The Philippines in the 19th

Century as Rizal’s Context

By: Arnel G. Perez, MS
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras
(1806 -1810)
Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar (1810-
1813)
Jose Gardoqui Jaraveitia
(1813 - 1816)
Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras
(1816 -1822)
Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo (1830 -1835)/
Gabriel de Torres/ Joaquin de Cramer
Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y
Varona (1835 - 1837)
´ 1805 – Nueva Vizcaya Revolt
´ 1807 – Ambaristo Revolt
´ 1811 – The last State galleon left Manila for Mexico
´ 1813 – Spain ended the Galleon Trade
´ 1815 – The last State galleon left Acapulco for Manila
´ 1821 – The Philippines as province of Spain
´ 1823 – Rebellion of Andres Novales
´ 1834 – Royal Decree officially opened Manila to World Trade (Sept. 6)
´ 1837 - Manila officially opened to the world commerce
´ 1849 – Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria y Zaldua issued the Claveria
degree (Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos)
Economic History: Opening of the Philippines to the World
Commerce
´1815 – the last Galleon arrived in Manila (Manila to Acapulco)- 1830’s
´1834 – Manila officially opened to the world commerce
´The rise of Haciendas and the ”cash-crop economy”
´Expansion of export products in Europe to Suez Canal (1869)
´The Philippines became a major exporter (sugar, tobacco, coffee, and
abaca) and became well-known in other parts of the world.
´1834 – 1873 - Different Ports were opened: Sual (Pangasinan); Iloilo;
Zamboanga; Cebu; and Legazpi
Economic History: Opening of the Philippines to the World
Commerce
´Effects to the economy of the Philippines:
1. Filipino’s life prosper due to the vigorous economic activity in the
colony;
2. Modern methods of agriculture were introduced;
3. The means of transportation and communication improve;
4. Emergence of the Middle-Class;
5. More Filipinos able to study in Europe; and
6. Acquired material wealth and improved social life
Social History: Birth of the Middle Class

Five (5) Social Classes in the Philippines

´Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain )
´Insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines) = Filipino
´Middle Class (Spanish mestizos or mestizos de Español; the
principalia; and the Chinese mestizos or mestizos de
Sangley)
´Chinese (people from China migrated in the Philippines)
´Indio (Malayan inhabitant in the archipelago) = Filipino
TRIBUTE SYSTEM Non-paying
tributes

Paid the highest

Peninsulares tribute
Insulares
Paid the lowest
Sanley tribute
(Chinese Mestizo)

Indio

Chinese
Social History: Birth of the Middle Class
´Peninsulares. They are the highest class in the
Philippines, entrusted with the offices of high
rank. Peninsulares are pure blooded Spaniards
born from Spain and sent to Spanish colonies to
govern.
´Insulares. They are a rank below
the peninsulares. The insulares or criollos are of
European descent but born in the colonies of
Spain. A son or daughter of a Spanish couple is
an insulare. Eventually, they may have been
inter-marrying with Filipinos or other races here
in the country, thus producing the mestizos
Social History: Birth of the Middle Class

´Mestizo de Espanol. They are offsprings

of Spanish people interbreeding with
Filipinos. Mestizo is a term given to
individuals inheriting foreign ancestry.
They may or may not have European or
other racial features despite popular
belief. Originally, the term was used in
Latin America but was later adopted here
in the country to children of racial inter-
marriage.
Social History: Birth of the Middle Class

´Mestizo de Sangley. Not all mestizos are

indexed or are coming from Europeans. A
person of Filipino or any racial descent
marrying a Chinese, the result is children
that will be called mestizo de sangley.
´Inquilinos (Central Luzon) Pacto de retro
(pawn the land or sanglang bigay)
Social History: Birth of the Middle Class

