Archivetemp01 Modul A + Kimia Tg5 - Bab 1

Bab
1 Tindak Balas Redoks

Redox Reactions
1.1 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan

Oxidation and Reduction
A Menerangkan Tindak Balas Redoks

Describe Redox Reactions
IA
1. Pengoksidaan dan penurunan boleh dijelaskan dari segi:
Oxidation and reduction can be explained in terms of:
Pengoksidaan Penurunan
Oxidation Reduction
Reduction
Oksigen Penambahan Kehilangan

oksigen oksigen
Oxygen
Gain Loss
of oxygen of oxygen
Hidrogen
Hydrogen
Elektron
Electron
AS Kehilangan
Loss
Kehilangan
Loss
hidrogen
of hydrogen
elektron
of electrons
Penambahan
Gain
Menerima
Gain
hidrogen
of hydrogen
elektron
of electrons
Nombor pengoksidaan Peningkatan Penurunan

nombor pengoksidaan nombor pengoksidaan
Oxidation number
Increase Decrease
in the oxidation number in the oxidation number
N
2. Tindak balas redoks ialah tindak balas kimia yang melibatkan penurunan dan pengoksidaan yang berlaku secara
serentak. Contoh tindak balas redoks:
Redox reactions are chemical reactions involving reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously. Example of redox reactions:
(a) Pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak/ Transfer of electron at a distance
(b) Pertukaran ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+ dan sebaliknya
PA
Change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+ and vice versa
(c) Penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya/ Displacement of metal from its salt solution
(d) Penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halidanya/ Displacement of halogen from its halide solution
3. Agen pengoksidaan ialah bahan yang menyebabkan pengoksidaan . Dalam tindak balas redoks, agen
pengoksidaan mengalami penurunan.
oxidation
The oxidising agent is the substance that causes . It is reduced in the redox reaction.
4. Agen penurunan ialah bahan yang menyebabkan penurunan . Dalam tindak balas redoks, agen penurunan
mengalami pengoksidaan.
reduction
The reducing agent is the substance that causes . It is oxidised in the redox reaction.
Agen penurunan/ Reducing agent Agen pengoksidaan/ Oxidising agent
1. Menderma/ Donates hidrogen/ hydrogen 1. Menerima/ Accepts hidrogen/ hydrogen
2. Menerima/ Accepts oksigen/ oxygen 2. Menderma/ Donates oksigen/ oxygen
3. Menderma/ Donates elektron/ electron 3. Menerima/ Accepts elektron/ electron
4. Pertambahan/ Increase nombor pengoksidaan/ 4. Pengurangan/ Decrease nombor pengoksidaan/

in oxidation number in oxidation number
1
Contoh/ Examples: Contoh/ Examples:
1. Ferum(II) sulfat/ Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 1. Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid/ Acidified
2. Kalium iodida/ Potassium iodide, KI potassium manganate(VII) solution, KMnO4/ H+
3. Gas hidrogen/ Hydrogen gas, H2 2. Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid/ Acidified
4. Serbuk zink/ Zink powder, Zn potassium dichromate(VI) solution, K2Cr2O7 / H+
5. Gas sulfur dioksida/ Sulfur dioxide gas, SO2 3. Air klorin/ Chlorine water, Cl2
6. Gas hidrogen sulfida/ Hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S 4. Air bromin/ Bromine water, Br2
5. Hidrogen peroksida/ Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
Contoh/Example 1
( Pengoksidaan/Oxidation )
IA
Mg + PbO  MgO + Pb
( Penurunan/Reduction )
(a) Magnesium, Mg mengalami pengoksidaan kerana berlaku penambahan oksigen.

oxidised gains
Magnesium, Mg is because it oxygen.
(b) Plumbum(II) oksida, PbO mengalami AS penurunan kerana berlaku kehilangan oksigen.
reduced loses
Lead(II) oxide, PbO is because it oxygen.
(c) Magnesium, Mg ialah agen penurunan kerana menyebabkan penurunan plumbum(II) oksida, PbO.
reducing reduction
Magnesium, Mg is the agent. It causes the of lead(II) oxide, PbO .
(d) Plumbum(II) oksida, PbO ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana menyebabkan pengoksidaan magnesium, Mg.
oxidising oxidation
Lead(II) oxide, PbO is the agent. It causes the of magnesium.
Contoh/Example 2
( Pengoksidaan/Oxidation )
N
H 2S + Cl2  S + 2HCl
( Penurunan/Reduction )
PA
(a) Hidrogen sulfida, H2S mengalami pengoksidaan kerana berlaku kehilangan hidrogen.
oxidised loses
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S is because it hydrogen.
(b) Klorin, Cl2 mengalami penurunan kerana berlaku penambahan hidrogen.
reduced gains
Chlorine,Cl2 is because it hydrogen.
(c) Hidrogen sulfida, H2S ialah agen penurunan kerana menyebabkan penurunan klorin, Cl2.
reducing reduction
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S is the agent. It causes the of chlorine,Cl2.
(d) Klorin, