UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Table of Contents:

Contents Page No.

 Introduction 2

 Description of Projects 3
1) 555 Timer 3
 Pin configuration of 555 Timer 3
 Inside the 555 Timer 5
 Using the Output of 555 Timer 5
 Sinking And Sourcing 5

2) D-Flip Flop 6
 IC Used 6
 Working 7

 Applications 8
 Conclusion 9

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Introduction:

Today we are going to talk about projects that we had taken up.

These are:

1) 555 Timer
2) D-Flip Flop

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and
as a flip-flop element. The output can be in one of two states at any time, the first state is the
'low' state, which is 0v. The second state is the 'high' state, which is the voltage Vs (The
voltage of the power supply which can be anything from 4.5 to 15v. 18v absolute maximum).
Introduced in 1971 by American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to
its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the
original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that
1 billion units are manufactured every year. The 555 is the most popular integrated circuit
ever manufactured.
In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store
state information. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change
state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is
the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building
blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other
types of systems.
Flip-flops and latches are used as data storage elements. A flip-flop stores a single bit (binary
digit) of data; one of its two states represents a "one" and the other represents a "zero". Such
data storage can be used for storage of state, and such a circuit is described as sequential
logic.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Description of Projects:
Now we describe the projects one by one.

1) 555 Timer:

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and
as a flip-flop element.

 Pin Configuration of the 555 Timer:

Here is the identification for each pin: 

When we draw a circuit diagram,we draw the 555 as a building block, as shown
below with the pins in the following locations. This will help to instantly recognise
the function of each pin: 

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Pin 1 (Ground):
Connects to the 0v power supply. 

Pin 2 (Trigger):
Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2
is LOW, and pin 6 LOW,  output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes
LOW, output goes LOW while pin 2 LOW. This pin has a very high impedance
(about 10M) and will trigger with about 1uA. 

Pin 3 (Output):
(Pins 3 and 7 are "in phase.") Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail) and LOW (about
0.5v less than 0v) and will deliver up to 200mA. 

Pin 4 (Reset):
Internally connected HIGH via 100k. Must be taken below 0.8v to reset the chip. 

Pin 5 (Control):
A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network (quite
considerably). 

Pin 6 (Threshold):
Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is HIGH. This pin has a
very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 0.2uA. 

Pin 7 (Discharge):
Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be HIGH. If pin 2 is
HIGH, pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7 remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH)
and stays HIGH when pin 2 detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin
6 is LOW.  (Pins 7 and 3 are "in phase.") Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does not go
high - it goes OPEN.  But it goes LOW and will sink about 200mA. 

Pin 8 (Supply):
Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage between 4.5V
and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs. 

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Inside the 555 Timer:

555 timer chip is an Intergrated Circuit (IC) and therefore it contains a miniturized circuit
surrounded by silicon. Each of the pins is connected to the circuit which consists of over
20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors. 

The illustration below shows the functional block diagram of the 555 timer IC. 

Notice that there are three 5k resistors. This is how the chip got it's name.

 Using the Output of a 555 Timer:

The output (Pin 3) of the 555 can be in one of two states at any time, which means it is a
digital output. It can be connected directly to the inputs of other digital ICs, or it can control
other devices with the help of a few extra components. The first state is the 'low' state, which
is the voltage 0V at the power supply. The second state is the 'high' state, which is the voltage
Vcc at the power supply. 

Sinking and Sourcing:

When the Output goes low, current will flow through the device and switch it on. This is
called 'sinking' current because the current is sourced from Vs and flows through the device
and the 555 to 0V. 

When the Output goes high, current will flow through the device and switch it on. This is
called 'sourcing' current because the current is sourced from the 555 and flows through the
device to 0V. 

Sinking and sourcing can also be used together so that two devices can be alternately
switched on and off. 

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2) D-Flip Flop:

D-Flip Flop may be called a Data flip-flop because of its ability to ‘latch’ and remember data,
or a Delay flip-flop because latching and remembering data can be used to
create a delay in the progress of that data through a circuit. To avoid the
ambiguity in the title therefore, it is usually known simply as the D Type.
The simplest form of a D Type flip-flop is basically a high activated SR
type with an additional inverter to ensure that the S and R inputs cannot
both be high or both low at the same time. This simple modification
prevents both the indeterminate and non-allowed states of the SR
Symbol of D-Flip Flop
flip-flop. The S and R inputs are now replaced by a single D input, and all D type flip-flops
have a clock input.

 IC used:

There are many ICs that are used for D-Flip Flop i-e: 7474,74174 etc. but we used here
7474.The pin configuration for 7474IC and its logic diagram are shown in figure.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Working:

The working of D-Flip Flop depends on the clock signal and D (input). As long as the clock
input is low, changes at the D input make no difference
to the outputs. The function table for D-Flip Flop is
shown. The type of D-Flip Flop used is level triggered
D-Flip Flop because whether the D input is active or not
depends on the logic level of clock input.

When the clock input is high (at logic 1),then whichever

the logic state at D will appear at output Q and Q_b is
always the inverse of Q.

If D=1,then S must be 1 and R must be 0,therefore Q is

SET to 1.

If D=0,then S must be 0 and R must be 1,therefore Q is

RESET to 0.

We also see all of this from the logic simulation diagram.

Wave simulation of D-Flip Flop:

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Applications:

The applications of 555 Timer and D-Flip Flop are as follows.

 Applications of 555 Timer:

The applications of 555 Timer are:

1)  It can be used to generate sound.

2) Used as simple analog to digital converter (ADC).
3) When in astable mode, the 555 timer produces an accurate pulse frequency that can be
adjusted depending on the values of two resistors and one capacitor in an external circuit.
 Applications of D-Flip Flop:

The applications of D-Flip Flop are:

1) The D flip-flop tracks the input.

2) Used in making transitions with match those of the input D.
3)  This flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line.
4) It can be thought of as a basic memory cell.
5) A D-flip-flop can be made from a set/reset flip-flop by tying the set to the reset through an
inverter.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Conclusion:

We can conclude that 555 Timer and D-Flip Flop are very useful for us. Because
with the help of 555 Timer we can produce clock signal of required frequency with which we
want to work and with the help of D-Flip Flop we can store our data that is in the form of
binary logic (1 & 0).

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