MR.

JAGEN Page | 1
 Calcuate the Relative Molecular Mass (RMM):
Mole = Hitungkan Jisim Molekul Relatif (JMR) :

1. H2 =

2. O2 =
Mole =
3. H2O =

4. CO2 =
Mole =
5. N2 =

6. SO2 =

7. Cl2 =

8. NH3 =

9. H2O2 =
Molar mass
10. NO2 =
Jisim Molar
11. CCl4 =

12. CH3COOH =

Calcuate the relative atomic mass: Calcuate the Relative Formula Mass (RFM
Hitungkan jisim relatif atom: Hitungkan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR)

1. He = 1. NaCl =

2. C = 2. MgO =

3. O = 3. CaF2 =

4. Al = 4. K2O =

5. Na = 5. NaOH =

6. Cu = 6. CaCO3 =

7. Pb = 7. Al2O3 =

8. Zn = 8. Na2S2O3 =

9. Ca = 9. Mg(NO3)2 =

10. Fe = 10. (NH4)2SO4 =

11. Cl = 11. Al2(CO3)3 =

12 I = 12. PbCl2 =

MR. JAGEN Page | 2

Calculate mole : 5) 4.515 x 1023 molecules of CO2
Hitungkan mol : 4.515 x 1023 molekul of CO2
1) 2.0g of MgO

2) 3.01 x 1023 molecules of O2 6) 56 dm3 of CO2 at RTP

3.01 x 1023 molekul of O2 56 dcm3 of CO2 di suhu dan tekanan piawai

3) 480 cm3 of CO2 at RTP

480 cm3 of CO2 di keadaan bilik

Name 5 Isotopes & Uses :

Namkan 5 Isotop & kegunaan :

1)

2)
4) 17.75g of Cl2
3)

4)

5)

MR. JAGEN Page | 3

[SPM05-39]
The picture shows a water disposal site. The activity of microorganisms in the waste produces
methane gas.
Gambar menunjukkan suatu kawasan pelupusan sampah. Aktiviti mikroorganisma di kawasan itu
telah menghasilkan gas metana.

What is the mass of methane gas produced?

[Relative atomic mass: H=1, C=12; 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
Berapakah jisim gas metana yang terhasil?
[Jisim atom relatif: H=1, C=12; 1 mol gas menepati 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]

[SPM09-48]
How many molecules are there in 150 cm3 of carbon dioxide, CO2 at room conditions?
[Avogadro’s constant, 6.02 X 1023 mol -1; Molar volume of gas, 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
Berapakah bilangan molekul 150 cm3 karbon dioksida, CO2 pada keadaan bilik?
[Pemalar Avogadro: 6.02 X 1023 mol -1; Isi padu molar gas, 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]

MR. JAGEN Page | 4

[SPM12-40]
0.58 g flavouring substance is used to improve the taste of pineapple cake. What is the number of
molecules of the flavouring substance?
[RAM of flavouring substances = 116 gmol-1; Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
0.58 g bahan perisa digunakan untuk memperbaik rasa sebiji kek nanas.
Berapakah bilangan molekul bahan perisa itu?
[Jisim molekul relatif bahan perisa = 116 g mol-1; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

[SPM13-42]
3.2 g of gas X occupies 1120 cm3 at standard temperature and pressure (STP). What is the relative
molecular mass of X?
[Molar volume of gas at STP = 224 dm3 mol-1]
3.2 g gas X menempati 1120 cm3 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai(STP).
Berapakah jisim molekul relatif bagi X?
[Isi padu molar gas pada STP = 224 dm3 mol-1]