´Tornatras is an old
Spanish term for a
person of mixed
ancestry from
Spanish, Filipino and
Chinese
´Ilustrados
(enlightenment/
Intellectuals)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Fernando Norzagaray y Escudero (1857-
1860)/ Ramon Maria Solano y Llanderal/
Juan Herrera Davilla
1861-62 Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y
Gonzales / Salvador Valdes
1862-65 Rafael de Echague y Bermingham
1865-66 Juan de Lara e Irigoyen/ Jose
Laureano de Sanz y Posse/ Juan
Antonio Osorio/ Joaquin del Solar e
Ibanez
Jose de la Gandara y Navarro (1866-
1869)/ Manuel Maldonado/ Carlos Maria
de la Torre y Navacerrada (1869-1871)
´ 1859 – Ten Spanish Jesuits arrived in Manila (Apr. 14)/ founding of
Escuela Municipal de Manila (Ateneo de Municipal) in Intramuros.
´ 1861 – Jose “Pepe” P. Mercado-Rizal, Philippines’ National Hero was
born (June 19)
´ 1863 – Jose dela Concha, Minister of Colonies promulgated the
Educational Decree of 1863 which established the public educational
system and normal school for men (Dec. 30)/ Great earthquake
damaged Manila City and Cathedral (2,000 victims)/ death of Fr. Pedro
Pelaez, creole Filipino priest (secularization of parishes)
´ 1869 – Governor Carlos Ma. De la Torre was sent in the Philippines. In
his two years of service, the Filipino enjoyed certain liberal concessions
(freedom of press; Filipinization of the parishes; freedom to propose
reforms)/ Emilio Aguinaldo was born (March 22)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Rafael de Izquerdo y Gutierrez (1871-
1873)
Manuel MacCrohon (1873)
Juan Alaminos y Vivar (1873-1874)/
Manuel Blanco Valderrama (1874)
Jose Maicampo y Monje (1874-1877)
Domingo Moriones y Murillo (1879-1880)
´ 1872 – Cavite Mutiny (Jan. 20)/ Martyrdom of the three Filipino
priest, GOMBURZA (Feb. 17)/ Teodora Alonzo y Realonda, Rizal’s
mother was accused of poisoning Jose Alberto’s wife (Teodora
Formosa)/ Jose Rizal passed the entrance exam in San Juan de
Letran (Jun. 10) but matriculated in Ateneo de Municipal
´ 1874 – Rizal wrote his first poem, Mi Primera Inspiracion (Ateneo
de Municipal)
´ 1877 – Rizal graduated with highest honor “Pride of the Jesuit” in
Ateneo de Municipal (March 23)/ Univesity of Santo Tomas
(Philosophy and Letter)/ England and Germany recognized
Spain’s rights in Sulu
´ 1878 – Rizal pursued Medicine course in UST and he took
vocational course (expert surveyor) in Ateneo de Municipal
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Rafael Rodriguez Arias (1880)
Fernando Primo de Rivera (1880-1883)/
Emilio Molins (1883)
Joaquin Jovellar (1883-1885)/
Emilio Molins (1885)
´ 1879 – Rizal literary work, “Ala Juventud Filipina” was awarded (Liceo-
Artistico Literario)
´ 1880 – Rizal literary work, “El Consejo delos Dioses awarded a gold ring
(engraved the bust of Miguel de Cervates)/ He wrote a Spanish zarzuela,
“Junto Al Pasig” (Dec. 8)
´ 1882 – Rizal boarded on El Salvadora going to Madrid/ Barcelon (June
16)/ “Amor Patrio” (appeared in Diariong Tagalog, Aug. 20)/ He enrolled
in Universidad Central de Madrid (Nov. 3)/ He joined the Circulo Hispano
Filipino/ He visited Hospitals in Paris (Jun-Aug)
´ 1884 – Rizal honored the triumph of Juan Luna (Spoliarium) and Felix
Ressurreccion Hidalgo (Virgin Exposed to the Populace) in the National
Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid/ Prof. Miguel de Morayta (Nov. 20-22)/
Rizal completed his medical course (June 21)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Emilio Terrero y Perinat (1885-1888)
´ 1884 –Tribute and Poll Tax were abolished and the use of Cedula
personal was introduced/ Rizal started writing his novel, Noli Me
Tangere in Madrid
´ 1885 - Rizal obtained his licenciado en filosopia y letras
(Universidad Central de Madrid) and he was qualified as professor
of Humanities in any Spanish Universities
´ 1886 – Rizal went in Heidelberg, Germany (Dr. Otto Becker/
University Eye Hospital)/ Pastor Karl Ullmer (Wilhelmsfeld- wrote
the last few chapters of Noli)
´ 1887 – Rizal finished writing his novel, Noli Me Tangere and
printed in Berliner Buchdruckrei – Action Gesselchaft / Maximo
Viola agreed to finance the printing cost
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Emilio Terrero y Perinat (1885-1888)
Antonio Molto y Diaz Berrio(1888)
Federico Lobanton y Orieto (1888) -acting
´ 1887 – After five years of sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned home
to query on the effects of Noli to the Filipinos and Spaniards/ Rizal
met Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero (subversive ideas of Noli)/ The
novel, Noli was examined by Msgr. Pedro Payo; Rector Gregorio
Echavarria; Fr. Salvador Font; and Fr. Jose Rodriguez
´ 1887 – Singapore, Fr. Vicente Garcia (Justo Desiderio Maglalang)
defended Rizal against the allegation of Fr. Rodriguez (Jul.18)/
Rizal studied the investigation of the Civil Governor (Agrarian
problem) in Laguna (Dec.30)/ Rizal made the draft of his second
novel, El Filibustrismo in Calamba
´ 1888 – Rizal arrived in Liverpool, England (May 24)/ Rizal met Dr.
Atonio Ma. Regidor and Dr. Reihold Rost (Una perla hombre)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891)
´ 1888 – British Museum, Rizal browsed over the work of Dr.
Antonio de Morga (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas)/ Rizal went in
Madrid and Barcelona to search historical materials in bibliotheque
nationale and he met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce/ He
was unanimously voted as honorary president of Asociacion La
Solidaridad.
´ 1889 – Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the patriotic newspaper,
La Solidaridad (Feb.15)/ Rizal (Dimasalang) wrote his first article
in La Solidaridad, “Los Agricultores” (Mar.25)/ Rizal wrote letter to
the young women of Malolos (Feb.22)
´ 1889 – Paris, France Rizal witnessed the Universal Exposition of
Paris (May 6)/ Rizal founded: Kidlat Club; Indios Bravos and
Redencion de los Malayos (May 19)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891)
Eulogio Despujol (1891-1893)
´ 1889 - Rizal contributed articles in La Solidaridad: Sobre la Indolencia
Filipinos and Filipinas Dentro Cien Anos.
´ 1890 – Libreria Granier Hermanos Paris, France, Rizal published his
annotation (Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas)/ Rizal published
Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala in La Solidaridad
(Apr.15)
´ 1890 – Madrid, Spain Rizal called the Minister of Colonies to secure
justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants and to protest the injustices
committed by Valeriano Weyler/ Paciano, Antonio Lopez, Mateo Elerdo,
and Dandoy were deported in Mindoro (Letter of Saturnina, Sept.6)
´ 1891 – Rizal arrived in Hongkong (Nov. 20) and before Christmas his
family arrived. Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez helped Rizal to build a wide
clientele.
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Eulogio Despujol (1891-1893)
´ 1892 – Borneo Colonization, Rizal went to Sandakan and he
negotiated with the British authorities (Mar. 7)/ Rizal went in Manila
to confer with Gov. Eulogio Despujol about his project, Borneo
Colonization (May)/ A secret case filed in Manila (Accusing Rizal,
anti-religious and anti-patriotic)/ Luis de la Torre investigated
Rizal’s German citizenship
´ 1892 – Wednesday (July 6), Rizal was arrested and incarcerated
in Fort Santiago and Pobres Frailes was used as evidence/
Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest (July 7)/
Capitan Delgras brought and handed over Rizal to Capt. Ricardo
Carnicero in Dapitan (July 14 to 17)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Eulogio Despujol (1891-1893)
Federico Ochando (1893) - acting
Ramon Blanco (1893-1896)
´ 1893 – Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namanan) was arrested by
Anastacio Adriatico for spying Rizal/ Rizal met Josephine Bracken
´ 1895 – Rizal offered his service as military doctor in Cuba to Gen.
Ramon Blanco (December 17)
´ 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela, emissary of Andres Bonifacio sought
advice to Rizal in Dapitan (June 21)/ Rizal’s exile in Dapitan came
up to an end (July 31)/ Fray Mariano Gil discovered the Katipunan
plot to overthrow Spanish rule (Aug.19)/ Cry of Balintawak (Aug.
26)/ Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto lost the fight in Battle of
San Juan (Aug.30)/ Gen. Ramon Blanco proclaimed a state of war
(Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija, and Tarlac)
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) - acting
´ 1896 – Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona (Oct.3)/ Madrid
newspaper blaming Rizal on the bloody revolution in the
Philippines (Oct.8)/ Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez
through Hugh Fort attempted to rescue Rizal in Singapore/
´ 1896 – Rizal was accused of “principal organizer and living soul of
the Filipino insurrection” (Dec. 11)/ General Camilo G. de Polavieja
appointed Governor General of the Philippines
´ December 15, 1896 – Rizal wrote a manifesto to the Filipinos
appealing to them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to
achieve their liberties by means of education and industry.
´ December 28, 1896 – Polavieja approved the decision of the
court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 o’clock in the
morning of December 30 at the Bagumbayan Field
 Spanish Colonization: 19th Century Timeline of Philippine History
Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) - acting
´ December 29, 1896 – Captain Rafael Dominguez read the death
sentence of Rizal.
´ 7:00 A.M. – Father Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector) and Father Luis
Viza (Teacher) visited Rizal
´ Fr. Viza brought the Sacred Heart of Jesus to Rizal.
´ December 30, 1896 – (6:30 A.M.)death march to Bagumbayan.
´ Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo – examined Rizal’s pulse and found out to
be normal.
´ 7:03 A.M., December 30, 1896 – Rizal died at age of 35 years, 5
months, and 11 days….
Political History: Impact of Bourbon Reform and Cadiz
Constitution