.Pr ecaut i
onst opr ev ent/cont r
olformat ionanddi spersi
onofr espi r
abl edust.

74
 2.Strictadher encewi t
ht hestatutorynormsofr espi r
abledustl
aiddowni nRegulati
on
123ofCMR.
3.Moni toringofr espirabledustati nterv
alspr ovidedunderRegul ation123ofCMRandt o
takemeasur esincludingst oppageofwor kifthedustconcent rati
onexceedsoneand
halftimet hel i
mi ti
ngv alue.
4.Jobr ot
at i
oni fthedustconcent rati
onisexcessi v e.
5.Pr ovisi
onofdustr espirator
saspur el
ycont i
ngencymeasur es.
6.Medi cal exami nationofwor kpersonsaspr escribedunderRule29BofMi nesRules,
1955f ordet ect i
onoft hedi sease.Ifanyper soni sfoundt obesuff
eringfrom t
hedisease,
furtherinvestigationsmaybedoneandr emedi almeasur esmaybet aken.

(b)Thest at ut
orypr ov isionsr egardingper i
odi calmedi calexami nationar estipulatedin
Rule29Boft heMi nesRul es.Thi sst at est hattheper iodicalmedi cal exami nat i
onof
everyper sonempl oy edi nmi nesshal l becar ri
edoutati nterval
sofnotmor et han5y ears.
(Forasbest osmi nes, itisatshor teri nt erval).Thest andar dsofmedi cal exami nationare
l
aiddowni nForm‘ P’ .
Prov i
dedt hattheper iodical medi calexami nat i
onorX- Rayexami nationorbot hshal l
be
conduct edatmor ef requenti nterval
si fexami ningaut horitydeemsi tnecessar yto
conf i
rm asuspectcaseofadustr elat eddi sease.
ILOhascl assif
iedt hest agesofPneumoconi osisont hebasi sofchestr adiogr aphs.The
classif
icationismadeont hebasi sofsi zeandshapeofopaci t
iesdet ect edint hechest
radiographs.
Thest andar dsofmedi cal exami nationsl aiddowni nt heMi nesRul esr equi r
eaf ullsi
ze
chestr adiographlar geenought oincl udet horaticinletandbot hcost phr enicangl es
obtainedbyanx- raymachi neofatl east300mA( milli
-Amper e)strengt h.
Theper i
odicalexami nat i
oni sv eryrelev antfordet ectionoft hediseasebuti tis
suggest edt hatstandar dsoft hemedi cal exami nat i
onmaycl earl
yst atet hatILO
classif
icationmaybeusedf ordiagnosi soft hedi sease.

Q.
7:Alargeopencastmineisapproachi
ngav i
ll
agehut
mentst
hatcannotbev
acated.
Whatact
ionswouldy outaketoful
fi
llpr
oduct
iontar
get
swit
hdueregar
dtosafet
y?Draw
adet
ail
edplanofactionforthesame.

Answer:
Fol
lowingar ethel i
kelydanger s/hazar dst othev i
ll
ageandt heper sonsl i
vingi nthev il
l
age
duetoextensi onofO. Cwor kingsi nthev ici
nity:
1. Danger sduet oblast ingoper ationsincl udingt hoseduet ofl
yrock, ground
vi
brations, air
-blast.
2. Danger sduet oply i
ngofv ehicles.
3. Dangerofper sonsf allingint hequar ryordr owningi nwat er-
loggedquar ri
es/
i
ll
egal mi ning.
Keepingt heabov ehazar dsi nv i
ew, foll
owi ngi st heacti
onpl anforfulfil
li
ng
productiont argetswi thduer egardt osaf et y:
Hazar
dsduet oblasting
1. Acar eful t
echni cal studywi l
lbecar ri
edoutt odet ermi nescaledi stancef or
keepi ngt hest andar dsofgr oundv ibr ati
onsasspeci f
iedinDGMSci r
cular7of
1997.Cont r
ol l
edbl ast ingtoensur et hatbesi descont roll
i
nggr oundv i
brations,
thef lyrocki sal somi nimum wi l
lbepl anned.Hel poft echnical I
nst i
tut
ionsl i
ke
CMRIorI SM wi llbet akenf ort hepur pose.
2. Muf fl
ebl astingwi llbedonet opr ev entdangeroff lyrock.
3. Blast i
ngper sonnel wi l
lbespeci all
yt rainedi ncontroll
edbl astingt echniques.
4. Acodeofpr acticef orbl astingi ndicat i
ngt hedut i
esofv ari
ousper sonnel wil
lbe
pr eparedandgi v ent otheper sonsconcer ned.
5. Blast i
ngwi l
l bedoneatf ixedhour sandt hev il
l
agei nhabitantswi l
l beinformed
abouti t.

75
 6. War ningaboutbl ast i
ngoper ationswi llbegivenwiththehel pofsir
enshavi
ng
disti
nctt one.
7. Asf araspossi blebl asti
ngoper ati
onswi l
lbesuspendedi ftheweatheri
s
cloudywi thl owcl oudst opr ev entai r
-blast.
8. Bl astingwi llbedonewhenambi entnoi seleveli
shigh.
9. Al lblast swi llbemoni t
oredandr ecordst her
eofwillbemai ntai
ned.
10.Anycompl ai
ntf rom t hevill
agewi lli
nv esti
gatedbyanassi stantmanagerand
recordst hereofwi ll
bemai ntained.
Hazar
dsduet ov ehi
cul art raffi
c
1. Separater oadf orheav yv ehicleswill bepr ovided.Ifpossi
ble,theroadwi l
lbekept
fenced.
2. Traffi
cr uleswi llbepr epar edandf ollowed.
3. Traffi
csi gnalswi llbei nst all
edatst rat egiclocat i
ons.
4. Onlylicensedv ehi cleoper ator swillbeempl oy ed.
5. Nopedest ri
anwi ll beal lowedont her oadusedf orheavyvehicles.

Dangerduet opersonsf al
l
inginthequar ry
/dr owning/il
l
egalmi ning
1.Thequar r
ieswill
bekeptf encedof f
.Theabandonedquar r
iesifnotfil
l
edinwil
lbekept
eff
ecti
velyfencedof ft
oprevententryofper sons.
2.Warningsignalsindi
cati
ngt hatentr
yofunaut hori
zedpersonsi sprohi
bit
edwill
beposted.
3.I
fthereisanychanceofi ll
egal mini
ng,guar dswi l
lbepostedt oguardtheabandoned/
di
scontinuedquarri
es.
4.Anyincidentofil
legalmini
ngwi ll
ber eportedt othestat
eaut hori
ti
es.

Q.8(a)Inanundergroundcoal minethreepersonsofshotfi
ri
ngcr ewi ncl
udingshot fi
rer
,sev
eral
hoursafterr
etur
ninghome, compl ai
nofchestpainandbr eat
hingdi f
fi
cultyandhav etobe
hospit
ali
zed.Oneoft hem di
esnextday .Whatmaybet hepossi blecausesoft hi
sepisode?
Howwoul dyouenquirei
ntoit?Discusspossibl
ecausesandst atutorycontraventions.
(
b)Attheendofawor kingshif
t,theassi
stantmanageri sinf
or medt hatone
undergr
oundwor kerismissing.Whatactionsshouldbetaken?

Answer :
Sincealltheper sonsoft heshot firi
ngcr ewhav et hesamesy mpt oms, i
tisi ndicativeofa
commonpr obl em r el
atingt otheirwor k.Breathingdi fficultyisacl assi
csy mpt om ofNi t
rous
fumespoi soni ng.Ni t
rousf umesar eaconst i
tuentofpr oductsofbl asti
ng.Henceal lthet hr
ee
personshav ebeenexposedt ohighconcent r
ationofni trousf umesexceedi ng5p. p.m
concentration.
Possiblecausesofexposur etosuchhi ghconcent rationandst atutorycont raventionsmaybe
asf ol
l
ows:
a. Badqual i
tyofexpl osiveorv eryol dexplosivewhi chdi dnotdet onat epr operlypr oduci
ng
highconcent r
ationofnoxi ousgases.Thi sisav i
olati
onofRegul at i
on159ofCMR.
b. Useofv erylargequant it
yofexpl osiv
eatat i
mepr oducingexcessi veamountoff umes.
Incont rav enti
onofRegul at ion168( 6),notadher i
ngt oproperpat ternofshothol es.
c. Poorv entilat
ionint hewor kingpl acesresul ti
ngi nfumesnotget ti
ngcl earedt herefrom
incont rav enti
onofRegul at i
on130ofCMR.
d. Ent eringt hewor kingplacesaf terblastingwi thoutwai ti
ngf orfumest ocl earinv iol
ati
on
ofRegul ation176oft heCMR.
Themat t
erwi l
l bei nvestigatedasf oll
ows:
 Post -mor tem repor twil
lbecheckedf orthecauseofdeat h.Similarlythemedi cal
exami nat i
onr epor tofotheraf fectedper sonswi l
lbeexami ned.I
fi tisest abli
shedt hat
thedeat hwasduet onitrousf umest henf urtheri nvesti
gat i
onsasf oll
owswi llbe
car ri
edon.
 Medi cal historyoft heper sonsaf fectedwi llbecheckedt oruleoutanyheal thpr obl
em
alreadyexi st
ing.

76
  Expl osi vef r
om thebat chofexpl osi
veusedwi l
lbeexami nedtofindoutdat eof
manuf acture.Itwill
bephy sical
lyexami nedtochecki tscondi t
ion.Themagazi newillbe
inspect edt oseet hestoragecondi t
ions.
 Asampl eofexpl osi
vewi llbesentf orthoroughanal y sis.Theanal ysisresult
swi llbe
compar edwi ththosegi venbyt heexpl osivemanuf act urer.
 Asampl eofexpl osi
vewi llbesentt oCMRIf orchecki ngt hepostdet onat i
onf umes
gener atedperKgofexpl osive.Itwil
l becompar edwi ththef i
guresgi venatt hetimeof
appr oval oftheexplosive.
 Thewor ki
ngpl aceswi l
lbecheckedf orventi
lat
ion.
 Thepossi bili
tyoftheshot firi
ngcr ewnotf oll
owingt hewai ti
ngtimenor mswi l
lbe
thoroughl yexami nedbymaki ngcalculati
onsoft het imer equi
redf oreachbl astand
actual timet aken.Thiswi l
l becrosscheckedwi thst atement soft hecowor ker s.
All
t heabov er esult
swi l
lthenbet horoughlyexami ned,anal ysedandcor relat
edt o
determi net heexactcause.

(b)Fi r
stofal lwewi llmakesur ethatt hemi ssingper sonhasact ual l
ynotcomeoutoft he
mi ne.Fort hispur pose, wewi l
lsear chf orhim athi sr esidenceandenqui ref rom his
neighbour erswhet hert heyhav eseenhi m.Ifitisest ablishedbey onddoubtt hathehasnot
comeoutoft hemi ne, thenwewi ll searchf orhimi nthewor ki
ngsbel owgr ound.
Ther ecanbesev eral possibili
ti
esasf ollows:
 Hemi ghthav elostwayi fhei snotconv ersantwi ththemi newor kings.
 Hemi ghthav ef al
lenill
.
 Hemi ghthav eent eredinani ll
v entil
atedheadi ngt oanswercal l
oft henat ur
eand
gotaf f ectedduet odef i
ciencyofOxy gen.
 Hemi ghthav ef al
lenasleep.
 Hemi ghthav est r
ay edintodi susedpar tofmi ne.
Firstofalltheent iredi stri
ctwher ehewasempl oy edwi llbesearchedt ofindouti fheis
sleeping.Fai li
ngt hi s,dependi ngupont heext entofwor kings,afewsear chpar t
ieswil
lbe
made.Theywi llbeassi gneddi ff
er entpar tsoft hemi net osearchf or.Duringt hese
oper ati
ons, thesear chpartieswi l
l carrywi t
ht hem handpl ans,safetylamps, bir
ds,andif
possi bl
est retcher s.Theywi l
lthoroughl ysear chf orhi mi nthepar tofmi neassi gnedto
them.
Ifhei snotf ound, themat terwi llberepor tedt ot hepol i
ceandDGMS.

Fi
rstCl
assManagers’
Cert
ifi
cat
eofCompet
ency
December2006

Q.1:
Therehasbeenconsi
derabl
eincr
easeinmechani
zati
onofundergr
ound
andopencastmi
nes.Di
scusstheadequacyoft
heprovi
sionsofCoal
Mi nes

77
Regulations, 1957i nr espectofqual i
ficat i
onsandappoi ntmentofSaf ety
Off
icers, FirstCl assandSecondCl assManager sandEngi neer si nmi nes.
Assumey ourowncondi ti
ons.
Answer :
IntheCMR, themanager scer tificat esr equi redf orbel owgr oundmi nesand
opencastmi nesar et hesame.Howev er,thecondi ti
onsi nt het wot ypesof
minesar edi ffer ent .Hencet her ei saneedt ohav et wot ypesofmanager s
cer
t i
fi
cat esnamel y ,unr estrictedf orbel owgr oundmi nesandr est rictedt ypef or
opencastmi nes.
(a)Saf et yOf ficer : Qual if
icat ionsofsaf etyof ficerar est ipulat edi n
Regul at ion31. A.Accor di ngt ot hisr egul ation,themi nimum
qual i
ficat ionsofS. Oar easf oll
ows:
Averagemont hl yout put Qual i
ficat i
ons
1.Mor et han15, 000t onnes Fi r
stCl assmanager s’ cer ti
ficate
2.>10, 000t onnes–15, 000t Fi r
storSecondCl ass
3.> 5, 000t onnes-10, 000t Fi r
storsecondcl assordegr eei n
mining
Theabov equal ifi
cat ionsdonott akei ntoaccountmechani zation.
Ifwel ookatt hedut iesofsaf et yof ficergi venatRegul at i
on41.A, itwi l
lbe
obser vedt hathehast oi nv est i
gat eal l typesofacci dent st oanal yset he
samewi t
hav iewt opi npoi nt ingt henat ureandcommoncausesof t he
accident s.Apar tf rom t heabov e,hehast odi schar gev eryi mpor tantdut ies
ofinspect i
ons, prov idingassi st ancei nf ormul ati
onoft rainingpr ogr ammes
andhol di ngsaf et ycl asses.I not herwor ds, hei st odi schar gef unct i
onsofa
safetymanager .Mechani zedmi neshav emul ti
tudeofsaf et ypr obl emsand
compl exit i
es.Ther efor e,af reshgr aduat eorhol derofsecondcl ass
manager s’ cer ti
ficat emaynotbewel lequi ppedt odi schar get hese
functions.Henceasaf etyof ficershoul dbehol derofaFi rstCl ass
Manager s’ Cer tifi
cat ehol der .
Inrespectofl ar gemi nes, ther ear epr ov isi
onsi nt heRegul ation,
empower ingC. Itor equi readdi tional persons.Thi sisadequat e.
(b)FirstCl assandSecondCl assManager s:
Prov isionsr egar dingqual i
f i
cat i
onsandappoi ntmentofmanagerar egiven
atRegul at ion31andt hoser egar dingundermanager sorassi stant
manager sar egi venatRegul at ion32.
Asf arast hequal ifi
cat i
onsofmanagerar econcer ned, ther ei saneedt o
changet hesame.I r
respect i
v eoft heout put, heshoul dbeahol derof
Manager s’ Fir stCl assCer tificat e.Out putmaynotbet het ruei ndi cat orof
compl exit i
esandpr obl emsi nmi nes.Dependi ngupont hecl assofmi ne,he
shoul dbehol derofunr est rict edorr est r
ictedcer t
ificate.I ncase, ami nehas
bothopencastandbel owgr oundwor ki ngs, heshoul dbehol derof
unrest rictedt y peofcer t
ificat e.
Similarcr iteriashoul dbeappl iedt hequal i
ficat i
onsofassi stantmanager s.
Howev er, thenumberofassi st antmanger sf ort heunder gr oundmi nesmay
beappoi nt edont hescal egi veni nt heRegul ationsbutf oropencastmi nes,

78
 t
het ot
almater
ialr
emovedmaybeconsi
der
edinst
eadofoutput.I
nsuch
mines,t
heassi
stantmanager
smaybeappoi
ntedatt
hefol
lowingscal
e:

Mater
ial
removed/mont
h No.ofasst.manager
s/shi
ft
1.
5laccu.mto7.5l
accu.
m Oneforevery50,
000cu.m
ThereshouldbeoneFi r
stCl
assasst.
managerineachshi f
t
>7.
5laccu.
m Onef orever
y100,000cu.m.Fi
rst
Classasstmanagerineachshift
.
(c)Engineer
Regulation33ofCMRspeci fiesqual i
fi
cat
ionsofengi
neer.The
quali
ficati
onsbasedonaggr egat ehorsepowerofthemachinery
.Thi
sisnot
acorrectcrit
eri
on.Ther egulationsshouldtakei
ntoconsider
ati
onnotonl
y
thesizeofmachi nerybutalsov olt
ageusedandthetotalwatt
ageof
elect
ricalmachines.Theregul ationmaybechangedasf oll
ows:
(1)Atev erymi newher emachi neryisused, anengi neerholdi
ngadegr eeordi pl
omai nmechanical
engineering,el
ect ricalengineer i
ng,miningmachi neryormi ni
ngengineeringorequi val
ent
quali
ficationshal lbeappoi ntedt oholdgener alchar geofsuchmachi nery, andtober esponsibl
efor
i
tsinstall
at i
on,mai nt enanceandsaf ewor king.
Providedt hatwher eel ectri
cal energyatmedi um v oltageandabov ei
susedandt heinstal
led
Capaci t
yofal lelect r
icalequipmenti s5megawat t
sandabov e,
anengi neerholdingadegr eeor
Dipl
omai nelectrical engineeri
ngorequi valentqual if
icati
onshallbeappoi ntedtoholdchar geof
Allt
heel ectri
cal equi pmenti nstall
edatt hemi neinaddi ti
ontothatspecifiedabov e.
Providedf urt
hert hatnot hingint hi
ssub- regulationshal lbedeemedt oprohi bi
ttheempl oymentof
Twoormor eengi neer satonemi nesol ongast hej ur i
sdi
cti
onandspher eofr esponsibil
it
yof
Everysuchengi neeri sdef i
nedbyt hemanageri nwr i
t ng.
i
Q.2:(I
)Whati smeantbyr emot eoper at i
onofcoal faceappar atuswi t
hpilot
corepr otect i
on?Di scussassoci atedv oltageandcur rent.
(ii
)Descr i
beat ranswi t
chuni tusedbel owgr ound.Whatar e(a)i
ts
special f
eat uresand( b)t hepr otecteddev icesi ncorporatedinit.
ANSWER:
Thecoal faceat mospher emaycont aininf l
ammabl egases.Whenel ectr
ical
machi nesl i
kecoal cutt
erordr il
loper ateatsuchf aces, t
heremaybeachance
ofgasexpl osionduet oel ectr
icspar kingatt het i
meofswi tchingonorof f
.
Therefore, themai nswi tchesar ekeptawayandal owv ol
tageci r
cuiti
s
i
ncorpor atedi nsuchawayt hatwheni ti
sswi tchedonatorneart heface, the
mainswi tchoper atesthr oughmagnet icrelay satadi st
ancesuf fi
cientl
yaway
from thef acewher etheenv i
ronmenti sf reef r
om i nfl
ammabl egases.Fur ther,
ther
ei slesschanceofel ect r
icshockt otheoper atorbecauseofl owv ol
tage.
Asket chdi agr am ofpilotcircuitisgiv enbel ow;

79
Accor dingt oRul e118ofI ER, themaxi mum v oltageofci rcui tforr emot econt r
ol
orinterlockingofappar atusshal lbe30v olts.
(i
)A. Transwi tchuni ti
sacomposi teEl ectri
cal Transfor mi ngEqui pment
compr ising(a)HV( 3.3KV)Pr i
mar ycont rol (
b)FLPai rcool ed
transf ormer( 315KVA, 3.3KV/ 5500V)( c)FLPL. V( 550v )secondar y
cont rol.
B.I tisusedi nunder gr oundmi nesbasi callyasadi strictt
ransf ormer
whichf eedspowert of aceequi pmentl i
kedr i
l
l machi nes,facepumps, SDL/ LDL,
chainconv ey or/ponybel tatdesi redv ol
tageof550V.
C.Thet ranswi t
chuni thasauni queel ectri
cal prot ect i
onsy stem as
theH. Vsi deC. Bi svacuum br eakt ypewi thprot ecti
vedev i
cesl ikeovercur r
ent
rel
ays, underv ol t
ager elayandi ncaseofaf ault,tr
ippingist hr ough110VD. C.
Theuni tismount edonf l
angesoft ransf ormerandi sequi ppedwi th3pol esof f
l
oadi sol ator.TheL. Vsi deC. Bi smount edonL. Vsideoft ransf ormerf langes
andconsi stsofsensi t
iveear thl eakager elayandat hermal ov ercur r
entr elay ,
earthresi stormount i
ngr elaywi t hfaul ti
ndi cationf acil
it
y.
Theneut raloft r
ansf ormeri sear thedt hroughr esistortolimi tear t
hfaul tcurrent
to750mA.
Q.3(a)Whatar eby e-laws?Howar etheyf ramed?
(b)Fr ameasetofby e-lawsf ort heuseofcont inuousmi neri
ndegr ee
oneseam.
ANSWER:
(
a)By
elawsar
esor
tofRegul
ati
onswhi
char
efr
amedbyt
hemanagementofapar
ti
cul
armi
ne
f
ort
heuseofanypar
ti
cul
armachi
ner
yorf
oradopt
ionofapar
ti
cul
armet
hodofwor
kinami
ne
e.
g.sev
eral
minesi
nthepasthadt
hei
rownBy
elawsi
nrespectofuseofl
ocomot
ives.
Pr
ocedur
eforf
rami
ngBy
elaws–Thi
sisgi
veni
nSect
ion61oft
heMi
nesAct
.
Theowner
,Agentormanagerofami
neshal
li
fcal
l
eduponbyt
heChi
efI
nspect
ororan
I
nspect
or,
frameandsubmi
tadr
aftBy
elawswi
thi
n2mont
hs.

80
- I
fmanagementf
ail
tosubmi
tby
e-l
awsi
n2mont
hsort
hedr
aftby
e-l
awsar
enotconsi
der
ed

suf
fi
cient
,DGMSmaypr
oposeadr
aftby
e-l
awsorpr
oposesuchamendment
sasar
e
consi
der
ednecessar
y.

- Theabov
edr
aft
/amendeddr
aftwi
l
lbesentt
omanagementf
orconsi
der
ati
on.

- I
fthedr
afti
sagr
eeduponbyt
hemanagement
,itwi
l
lbef
orwar
dedt
otheCent
ral

Gov
ernment
.

- I
fther
eisdi
sagr
eement
,thedr
aftwi
l
lbesentt
oCommi
tt
eeconst
it
utedunderSect
ion12

f
orset
tl
ement
.

- Theset
tl
eddr
aftwi
l
lbesentt
oCent
ral
Gov
ernment
.

- TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentmaymakesuchmodi
fi
cat
ionsasi
tthi
nksf
it
.

- TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentshal
lgi
venot
icet
otheaf
fect
edper
sonsi
nfor
mingt
hem oft
he

pr
oposal
.Aper
iodofatl
east30day
sshal
lbegi
venf
orsendi
ngobj
ect
ions.

- Anyobj
ect
ionsr
ecei
vedwi
l
lbeconsi
der
edbyt
heGov
ernmentandt
heBy
elawsi
nfi
nal
for
m

wi
l
lbeappr
oved.

- Themi
nemanagementshal
lhav
ecopi
esofsuchappr
ovedBy
elawsi
nEngl
i
shandi
n

pr
escr
ibedl
anguagespost
edatconspi
cuouspl
aceswher
ethesamecaneasi
l
ybeseenby
mi
neempl
oyees.

- TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentmaybeanor
deri
nwr
it
ing,
annual
aBy
elawasawhol
eorpar
t.

(
b) By
elawsf
oruseofcont
inuousmi
neri
ndegr
eeIgassyseam
CONSTRUCTI
ON:
a)Mot or
sandswitches–FLPenclosure
b)FLPandI .
Sfeat
urestobestri
ctl
ymai nt
ained
c)Cablestobeconnectedt
hroughglandsandbushes
d)Safetydev
ices–horns,l
i
ghts,LMD,remot econt
rol
,AVAet
c.

OPERATI
ON:
a)Operati
onbyaut hor
izedperson
b)Operatortocheckli
ghts,horn,
AVA&ot hersaf
etydevi
ces
c)Cablemant oweargl oves
d)Beforestart
ing,
operatortoseethatal
lper
sonsinvi
cini
tybeenwar
ned

EXAMI
NATION:
a)Managertoframest
andingor
ders
b)Inev
eryshif
tbycompetentf
oreman,
ever
yweekbyEngi
neer

81
SCHEMEOFMAI
NTENANCE:
Asr
ecommendedbyManuf
act
urer
.

VENTI
LATION:
a)Veloci
ty:Notlesst
han30m persec;
b)Quantit
y:284Cu.M permin
c)Inf
lammabl egas:Notmor
ethan0.5%

DUSTCONTROL:
a)Compl et
esetofpicks
b)Speed: Asspeci
fiedbyManufact
urer
c)Avoidcutti
nginstone
d)Int
erl
ockingcutt
ingandwaterspr
aying
e)Str
ictdustMonitori
ng

SUPPORT:
a)Dev el
opmentgall
eri
es&splits:
wi t
hresi
nboltasperSSR
b)Goafedges:3r owsofr oofbol t
sat0.8m bet weenbolt
sandbetween
r
ows; l
engt
h1.8m
c)Indev el
opmentandsplitheadings,C.
M wil
lnotbet aken3.
2m beyond
l
astrowofroofbol
ts;i
nsli
cenot10m bey ondlastrow
d)Stratamonit
ori
ngasperst r
atamanagementpl andrawn

I
MPLEMENTATI ON:
a)Duti
esofper sonwi
llbedr
awnandimplement
ed
b)Adequatenumberofsupervi
sors
c)Trai
ning
d)Properrecor
ds
e)Di
scussioninSafet
ycommi t
teemeet
ing

GENERAL:
a)Cutof fpoweratshi ftend
b)Par katsaf epl aceatshiftend
c)Joi ntsintraili
ngcablet obev ul
cani
zed
Q.4:Anexpl osionhasoccur r
edinDegr eeIIImineinadepill
aringdistri
ctwi th
stowing.Howwi l
ly oudetermi nethecauseofexplosionandi t
spoi ntoforigin?
Howwi l
lyouascer tainwhet herexplosi
onhasoccur r
edduet oinfl
ammabl egas
orcoal dustorbot h.Assumey ourowncondi ti
ons.
Answer :
Thei nvesti
gationi ntoexplosionmustst artassoonaspossi ble.Ther escue
teamsgoi ngdownt hemineshoul dbedirectedtocollectairsampl esf rom
diff
erentplaces,car eful
lyrecordt heposit
ionandpost uresofv icti
msont he

82
plan,andnot edownv itali nformat i
onl ikef al
lsofr oofanddi splacementof
objects.Theser ecor dsshoul dbesuppl ement edbydet ail
edobser vationsoft he
team conduct ingdet ail
edi nv estigat i
on.
Origi
nofexpl osi on
(a)At tempt swi llbemadet ot r
acet hecour seofmi neexpl osi ont oi t
s
sour ce by anal ysis of al lev idences r ecov erabl e wi t
hr egar dt o
nei ghbour hood ofsour ce,di rection ofpr ogr ess ofexpl osion and
exper i
enceoft hepi t.
(b)Neart hepl aceofor iginoft heexpl osion, therei smi nimum v iolence.The
violencei ncr easesast heexpl osi onwav eprogr esses.
(c)Ar ches, gi rdersandot herheav yobj ect saret hrown/benti nt hef or ward
direct ionoft heexpl osi onwav e.
(d)I ncoki ngcoalmi nes,cokeddustmaybef oundi nt heheadi ngsand
roadway si nwhi chexpl osionwav et rav el
ed.
(e)I nt hosepl acest hroughwhi chexpl osi onwav ehast rav eled,t hehai rof
victimsmaybesi nged.Si milarly,t hef i
bresofwoodensuppor tsand
edgesoft ornpaperwi llshowsi gnsofsi nging.
(f)Post uresofv i
ctimsgi v
ei ndicationofcour seofexpl osi on;hewoul d
nor mal lyt rytor unawayf rom t hedanger .
(g)Posi t i
onofl i
ghterobj ectsmaynotber eli
eduponassuchobj ectsmay
fi
rstbe di splaced i nt he di rect i
on oft he expl osi on wav e butmay
subsequent l
ybepul ledbackduet obackl ashgener atedbycool i
ngof
gases.
Sourceofi gni tion
Tracingbackt hepat hoff lame,wemaybeabl et ol ocatet hear eawher ethe
explosion or iginat ed.The ar ea wi l
lt hen be v ery car eful l
y and mi nutel
y
exami nedf or :
(a)Cont rabands
(b)Si gnsofanyf ir
eorspont aneousheat ing
(c)openmachi nerywhi chmi ghthav ecausedel ectricspar k
(d)si gnsofbl ownoutorbl ownt hr oughshot si fblastinghasbeendoneat
anyf ace
(e)si gnsofr ubbi ngofpar t
sofmov i
ngmachi negi vingr iset of ricti
onal
spar k
(f)anybur storcutel ectr i
ccabl escausi ngel ectricspar k
(g)si gnsofanywel di ng
(h)useofanyNon- FLP encl osur esofmachi nes,useof def ect i
v eFLP
encl osur esorl i
ght sorsi gnalingci rcuitsort elephoneswhi char enot
i
nt rinsi callysaf e.Fort hispur pose, themachi nes, l
i
ghtf i
xt ures, telephone
circui tset cshal lhav et obet estedt hor oughly.
(i
)Sampl esofexpl osiv esshal lbet est edt ocheckwhet hert hesamewer e
saf eandofper mi ttedt ype.
Ty peofexpl osi on
Thenat ur eofexpl osioncanbei nferredf rom thef ollowing:
(a)Pr oj ect ionr atiooff lame:I ncaseoff i
redampexpl osi on,t hespr eadof
fl
amemaybeupt o3t o4t imest heor i
ginalspr eadofi nflammabl e

83
 mixtur e.Forcoaldustexpl osion,flamedoesnotpr ojectmuchbey ond
thecoaldustcl oud.I fst
onedustbar ri
erhaspr ev
entedf urtherspread,i
t
maybe saf et o assume t hati twas a coaldustexpl osion though
possi bili
tyofi tbei ngi nit
iatedbyagasexpl osioncannotber ul
edout.
(
b)Composi ti
onofaf terdamp: I
ncaseofmet haneexpl osi
on, therati
o
(CO2+¾CO–¼H2) /O2absor bed≤0. 5
Incaseofcoal dustexpl osion,thi
sr atiois≥0. 85
(
c)Degr eeofv i
olence: Coaldustexpl osionsar emor ev iolentthangas
explosi ons.
(
d)Presence ofexpl osi ve dustand gases:Pr esence ofcoked dusti s
evidenceofcoaldustexpl osi on.Non- cokingcoaldustmaynotpr oduce
coke.Bul kydeposi tsofuncoked expl osi on duston sur faceswhi ch
otherwi sewoul dhav eremai nedcl eani sof t
enr ecognizableasdeposi ted
explosi ondust .St ri
psampl esofdustcol lectedfrom thegal l
eri
eswi l
l
giveusef ulinfor mat ion.
Q.
5:Wr i
teshor tnot eson:
I
.Initialandper i
odi calmedi cal examinat i
on
I
I. Wor kmen’ sInspect orsandt hei
rdut ies
I
II. Medi cal attent i
onincaseofi nj
ury
I
V. Di sabi li
tyal lowanceandcompensat i
onf oroccupat ionaldi
seases

Answer:
(I
)Ini
ti
alandper i
odical medi cal exami nat ion
Mi ningi nv olvessaf etyandheal thhazar ds.Toensur esaf etyandheal th
oft heper sonsempl oy edi nthemi nes,itisnecessar ythatapar tf rom
precaut i
onst o cont r
oland pr ev entsuch hazar ds,t heheal th oft he
wor kf orcei smoni t
or edt odet ectanyadv er sei mpactoft hepol luted
mi neenv i
ronmentont hei rheal th.Att hesamet i
mei tisessent ialt o
ensur et hattheper sonst obeempl oyedi nthemi near ephy sical l
yf itto
under takear duousj obandt heydonothav eanyheal t hcondi ti
onwhi ch
wi l
lgetaggr avatedduet ot heef fectofmi neenv ir
onment .Accor dingl y
prov isionshav ebeenmadei nt heMi nesRul es1955f orini
tialmedi cal
exami nat i
on oft heper sonst o beempl oy ed and per i
odicalmedi cal
exami nat i
onofspeci fiedcat egor yofper sonsoncei n5y earsi ncaseof
coalmi nesandatshor t
eri nterv alsinasbest osmi nes( Rule29B) .The
medi calexami nationi scar ri
edoutbyamedi caloffi
cerappoi nt edf ort he
mi neoramedi calof f
iceri ntheempl oymentoft heowneroft hemi ne, if
any ,orbyanymedi calof ficerempl oy edint heCoalMi nesWel fareFund
oranyot hermi neswel far eorgani zati
on,f aili
ngwhi chbyanyCent ral
Gov ernmentmedi calof ficernotbel ow ther ankofanassi st antci v i
l
sur geon.
Thest andar dsofmedi calexami nat i
onar egi veni nt heMi nesRues.
Emphasi si sondet ect i
onofr espi ratorydiseases,hear i
ngi mpai r
ment ,
visiondef ectsandgener al health.

84
 Incaseaper sonf ailsi nt hemedi calexami nat i
on, hecanappealandwi l
l
beexami nedbyanappel latemedi calboar d.I fhei sdecl aredmedi cal ly
unfit,hewi llnotbeal lowedt owor kint hemi ne.
II
.Wor kmen’ sI nspect orsandt heirdut i
es
I
thas l ong been f eltt hatWor ker s’par tici
pat ion i n Saf et y
managementcangoal ongwayi ni mpr ovingsaf et yst andar dsi nmi nes.
Accor di ngly pr ov isions hav e been made i nt he Mi nes Rul es f or
appoi nt mentofwor ker s’repr esent at i
v escal l
edWor kmen’ sI nspect or s.
Accor dingt oRul e29Q, forev erymi newher e500ormor eper sons
areor dinar il
yempl oy ed,t heowner ,agentormanagershal ldesi gnat e
threeW. I
.Oneoft hem hast obeanOv erman’ sCer t i
ficat ehol der ,andan
Elect r
icalSuper visor ’
sCer tificat ehol derandoneami nef oreman.They
aret obedesi gnat edi nconsul tat i
onwi tht het radeuni ons.
Thedut iesofsuchI nspect orsar egi v enatRul e29R.Theyar e
requi r
edt owor kasW. If ort woday sinaweekf ormaki ngi nspect ions, to
suggestr emedi almeasur es,t o accompany DGMS of ficers dur ing
compl etei nspect ionset c.Theysubmi tt heirr epor tinFor m U.
TrainingofW. I: Ev er yW. Ihast ounder goanor ient ationcour seof30l ect ur es
anddemonst r ationoft wohour sdur ationeach.
Tenur eofW. I:Tenur eofaW. Iis3y ear s.Hecanber e-nomi nat ed.
Suggest i
onsf ori mpr ov ement :
NinthConf er enceonSaf et yi nMi nesr ecommendedt hati nmechani zedmi nes
wher eempl oy menti s100ormor e, W. Ishoul dbeappoi nted.
Itisf eltt hatW. Ishoul dbeal l
owedt of unct i
onassuchonf ullt imebasi s
i
nst eadoft woday si naweek.
II
I.Medi cal at t
ent ioni ncaseofi nj ury
Mi ni
ngi sahazar dousoccupat ion.Apar tf rom nat ur alcauses,t her ecanbe
chanceofi njuriesduet ooper ationofmachi nesorf ailur eofanymachi nepar ts.
Ever yy earabout500 t o 600 per sons getser iousl yi njur ed and sev er al
thousandsr ecei ver epor t
abl eandmi nori njury .Ifduecar ei snott akent ot reat
thesei njuriesi mmedi atel y, thecondi tionscanaggr av at eandmi nori njur i
escan
turni ntor epor tabl e.Someser i
ousi nj uri
escanev enr esul tindeat h.Thi snot
onlycausesmi seryt ot hei nj uredper sonbutal sor esul t si nav oidabl et i
meand
fi
nanci alloss.Ther ef or e, int hesaf et yst at utemuchemphasi shasbeenl aidon
medi cal attent i
oni ncaseofi njurybywayofFi rstai d.
AsperRul e45A,( I
)ev eryper sonr ecei vingani njur yi nt hecour seofhi sdut y
shallassoonaspossi ble,r epor tt hesamet oanof ficial.Wher ehei snoti na
positiont or epor t,itshal lbet hedut yoft heper sonwhocomest oknow t o
reporti ttoanof ficial .Theof ficialshal lmakear rangement sf orr ender ingf irst-
aidt othei njur ed.I fint heopi nionoft heof fi
ci althei njur yi ssuchast oor equi re
i
mmedi ate at tent i
on oft he medi calpr act iti
oner ,he shal lar range f ort he
medi calpr act iti
onert ocome.( ii
)UnderRul e45,Ov er man,Si r dar ,Shot fi
reret c
arer equi r
edt ocar ryFi rst -aidki ts.I fsuchanof f
icialr ecei vesi nformat ionof
i
njur y,heshal lhimsel fat tendt oi njur edper son.

85
(i
ii
)Fir
st-aidstati
onsar erequir
edt obeprovi
dednearwor kplaces.Attendantof
suchFi rst-
aid st
ationshal lrendersuchf ir
st-
aidt otheinjured asmaybe
requi
red.
Q.8:At hickseam t hatwasdev elopedintwosectionswasbei ngext r
actedby
opencastmi ning.Therewasact i
vef i
reonacoalf aceandashov elwasunder
operati
onatadi stanceof50met r
esonl owercoalbenchoft hesameseam.
Suddenly,wat ergasexpl osionoccur r
edandt heshov elwascov eredbyhot
ash/dustet c.causingi nstant
aneousdeat hoftheshov eloper ator
.Wr itean
enquir
yr eportoft heacci dentsuggesti
ngoutcont rav
enti
ons,r esponsibil
i
ties
and suggest i
onst o prev entsimil
araccidentsinf ut
ure.Assumey ourown
condit
ions.

Answer
Enqui
ryRepor
t
Mi ne: XY
Owner s: WCL
Agent :R.S.A Manager :K. B.S
Dat eofacci dent :12- 05-2007 Timeofacci dent :11. 30hour s
Placeofacci dent : Secondcoal benchi nQuar ryno.2
Nameofdeceased: RaghuDesi gnat ion: Shoveloper at or Age; 37
year s
Whi l
eashov elwasl oadi ngcoal att hef aceofsecondcoal benchi nquar ryNo.
2,awat ergasexpl osionoccur redi nt heunder groundwor kingsi nupperbench
hav ingact ivef i
re.Theshov elwascov eredbyhotash/dustej ectedasar esult
oft heexpl osi on, kill
ingt heshov el oper atoralmosti nst antly.
Descr i
pt i
onoft hemi ne:
Int hismi neMay oseam, 15met rest hickwasdev elopedi nt hepasti ntwo
sect ionsmai ntaini ngsuper imposi ti
onofwor ki
ngs.Theseam wasonf i
re.The
pill
ar sint het wosct ionsal ongwi thpar tingwer ebei ngquar riedbymechani zed
opencastmet hod.Fi reint heseawaskeptundercont rol bydr owni ngt hedip
sidewor kingsandbykeepi ngt heexposedopeni ngscov eredwi thOB.Bl ast i
ng
wasdonei nO. Baswel lascoal benches.Ther ewer et hreebenchesi nO. Band
threei ncoal .
Occur r
enceofacci dent :
On11- 05- 2007, thef irstshi ftstar tedat8hr s.Int hel owermostcoal bencht wo
shov el
swer edepl oyedt oloadbl ast edcoal .Atabout11. 30hr s.therewasa
suddenl oudbl asti nt hesecondcoal benchf oll
owedbyej ect i
onofhotmat erial
whi chspr eadov erar adiusofabout60met res.Oneoft heshov elswor king
withi nadi stanceofabout50met resoft hesi t
eofbl astwasengul f
edi nt hehot
mat eri
al.Theshov eloper atornamedRaghudi dnotgett imet ocomeoutoft he
shov elandwaski l
ledal mosti nst ant l
yasar esultofsev erebur ninjuries.
Rescueandr ecov ery
Theoccur rencewassudden.TheOv ermanRamNar eshandSi rdarShi vShanker
whower eont heOBbenchr ushedt owar dsthesi teofbl ast .Whent he
env ironmentcl ear ed, theycoul dseet heshov elcov eredwi thashanddust .The

86
i
mmedi at elywentt her eandwi ththehel pofwor kersf rom O.Bbench, tookout
Raghu.Hewasf ounddead.
Inspect ion, inqui ryandconcl usion
Iinspect edt hequar ryat16hour sthesameday .Irecordedt hest atement sof
wor ker sandsuper visor son12- 05-07.
Dur i
ngmyi nspect i
on, itwasobser v edt hati nthesecondcoal bencht herewas
act i
vef ireandt hegal lerieswhi chhadgotexposedwer enotkeptbl anketedas
requi redbyper mi ssi ongr antedunderRegul at
ion122ofCMR, 1957. Awat er
pipehadbeenl aidr ightupt othecoal f
aceont hisbenchandwat erwas
const ant lybei ngpumpedt oquencht hef ir
e.Thef i
rewasv eryact iveand
flameswer ecomi ngoutf rom it.Wat ergoi ngint hegal l
eri
esf ormedst eam and
wheni tcamei ncont actwi thredhotcoal ,formedwat ergasr esultinginan
expl osi on.Asar esul toft heexpl osion,hotashesandhotmat erialwasej ected
whi chengul fedt heshov elont helowerbench.
Regul ation119( 2)( b)r equi r
et hatadequat eprecaut ionsshal lbet akento
pr eventdangert oper sonsf rom anyexpl osi
onofwat ergas.Theci rcumst ances
underwhi chwat ergasf ormedi nthei nst antcasecoul deasi l
ybev isuali
zedby
ami ningengi neer.Itwasr evealedt hatt hemanagerhadgi veni nstructi
onst o
deal wi t
ht hef i
reint hemannerment ionedabov e.I,theref
orehol dhi m
responsi blef ort hisacci dent .
Asket chpl ani l
lustr atingt hesi teofacci dentisencl osed.

Answersto
Fi
rstCl
assCoal
MinesManagers’Exami
nat
ion,
Dec2008
Legi
slat
ion

Q.1:Inthepresentdaycont extoflargedemandofcoal ,
whatar et he
recommendat ionsof10thConf erencef orsafet
yinmi neswi t
hr espectto:
(a)Mechani sationwi t
hav i
ewt ophase-outmanual l
oading&t oi
mprove
standards.
(b)Reductionofr iskfrom roofandsi defall
sincoal mines.
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Answer:
th
(a)Therecommendat i
onsof10 Saf etyConf er
encef orsafetyinmi neswit
h
respecttomechani zat i
ont ophaseoutmanual l
oadingandi mpr ovesafety
standardsareasf ollows:
1Keepingi nvi
ewt heobj ecti
veofphasi ngoutmanual l
oading,allcoalcompanies
shalli
denti
fyappropriatetechnologysuitabl
efortheprevail
inggeo-mi ni
ng

87
condi t
ionsandi ntroducet hesamei nsuchamannersoast ophaseoutmanual
l
oadi ngoper ati
onscompl et elywithinaper iodoff i
vey earsi ncoal seamswi th
gradientof1i n5orl ess, andwi thinaper iodofsev eny ear sincoal seamswi t h
gradientst eepert han1i n5.
2Whi l
ef ormul ati
ngt hest r ategiesf orfacemechani zati
oni nundergroundwor ki
ngs,
i
tshal lbeensur edt hatbackupf acili
ti
esl ikecoal evacuat ion,suppor tsystem,
Ventilationar r
angement set c.ar ecompat iblewi t
hfacemechani z
ation.
3Theschemeoff acemechani zationshal lbebasedonpr opersci entif
ic
i
nv estigation.
Theschemeshal lalsoi ncludear rangement sformoni tori
ngst ratabehav iorand
Env i
ronment alcondi tions.
4.Possi bili
tyofdepl oy mentofmul ti-
skill
edmi nersinthef aceshallbeex pl
or edt o
reducet heex posureathazar dousar easwi thoutaffectingempl oy ment .
5.Sui t
abl etraini
ngf oref ficient&saf eoper ati
onofmachi neryshallbei mpar tedt o
allconcer ned.
6Whi l
epl anningf orf acemechani zat i
on, dueconsi derat i
onsshal lbegi venf orlong
term sust ainabil
it
yoft het echnol ogy .
7Apol icydocumentshal lbef r
amedbyeachcoal mi ni
ngcompanywi t
hinaper iod
of
sixmont hsf oraddr essi ngt heimpl ement ationissues.Itshal lalsobeensur edt hat
allsafetyf eaturesar ei nbui ltintothesy stem.

(b)Recommendat ionsof10thsaf etyconf erencewi thr espectt or educt i

onof
riskf rom r oofandsi def allsi ncoal mi nesar easf ollows:
1I nev er ycoal mini ngcompany ,STRATACONTROLCELLshal l beest abli
shedat
cor por ateandar eal evel swi t hinaper iodofoney ear, t
oassi stmi nemanager s,for
formul ationofSy stemat icSuppor tRul es, moni tori
ngst r
atacont rolmeasur esina
scient ifi
cwayt oensur eef ficacyofsuppor tsy stem andf orpr ocur ement /
suppl yof
qual it
ysuppor t
ingmat er ials.Suchcel l shal lbemannedbyadequat enumberof
techni cal per sonnel headedbyaseni orof ficialnotbel owt her ankofGener al
ManageratCor por at elev el andDy .Gener al ManageratAr eal ev el.
2Roofbol tingshal lbeusedasapr i
mar ymeansofsuppor tforf reshlyexposed
roofi ndev el opmentaswel l asdepi l
laringdi stri
cts.Fort her oofcat egory“ Poor ”
,
hav ing
valueofRMRof40orl ess, orwher et her ei sexcessi v eseepageofwat erf rom the
roofst rata, roofbol t sex clusi velywi thr esincapsul esshal lbeusedt oensur e
adequat e&i mmedi ater ei nfor cementoft hest r
ata.
3Dueemphasi sshal lbegi vent osuppor tthesi desofgal l
eri
eswhi l
ef r
ami ng
Sy stemat icSuppor tRul es.
4Sui tablest epsshal lbet akenbyt hemi ningcompani est oincul cateacul tureof
“no
wor katf ace”ot hert hansuppor t
ingwor k,tilltheroofi ssuppor t
edbyr oofbol tsup
toatl east0. 6met erf rom t hef ace.
5Toensur epr operdr ill
ingf orr oofbol tingi nal lty
pesofr oofst r
at a,suitablefit
-for
-
user oofbol tingmachi nesshal lbei ntroducedi nal l
mi neswi thinaper i
odofone
year .
Suchmachi nesshal lbecapabl eofbei ngoper atedf rom adi stanceorbepr ovided
wi thsui tabl ecanopyt opr otectt hesuppor ti
ngper sonnel duringdr il
li
ngorbol ti
ng

88
oper ations.
6Ri skassessmentexer ci
seshallbecarri
edouti nthemi nesf orassessingtheri
sk
from t hehazar dsofr oof&sidef al
lsandidentif
y i
ngt hecontrolmechani sm wi
th
speci fi
cr esponsibi
lit
yf orimplementati
on.Thisexer ciseshallberevi
ewedat
regulari nterval
snotexceedi ngay ear.
7Eachcompanyshal ltakestepstoimpartstructuredt r
aini
ngt ooffi
cers,
super visors
andsuppor tpersonnel onroofbolti
ng.
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Q.2: Whatar ethev ariousproblemsofsaf etywhenapar tofwor ki
nopencast
mi nei sout sourced?Howwi llyouensureenf orcementofMi nesAct ,Rulesand
regul ationsbywor ker sofhiredcontract
or?

Answer :Foll
owingar et hesalientprobl emsofsaf etywhenpar tofopencast
mineisout sourced:
a)Bi gcont r
act or sawar dpar tofjobst opettycont r
actorsnothav i
ng
adequat ecapaci t yorconcer nforsaf ety
.
b)Empl oyeesar epur elytempor aryormi grat
or yandnotwel lconversant
withmi ningact iviti
esorl aws.
c)Mor eriskt akingat ti
tudeasear ningdependonout put.
d)Cont ractor shav el i
ttl
ecommi tmentf orensur i
ngsaf et
y.
e)Somet imessaf etyi sconsideredasacostcomponentonl y
,ignor
ingthe
costofl i
v esorwor kingcondi ti
ons.
f) Contractor s’wor kersar enotgiv enadequat etrai
ning.
g)Super v
isionofv ariousoper ati
onsandpl acesisnotadequat e.
th
Themat t
erregar dingt heabov eprobl em wasconsi deredby10 Saf ety
conference.Fol lowi ngr ecommendat ionsemer ged:
Cont
ract
orwor
kvi
s-à-
visSaf
ety
1Empl oyer’
sr esponsi bil
ities
(a)Sui tableclauses( inconsi stencewi thr i
skoft hewor kall
ot ted)shallbeincluded
i
nt enderdocument( includi ngNI Ts)stati
nghowt her i
skarisingt omen&mat eri
al
from t hemi ningoper ation/oper ati
onst obedonebyt hecont ractorsshallbe
managed.
(b)Ensur ethatcont ractor saref amil
iarwi t
ht her elevantpartsoft hestatute,healt
h
andsaf etymanagementsy stem andar epr ovidedwi t
hcopiesofsuchdocument s
priortocommenci ngwor k.
(c)Ensur ethatcont ractor’sar r
angement sforheal thandsaf etymanagementar e
consi stentwitht hosef ort hemi neowner .Allther ules,r
egulat i
onsandby e-l
awsas
appl i
cabl etot hemi neownerar ealsoappl icablet othecont ractor.Detail
soft he
cont r
act ors’wor kmenshoul dbemai ntai
nedi nt heowner ’sFor m- BRegister.
Wher eas, C, D&ERegi stersf orcontractormenmaybemai nt ainedindependent l
y
byt heowner .All t
heabov eRegi stersshal lbekepti nthemi neof fi
ceoft he
manager .
(d)Ensur ethatcont ractsshoul dpreferablybeofl ongerperiod( t
hreeyears),so
that
therei sadequat escopeofmanagementofsaf etybyt hecont ractor.

89
(e)Ensur et hatcont ract or ’
spr ov idet hemachi ner y, oper atorandot herst af fwi th
wr i
ttensaf ewor kpr ocedur esf ort hewor ktobecar ri
edout ,statingcl ear lyt her i
sk
i
nv olv edandhowi tist obemanaged.
(f)Moni toral lact ivitiesoft hecont r
act or stoensur et hatcont r
act orsar ecompl yi
ng
wi t
hal lther equi rement sofst atut eandt hesy st em r elatedt osaf ety .Iff ound
noncompl iantofsaf et yl awsdi rect i
ngt hecont ract ort ot akeact i
ont ocompl ywi th
ther equi rement s, andf orf ur thernon- compl i
ance, t
hecont ractormaybesui tabl y
penal ized.Cl auset ot hisaf fectmaybeapar toft heagr eementbet weent he
empl oy erandt hecont ract or.
(g)Wher ear iskt oheal thorsaf etyofaper sonar isesbecauseofanon-
compl iance
direct i
ngt hecont ract ort oceasewor kunt ilt
henon- compl i
ancei scor rect ed.
2.Cont ract or ’
sr esponsi bil
ities
(a)Pr epar ewr i
tt enSaf eOper atingPr ocedur e( SOP)f orthewor kt obecar riedout ,
i
ncl udi nganassessmentofr isk, wher ev erpossi bleandsaf emet hodst odeal wi t
h
i
t/them.
(b)Pr ov i
deacopyoft heSOPt ot heper sondesi gnat edbyt hemi neownerwho
shal lbesuper v isingt hecont ract or '
swor k.
(c)Keepanupt odat eSOPandpr ovideacopyofchangest oaper sondesi gnat ed
byt hemi neowner .
(d)Ensur et hatal lwor ki scar ri
edouti naccor dancewi tht heSt atuteandSOPand
fort hepur posehemaydepl oyadequat equal i
fiedandcompet entper sonnel forthe
pur poseofcar ry ingoutt hej obi nasaf emanner .
(e)Forwor kofaspeci fiedscope/ natur e,dev elopandpr ov idet ot hemi neownera
sitespeci ficcodeofpr act i
ce.
(f)Ensur et hatal l sub- cont ract or shi redbyhi m compl ywi tht hesamer equi r ement
ast hecont ract orhi msel fandshal lbel iabl eforensur ingcompl ianceal lsaf et y
l
awsbyt hesuborsub- subcont ract ors.
(g)Al l per sonsdepl oy edbyt hecont ract orforwor kingi nami nemustunder go
vocat ional t
r aining, i
ni tial medi cal exami nation, PME.Theyshoul dbei ssuedcar ds
statingt henameoft hecont ract orandt hewor kandi tsv alidityper iod, indi cat ing
statusofVT&I ME.
(h)Ev eryper sondepl oy edbyt hecont ract orinami nemustwearsaf et ygadget sto
bepr ov idedbyt hecont r actor .Ifcont ract orisunabl et opr ov ide,
owner /agent /mangeroft hemi neshal l prov i
det hesame.
(i
)Thecont ract orshal lsubmi tt oDGMSr eturnsi ndicat i
ng–Nameofhi sf i
rm,
Regi strat ionnumber , Nameandaddr essofper sonheadi ngt hef irm, Nat ur eof
wor k,
typeofdepl oy mentofwor kper sons, Numberofwor kper sonsdepl oy ed, howmany
wor k-per sonshol dVTCer t
ificat e, howmanywor kper sonsunder goneI MEand
type
ofmedi cal cov er agegi vent ot hewor kper sons.Ther etur nshal lbesubmi tted
quar ter l
y( by10t hofApr il
,Jul y, Oct ober&Januar y)f orcont ractsofmor et hanone
year .Howev er ,forcont ract sofl esst hanoney ear ,returnsshal lbesubmi tted
mont hly .
3.Empl oy ee’ sr esponsi bili
ties

90
(a)Anempl oyeemust ,whi l
eatwor k, taker easonabl ecarefort heheal thand
safetyofpeopl ewhoar eattheempl oy ee’splaceofwor kandwhomaybeaf fect
ed
byt he
empl oyee’sactoromi ssionsatwor k.
(b)Anempl oyeemust ,whi l
eatwor k, cooper atewit hhisorherempl oy erorother
personssof arasi snecessar ytoenabl ecompl i
ancewi thanyr equi
rementunder
the
actort her egulationst hatisimposedi nt heinterestofheal t
h, safetyandwel fare
of
theempl oyeeoranyot herperson.
Compl i
ancewi ththeabov erecommendat i
onswi llgoal ongwayi nenf orcementof
thest atutorysaf ety,healt
handwel farepr ov i
sionsincont ractual work.
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Q.3: whati swor ker spar t
ici
pationinsaf etymanagement ?Howcant hishelp
attainhighsaf etystandar ds?Suggestsomedet errentsforhabi tualunsaf e
wor kers.

Answer :Awor keri nv est shi sl abouri nandt i

eshi sfat etohi spl aceofwor k.
Ther efore,hehasal egi ti
mat er ightt ohav eashar ei ni nfl
uenci ngt hev ari
ous
aspect sofor gani sation’ spol i
ci es.Si ncemi newor kersar eexposedt ot he
host i
leenv ironmentoft hei rwor kplace, theyhav ear ightt ohav easayi n
management ’spol iciesandact ionsi nsaf etymat ters.Fur t
her ,becauseoft heir
i
nt i
mat eknowl edgeoft hesaf etyhazar dsatwor kplace, theirassoci ationin
safetymat tersi slikelyt oi mpr ov esaf etyst andar ds.Thi sist heconceptof
wor kers’par ticipat ioni nsaf et ymanagement .
Inourmi neswor ker spar t
icipat ioni nsaf etymanagementi sachi evedt hrough
statutoryandnon- statut oryf or ums.Thesamear egi v enbel ow:
Statutor y:
1.Wor kmen’ sI nspect or sappoi nt edunderRul e29Qoft heMi nes
Rules, 1955
2.Saf et yCommi tteesconst itutedunderRul e29Toft heMi nesRul es.
Non- statutory :
1.Nat i
onal Conf er encesonSaf etyi nMi nes.
2.Tt ri
par ti
t esaf et ycommi tt eesofmi ningcompani esincludi ngCI LSaf et
y
Boar d.
Usef ul
nessofWor ker spar ticipat ioninsaf etymanagement
1.Wor ker shav ei ntimat eknowl edgeoft heirwor kplaceandhencet he
hazar dspr esentt her e.Hence, theycanspotsuchhazar dsdur ing
inspect ionsandhel pi mpr ovesaf etyst andar ds.
2.Wor kmencanadv iset hemanagementaboutt hehazar dsbet terbecause
ofthei ri ntimat eknowl edgeofwor kpl ace.
3.Thepar ticipationkeepscommuni cationchannel betweenwor kersand
seniormanagementper sonnel open.Becauseofeasycommuni cation,
therei sl eastdel ayint aki ngcor rectivest eps.
4.Thewor ker sfeel asenseofbel ongingwi tht hemi neandt akepr i
dein
impr ov ingcondi tionsi ncl udingsaf etyi ssues.

91
 5.Oncewor kersar eassoci at edwi thsaf etymanagement ,theyt ryt o
correctt heircowor kersi ndul gingini nvolunt aryorv olunt aryunsaf eact s.
Det err
entsf orhabi t
ual unsaf ewor ker s
Ithasbeenobser vedt hati nmaj or ityoft hecasesunsaf eact swer ei nv ol
v edin
causat i
onofmi nesacci dent s.Ther ef ore,focusingonbehav i
ourofunsaf e
wor kersisessent ialtoachi evei mpr ov edsaf etyst andar ds.Thi scanbedoneas
follows:
1.Counsel lingtheunsaf ewor ker sbyspeci alistsli
kepsy chol ogist s.A
psy chol ogistcanf indoutt hepsy chol ogyoft heunsaf ewor ker sandgi ve
them cor rectadv ice.
2.Anapt i
tudet estmaybeconduct edandi fawor keri sunsui t
abl ef oraj ob,
hemaybeassi gnedanot herj ob.
3.Suchwor kersmaynotber ebukedorbl amedi npubl ic.Thi sis
count er product ive.
4.I fi
ti sf oundt hatt heunsaf eact scommi ttedar eduet ol ackof
knowl edgeori ncor rectt raini ng, t
hewor kershoul dber et rainedi ncor r
ect
way .Suchr etrainingmayal sobei mpar t
edwhenev erhemeet san
acci dentornearmi ssacci dent .
5.Hel pofwor kersr epr esent at i
v esmaybet akeni nconf idencet oknowt he
rootcauseofunsaf ebehav iour .
6.I ftheunsaf ebehav iouri st her esultofbadhabi tslikeuseofal cohol ,
actionshoul dbet akent or emov ethebadhabi tsbyt aki nghel pof
wor ker sr epresent atives.
7.Lastbutnott hel easti fall abov eact i
onsf ailtoyieldr esul ts,puni t
ive
actionpr ov i
dedundert hel awmaybet akent osetanexampl e.
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-
Q.4: Enumer at ev ari
oust y pesofi nst rument s(alongwi t
hobj ect ive,pr inciple
andf unct i
oni ngofeach)whi char eusedf ormoni toringgr oundmov ementi n
deepunder gr oundmi nes.
Answer :
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(Not eforst udent s:Pleasenot et hati nthef oll
owi nganswerv ariousaspect sof
groundmov ementmoni tor inghav ebeengi venindet ailfory ourbenef it
.You
shoul dshor teni tsot haty oumayanswert hequest i
oninabout25t o30
mi nutes.)

Hostr ockgeomet ryincoal mi ningi sr epresentedbyst r

ati
fiedrockmassesof
relati
v eweakerstrengt h.Suchst ratif
icati
onsar ecompoundanduni teint hei
r
vir
gi nstatebeforeanyki ndofmi ning.Mi ni ngunder neath(Both
dev elopmentanddepi ll
aring)t endt odev elopst rainal
ongweakerbeddi ng
planesgener ati
ngbedsepar ation, calledasDi l
ation.
Byt heact i
onofgr av i
ty,thedi latedmass/st r
atumsar esupposedt osag
alongi tsspanwi t
hi nthemi ningv oids/openi ngs, subsequentl
yreducingt he
gapbet weenthef loorandr oofofwor ki
ngs, call
edasConv ergence.
Saggi ngofstratumsf r
om t her oofundert heinfluenceofDi l
ati
onand
subsequentconv ergencet endt oexer tcer tainLoadont hesupportsystem
andr emai ni
ngpi l
larsidesei t
herst aticordy nami c.

92
Di l
ation/Bedsepar ati
oncauseschangei nst r
essf rom i tsi n-situst at
e,
whi chi nt urni spr opagat edi nt her ocksar ound.Suchi nducedef fectofst r
ess
canber ev ealedi nt hewor kingswi ththehel pofi nstr ument ation, aiding
appr ehensi onofst r
at amov ementandsubsequentassessment s.
Followi ngar et hei nst r
ument st omeasur et hesepar amet er sindeepunder ground
mi nes:
1.Di lation
Thi sist hewi dthofgapgener at edduet obedsepar at i
on, betweent wo
consecut iv est r
at ums.Thi scanbemoni t
or edbyi nstal l
at ionandf unct ionof ,
(i)Tel lTal e
(ii
)Mul tiPoi ntBor eHol eExt ensomet er
(ii
i)Magnasoni cExt ensomet er
(i)Tel lTal e
Pr i
ncipleofoper ationandf unct i
oni ng–
Duet opoi ntanchor ageatt wopr edet ermi nedbeddi ngpl anes, i
tgi ves
visual indicat i
onofdi l
ationi nsi der oofmassupt otwohor i
zons, onewi thinthemass
ofbol t
edhei ghtandanot herabov e/bey ondt hebol t edhei ght .
Di l
ationi nanyoft hehor izonscanbev isual l
yseenf rom t her elative
mov ementofmul ticol our edpi pesatmout hoft hehol eandcanbemeasur ed
i
nmm byr eadi ngt her elativemov ementofgr aduat i
onsbey ond‘ 0’ set.
(ii
)Mul tiPoi ntBor eHol eExt ensomet er
Pr i
nciple–
Itisabasi cinst rumentdesi gnedt omeasur estratadi l
at ioni .
e. ,bed
separ at i
onatst rategi chor i
zons, bei ngplacedi nsideabor ehol e.I tisa
remot esensi ngi nst rumentcanbeusedatbot haccessi bleandi naccessi ble
l
ocat i
ons.I tisv eryhel pf ul toi nculcat edeadl oadi nt her oofmassand
subsequentdesi gnofsuppor trequi rementoft hewor kings.
Itconsi st sofanchor s,rods, prot ectivecasi ngandt r ansducer swi th
displacementsensor s.Theanchor sar emadepr esett ost rategi chor izons
wi t
hinabor ehol et hroughanchorr ods.Anydi lati
oni nt hesehor izonscause
mov ementofanchor sandt her ecausesar esul t
antdi spl acementofanchor
rodswi thint ransducer .Tr ansducer ,bythehel pofdi spl acementsensor s
causechangei nf requency ,whi chi si nculcat edbyt heReadOutUni tand
furtherconv ertedt omi l
l
emet ers(mm) .
Installation–
Usual lyav er t
ical bor ehol eof5–10m dept hisdr il
ledandt hemul tipl
e
sensor s( 4-6)ar el ockedatpr edef inedhor izons.Theseanchor sar e
i
ndependent lyconnect edt ot het ransduceratt hemout hoft hehol e, t
hr ough
anchorr ods.Changei nr eadi ngduet odilationatanyofsuchhor izonsmay
bemeasur edt hr oughReadOutUni tconnect edtot ransducerbywi re.
Magnasoni
cext
ensomet
er
Itconsistsofanchor s,r
ods, pr
otecti
vecasi
ngandt ransducerswith
displacementsensor s.Theanchor saremadepr esettost r
ategi
chor i
zons
withinabor eholet hr
oughanchorr ods.Anydil
ati
oni nthesehori
zonscause
mov ementofanchor sandt herecausesaresult
antdisplacementofanchor
rodswi thi
ntransducer.Transducer,bythehelpofdisplacementsensors
causechangei nfrequency,whichisincul
catedbytheReadOutUni tand
furt
herconv ertedtomi l
lemet er
s(mm) .
Install
ati
on–
Usual l
yav ert
icalboreholeof5–10m dept hisdri
l
ledandt hemul t
iple

93
sensors(4-6)ar
elockedatpredef
inedhor i
zons.Theseanchorsare
i
ndependent l
yconnectedtot
het r
ansduceratt hemouthofthehole,t
hrough
anchorrods.Changeinreadi
ngduet odilat
ionatanyofsuchhor i
zonsmay
bemeasur edthroughReadOutUni tconnectedtotr
ansducerbywire.
(
ii
i)Magnasoni
cext
ensomet
er
Pr inci pleofoper at ion–I tisabasi ci nst r
umentdesi gnedt omeasur est r
atadilat
ionor
bedsepar ationatst rategi chor izons, bei ngpl acedi nsideabor ehol e.Itisar emot e
sensi ngi nst rumentcanbeusedatbot haccessi bleandi naccessi blel ocati
ons.Itis
ver yhel pf ul toi ncul cat edeadl oadi nt her oofmassandsubsequentdesi gnofsupport
requi rementoft hewor kings.I ti sdesi gnedt omeasur ethedi stancebet weenpairsof
magnet supt o8m dept ht oaccur acyof0. 02mm.
Inst allation–
Usual l
yav ertical bor ehol eofabout8m dept hi sdr illedandt hemul tiple
sensor sar el ockedatpr edef inedhor izons.Theseanchor sar emagnet i
call
y
connect edt ot het ransduceratt hemout hoft hehol e.Changei nreadi ngdue
todi lationatanyofsuchhor izonsmaybemeasur edt hroughReadoutUni t
connect edt ot ransducerbywi re.
2.Conv ergence
Thi si st hecl osur eofv er ti
cal gapbet weenr oof&f l
oor ,cr eatedei therduet o
downwar dmov ementofr ooforupwar dbul gingoff l
oororbot h.Thi sisa
phenomena, gener allyoccur sdur ingDy nami cLoadi ng.Thi si sani ndicat i
ve
par amet erdeci dingext entofadv ancesuppor tdur ingext ract i
on.
Thi scanbei ncul cat edbyi nst allationandanal ysisofoutcomesof
(i)Tel escopi cConv ergenceI ndi cat ors
(ii
)Remot eConv ergenceI ndi cat ors
(i)Tel escopi cConv ergenceI ndi cat or
Pr inci pleofoper at ion–
Itisasi mpl ei nst rumentcompr i
singt wonos.oft elescopi cpi pest ocov er
thehei ghtofgal leryonext ensi on.Thei nnerpi pehasgr aduat ionsov eri t.
Tel escopeendoft heout erpi peact sast her ef erencepoi nt.Anyr elative
mov ementofgr aduat ionsduet omov ementofpi pesgi v esr eadingof
conv er gencedi rect ly.
Inst allation–
Thi si nst rumenti sdesi gnedt obeusedwi thinwor kingsonl y ,whereaccessof
meni spossi bl e.Fori nst all
at ion, t
hebaseendoft heout erpi pei sfixedt ot he
flooroft hegal lerybysomemeansatast rategi cplaceandt het opendof
thei nner(t elescopi cpi pe)pi pei sf ixedt oanypoi nti nther oof(pr efer ably
pr oject edendofi nst alledr oofbol ts),keepi ngt hei nst r
umentper fectly
ver tical.
Anyconv ergencebet weenr oofandf loor , causesr el ativ
emov ementofpi pes,
giv ingdi rectr eadi ngf rom t hegr aduat i
onsofi nnerpi pe.
(ii )Remot eConv er genceI ndi cat or
Pr inci pleofOper ation–
Thi si sav er yusef ul andr eliabl ei nst rumentf ormeasur ing
conv er genceataccessi ble/i naccessi bl el ocat i
ons.Thi si nst r
umentcanev enwor k
ef ficient l
yi nsi det hegoaft il
l dest ruct i
onbyr ooff all.Soi ti
sav eryusef uli
nstrument
forpr edi ct i
onofr ooff all.Itmaybev ibr atingwi re
typeorr heost att y pe.I ncaseofv ibrat ingwi ret ype, displacementof
str etchedspr ingl oaded, vibr at i
ngwi reduet oconv er gencecauseschangei n
frequencywhi chcanbef ur therconv ert edt omm byt hehel pofr eadoutuni t
.

94
IncaseofRheostatt
ypeinstr
ument,di
splacementofstret
chedspringloaded
rheost
atcancausechangeinresi
stanceduetoconv er
gence(Closureof
spri
ng),whi
chcanbef ur
therconv
ertedtomm byt hehelpofreadoutunit.
3.St
ressandst
rai
n
St ressesar et hegr oundpr essur eassoci at edwi thev erylocat ioni nthe
str atum.Pr inci pall
yt heseor i
ginatef rom t hemechani sm ofdual equili
bri
um
off orcesduet ospi nni ngact ionsoft heEar thar oundt heSunandar oundi t
s
ownaxi s.Knowl edgeofmagni t
udeanddi rectioni si mpor tantf orsaf estrat
a
management .Thesear eder iv
edf rom sev eral sour ces.
St ressMet er
Pr inciple–
Itisav i
br ati
ngwi ret y pei nst rument ,desi gnedanddev elopedf ort he
pur poseofmoni toringst resschangesbot hi nsi tuandi nducedduet omining
oper ationsataccessi bl eandi naccessi blel ocat ions.I tisapr edi ctive
equi pmentf ori nculcat ingst abili
tyofwor kings.Thebasi cpr i
nci pl eofthis
equi pmenti st hatt hechangei nnat uralfrequencyofast retchedwi r
eis
pr opor tional tot hechangeoft ensi oni nthewi re.Int hev ibratingwi r
etype
str essmet er,thegaugewi reisst retcheddi amet rical l
yacr osst hewal l
sofa
hol lowst eel cy l
inder ,whi char eincul catedaschangesi nnat ur al frequencyof
vibr ationoft hest eel wi re.
Inst allation–
Itmaybeusedbot hi nhor izont alorv er
tical bor ehol esatst rategi cdepthbut
usual l
y3. 5m dept ht ot hesi des/r oof .Itist ightlyf i
xedi ntot hebor eholeby
meansofsl i
di ngwedgeandpl atenassembl ywi tht hehel pofset tingtools.
Thechangei nf r
equencysomeasur edi sconv er tedi nt ostresschanges,
usi ngReadOutUni tandcal ibrati
onf actoroft hest ressmet er .
(i)LoadCel l(Mechani cal Ty pe)
(ii
)LoadCel l(El ectr oni cTy pe)
Elect r
oni cLoadCel ls

Princi ple-
Itispot ent
iomet er/r esi
st ancesensorbasedandi sdesi gnedt omeasur e
l
oadonsuppor tsy stem ataccessi bleandi naccessi blelocat ions.This
i
nst rumentcanev enwor kef fi
cientlyinsidet hegoaft i
lldest ruct i
onbyroof
fall
.Soi tisav eryusef ulinstrumentf orpr edictionofr ooff all
.
Thiscanbeusedwi thbot hposi t
iveandnonposi ti
vesuppor tsy stem.Loadon
suppor tsystem i nt urnont heLoadCel lcauseschangei nf requency/
resist ance,whi chcanbei ncul catedfrom asaf edistancet hr oughwi r
esand
ReadoutUni tsandsubsequentconv ersiontot her equireduni ts.
Instal l
ation–
Thei nstrumenti smadef i
x edeitherbet weenr oofandt opoft hepositi
ve
suppor tortot hepr ojectedbot t
om endoft her oofbol tsandi sconnect edto
theReadOutUni tthroughwi resupt oasaf edi stance.Accumul ati
onofload
canbewel lreadt hrought heReadOutUni twi thconv ersions.
StrainGaugeRockBol t-
Wher er oofbol t
ingi sasy stem ofsuppor t,St
r ainGaugeRockBol tarevery
helpf ult omeasur edi str
ibut i
onofaxi alloadsandbendi ngmov ement,along
thel engt hoft hebol t
.Thi sisv eryuseful forthepur posedesi gni ngbolt
l
engt handgr outst rength.
Princi ple–

95
Strain/Bol tLoad/Axi alLoadi smeasuredusingpairsofstrai
ngauge
attachedtot heopposi tesidesoftheroofboltatspecif
ici
nterval
s,alongit
s
l
engt h.Thear rangementi smadei nthecommonr oofbolt
swi t
hformat i
onof
groov esalongt helengthforimplant
ingstraingauges.
Install
ati
on–
Itissameast hatofnor mal rockbol
ts,buttheleadwireatthemout hofthe
holeiskeptopenf orconnect iont
otheReadOutUni t
.
4.Mov
emental
ongJoi
nts,
Sli
ps&Cr
acks
Geol ogi cal di st urbancesl ikej oints, slipsandcr acksar et hev ulner ablepl aces,
wher er ocki nter facesmaycauser elativemov ement , whi chi nt urnmay
causeanycol lapseorf ai l
ur eofmass.Soi dent i
ficationandi ncul cati
onof
ev ensl ight estr elativemov emental ongsl i
psandj oint si si mpor tantfor
pr ev ent i
onofst rataf ailureatsuchpl aces.
Inst rument sav ailablef ori dent i
fi
cat ionandi ncul cat i
onofr elati
v emov ement
alongsl ips/j oi nt sar e;
(i)Cr ackMet er
(ii
)Joi ntMet er
(i)Cr ackMet er
Itisdesi gnedf ormeasur ingmov ement sacr osssur facecr acksorj oint s
pr efer abl yint her oof.I tcanbeusedatbot haccessi ble/i naccessi ble
l
ocat i
ons.
Pr inci ple–
Itconsi st sofanel ectrical transducercoi landt woanchor s.Theseanchor sar
e
pr ef ixedi nt her oof .Anychangei nt hedi stanceacr osst het woanchor s,
changest het ensi oncor respondi ngt ochangei nel ect ri
cal signal ,whichcan
bei ncul cat edt hr oughReadOutUni tint hef or m ofr equi redphy sical uni t
s.
Inst allation–
Ther efer encepoi ntsi nt her oofar epr eciselyl ocat edacr osst hesepar ationto
bemoni tor ed, usi ngani nst allati
onj ig.Anchor sar einst alledandt he
ref erencepoi nt sar ef ixedi nt hepl ace.Oncet hespanl engt hi sr ead, theuser
cancal cul at et hev ariationbet weent het wopoi ntsbycompar i
ngt henew
readi ngagai nstt hei nitial readi ng.Remot er eadi ngi spossi blet hrougha
ReadOutUni t.
(j)Joi ntMet er
Itisdesi gnedf ormeasur ingmov ement sacr ossj oint sorsl ips(Rel ative
mov ementofmassal ongsl i
ppl anes)pr efer ablyint her oof.Itcanbeused
atbot haccessi bl eandi naccessi blel ocations.
Pr inci ple&I nst allati
on–
Itiscomposedofat ransducer ,asensorsocketandsensort arget s.The
tar get sandsensorsocket sar egr out edi nthei nsmal lhol esaboutt hej oint.
At hinwal lsect ionoft hesensorsocketi sdesi gnedt obr eakwhent hej oint
opens.Al sosl ight estmov ementaboutt hej ointchangest hef requencysi gnal
whi chcanr emot elyreadbyt heROU
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Q. 5:Enumer at et hepr ov isionsofMi nesRescueRul es, 1985r egar dinganyt wooft
he
fol l
owi ng:
a.Est abl ishmentandl ocat ionofr escuest ations.
b.Appoi nt mentofr escuet rainedper sonsi nmi nes, theirdi sposi ti
onand
accommodat i
on.

96
 c. Appar atusandequi pmentt obepr ov i
dedi nbelowgroundmi newher
eno
rescuer oom i slocated.
Answer :Thisisadi rectquest i
onofRescueRul es.Oneissupposedtowrit
ethe
pr
ov i
sionsofRul es3,19 and11( 3)readwithSchedul eII
I.
Q.6:Wr i
teshor tnotesonanyf ourofthefollowi ng:
a)Angl eofdr awandi t
sr elev
ancei nlongwal lmini
ng.
b)Ri skassessmentasat oolt
oi mprov esafety.
c) Vocat ionaltrai
ningasanef fecti
vet ool i
nimprovi
ngsaf et
yandproduct
ivi
ty.
d)Rol eofI SOinr educingaccidents.
e)Di rectandi ndirectcost sofaccident s.
f) Useofdi esellocomot ives.
Answer :

a.Angl
eofdr
aw

Whencoal i
sextr
actedinabel owgroundmi ne, surf
acesubsi
dencetakesplace
aft
erext
racti
onisdonei nsuf f
icientl
ylargear ea.Assumingarectangul
arwor ked
outar
ea,thestr
ataaffectedbysubsi dencet akesform ofafr
ustum ofpyr
ami d.
Thesubsidedar
eai sl
argert hant heextractedar ea.Theangl
ebetweenthesideof
pyr
amidandv er
ticali
scal l
ed“ angleofdr aw” .

Theangleofdr
awv
ari
esf
rom coal
fi
eldt
ocoal
fi
eld.Fact
orsgov
erni
ngangl
eof
draware:

I
.Nat
ureofsuper
incumbentst
rat
a

I
I.
Exi
stenceoff
aul
ts

I
II
. Met
hodofwor
kingandpacki
ng

I
V. Di
pofseam anddi
rect
ionofwor
k

V. Sur
facecont
our
s

VI
. Cl
eav
ageornat
ural
joi
nti
ngofr
ock

Someauthor
it
ieshav
equotedt
heval
uesofangl
eofdrawi
nourcoal
fi
eldsv
ary
ing
fr
om asl
owas12degr eest
oashi
ghas30degrees.

Angleofdrawisrel
evantwhil
edet
ermini
ngthetot
alsur
faceareathatwil
lbeaf
fected
andprecauti
onar
ymeasur est
obetakenift
herear
eanysurfacefeatur
esabovearea
underextr
acti
on.

Incaseoflongwallmining,t
hesubsidenceisregularasnopi l
lar
sarelefti
nthe
extract
edareaandhencei fthereareanysurf
acef eatur
eslikeroads,r
ail
ways,
buil
dingsorwaterbodies,angleofdrawshouldbedul ytakenintoaccountand
precauti
onarymeasureslikediver
ti
ngorremov alofthesefeaturesmaybeconsider
ed.

b.Ri
skassessmentasat
ool
toi
mpr
ovesaf
ety

97
Fatal
it
yr atesperthousandper sonsinourmi nesarestagnati
ngforalongti
me.I thas
nowbeent houghtthatapartf r
om reactiveapproach,t
hereisaneedt oadoptproacti
ve
approacht opreventorreduceacci dents.Riskassessmentaimsatt hi
sapproach.
Risksassociatedwithdifferenthazardsduet ogeologi
cal andworki
ngconditi
ons,
machiner yandmet hodsar eassessedi nadv anceandsuchr i
sksaregivenr
ati
ng.
Higherratedrisksaregivendueat tenti
on.

Itai
mst oreducethel i
keli
hoodandi mpactofmi shapsofallkinds,r
educethe
i
nherentpotenti
alformaj oraccident
swhi chcouldki
llori
njurepersonsor
causeproducti
onandpr ofi
tlosses.Nint
hConf er
enceonsaf etyinmines
recommendedt hatriskmanagementshoul dbeusedasat oolfordevel
opment
ofappropr
iatehealthandsaf etymanagementsy stem

Riskassessmenti
stobeperformedonaregularbasi
s. Thegoal foreachri
sk
assessmentsessi
onistoi
dentif
yhazar
ds,det
ermineriskrati
ngsandcontrol
s,
andtoreviewthei
mplementati
onofri
skcontr
olsfrom pr
eviousri
sk
assessmentsessi
ons.

Thefol
lowingworkf
lowdi
agr
am i
l
lust
rat
est
hear
easi
nvol
vedi
nper
for
minga
ri
skassessmentsessi
on.

Theriskassessmenti sdonebyamul ti
discipl
inar
yt eam.
Nint
hSaf etyConferencehadrecommendedt hateveryminingcompanyshoul
d
conductriskassessmentinatleastt
womi nes.10thSafet
yConfer
encerecommended

98
thatever
ymi neshouldemployasoundr i
skanal
ysispr
ocessandconductri
sk
assessment.
Experi
enceindev el
opedcountr
iesshowedthatri
skassessmenthasbeenusef
uli
n
formulat
ingsafet
yimprovementprogrammes.Iti
sexpectedthatourmi
nestoowi
ll
benefi
tbyadopt i
ngthesyst
em.

C.Vocat
ionalt
rai
ningasanef
fect
ivet
ool
ini
mpr
ovi
ngsaf
etyandpr
oduct
ivi
ty

Miningi sahazar dousoccupat i

onasi ti
sawaragai nstnat ur e.Ev eryy ear ,
about150t o200per sonsgetki ll
edandabout500ar ei njuredser i
ousl yin
accident si nourcoal mi nes.Ananal ysisshowst hatabout80%oft hefat al
accident sar ecausedbyf aul
tofwor kpersons.Lackofadequat eknowl edgei s
oneoft her easonsf ort heunsaf eact s.Mi nesVocat ional Tr ai ningRul eshav e
beenf ramedt oimpar tcl assroom knowl edgeandont hej obt raini ng.
Thei mpor tanceoft rai ninghasbeenr ealizedbyal lconcer ned.Thi si sr eflected
i
nt hef actt hatt hemat terhasbeendi scussedi nsev eralSaf et yconf erencesat
national level.Qual i
tyt rainingprepar eswor kerstocar r
youtt hei rjobi nasaf e
andef ficientmanner .Thust heycansav ethemsel ves, theircowor ker sand
preventdamaget ot hemi neproper ty.
Apar tfrom av oi
di ngmi seriescausedbyf atalandser iousacci dent s,tot he
wor kersandt hei rfami lymember s,prevent i
onofacci dent sr esul tsi nbet t
er
product ion, product ivityandconsequent l
yr eductioni ncostofpr oduct ion.
Ever yacci dentori ncidentr esul
tsi ndi sr
upt i
onofwor k.Ast udyhadear li
er
showedt hatinapar ticul arminingcompany ,
thelossi npr oduct ionasar esul t
ofev eryf atalacci dentwast othet uneof5000t .Inot herwor ds, bypr ev entinga
fatalacci dentt hecompanypr oducedaddi ti
onal5000twi tht hesamef acili
ties
andmanpower .
Itwoul dbeseenf rom t heabov et hatVTpl aysasi gni fi
cantr olei ni mpr ov ing
safetyandpr oduct ivity.

D. RoleofI SOi nr educi ngaccident s

I
nt ernalsaf etyor ganizati
oni samanagementi nstitut
ionf orsel fregulation.
Ithasbeenr eal i
zedt hatlegislat i
vemeasur esar ethemi nimum t obeachi eved
byanymanagement .Self-
regul ati
onai msathi gherst andar dst hant he
prescr ibedlegi slation.Sel f-
regul ati
onbei ngav ol
unt aryeff ort, meet swi thless
resistanceandt her ef oreisreadi lyadopt edbyal lconcer ned.Thati st heideaf or
i
t ssuccessi ni mpr ov i
ngsaf etyst andar dsandhencer educi ngacci dent s.
Jeet purcour tofi nqui ryhadst r
essedt hispointandr ecommendedt hatev ery
mi nemanagementshoul dor gani zet hepatternofi nternal saf etyaudi t.A
separ at ecadr eofsaf etyandv entil
at i
onofficersshoul dbecr eat ed.Real i
sing
thei mpor t
anceoft hei ssue,5thSaf etyconferencei n1980del i
ber atedand
recommendedt hatI SOshoul dbei ndependentofpr oductionl ine-upatal l l
evels
andt hatChi efofI SOshoul dbeseni oroffi
cernextt ot heChi efExecut ive.Since
thent hishasbeenadopt edbyal lmi ningcompani esandI SOi sef fectivel
y
funct ioning.ISObei ngamul tidisciplinar
yinstit
utioni scapabl eoft akingcar eof

99
di
ffer
entsit
uati
ons,machiner
yandmethodsofwork.ISOhasi
ndeedmat
ured
andbeenasuccessst or
yinimprovi
ngsaf
etyst
andards.
E.Dir
ectandi
ndi
rectcost
sofacci
dent
s.
Itisawel lknownf actt hatapar tf r
om di sruptioni nproduct ion, acci
dentsinmi nes
resultinincreasedcostofpr oduct ionori not herwor dst herei scostinvolvedi nevery
accident.Ther ear et wocomponent soft hiscost ,namel yonewhi chisquiteappar ent
l
iket hecompensat i
ont obepai dandexpendi tur eonmedi cal treatmentandt he
secondwhi chisnotappar entl ikel ossofpr oduct i
on, l
ossofpr oducti
vit
yduet o
disrupti
onofwor kandl ossofmor aleetc.Theappar entpar tiscal l
eddirectcostand
theot herpar ti
si ndirectcost .OSHA, U.S.Ahasest i
mat edt hati ncaseofi ndust r
ial
accidents,ther atioofdi rect:indirectcostv ari
esf rom 1: 1to1: 20.
Directcost :Ashasbeenment ioned, itt
hecostonaccountofcompensat i
onand
medi calexpendi ture.Themi nimum compensat i
ont obepai di sgiveninWor kmen’ s
compensat ionAct .Howev er ,themi ningcompani espaymuchmor ethant hat.
Indirectcost :I
tincludes:
 Hi gheri nsurancepr emi um t othei nsurancecompani es.
 Costofr escueandr ecov er
y .
 Costonaccountofappoi ntmentofanot herper soni ncaseoff atalaccident
andt rai
ni nghi m.
 Costonaccountofabsent eeism andov erti
mewagesr esult
ingaf t
eracci dent.
 Costonaccountofl ossofpr oduct i
onandpr oduct ivityduet oaccident .
 Costonaccountofacci denti nvest i
gation.
 Costonaccountofcour tcase, i
fanyi nst i
tutedbyr egulatoryauthor i
ti
esor
police.
 Costf orr eplacingthedamagedmachi ner yormaki ngt heplacesaf e.

I
twil
lbeobser
vedfr
om thefor egoi
ngthatiftot
alcostofaccidentsisl
ikean
i
cebergwit
honl
yasmallportionofdirectcostwhichisvisi
bleabovewater
l
evelwhi
lemaj
ori
tyofi
t(indi
rectcost)remainssubmer gedandinvisi
ble.
F.Useofdi
esel
locomot
ives
Diesellocomot iv
espr ov i
deav eryflexi
blemodeoft ract
ion.Howev er
, t
hereare
certai
ni nherentli
mitati
onsassoci atedwi thit
.Thesear e:
a.Locomot ivecanbedepl oyedongent l
egr adientsonl y.
b.I tproducesnoxi ousgases
c.I ti
sassoci at
edwi t
hr i
skofi gni
ti
oni ngassyenv ir
onment s.
UseofLocomot i
vesisr egulatedbyt hepr ov
isi
onsofRegul ati
on95ofCMR,
1957.Thesal i
entprovisionsar e:
1.Per missionf rom DGMSf orusebel owgr ound.
2.Locomot ivenott obeusedongr adientexceedi ng1i n15.
3.Noneexceptt hedr ivertorideonl ocomot i
ve.
4.Locomot ivetol eadt hetrainoftubsexceptdur ingshunting
operati
ons.
Sof arast heuseofdi esel l
ocomot ivesinparti
cul arisrequired,
 I tshouldbeusedonl yinmai ni nt
akeai r way
.
 I tshoul dbepr ovidedwi t
hf lamet rap.
 Theengi neshouldbepr operlymai ntainedsot hatitdoes
notemi texcessi veamountofCO, NOX, SO2and
aldyhydes.

10
0
  Ai rsamplesshoul dbecollect edint heair
way swher e
diesell
ocomot i
vewor kstocheckf ornoxiousand
i
nf l
ammabl egases.
 Itshoul dbeprovidedwi t
hLMDt omoni t
orpresenceof
i
nf l
ammabl egases.
Q.7:Whatarethet
hepr ovisi
onsofElectri
cit
yRul eswi threspectt o:
a.Por t
ableandt r
anspor tableappar at
us
b.Swi t
chgears
c.Appoi nt
mentanddut iesofel ectri
calsupervisor
.
Answer:Thisi
sadirectquestionofIndi
anEl ectr
icityRulesandpr ovi
sionsof
rel
evantrul
esmaybequot ed.

Q.8:Spont
aneousheat i
ngi nadv ancedst agehasbeendet ectedi nacav i
ng
di
str
ict.
i
. Howwoul dy oudeal wi t
ht hesi tuat ion, and
i
i
.Whatar ethest atut or yobl igat i
onst hatshoul dbef ulfi
ll
ed?
Answer:
(
i) Fol lowingact ionwi llbet akent odeal wit hheat i
ng:
 Al lpersonsot hert hant hosenotr equi redf ordeal i
ngwi tht he
heatingwi l
l bewi t
hdr awn - Regul at ion119( 1) .
 Emer gencypl anwi llbeseti ntoact ion.Regul ation199A
 Locat i
onofheat i
ng: Firstt heseatofheat ingwi l
lbel ocat edby
checkingf ori ndi cat ionsl ikesmoke, heatanyf l
amei fany .
 Ast heheat ingi sinadv ancedst age, theopt i
onofdi ggi ngi tout
doesnotappeart obef easi bl e.Hence, oneoft hef ollowing
optionswi llbeconsi der ed:
a.St owi ng: Ifsandst owi ngi sdonei nt hemi ne,
b.Dr owni ngi ft hesi tei sl ocat edondi psi deandi tcanbe
donewi t
houtaf fect ingot herpar tsoft hemi ne.
c.Seal ingof f.Thi si st hemostcommonandpr eferred
opt ion.Theaf fect eddi strictcanbeseal edof fqui cklyby
closi ngt heopeni ngsi npr epar atoryst oppings.The
oper ationswi l
l becar r
iedoutunderr escuecov eri nt he
presenceofcompet entper sonst akingduepr ecaut ions
topr ev entdangert oper sonsf rom noxi ous, asphy xi
at i
ng
ori nf l
ammabl egases, flame, steam andej ect edorr olli
ng
downhotmat er i
al,expl osionofwat ergas-Regul at i
on
119( 2)( b).
d.Af terseal ingof f,all per sonswi l
lbewi thdrawnf rom t he
mi ne.I ti spr efer abl et owai tf or24hour sbef orer e-
ent er i
ngt hemi ne.I n agassydegr ee2or3mi net his
precaut i
oni samust .
e.Ani nspect ionwi llbemadebyt heundermanageraf ter
seal ingof fandi fthewor kingsar esaf e,onlyt hennor mal
empl oy mentwi llber esumed.

10
1
 (
ii
) St at utoryobl i
gat i
ons
1.Regul at ion9: RI M wil
lbei mmedi atelyinformedandanot iceof
occur rencewi llbesentinf ormI V-At oDM, CIM andRI M.
2.Rul e24ofMi nesRescueRul es:Act iontoi nformr escue
station/ rescuer oom, summonr escuet r
ainedper sons, andsend
i
nf ormat iont oneghbour ingmi nesi fanyr esuet r
ai nedper sonsofthe
minesar er equi r
ed.
3.Precaut ionspr escri
bedinRegul ation119wi l
lbet aken.Thesear e
brieflygi venbel ow:
a.Al l personsexceptt hosef ordeal ingwi thfirewillbewi t
hdrawn
b.Dur ingdeal i
ngwi thfirepr ecaut i
onsment ionedabov ewill
be
taken.
c.Adequat enumberofsel f-
rescuer sandatl easttwosmoke
helmet s, acagecont aini
ngbi rdsorot hermeansofdet ect
ing
CO, aflamesaf etylamporot hermeansofdet ectingcarbon
dioxi dewi l
lbekept .
4.Regul at ion199. A.(3)
: Emer gencypl anwi l
lbeputi ntoaction.

1.

Af
ter
noonSessi
on
THEMI
NESACT,
1952

Exami
nat
ionf
orMi
neManager’
sCert
if
icateofCompet
encyundert
heCoal
MinesRegul
ations,
1957

FIRSTCLASS
MI
NEMANAGEMENT,
LEGISLATI
ON&GENERALSAFETY

Sunday
,the12thDecember
,2010
Ful
lMar
ks:100
Ti
me:3Hours

AnswerAnySI
XQuest
ions

(
Quest
ion1carry20mar ksandallot
herquesti
onscarry16mar
ks)
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10
2
1.
(a).El
aborat
etheterms“fi
xedcost
”,“
vari
ablecost”and“
mar gi
nal
cost
”in
respectofacoalminefori
tsfi
nanci
alvi
abil
i
ties.Assumeyourowncondi
ti
ons.

Foranyindustrycosti
stheamountofr esourcesgivenupgeneral
l
yinter
msof
moneyori fnotinter
msofmoney ,
theyarealwaysexpressedinmonetar
yuni
ts.
Fi
xedcost, v
ariabl
ecostandmar gi
nalcostinrespectofacoalminefori
ts
fi
nanci
alviabil
i
tyisaclassi
fi
cat
ionbasedonchangesi nacti
vi
tyorvol
ume.

i
)Fixedcost :I
tisacostwhi chdoesnotchangei nt otalforagi v ent imeof
per i
oddespi tewi def l
uct uationsi nout putorv olumeofact i
vi
t y.This
includesexpenseswhi chmustbei ncur redirrespect i
veoft hechangesi n
useofdi rectmat erialsanddonotv arydi r
ect l
ywi thvolumeorr ateof
out put .
Exampl esoff ixedcostar er ent, proper tytaxes, super visingsal ary,
depr eci ati
on,adv ertising, i
nsur ance, wel f
areexpenses, admi nist r
ativecost ,
etc.f ixedcostar eexpr essedi nt er msoft imesuchasperday ,permont h
orpery earandnoti nt ermsofuni t.Itisimpr opert osayt hatf i
xedcost s
nev erchangei namount .Rent s,insur ancer ates, taxes,sal ari
esandot her
simi laritemsmaygoupordowndependi ngont heci rcumst ances.The
basi cconcepti st hatt het er m“ f
ixed”r eferst of i
xity(non- variabi l
ity
)
relatedt ospeci f
icv olume( orrelev antr ange) ;thet erm doesnoti mplyt hat
ther ewi llbenochangesi nf i
xedcost .
Fixedcost scanbecl assifiedi nthef oll
owi ngcat egoriesf ort hepur pose
ofanal ysis:
1.Commi tt
edcost s: P&M depr eci ation, t
axes, i
nsur ancepr emi um r ate,
rentchar ges, etc.
2.Managedcost s:Management&st affsal arieset c.
3.Di screti
onar ycost s: R&Dcost s, mar ketingpr ogrammescost s,new
sy stem dev elopmentcost set c.
4.St epcost s:Super vi
sioncost set c.
Tot al fi
xedcost sremai nunchangedwhenact iv i
tychangeswi t
hi na
relev antr ange.Fixedcost speruni tdecl i
neasact ivi
tyincr eases.

i
i
)Var i
abl
ecost:Var i
ablecostsarethosecostthatv ar
ydirectl
yand
proporti
onat
elywi ththeoutput.
Examplesofv ari
ablecostsaremat er
ial
s(explosiv
es,power ,
spar
es,
supportmaterials,POL,etc.
),l
abourcost(sal
aryandwages, OT,
reti
rementbenef it
s,etc.
).
Total
vari
ablecost schangewhenact ivi
tychanges.Variabl
ecostsper
unitdonotchangeasact ivi
tyi
ncreases.

i
i
i) Mar ginalcost:Mar
ginalcostsaretheincreaseordecreasein
total
coststhatresultf
rom produci
ngasaddi t
ionalunitofpr
oduct.These
arealsoknownasi ncrementalcostsperunit
.Iffi
xedcost sr
emai n

10
3
 unchangedbyi ncreasingoutputbyonemor euni
t,t
hemar gi
nalcostoft
he
productwil
l consistsofv ari
ablecostonly
.
Mar gi
nalcost i
ngi susedt oascertai
ncostsfori
ncreasedproducti
onand
toseparat
ef ixedandv ari
ableelementstoshowv ol
ume- pr
ofi
trel
ati
onshi
p.
I
tisessentialindet erminingtheprofi
tabi
l
ityandtodecidewhetherto
i
ncreasethepr oduct i
onornot .

Assumpt i
ons:
Themi neisacoal mi ne.
Costofpr oducti
on–Rs.1000/ -pertonne.
Producti
onoft hemi neis1000t onnesperday .
Fi
xedcostpert onne–Rs.300/ -
Vari
ablecostpert onne–Rs.700/ -
Marginalcostpertonne–Rs.700pr ovi
dedfi
xedcostr emainsunchanged.
Thisshowst hatforincreasing10tonneproductioninaddi
ti
onto10000TPD
pertonnet ot
alcostofpr oducti
onwi l
lbeRs.1000x1000+7000=1007000.
Overal
lcostpert onnewi ll
be1007000/ 1010=997.
Thisshowst hatast hev ol
umei ncr
eases,var
iablecostwil
ldecrease.

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(b)Whati
stheeconomi
cimpactofmini
ng?Defi
nei
nyourownt
ermsand
enumerat
e“cor
porat
esoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ties”
.

Economicimpactofmi ning:
Mining i
s a maj or economi c act
ivi
ty.Mi nerals are of great economi c
si
gnifi
canceforthewel l-
beingofmanaswel lasf orhissurvi
val
.Mi ni
ngactivi
ty
generat
esempl oymentoppor tuni
ti
esandsubst antial
lyboostst hedomest ic
economy .Theyareimpor tantsour
cesoftaxr evenueandcont ri
butetonational
i
ncome.Roy alt
yfrom mi nesisanimportantsourceofr evenueforthestat
e.

I
naddi
tiontot hisfollowi ngareot hereconomi ci mpacts
i
) Mi neralsar eatt hef oundationofindust ri
aldevelopmenti nanycount r
y.
i
i)ThePr ojectAf fect edPeopl e(PAPs)ar egi venjobsandar eal sotr
ained
for self empl oy ment as per pr ov i
sions of Rehabi li
tati
on and
Resettl
ement( R&R)schemes.
i
ii
)The mi ning and associ ated acti
vit
ies in mi ning areas br i
ng about
i
nfrastr
uct uraldev elopment ,i
.e.
,roads, schools,hospit
als,etc.
i
v)Duet omi ningandassoci atedactivi
ties,ethnicpeopl ear eexposedt o
vari
ousdev elopment sandt hisi
ncreasest heiraspirat
ions.
v)Itdev elopsenv ironment alawar enessamongstt heempl oy eesandt he
vil
l
agers.

Adv
erseeconomi
cimpact
sofmi
ning:

10
4
 1.Mi ningaffectstheenv i
ronmentadv ersely.Ecologi
calf actorshouldbea
cri
t eri
onindecidingtheexplorat
ion&ext racti
onofmi neral
sinanar ea.
2.Since,t hel and i
st aken formi ning and associat ed activ
iti
es,t hese
peopl elosethei
rliv
elihood.
3.Dev elopmentofact iv
iti
esinsuchar easgener atemor emoney ,increases
buy ing poweroft hepeopl eand t hecostofl i
ving,whi chadv ersel
y
affectsthepeopl ewhoar enotdirectlyassociatedwi ththeseact i
vi
t i
es.
4.Heal thoft hepeopl elivi
nginandar oundt hemi ningcompl exesget s
affectedduet otheenv ir
onmental degradation.

Corpor
ateSoci alResponsibi
lit
y:
Corpor
ateSoci alResponsibil
it
yist hecont i
nuingcommi t
mentbybusi ness
organi
sati
onst obehav eethical
lyandcontri
butetotheeconomi cdevelopment .
Ital
socaresfori mpr ov
ingthequalit
yoflif
eoft heworkforceandtheirfamili
es
aswellasofthel ocalcommuni tyandsocietyatlar
ge.
CSR emphasi zes t hatthe companies hav e notonly economic and legal
obli
gat
ions,butal socert
ainresponsi
bil
i
tiestothesoci
ety.

Objecti
vesofCSR:
Takingresponsi
bil
i
tybymini
ngcompaniesfori
mpactofmini
ngonsociet
yand
taki
ngmeasur estomini
misethem ori
mprovethecondi
ti
onsbet
tert
hanwhat
theyini
ti
all
ywere.

Measur
eareascover
edunderCSR:
i
) Healt
hcare
i
i
)Educat i
onalf
aci
li
ti
es
i
i
i)Civi
camenit
ies

Adv
antagesofeffect
iveimplementat
ionofCSR:
i)Itimprovesthetrustbet
weentheemployees,
vil
l
ager
sandt
he
management .
ii
)Italsoimprovesthebrandimageofthecompany.
ii
i)I
mpr ov
esov eral
lperf
ormanceofthecompany.

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Q.2.Answeranyt
wo:
(
a)Compositi
onofSaf
etyCommi
tt
eeandf
unct
ionofSaf
etyCommi
tt
ee.

Saf
etyCommitt
eeisabipar
ti
testat
utor
yfor
um f
orWor
ker
spar
ti
cipat
ioni
n
Saf
etyManagementatminelev
el.

TheSafet
yCommi tteeshal
lconsi
stof
:-
(a)Themanagerwhoshal l
betheChair
man;
(b)Fi
veoff
ici
alsorcompetentper
sonsoft
hemi
nenomi
nat
edbyt
heChai
rman;

10
5
(c)Fivewor kmennomi natedbythewor kmenoft hemi neinaccordancewith
thepr ocedur eprescri
bedin
Clause( a)ofsub- rul
e(1)ofrul
e29Qf ornomi nationofWor kmen’
sI nspect
or;
(d)Wor kmen’ sInspectorwheresodesignated; and
(e)TheSaf etyOffi
cer,orwherether
eisnoSaf etyOf fi
cer
,theseniormostmi ne
offi
cialnextt othemanager ,whoshallactasSecr etar
ytotheCommi tt
ee;
Providedt hatanyot heroff
ici
al,
compet entpersonorwor kpersonmaybeco-
optedbyt heChai r
manasamemberoft heCommi t
teeonanydayorday sof
themeet i
ng, i
fconsiderednecessar
y.

Thef unctionsoft heCommi tt

eeshallbe-
(1)Todi scussr emedi almeasur esagainstt heunsaf econdi t
ionsandpr act
ices
i
nt hemi neaspoi nt edouti nthereportsofWor kmen’ sInspectororot herwise
broughtt ot henot iceoft heCommi t
teeandmakeappr opriate
recommendat i
ons;
(2)Toconsi der,bef or ecommencementofoper ationsinanynewdi strictof
mineorcommi ssioni ngofnewel ectr
ical ormechani calinstall
ati
onor
i
ntroduct i
onofnewmi ni
ngt echni
que,thepr oposedSaf etyandheal th
measur esi ncludingr elatedcodesofpr act i
ceandt omakeappr opri
ate
recommendat i
ons;
(3)Todi scusst her epor tofinquir
yintoacci dentandmakeappr opriate
recommendat i
ons;
(4)Tof ormul ateandi mpl ementappropriateSaf etycampai gnbasedon
analysisofacci dent s;
(5)Tomeetatl eastoncei n30daystoconsi derthemat terplacedbef oreitand
anyot hermat t
ert hatmayber ai
sedbyt hemember sandmakesuch
recommendat i
onsasi tmaydeem f i
t;and
(6)Toser v easaf or um f orcommuni cationonSaf etyandoccupat ional healt
h
mat t
ers.
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(
b)Wi t
hdrawal ofsuppor tsandst andingor ders.
Wi t
hdrawal ofsuppor tsi sahazar dousoper ationandsev er
alacci dent stake
placedur i
ngt hisoper ation.Ther efor
e,pr ovisionshav ebeenmadei nReg.
110, CMR, 1957f orthisi mpor tantoper ation.
Accor dingt oRegul ation110, whenev ersuppor tsaretobewi thdrawn,
thewi t
hdr awal shallbedonei naccor dancewi t
ht hemet hodwhi chshal lbe
specifi
edi nManager ’sSt andi ngOr ders.Thest andi ngordersshal lcov er
-
(a)Thesuppl yanduseofappr opriat
et oolsandsaf etycontr
ivances;
(b)theset tingofext rasuppor tst ocontrol thecol l
apseofr ooff rom whi ch
suppor tsar ebeingwi thdrawn;
(c)thesequenceofwi thdr awal ofsuppor t
s; withdrawal ofacogt opr ecede
wi t
hdrawal ofit
scor nerpr ops;
(d)safeposi t
ioningofper sonsengagedi noper ationandal l
per sons
presentnear by;
(e)trai
ningofcompet entper sonswhoar eent r
ustedwi ththeoper at
ion; and

10
6
 (
f)Super
visi
ondur
ingwi
thdr
awal
ofsuppor
ts.

Amodel standi
ngorderforwithdrawalofsuppor
tsi
sgiv
enbelow–
Thisst
andingordershal
lapplyt oal
ltheworki
ngsof‘
X’mineforwit
hdr
awalof
suppor
ts.Thewithdrawalshal
l becarri
edoutaspert
hefol
lowingpr
ocedur
e–

i
) Thesuppor t
sshoul dbewi t
hdr awnbyexper i
encedwor kersonl yunder
thegener alsuper visi
onofami ningsi r
dar .
i
i)Asaf etypr opwi thdrawerorot hersui tabl etool/cont ri
vancesuppl i
edby
themanagementshal lbeused.
i
ii
)Wor kshoul dbedonebyi nst all
ingt hepr opwi thdr aweratasaf eplace.
Adequat elengt hofchai nshal lbeusedf orthispur pose.
i
v)Bl ast i
ngandot heract i
v i
ti
esi nt hedi str i
ctshal lbekeptsuspended
dur i
ngt hewi thdr awal oper ation.
v)Wi thdrawal ofsuppor tsshal lbecar riedoutst rictlyfoll
owi ngt he
sequenceofwi thdrawal ,startingf rom t hegoafedgeandwi thdrawalofa
cogi st opr ecedewi t
hdr awal ofi tscor nerpr ops.
vi
)Onepr opshal l bewi thdrawnatat imeandbef orewi t
hdr awi ngsecond
prop, themov ementoft her oofshal lbeobser v edcar ef ull
y.
vi
i
)Wi thdrawnpr opsshal lbekeptsuf ficient lyawayf r
om t hear eatopr ovide
freepassagef orwor ker st or unawayi nanemer gency .
vi
i
i) Noat temptshal lbemadet odi slodgeanysuppor tbyhammer ing
whi chhasgotj ammed/f ixedt oot ightagai nstt her oof.Thatmaybel eft
tocol lapseunderr oofpr essur e.
i
x)I nst owi ngdi strict,i
nt hear easwher eper sonshav etowor k, passor
remai nf oralengt hoft i
me, adequat esuppor tsf ort hei
rsaf etymustbe
l
ef torr e- er
ect edt i
llthev oidsar ef ull
yst owed.
x)Anydangernot eddur ingt hewi thdr awal ofsuppor tshal lbei mmedi ately
broughtt othenot i
ceofsaf etyof ficer /manager .

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(c)Costofacci dent ,fr

equenciesandsev eri
tyrat
e.
Itisawel lknownf actthatapartfr
om di sr upt
ioninproduction,acci
dentsi n
mi nesresul ti nincreasedcostofpr oduct i
onori notherwor dsthereiscost
i
nv olvedi nev er
yacci dent .
Ther ear et wocomponent softhi
scost ,namelyonewhi chi squiteapparentli
ke
thecompensat i
ont obepai dandexpendi tureonmedi caltreatmentandt he
secondwhi chi snotappar entl
ikelossofpr oducti
on, l
ossofpr oducti
vi
tyduet o
disruptionofwor kandl ossofmor aleet c.Theappar entpartiscall
eddirect
costandt heot herpar tisindi
rectcost .OSHA, U.
S.Ahasest i
matedthatincase
ofi ndustrialacci dents,therati
oofdi rect: i
ndir
ectcostv ar
iesf r
om 1:1to1:20.
Directcost :Ashasbeenment i
oned, itisthecostonaccountofcompensat i
on
andmedi cal expendi t
ure.Themi nimum compensat i
ont obepai disgivenin

10
7
Wor
kmen’ scompensat i
onAct .Howev er
,themi ningcompani espaymuchmor e
t
hanthat.
I
ndi
rectcost: I
tincl
udes:
 Hi gherinsurancepremi um totheinsurancecompani es.
 Costofr escueandr ecov er
y.
 Costonaccountofappoi ntmentofanot herper sonincaseoff at
al
accidentandt r
aini
nghi m.
 Costonaccountofabsent eei
sm andov erti
mewagesr esult
ingafter
accident.
 Costonaccountofl ossofpr oducti
onandpr oducti
vi
tyduet oaccident.
 Costonaccountofacci dentinvesti
gation.
 Costonaccountofcour tcase,i
fanyinst it
utedbyr egulat
oryauthorit
ies
orpolice.
 Costf orrepl
acingthedamagedmachi ner yormaki ngtheplacesaf e.

I
twil
lbeobser
vedfr
om thefor egoi
ngthatiftot
alcostofaccidentsisl
ikean
i
cebergwit
honl
yasmallportionofdirectcostwhichisvisi
bleabovewater
l
evelwhi
lemaj
ori
tyofi
t(indi
rectcost)remainssubmer gedandinvisi
ble.

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3.Anintensiv
elyBord&Pi l
lardevelopedmineisplanningtoincrease
product
ionfrom 2000to5000t onnesperdaybyintroducinghighlyproducti
ve
machinery.Li
stoutthepreparatoryworktobeunder takentil
lthetarget
ed
product
ionisachieved.Describethesafeoper
ati
ngpr ocedur
ef oroneoft he
machineryusedforproduction.

Answer:
Suchahighpr oduct i
onf r
om Bor dandPi llarwor kingscanbeachi evedbyusi
ng
Conti
nuousmi nerwi thshut tlecar sandconv eyor.
Assumingthatt heabov ement i
onedmachi nesar et obei nt
roduced, t
he
i
mpor t
antprepar ator
ywor kt obedonewi llincl
ude:
(
a)Transpor tfaci
li
ti
esf ort ransportofmachi nerybel owgr ound;
(
b)Goodwor kshopf acilitiesf ormai ntenance;
(
c)Recruit
mentofcompet entoperat ors;
(
d)Trai
ningofoper atorsandwor kers;
(
e)Trai
ningofsuper visor s;
(
f)Procurementofgenui nespar epar ts;
(
g)Provi
dingadequat ef aci li
tiesforcl earingofcoal ;
(
h)Provi
dingman- ri
dingf aci l
iti
estosav et i
mepr ev entf ati
gue;
(
i)Provi
dingadequat ev ent i
lationtomeett hest atut oryrequirements,
incl
udingchangi ngt hemai nmechani cal ventil
at orofhi ghercapaci
ty;
(
j)Provi
dingadequat el ight i
ng;
(
k)Procuringandpr ovidingadequat epowerathi ghv olt
age;
(
l)Appointingandt rainingadequat enumberofof ficialsasperCMR;

10
8
 (
m) Getti
ngstatutorypermissions,exemptionsandrelaxati
onsfr
om
DGMSf ormechanizedext r
actionofpillar
s(Reg100), wideni
ngof
roadway s(Reg99)
, useofhighv olt
agemachi nesbelowground( I
ER)
,et
c;
(
n)Strengt
heningofsuppor ts.
(
o)Establi
shingR&Df acil
i
tiesformoni t
oringofstrat
acontroletc.
(
p)Prepari
ngsaf eoperati
ngpr ocedures.

Saf
eoperati
ngpr oceduref
orCont i
nuousmi ner
CONSTRUCTION:
e)Mot or
sandswi tches–FLPencl osure
f) FLPandI .Sfeat
urestobest ri
ctl
ymai nt
ained
g)Cabl estobeconnect edthroughglandsandbushes
h)Saf etydevices–horns,l
ights,LMD,remot econt
rol
,AVAet
c.

OPERATION:
e)Operati
onbyaut hor
izedperson
f) Oper
atortocheckli
ghts,horn,
AVA&ot hersaf
etydevi
ces
g)Cablemant oweargl oves
h)Beforestart
ing,
operatortoseethatal
lper
sonsinvi
cini
tybeenwar
ned

EXAMI
NATION:
c)Managertoframest
andingor
ders
d)Inev
eryshif
tbycompetentf
oreman,
ever
yweekbyEngi
neer

SCHEMEOFMAI
NTENANCE:
Asr
ecommendedbyManuf
act
urer
.

VENTI
LATION:
d)Veloci
ty:Notlesst
han30m persec;
e)Quantit
y:284Cu.M permin
f)Inf
lammabl egas:Notmor
ethan0.5%

DUSTCONTROL:
f) Compl et
esetofpicks
g)Speed: Asspeci
fiedbyManufact
urer
h)Av oidcutti
nginstone
i)Interl
ockingcutt
ingandwaterspr
aying
j) St
rictdustMonitori
ng

SUPPORT:
e)Dev el
opmentgall
eri
es&splits:
wi t
hresi
nboltasperSSR
f) Goafedges:3rowsofr oofbol t
sat0.8m betweenboltsandbetween
rows;l
engt
h1.8m
g)Indev el
opmentandsplitheadings,C.
M wil
lnotbetaken3.2m beyond
l
astrowofroofbol
ts;i
nsli
cenot10m bey ondlastr
ow

10
9
 h)St
rat
amoni
tor
ingasperst
rat
amanagementpl
andr
awn

I
MPLEMENTATI ON:
f) Duti
esofper sonwi
llbedr
awnandimplement
ed
g)Adequat enumberofsupervi
sors
h)Tr ai
ning
i
) Pr operrecor
ds
j
) DiscussioninSafet
ycommi t
teemeet
ing

GENERAL:
d)Cutof fpoweratshi
ftend
e)Parkatsafeplaceatshif
tend
f) Joi
ntsintr
ail
i
ngcabletobevulcani
zed

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4.Wr
it
eshor
tnot
esonanyt
wo:

(a)Specialt
rai
ningt
ofr
ontl
i
nesuper
visor
swi
thr
efer o10thSaf
encet ety
Conference.

Frontl ine super visorsl ike Ov ermen & Si rdars’r oleisv er

yi mpor tantf or
i
mpr ov ingsaf etyst andardsi nmi nesast heyar et heof fi
cial
swhoar er equi r
ed
totakeont hespotdeci sions.Forexampl e,i tist heov ermani nadepi llari
ng
dist
rictwho wi lldeci dewhet heri tissaf et o cont i
nuewi t
h wi t
hdrawalof
suppor tsi ncaset hegoafi s‘ t
al ki
ng’ .Hencei tisnecessar ythattheseof f i
cials
haveadequat epr acticalexper ience.Si ncet hemi ningtechniquesandsaf ety
managementsy stemsar echangi ngr apidly,theirpastexper i
enceofwor ki
ng
underol dcondi tionsmaynotpr ov eadequat e.Hencei ti sessentialt okeep
them updat ed.Thi si spossi bl
et hroughper i
odi caltraini
ng.
Int hi sr egardsf ollowing r ecommendat ionof10th Saf et
yConf erencei s
relev ant:
“Allf
ront -l
inesuper v i
soryof fi
cialslikeSi rdars/Mat es,Overmen/ Foremen,
Survey ors,Electrical/Mechani cal super v
isors/ Chargemen/For emenaswel las
personssuper vi
singot hersur f
aceoper ationsshoul dbei mpar t
edst r
uct ured
trai
ningi nsaf etymanagement , foratl eastt woweeks, onceinev eryfiveyear s,
coveringabout20%st rengthev eryy ear.”

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(
b)Ri
skmanagement
.

Fatal
i
tyr
atesperthousandpersonsinourminesarestagnat
ingforal
ongti
me.
I
thasnowbeent houghtthatapartf
rom r
eacti
veapproach,t
hereisaneedt
o
adoptpr
oacti
veapproachtopreventorr
educeaccidents.Ri
skmanagement

11
0
ai
msatt hi
sappr
oach.Risksassociat
edwithdif
fer
enthazar
dsduet o
geological
andworkingcondi
ti
ons, machi
neryandmethodsareassessedi
n
advanceandsuchrisksaregiv
enr ati
ng.Hi
gherrat
edri
sksaregivendue
att
ention.

Object
iveofri
skmanagement:Itai
mst oreducet heli
kel
ihoodandimpactofmi shapsofal
l
ki
nds,reducethei
nher
entpotenti
alf
ormaj oraccidentswhichcoul
dkil
lorinj
urepersonsor
causeproduct
ionandprof
itl
osses.NinthConferenceonsaf et
yinminesrecommendedt hat
ri
skmanagementshouldbeusedasat oolfordev el
opmentofappropr
iat
ehealthandsafety
managementsy st
em.

Tent
hSaf
etyConf
erencemadet
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ecommendat
ions:
1.Everymineshouldemployasoundr iskanal
ysispr
ocess,shoul
dconduct
ariskassessmentandshoulddevelopasafetymanagementplanto
addressthesigni
fi
canthazar
dsidentif
iedbytheanal
ysi
sassessment.

2.Themanagementsofeveryminingcompanyshouldadopttheprocess
ofsafet
ymanagementsystem andcommi ti
tsel
fforpr
operfor
mul at
ion
andimplement
ati
onofthesamei ntot
ali
ty.

3.Necessar
ytr
aini
ngofallemploy
eesofmi
ningcompaniesshoul
dbe
or
ganizedwi
ththehelpofexper
tsf
oropt
imaladopt
ionofthesaf
ety
managementsystem

RiskManagementi st
heprocessofi denti
fyi
ng,anal
yzi
ng,assessing,recti
fyi
ng
andmoni t
oringofhazardousact ivi
ti
esandf ormulat
esthemanagement
poli
cies,proceduresandpr act
icest oreducethechancesofunev entful
happening.
Theriskmanagementpl ani nv
ol v
es:
Riskassessment ,r
iskidentifi
cation,
assessmentofriskandr ankingand
tr
eatment ,contr
ol andacti
onpl ans

Riskassessmentisthemostimport
antpar
tofriskmanagement
.Thi
sistobecar
ri
edoutby
amul t
idisci
pli
nar
yteam i
nordert
oassessall
typesofri
sksar
isi
ngoutofmet
hodofwork,
natur
al condi
ti
onsandduetomachiner
yetc.

Riskassessmenti
stobeperformedonaregularbasi
s. Thegoal foreachri
sk
assessmentsessi
onistoi
dentif
yhazar
ds,det
ermineriskrati
ngsandcontrol
s,
andtoreviewthei
mplementati
onofri
skcontr
olsfrom pr
eviousri
sk
assessmentsessi
ons.

Thefol
lowingworkf
lowdi
agr
am i
l
lust
rat
est
hear
easi
nvol
vedi
nper
for
minga
ri
skassessmentsessi
on.

11
1
Afterri
skassessment,theriskswithhighr atesaretabul
atedandcont r
ol
measur esaredetermi
ned.Acont rolprogrammei sthenformulatedi
ndicati
ng
alsothetimef r
ameandr esponsibil
it
y.
Abegi nni
nghasbeenmadeandi tisexpect edthatsoonitwillyi
eldr
esultsand
theaccidentrateswhi
char estagnati
ngf ort hel
astsever
al yearswil
lst
art
decli
ning.

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(c)Goafedgesuppor tinmechani seddepillar

ing.
Purposeofgoafedgesuppor t
:
I
ncav ingmet hods,goafedgei sheav i
l
ysuppor tedtoensurethatstr
ata
mov ementi ngoafareadoesnotaf f
ectthewor ki
ngarea.
I
nst owingmet hods,requi
rementofgoafedgesuppor tisnotheavyast her
oof
i
ssuppor tedbyst owedmat erialandonl yloadofasmal lspanofroofistobe
takenbysuppor ts.
Statut
oryprov i
si
ons–
Reg.108ofCMR1957st i
pulatedt hat,ev
eryar ea indepi l
l
ari
ngdistr
ict
i
ncludinggoafedgeshal lbesuppor tedasperSSRf ramedbymanagerofmi ne
andappr ovedbyDGMS.

Goafedgesuppor tbyroofbolts–
Goafedgei nmechaniseddepi l
lar
ingbycav ingwithcontinuousmi nerand
shut
tlecarsshallbesuppor t
edinthefollowingmanner :
i
) Al lt
hegoafedgesshal lbesuppor tedbyrowsofnon- r
etractableroof
bolt
swi t
hresi
nat0. 8m int
ervali
nbet weent hetwobol tsandt hesideof
thepil
l
araswel lasbetweent herowsofbol ts.Thelengt handdi ameter
ofsuchboltsshallnotbelessthan1. 8m and22m r espectiv
ely.Such
goafedgesuppor tshal
lbesuppor tedinthesplit
/or i
ginalgall
ery,asthe
casemaybe, atthestartofthesli
cecutbyt hecontinuousmi ner.

11
2
 i
i
)Eachsuchgoafedgeshal l
hav ethreeparall
elr
owsofr oofbolt
s,0.
5m
i
nsidetheroadwayexceptt hosei nbetweensliceswhereonlytworows
ofroofbolt
sshal lbepr
ovided.
i
i
i)Onewoodenpr opshallbeinst
alled2.0m insi
deofeveryprimarybr
eaker
l
inenearthegoafedgeont heribside/centreofthegall
eryasan
i
ndicatorpr
op.
i
v)Anchoragetestingof10%oft her oofbol
tsshal l
bedoneandr ecor
d
shall
bemai ntained.

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5.Anumberofinci
dences/acci
dent
sareoccurr
ingduetohar
dlandi
ngof
cages.Li
stoutt
hemaincausesandthest
atutor
yprovi
sioni
nman-windi
ngi
n
shaft
s.

Answer
:
I
ft hedescendi ngcagei nwhi chper sonsar et ravel inglandsatahi ghspeed, iti
s
l
ikelyt ocauseacci dentt oper sonst rav elingther ei n.Acci dentt oper sonsin
descendi ngcagemayal sooccuri nt heev entofov er-
windi ng.
I
tmayoccurduet of ol lowingr easons:
a.Negl igenceofwi ndingengi neman
b.Fai lureofbr akes
c.Br eakageofr ope
d.Acci dent al decl ut chingofdr um duet of ailur eoft hecl utchlock
e.Mal adj ustment /mal -calibrationofaut omat iccont ri
v ance.
f. Maki ngt heaut omat i
ccont rivancedef unct .
g.Wr ongcal ibr ationofspeedi ndicat or.
h.Ov er loadi ngofcage/cages.
Stat utorypr ov isions
Brief l
y,followi ngar et hepr ov isionsofCMRt opr ev enthar dl andingofcages:
Regul at i
on76:
a.Wher e dr um cl utchesar epr ov ided, thef ol lowingpr ov isi
onsshal lhave
effect :
I
. Theoper at inggearoft hedr um shal l bepr ovidedwi t
hl ockinggear
topr ev enti nadv ertentwi thdr awal oft hecl utch.
I
I.Ev er yengi neusedf orl ower i
ngorr ai singper sonsshal lhave
suitabl ei nter l
ocki ngdev icesof i
ttedt hati ti
snotpossi ble–
(
a)t ouncl ut chanydr um unl essbr akesofsuchdr um areappl i
ed;or
(
b)Tor eleaset hebr akeunt ilthedr um cl utchisf ul lyengagedand
secur el yl ocked.
b.Unl esst hecageat tachedt ot hedr um i sr est ingatbot tom ofshaf t,t
he
drum shal l notbeuncl utchedunl esst hewi ndi ngengi nemanhasassur ed
himsel fi mmedi atelybef orehandt hatthebr akei sfullyappl ied.
c.I nev eryshaf tt heengi neshal lbef itt
edwi thanaut omat i
call
yr ecordi
ng
speedi ndi cat or .

11
3
 d.I nashaf texceedi ng100met ersindept h,thereshall bepr ov idedan
effect i
veaut omat iccont r
ivancet oprev entov erspeedi ngandov er
windi ng.Itshallprev entdescendi ngcagef rom beingl andedatpi t
bott om ataspeedexceedi ng1. 5m persecandcont rol mov ementof
ascendi ngcagei nsuchamanneraspr ev entdangert oper sonsi ni t.The
RIM mayspeci fymaxi mum speedbyanor derinwr i
ting.Thecont rivance
andbr akesshal lbet estedbyengi neerorot hercompet entper son, once
i
nev ery7day sbyr aisingeachcagei nt ur nt opasst hel astcont r
ol point
abov ethet opmostl anding, andoncei nev erythirt
yday sbyat tempt ing
tolandt hedescendi ngcageatexcessi vespeed.Resul tsshal lbe
recor dedi naregist erkeptf ort hepur pose.
e.Exceptwher eautomat iccont ri
v anceispr ovided,apoi ntshal lbefixed
andmar kedont hei ndicatoroft heengi nei nsuchawayast oshow
whent hecagei satadi stanceofnotl esst hant wicet heci rcumf erence
oft hedr um from compl etionoft hewi nd.I fpersonsar etrav eli
ngincage,
W. Emanshal lnotr aisether emai ni
ngdi stanceataspeedexceedi ng1. 2
met r espersecond.
f. Notmor ethespeci fiednumberofper sonsshal l
travel i
ncage.
g.Noper sonshal lcar ryanybul kymat erial inthecages.

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6.Defi
nearduoustravelwi
threspecttounder
groundmechanisedmine.What
arethest
atutor
yrequirement
sbef or
ecommi ssi
oningofsuchasystem i
nyour
mine?
Enumerat
ehowt oensuresaf
etyofthepersonstravel
l
ingbel
owgroundinone
suchsyst
em.

Anarduoust r
avelwithrespectt
ounder groundmechanisedmi nemaybe
defi
nedasthej our
neyi nwhichworkersneedsmuchef fortorener gytoreach
thei
rauthor
isedwor ki
ngplaceduet ol
ongt r
avel
dist
anceandst eepgradient
.
Anarduoust r
avelmaybeconsi deredwher e
1)Theseam gr adienti
smor ethan1i n4andt r
avel
li
ngdistancet othewor k
placeismor ethan1.5km.
2)Theseam gr adienti
slessthan1i n4butthetrav
elli
ngdi stanceismore
than3km.

St
atut
oryr
equirementsbeforecommi ssi
oningmanr idingsy stem:
i
)Reg.88(5)forhaulage,Reg.92( 4)forbeltconv eyor,Reg.95f
or
l
ocomot i
veofCMR1957st ipulatesthatnohaul age,bel
tconv
eyor
orlocomoti
veshal lbeusedf orthegener al conveyanceof
persons/manr i
dingexceptwi tht hepermi ssioninwr i
ti
ngofCIM
andsubjecttosuchcondi ti
onsasmaybespeci fied.

11
4
 i
i
)Nomanr i
dingsystem shallbeusedU/ Gunlessi
tisofat
ype
approvedbyt heChiefInspectorofMines.Al
lequi
pmentused
formanr i
dingsystem shallbe–
(a)Ofsoundconst r
uction
(b)I
nspectedatregularinter
valsand
(c)Maint
ainedingoodandsaf econditi
on.

Statutoryrequir
ement sofmanr i
dingsy stem:
I
nourmi nef orensur ingsaf etyofper sonst ravelli
ngbel owgr oundinendl ess
haulage( manr idingsy stem) ,t
hef ol
lowi ngpr ovisionsshall bestri
ctlycompl i
ed
with–
i) Gr adi
ent: Themanr i
dingcarshal lnotruni nast eepergr adientmor e
than1i n12.
ii
)Speed: Thenor mal speedoft hesy stem shal lnotbeexceed7km/ hr.
ii
i)FOS&l if
eofhaul ager ope: Fact oryofSaf etyshallnotbel esst han10
andLi feoft her opeshal l notbemor ethan1½y ears.
iv)Themanr idingcarshal l beprov idedwi thbr akesy stem whi chactuates
whenspeedofcarexceeds2. 7m/ s.
v)Numberofper sonsal l
owedt ot ravelshal lbenot i
fi
edbymanager .
Prov i
sionofst at i
onshal l bemadef orriding&embar king.
vi)Ropeandat tachmentusedwi t hmanr i
dingcarshal lbeofappr ovedtype.
vii
)Trackshal lbenotl esst han35l b/ yar
d.

Ensuri
ngsafetyoft heper sons:
Thefoll
owingsaf etydev i
cesshoul dbei ncorporatedinthemanridi
nghaul
age
syst
em.
(
a)Safetydev ices–
1.Ov erspeedt ri
ppi ngdev i
ce
2.Posi tionindi catorandr opespeedi ndicat or
3.Runov erindicat or
4.Ser vicebr akes–hav ingrestrainingtorquecapableofhol
ding1.
5to
2.0timest het orquer esul
ti
ngf rom theropepull.
5.Emer gencybr akes
6.Tr ackl imitswi tch–t obepr ovidedati n-byeandout
-byeendof
j
ourney .
7.Ov ert ravel l
imitswi tch.
8.Pul lcor dsy stem f orstoppingt hetrainincaseofemergency.

(b)Clear
ance:-Bel
owther
oof–0.3m
Ont hesideoftr
ackonwhi
chmanholesar
epr
ovi
ded-0.
6m.Ont hatsideof
trackopposi
tetothemanhol
eswhenther
ear
enotmorethant
wot racks–
0.3m.
I
nanyot hercase–0.6m

(
c)Ef
fect
ivesignal
l
ingsystem:Sui
tabl
ecodeofsi
gnal
l
ingt
obespeci
fi
edby
managerforstr
ictenf
orcement
.

11
5
 (
d)Not
ices–
1.Ropespeedl i
mitnoti
ceintheengineroom
2.Noticeateachstat
ionsprohi
bit
ingtravel
bey
ondspeci
fi
edpoi
nt.

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7.Writ
eshortnotesonanyt
wo:
(a)Occupat
ional
healt
hsurv
eyandi
tsi
mpor
tance.

Now- a-day sOccupat i

onal heal t
hi sani mpor tantpar tofmi ningi nv iewthe
healthhazar dscr eatedduet or espi rabl edust, noise, f
umes, v i
brationset cin
mechani zedmi nes.Thought hewor kersunder goper i
odical medi cal
exami nat i
onaspert hest atutoryr equi rement satf iveyear l
yi ntervals,i
tis
equal lyimpor tanttokeepawat chonoccupat i
onal healthst atusapar tfrom
wat chonoccupat ional heal t
hhazar ds.Ther ear enopr ovisionsi nt he
statut ef orsuchsur v eys.
Themat t
erhasbeenconsi der edbyv arioussaf et yconf erenceswhomade
valuabl er ecommendat ions.Themosti mpor tantaspecti st ohav e
Occupat i
onal Heal thSur veill
ancecel lforwhichr ecommendat i
onwasmade
bysi xthSaf etyConf erence.
TheOccupat ional Heal thSur veil
lancecel li
sr equi redt ohav enecessar y
appl i
ancesl ikeX- raymachi nes, equi pmentf oraudi omet r
ict ests,appl i
ances
fordoi ngl ungf unctiont est set c.Inaddi ti
oni thast obemannedby
compet entandqual i
f i
edmanpowert rainedint hel atesttechni quesof
occupat ional healthsur vey s.
Indeedi tisv eryimpor tantt omakeoccupat ional heal t
hsur v eysati ntervals
toknowt heoccupat ional heal thpr obl emssot hatcor rectivest epscanbe
takeni nt i
me.I ftheoccupat i
onal diseasesl ikePneumoconi osi sandhear ing
l
ossar eal lowedt ogobey ondcer tainl i
mi t
s,itmaybet oolat eandt he
damagemaybeper manent .

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(
b)Object
iveofTri
par
ti
te&Bi-par
ti
temeet
ings.Howf
ari
tisusef
uli
n
i
ncr
easingthestat
usofsaf
etyofamine.

Minemanagementandwor ker sarethest akeholdersinmanagementasf ar

assafet yi
nmi nesisconcer ned.Ther efor
e, i
tisnecessar ythestakeholders
shouldmeetf r
om timet oti
met odiscussandsor toutt hesaf etyand
occupat i
onalhealt
hi ssues.Thati sexact l
yt heobjecti
veofbi -part
it
e
meetingsbet weenmanagementandmi newor kers.Thesemeet i
ngsprovide
for
um f orsafetyandheal t
hpr omot i
onal measures.
Apartfrom theabov etwost akehol ders,t
heCent ralGov ernmenttoohas
ver
yv ali
dpar ttoplayinpromot ionofsaf etyastheSaf ety,healthand
Welfareofmi newor kersisacent ralsubjectandisr egulatedthroughthe

11
6
 Mi nesAct ,1952.I tistherefore,necessarythatthereshoul dber egular
i
nt eract ionbetweent hemi nemanagement ,DGMSonbehal fofCent ral
Gov ernmentandt hemi newor ker
stodi scussandr esolvethei ssues
per tainingt omi nesaf etyandoccupat ionalhealthinmi nes.Thati sthe
object i
veoft ri
-partit
emeet i
ngs.Thist ooisasaf etypromot i
onal forum.
Indeedv eryimpor tantparthasbeenpl ayedbyt hesemeet ingsi npromot i
ng
saf et yi
nmi nes.Impor tantamendment sofstatutehaveemer gedt hrough
ther ecommendat ionsofv ari
oussaf etyconferences.Themi ning
compani eshav ebeensor touti nthepastmanysaf etyproblemst hroughbi-
par titemeet ings.Thesemeet i
ngswi ll
cont i
nuet oplayimpor tantrolein
futur etoo.

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(
c)Emer
gencyr
esponsepr
ocedur
eforent
rappedunder
groundwor
ker
s.

Speedi sv ital forr escueofwor kerst rappedi nmi nesduet oacci dent sand
i
ncidentsl ikeexpl osions, f
iresorev enr ooff all
s.Hencet her ehast obeaset
ofstandi ngor der soremer gencyr esponsepl andr awnandr ehear sedwel l i
n
advancesot hatt her escueoper ationscanbecar riedoutwi thut mostspeed
andur gency .Regul at i
on199AofCMRr equi ressuchapl ani nunder ground
mines.Thepr ov isionsar easf oll
ows:
4)Themanagerofev erymi nehav i
ngwor ki ngsbel owgr oundshal l preparea
generalpl anofact i
onf orusei ntimeofemer gency .Thepl anshal l outl
ine
thedut i
esandr esponsi bili
tiesofeachmi neof fi
cial andkeymeni ncluding
thetelephoneoper ator s, sot hateachper sonshal lknowwhati sexpect edof
himi ncasef ire, expl osi onorot heremer gencyoccur s.Al lofficialsandkey
menshal lbet hor oughl yi nst r
uctedi nt hei rdut i
essoast oav oid
contradictor yor der sandconf usionatt het imewhenpr omptandef fi
cient
acti
oni sr equi red.Theemer gencypl anshal l al
sopr ovidef ormock
rehearsalsatr egul ari nt ervals.
5)Themanagershal lsubmi tacopyoft heaf oresaidemer gencypl anpr epared
byhimt ot heRegi onal Inspect or, within60day sofcomi ngi ntof orceoft he
Coal Mines( Amendment )Regul ations, 1985, orint hecaseofami newhi ch
i
sopenedorr eopenedt her eafter,wi t
hint hirt
yday sofsuchopeni ngor
reopening.TheRegi onal I
nspect ormay ,byanor deri nwr i
ting, appr oveof
suchact ionpl an, eitheri nt hef orm submi ttedtoohi m orwi thsuch
additi
onsoral t er ationsashemayt hinkf itandact ionpl ansoappr ovedshal l
beenf orcedi nt hemi ne.
6)Onr eceivingi nf or mat ionofanyemer gency ,themanagerandi nhi sabsence
thepr i
ncipal off icial pr esentont hesur face, shallimmedi atelyputt he
emer gencypl ani noper ation.

Theessenti
alelementsofemergencyplanar
e:
(7)Sendi
nginformati
ontodif
fer
entpartsofthemine.
(8)Safeandorderl
ywithdr
awalofpersonsfr
om unaff
ect
edpar
toft
hemi
ne.

11
7
(
9)Rescueoft r
appedper sons.Speedofr escueoperat
ionsisimportant
.Thi
s
requi
res:
 Ear l
ylocat i
onoft r
appedper sons;
 Pr eci
sel ocati
onoft r
appedper sons;
 Tr ai
ningofr escuewor kersinuseofrescuecapsules;
 Special clothi
ngforrescueper sonsnearfi
re.
(
10) Recov eryofdeadbodi esandt hei
ridenti
fi
cati
on.
(
11) Pr event
ionoff urtherdangerinmi ne.
(
12) Keepi ngpressandpubl i
cinformedaboutt hecorrectsi
tuat
iontoavoi
d
rumours.

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-

8.I
npr esentdaycontextofheavymechani
sati
onandout sour ci
nginmines
howasamanagerofami neyouprev
entemploymentofper sonsbelow
ei
ghteeny ear
sofage.Whati slai
ddownundert heprov
isi
onsoft heMinesAct
,
1952,Regulati
ons,Rul
esandOr dersmadethereunderi
ncludingpenalt
ies.

Tomeett heener gydemandoft hecountr

y,coalproduct i
oni stobei ncreased
manifold.Thi scanbepossi blebymechanisingthei ndustry
.Duet othenon-
avail
abili
tyoft rainedexperi
encedmanpower ,manymi ningact i
vit
iesarebeing
outsourced.Out sourci
nghasbecomeat tr
activ
eduet othef oll
owi ngreasons–
1)I ti
sdi ffi
cul tt
omanaget hemanpowerdi rectl
yonr ol
l ofthecompany .
2)Speci ali
sedagenciescandot hejobfaster,mai nt
ainingqual i
tyandat
cheapercostwi thhigherproducti
vi
ty.
3)Out sourceofpr oductionacti
vit
iesi
nmi nesr educest her equir
ementof
capi t
al t
obei nvestedonequi pments.

Inspi
teofabov eadv antagest herear emanydi sadv antagesandr i
skst othe
safetyofper sons. Theout sour cingagencymaybet emptedt oengageunder
agedper sons( bel
ow18y ears).
AsamanagerIwoul dt akef oll
owi ngst epst opr eventempl oy mentof
personsbelow18y earsofage.
1.Ishal l f
orm acommi t
teeconsi sti
ngofper sonnel &mi ni
ngexecut iveto
j
udget heageoft heper sonbyphy si
cal appear anceoft heempl oyee.
2.Ageoft heper sonshall becheckedf rom t heboar dcer t
if
icatesof
educat i
on.Thesecer ti
ficatesmaybev eri
fiedf rom theissuingauthor i
ty.
3.I ncaseoft hewor kerspossessi ngdr i
v i
ngl icense, hi
ghschool cer
tifi
cate,
theagemaybev eri
fied.
4.I ncaseofanydoubt ,medi cal exami nationoft hewor kerbycer ti
fyi
ng
surgeonshal l bearrangedf orascer t
ainingt heage.
5.Condi t i
onofheav ypenal ti
esshal lbei ncludedi nthewor korderoft he
contractorincasehei sf oundt obeengagi ngwor kersbelow18y earsof
age.

11
8
Stat
utorypr
ovi
sions(
secti
on40oftheMi
nesAct
,1952)r
egar
dingempl
oyment
ofpersonsbel
ow18y ear
sofage.

(1)Nopersonbel
owei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageshal
lbeal
l
owedt
owor
kinanymi
ne
orpar
tthereof
.

(2)Appr
enti
cesandothertr
ainees,
notbelowsi
xteenyear
sofage,
maybe
all
owedtowork,underpr
opersupervi
sion,i
namineorpartt
her
eofbyt
he
manager:

Providedthat,inthecaseoft rai
nees,ot
herthanapprenti
cespriorapprovalof
the
ChiefInspectororanI nspectorshall
beobtainedbef
oret heyar
eal l
owedt o
work.
Ifaninspectorhasr easontobeli
evethatanymi neworkerisnotanadult
oranappr entice/tr
aineeiseitherbel
ow16y earsofageori snottofitt
owor k
i
nami ne,hemayr equir
emedi calexaminat
ionofsuchaper sonbyacer ti
fyi
ng
surgeon.

(3)Noper sonbelow18y earsofageshallbeal

l
owedtobepresentinanypart
ofmi neabov egroundwhereanyoperati
onconnect
edwit
horincidental
toany
miningoper at
ioniscar
ri
edon, i
fnoti
fi
edbyCentral
Govt
.exceptapprenti
ces
andt rai
nees.

Penal
ti
esf
orcont
rav
ent
ionofabov
ement
ionedpr
ovi
sions:

Sect
io Off
ence Puni
shment Punishment
n awardedt o
67 Cont r
av ent
ionofpr
ovi
sions Imprisonment-3 Person
r
egardingemploymentof mont hsorf i
ne- contraveni
ng
l
abour Rs.1000/ -or provi
sions
both
68 Employmentofper sons Fine-Rs.500/ - Owner ,agentor
below18y ear
sofage manager
74 Repeatedconvict
ionforthe Doubl ethe Owner ,agentor
sameof f
encecommi t
ted punishmentof manager
againwit
hin2y earsof fi
rst
previ
ousconvicti
on contraventi
ons

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11
9