MR. JAGEN Page | 5

 Chemical Formula Name the compound
Formula Kimia Namakan Bahan
1. Na+ + Cl- 

2. Mg2+ + O2- 

3. H+ + Cl- 

4. Ca2+ + F- 

5. H+ + O2- 

6. Zn2+ + Cl- 

7. Ca2+ + NO3- 

8. NH4+ + NO3- 

9. Na+ + SO42- 

10. K+ + CO32- 

11. H+ + SO42- 

12. Al3+ + O2- 

13. Pb2+ + NO3- 

14. Cu2+ + Cl- 

15. Fe2+ + NO3- 

16. Fe3+ + NO3- 

17. Ag+ + CO32- 

18. NH4+ + SO42- 

19. K+ + Cr2O72- 

20. H+ + O2- 

“ The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute, the

man who does not ask is a fool for life.”— Confucius

MR. JAGEN Page | 6

 Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:

1.
Na + Cl2  NaCl
2.
Mg + O2  MgO
3.
Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
4.
SO2 + O2  SO3
5.
N2 + H2  NH3
6.
Zn + HCl  ZnCl2
7.
K + O2  K2O
8.
Pb(NO3)2  PbO + NO2 + O2
9.
C3H8 + O2  CO2 + H2O
10.
Al2O3  Al + O2

The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. Aristotle

Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:

Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:

1. Zinc carbonate  Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide

Zink karbonat  Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida

2. Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide  Sodium sulphate + Water

Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida  Natrium sulfat + Air

3. Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride  Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida  Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat

4. Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid Copper(II) chloride + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik  Kuprum(II) klorida + Air

MR. JAGEN Page | 7

Numerical Problems involving Chemical Equations
Penghitungan Berkaitan Persamaan Kimia RoJak

[SPM17-36]
The following chemical equation represents the photosynthesis process.
Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili proses fotosintesis.

UV light
Cahaya UV

6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

What is the mass of glucose produced if 1.2 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is used?
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Molar volume of gas at room conditions = 24 dm3 mol-1]
Apakah jisim glukosa yang terhasil jika 1.2 dm3 gas karbon dioksida digunakan?
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik = 24 dm3 mol-1]

[SPM17-43]
The following chemical equation shows the decomposition of lead(II) nitrate.
Persamaan kimia berikut menunjukkan penguraian bagi plumbum(\\) nitrat.

2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

What is the mass of ead (II) nitrate needed to produce 3.6 dm-3 of oxygen gas at room condition? [Relative atomic
mass : Pb = 207; N = 14; O = 16;
Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
Apakah jisim plumbum (II) nitrat yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 3.6 cm3 gas oksigen pada keadaan bilik?
[Jisim atom relatif: Pb = 207; N = 14; O = 16;
Isi padu molar bagi gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]

MR. JAGEN Page | 8

[SPM03-37]
The equation below represents the reaction to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide
Persamaan di bawah mewakili tindak balas untuk mengekstrak aluminium daripada aluminium oksida

2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2

What is the mass of aluminium that can be extracted from 102 g of aluminium oxide?
[Relative atomic mass: O=6; Al=27]
Berapakah jisim aluminium yang boleh diekstrak daripada 102 g aluminium oksida?
[Jisim atom relatif: O=6; Al=27]

[SPM11-36]
When Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3 is heated, the gas released turns the lime water chalky. What is the
volume of gas released when 0.62 g of copper(II) carbonate is heated at room conditions?
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Cu = 64; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
Apabila Kuprum(II) karbonat, CuCO3 dipanaskan, gas yang terbebas menukarkan air kapur menjadi keruh.
Berapakah isi padu gas yang terbebas apabila 0.62 g kuprum(II) karbonat dipanaskan pada keadaan bilik?
[jisim atom relatif : C =12, O =16, Cu =64; Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]

MR. JAGEN Page | 9

[SPM09-43]
What is the minimum mass of zinc required to react with excess dilute nitric acid to produce 240 cm 3 of
hydrogen at room conditions?
[Molar volume of gas=24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions; Relative atomic mass: Zn=65]
Berapakah jisim minimum zink yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan
untuk menghasilkan 240 cm3 hidrogen pada keadaan bilik? [Isipadu molar gas =24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions;
Jisim atom relatif: Zn=65]

A 0.33 g B 0.65 g C 1.30 g D 6.50 g

[SPM03-37]
The equation below represents the reaction to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide
Persamaan di bawah mewakili tindak balas untuk mengekstrak aluminium daripada aluminium oksida

2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2

What is the mass of aluminium that can be extracted from 102 g of aluminium oxide? [Relative atomic mass: O=6;
Al=27]
Berapakah jisim aluminium yang boleh diekstrak daripada 102 g aluminium oksida? [Jisim atom relatif: O=6;
Al=27]

A 13.5 g B 27.0 g C 54.0 g D 108.0 g

[SPM16-50]
Diagram 16 shows volcanic eruptions which release gases such as CO2, SO2, H2, steam, H2S, CO and
HCl.
Rajah 16 menunjukkan letusan gunung berapi yang membebaskan gas seperti CO2, SO2, H2, wap air, H2S, CO dan
HCl.

Diagram 16/Rajah 16

To simulate the eruption in the laboratory, a pupil added 12.6 g of ammonium dichromate(VI),(NH4)2Cr2O7 in a
mortar and immediately ignited.The decomposition reaction of ammonium dichromate(VI) produces three
substances, chromium(III) oxide, nitrogen gas and steam. What is the volume of steam produced at room
conditions? [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; N = 14; O = 16; Cr = 52; Molar volume of gas at room conditions = 24
dm3 mol-1]
Untuk mensimulasikan letusan di dalam makmal, seorang murid memasukkan 12.6 g ammonium dikromat(VI),
(NH4)2Cr2O7 dalam mortar dan dinyalakan dengan serta-merta. Tindak balas penguraian ammonium
dikromat(VI) menghasilkan tiga bahan iaitu kromium(III) oksida, gas nitrogen dan wap air.
Berapakah isi padu wap air yang terhasil pada keadaan bilik?
[Jisim atom relatif. H = 1; N = 14; O = 16; Cr = 52; Isi padu gas pada keadaan bilik = 24 dm3 mol-1]

A 4.80 dm3 B 1.20 dm3 C 0.30 dm3 D 0.20 dm3

MR. JAGEN Page | 10

 Revision Jap
[SPM05-21] [SPM17-06]
The diagram shows an experiment to study the Diagram 1 shows a water cycle.
particle theory of matter. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu kitaran air.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan satu eksperimen
untuk mengkaji teori zarah jirim.

Which of the following is the best explanation of

the observation in the experiment?
Antara berikut yang manakah penerangan paling
baik mengenai pemerhatian dalam eksperimen
itu? What is process P and the energy change
Agar dissolves copper(II) sulphate involved?
A Apakah proses P dan perubahan tenaga yang
Agar-agar melarutkan kuprum(II) sulfat
terlibat?
Copper(II) sulphate is an ionic compound Process P Energy change
B Kuprum(II) sulfat merupakan sebation ion Proses P Perubahan tenaga
A Condensation Energy absorbed
Particles in copper(II) sulphate are minute Kondensasi Tenaga diserap
and discrete. B Condensation Energy released
C Zarah dalam kuprum(II) sulfat adalah Kondensasi Tenaga dibebaskan
halus dan diskrit. C Evaporation Energy absorbed
Penyejatan Tenaga diserap
The attractive force between agar and D Evaporation Energy released
copper(II) sulphate particles is strong Penyejatan Tenaga dibebaskan
D
Daya tarikan antara zarah agar-agar
dengan zarah kuprum

[SPM16-24]
Diagram 6 shows the arrangement of particles in
three states of matter at room temperature.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan zarah dalam tiga
keadaan jirim pada suhu bilik.

X Y Z
Diagram 6/Rajah 6
What are substances X, Y and Z at room
temperature?
Apakah bahan X, Y dan Z pada suhu bilik?
MR. JAGEN Page | 11
 D The attractive forces between particles of
X Y Z benzoic acid become stronger after 6
A Bromine Naphthalene Nitrogen minutes
Bromin Naftalena Nitrogen Daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah asid
B Naphthalene Nitrogen Bromine benzoik menjadi semakin kuat selepas 6
Naftalena Nitrogen Bromin minit
C Nitrogen Bromine Naphthalene
Nitrogen Bromin Naftalena
D Bromine Nitrogen Naphthalene
Bromin Nitrogen Naftalena [SPM17-01]
Who discovered neutrons?
[SPM13-26] Siapakah yang menjumpai neutron?
Diagram 8 shows the heating curve of solid
benzoic acid. A Neils Bohr
Rajah 8 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi B J. J. Thomson
pepejal asid benzoik. C James Chadwick
D Ernest Rutherford

[SPM16-07] Diagram 2 shows a model of an

atom.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu model atom.

Who introduced this model?

Siapakah yang memperkenalkan model ini?

Which statement can be deduced from Diagram 8?

Penyataan manakah yang boleh dideduksikan
daripada Rajah

A No heat is absorbed in the first 2

minutes
Tiada haba diserap dalam 2 minit Diagram 2/Rajah 2
pertama
B Benzoic acid needs 8 minutes to A Neils Bohr
melt completely B John Dalton
Asid benzoik memerlukan 8 minit C J.J. Thompson
untuk melebur selengkapnya D Ernest Rutterford
C Benzoic acid undergoes physical changes
between 2nd minute to 6th minute
Asid benzoik mengalami perubahan fizikal
diantara minit ke 2 hingga minit ke 6

Revision very2
important students

MR. JAGEN Page | 12

 Empirical Formula& Molecular Formula

Formula Empirik & Formula Molekul

What is meant by Empirical Formula?

Apakah maksud f Formula Empirik?


What is meant by molecular formula?

Apakah maksud formula molekul?


MR. JAGEN Page | 13

 Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
Formula empirik magnesium oksida

1. Why magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper?

Kenapa pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan menggunakan kertas pasir?

2. Chemical equation of the reaction?

Persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas?

3. Why does the crucible lid need to open once in a while?

Mengapakah pentup mangkuk pijar perlu dibuka sekali sekala?

4. Why does the crucible lid need closed immediately?

Mengapakah pentup mangkuk pijar perlu ditutup dengan segera?

5. Obervation?
Pemerhatian?

6. How to determine that the reaction is completed?

Bagaimana untuk mmenentukan bahawa tindak balas telah lengkap?

7. State the name of another metal that the empirical formula can be determined using this
technique?
Nyatakan nama suatu logam yang formula empiriknya boleh ditentukan menggunakan teknik
yang sama?

MR. JAGEN Page | 14

 Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksid

1. State the name of two reactants for the preparation of hydrogen gas?
Nyatakan nama dua bahan tindak balas bagu penyediaan gas hydrogen?

2. Chemical equation of the reaction in the conical flask?

Persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas di kelalang kon?

3. Why hydrogen gas is passed through the combustion tube before heating?
Mengapakah gas hydrogen dialirkan melalui tiub pembakaran sebelum pemanasan bermula?

4. State the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride?

Nyatakan fungsi kalsium klorida terhidrat?

5. Chemical equation of the reaction in the combustion tube?

Persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas di tiub pembakaran?

6. Obervation in combustion tube?

Pemerhatian di tuib pembakaran?

7. Why hydrogen gas is passed through the combustion tube after heating has stopped?
Mengapakah gas hydrogen dialirkan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan tamat?

MR. JAGEN Page | 15

 8. How to determine that the reaction is completed?
Bagaimana untuk mmenentukan bahawa tindak balas telah lengkap?

9. State the name of another metal that the empirical formula can be determined using this
technique?
Nyatakan nama suatu logam yang formula empiriknya boleh ditentukan menggunakan teknik
yang sama?

10. Can the empirical formula for magnesium oxide be determined by using this method? State
you’re the reason.
Bolehkah formula empiric bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan menggunakan kaedah
ini? Nyatakan alasan anda.

To calculate the empirical formula of a compound, the following table can be used as a guide:
Untuk menghitung formula empirik suatu sebatian, jadual di bawah boleh digunakan sebagai panduan:

Element
X Y
Unsur
Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)
Number of mole of atom
Bilangan mol atom
Simplest ratio of moles
Nisbah mol teringkas

MR. JAGEN Page | 16

1)
C= 12.00g
H = 2.00g
RMM = 70
Calculate :
Hitungkan :
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, H = 1]
i) Empirical formula
formula empiric
ii) Molecular formula
formula molekul

2)
Fe= 70 %
H = 30 %
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used
Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Calculate :
Hitungkan :
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Fe = 56, O = 16]
i) Empirical formula
formula empiric

MR. JAGEN Page | 17

3)
When 12.0 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the
empirical formula of metal X oxide. / Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35
g logam X terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : X = 207, O = 16]

4)
When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the
empirical formula of metal X oxide./ Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g
logam X terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : X = 207, O = 16]

MR. JAGEN Page | 18

5)
Na = 29.1 %,
S = 40.5 %,
O =?
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif:
O = 16, Na = 23, S = 32]
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Calculate the empirical formula
Hitungkan formula empirik

6)
2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr 2.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik
ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom relatif bagi unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80]

MR. JAGEN Page | 19

7)
Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 %
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80] (Assume that 100 g of substance is
used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Calculate the empirical formula
Hitungkan formula empirik

8)
2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5]
2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY3 .
Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X.
[JAR: Y = 35.5]

MR. JAGEN Page | 20

 Paper 2
[SPM 07-03]

(a) What is the meaning of empirical formula?

Apkah maksud formula empirik?

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………….

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………….
[1mark]
[1 markah]

(b) Diagram 3.1 shows an incomplete equation which is one of the steps involved in determining the
empirical formula. Complete this equation.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan persamaan tak lengkap yang merupakan satu daripada langkah dalam
menentukan formula empirik. Lengkapkan persamaam itu.

Mass / Jisim = ..........................................................

Relative atomic mass/ Jisim atom relatif
Diagram 3.1/ Rajah 3.1
[1mark]
[1 markah]

(c) Diagram 3.2 shows the apparatus set-up for two methods used to determine the empirical formula of two
compounds.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi dua kaedah yang digunakan untuk menentukan formula
empirik bag1 dua sebatian.

Method I Method II

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2

(i) Which method is suitable to use to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide?
Kaedah yang manakah sesuai digunakan untuk menentukan formula empiric bagu magnesium oksida?

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………….
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) Why did you choose the method in 3(c)(i) ?
Mengapakah anda memilh kaedah di 3(c)(i)

……………………................……………………………………………………….………………………….
[1mark]
[1 markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 21

(iii) When carrying out an experiment using method I, why does the crucible lid need to be opened once a
while?
Semasa menjalankan eksperimen menggunakan Kaedah I, mengapakah penutup mangkuk pijar perlu
dibuka sekali sekala ?
……………………................…………………………………………………………………………….

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………….
[1mark]
[1 markah]

(d) Diagram 3.3 shows the results for an experiment to determine the empirical formula of lead oxide.
Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan keputusan bagu satu eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empiric bagi
plumbum oksida.

Mass of combustion tube = 64.00 g

Jisim tiub pembakaran
Mass of combustion tube + lead oxide = 117.52 g
Jisim tiub pembakaran + plumbum oksida
Mass of combustion tube + lead = 113.68 g
Jisim tiub pembakaran + plumbum

Based on diagram 3.3, determine the value of the following:

Berdasarkan Rajah 3.3, tentukan nilai yang berikut :
[Relative atomic mass: O=16, Pb=207]
[Jisim atom relative : O=16, Pb=207]

(i) Mass of lead / Jisim plumbum = ....................................... g [1M]

(ii) Number of moles of lead / Bilangan mol plumbum = ...................................... mol [1M]

(iii) Mass of oxygen / Jisim oksigen = ...................................... g [1M]

(iv) Number of moles of oxygen/ Bilangan mol oksigen = ...................................... mol [1M]

(v) Empirical formula of lead oxide

Formula empiric bagi plumbum oksida = ...................................... [1M]

MR. JAGEN Page | 22

[SPM09-03]

Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula of copper oxide.

Diagram 3

Table 3 shows the result of this experiment.

Description Mass (g)

Combustion tube + porcelain dish 32.25
Combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper oxide 42.25
Combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper 40.25
Table 3

(a)(i) What is the meaning of empirical formula?

Apakah maksud formula empiric?

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………................……………………………………………………………………………….….
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) State the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride.
Nyatakan fungsi kalsium klorida terhidrat.

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(b)(i) Based on Table 3, calculate the mass of:
Berdasarkan Jadual 3, hitung jisim bagi:

Copper / Kuprum : ................................................................................................................

Oxygen / Oksigen : ................................................................................................................

MR. JAGEN Page | 23

(ii) Calculate the ratio of moles of copper to oxygen atoms.
Hitung nisbah mol bagi atom kuprum kepada atom oksigen.
[Relative atomic mass: Cu=64, O=16]
[Jisim atom relative : Cu=64, O=16]

[1mark]
[1 markah]
(iii) Determine the empirical formula copper oxide.
Tentukan formula empiric bagi kuprum oksida.

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1mark]
[1 markah]

(c)(i) Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube after heating has stopped?
Mengapakah gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan tamat?

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………................……………………………………………………………………………….….
[1mark]
[1 markah]

(ii) State how to determine that the reaction between copper oxide with hydrogen has completed.
Nyatakan bagaimana untuk menentukan bahawa tindak balas yang berlaku antara kuprum oksida
dengan hidrogen telah lengkap?

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………................……………………………………………………………………………….….
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(d)(i) State why the empirical formula of magnesium oxide cannot be determined by using the same
technique.
Nyatakan mengapa formula empiric bagi magnesium oksida tidak dapat ditentukan dengan
menggunakan teknik yang sama?

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1mark]
[1 markah]

(ii) State the name of another metal whose empirical formula can be determined using the same technique.
Nyatakan nama suatu logam lain yang formula empiriknya boleh ditentukan menggunakan teknik yang
sama.

……………………................…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1mark]
[1 markah]
MR. JAGEN Page | 24
[SPM 10-02]

Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up for the heating of zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 powder. The gas released
from this experiment turned lime water chalky.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi pemanasan serbuk zink karbonat, ZnCO3. Gas yang dibebaskan
daripada eksperimen ini mengeruhkan air kapur.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

(a) Name the gas released in this experiment.

Namakan gas yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(b) In table 2, state the colour of the residue of this experiment when it is hot and when it is cold.
Pada Jadual 2, nyatakan warna baki eksperimen ini apabila panas dan apabila sejuk

Colour of residue
Warna baki
Hot Cold
Panas Sejuk

Table 2
Jadual 2 [2 mark]
[2 markah]

(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

Tuliskan persamaan yang seimbang bagi tindak balas ini.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 25

(d) 12.5 g of zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 is heated during this experiment. Calculate the volume of gas released.
[RAM C=12, Zn=65, 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
12.5 g zink karbonat, ZnCO3 dipanaskan semasa eksperimen ini. Hitung isi padu gas yang dibebaskan.
[Jisim atom relatif: C=12;0=16; Zn = 65; 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]

[2mark]
[2markah]

(e) The residue of this experiment is reacted with substance X to produce zinc chloride, ZnCl2 solution.
Baki eksperimen ini ditindakbalaskan dengan bahan X untuk menghasilkan larutan zink klorida, ZnCl2.

(i) What is substance X?

Apakah bahan X?

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) How many moles of ions in one mole of zinc chloride? [1M]
Berapakah bilangan mol ion-ion dalam satu mol zink klorida?

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(iii) State one cation present in zinc chloride solution.
Nyatakan satu kation yang hadir dalam larutan zink klorida

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 26

[SPM 12-02]
Table 2 shows the empirical formulae and the molecular formulae of three compounds.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi tiga sebatian.

Compound Empirical formula Molecular formula

Sebatian Formula empirik Formula molekul
X …………….. C6H6
W C2H4O ……………..
Y Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2
Table 2
Jadual 2

(i) State the meaning of molecular formula.

Nyatakan maksud formula molekul.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) Relative molecular mass of compound W is 88. Determine the molecular formula of compound W.
[Relative atomic mass: C=12 ; H=l]
Jisim molekul relatif bagi sebatian W ialah 88. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian W.
[Jisim atom relatif C=12 ; H=l]

[2mark]
[2 markah]
(b) Write the empirical formula of compound X.
Tulis formula empirik sebatian X.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(c) When compound Y is heated strongly, it will decompose to form copper(II) oxide, oxygen gas and
nitrogen dioxide gas.
Apabila sebatian Y dipanaskan dengan kuat, ia akan terurai membentuk kuprum(II) oksida, gas oksigen
dan gas nitrogen dioksida.

(i) State the colour of nitrogen dioxide gas.

Nyatakan warna bagi gas nitrogen dioksida.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of compound Y.
Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi penguraian sebatian Y.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[2mark]
[2 markah]
MR. JAGEN Page | 27
Complete the relationship below.
Lengkapkan perkaitan di bawah.

Mass of nitrogen dioxide = Number of moles of nitrogen X

Jisim nitrogen dioksida dioxide
Bilangan mol nitrogen
dioksida

Volume of nitrogen dioxide = Number of moles of nitrogen X

Isipadu nitrogen dioksida dioxide
Bilangan mol nitrogen
dioksida

[SPM 14-02]
Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula for an oxide of copper.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi suatu oksida kuprum.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

(a) State the name of two reactants for the preparation of hydrogen gas.
Nyatakan nama dua bahan tindak balas bagi penyediaan gas hidrogen.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[2mark]
[2 markah]
(b) What is the function of anhydrous calcium chloride?
Apakah fungsi kalsium klorida kontang?

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 28

(c) Table 1 shows the data obtained from the experiment.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan data diperoleh daripada eksperimen itu.

Description Mass (g)

Penerangan Jisim (g)
Combustion tube + porcelain dish
24.60
Tiub pembakaran + piring porselin
Combustion tube + porcelain dish + oxide of copper
27.00
Tiub pembakaran + piring porselin + oksida kuprum
Combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper
26.52
Tiub pembakaran + piring porselin + kuprum
Table 1
Jadual 1
Based on Table 1, calculate the empirical formula for the oxide of copper.
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, hitung formula empirik bagi oksida kuprum.

[Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64; O = 16]

[Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64; O = 16]

[3mark]
[3 markah]

(d) How do you ensure all oxide of copper is reduced to copper?

Bagaimanakah anda memastikan semua oksida kuprum diturunkan kepada kuprum?

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
(e)(i) Can the empirical formula for magnesium oxide be determined by using this method?
Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan menggunakan kaedah ini?

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in 2(e)(i).
Berikan satu alasan bagi jawapan anda di 2(e)(i).

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 29

[SPM 16-03]

a) Green plant undergoes photosynthesis to produce glucose. The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
Tumbuhan hijau menjalankan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Formula molekul bagi glukosa
adalah C6H12O6.

(i) What is meant by molecular formula?

Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul?

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
(ii) Write the empirical formula for glucose C6H12O6.
Tulis formula empirik bagi glukosa C6H12O6.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
(iii) The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as below.
Persamaan kimia bagi fotosintesis adalah seperti di bawah.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Give three information that can be interpret from the chemical equation.
Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat di tafsir daripada persamaan kimia itu.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[3 mark]
[3markah]
(b) An iron nail that is exposed to air and water to form rust, hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.H2O. Chemical
equation for the reaction is as follows:
Paku besi yang terdedah kepada udara dan air menghasilkan karat, Fe2O3.H2O. Persamaan kimia untuk
tindak balas itu adalah seperti berikut:

X Fe + Y O2 + Z H2O  2 Fe2O3.H2O
(i) Balanced the chemical equation for the reaction by determine the value of X, Y and Z.
Seimbangkan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu dengan menentukan nilai X, Y dan Z.

X : ........... Y : ........ Z: ...........

[3 mark]
[3markah]

(ii) State the number of moles of iron that is required to produce 1 mole hydrated iron(III) oxide.
Nyatakan bilangan mol ferum yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 mol ferum(III) oksida terhidrat.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
MR. JAGEN Page | 30
[SBP17-03]

Table 3 shows the information for two sets of experiment to determine the empirical formula for the oxides
of metals P and Q.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan maklumat bagi dua set eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida
logam-logam P dan Q.

Set Method
Set Kaedah
Metal P is burnt in oxygen
I
Logam P dibakar dalam oksigen
Dry hydrogen gas is passed through hot metal Q oxide
II
Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui oksida logam Q yang panas
Table 3
Jadual 3

(a) What is meant by empirical formula?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula empirik?
Empirical formula is the formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms for each element in a
compound.
Formula empirik adalah formula yang menunjukkan nisbah teringkas bilangan atom setiap unsur bagi suatu
sebatian.
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
(b) Based on Set I:
Berdasarkan Set I:

(i) State one example of metal P.

Nyatakan satu contoh bagi logam P.
Magnesium/Mg//Zinc/Zn//Aluminium/Al
Magnesium/ Mg// Zink/ Zn// Aluminium/ Al
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]
(ii) Explain why the metal in 3(b)(i) is chosen.
Terangkan mengapa logam dalam 3(b)(i) dipilih.
Magnesium/Zinc/Aluminium is a reactive metal /
Magnesium/ zink/ aluminium adalah logam reaktif
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]

(iii) When carrying out the experiment in Set I, how to ensure that the reaction between metal P and oxygen
is completed?
Semasa menjalankan eksperimen dalam Set I, bagaimana untuk memastikan tindak balas antara logam
P dan oksigen telah lengkap?
Repeat heating, cooling and weighing until a constant mass is obtained
Ulang pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan sehingga jisim tetap diperolehi.
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 31

(c) Based on Set II:
Berdasarkan Set II:

(i) Draw a labelled diagram for the apparatus set-up used in the experiment.
Lukis gambar rajah berlabel bagi susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen itu.

Answer :
1. Functional diagram Gambarajah berfungsi
2. Label – dry hydrogen gas, Q oxide, heat
Label – gas hidrogen kering, oksida Q, panaskan
Q oxide

[2 marks]
Heat [2 markah]

(ii) When hydrogen gas is passed through 1.60 g oxide of metal Q, 1.28 g metal Q is formed. Determine the
empirical formula of the metal oxide.
[Relative atomic mass: O = 16; Q = 64]
Apabila gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui 1.60 g oksida logam Q, 1.28 g logam Q terhasil. Tentukan
formula empirik bagi oksida logam itu.[Jisim atom relatif: 0=16; Q = 64]

Element Unsur Q O

Mass (g)
1.28 0.32
Jisim (g)
No of moles of atoms Bil. 1.28/64 // 0.32/16 //
mol atom 0.02 0.02
Simplest mole ratio Nisbah
1 1
mol teringkas
Empirical formula Formula
empirik QO

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurs in Set II.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam Set II.

QO + H2  Q + H2O
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
[1mark]
[1markah]

MR. JAGEN Page | 32

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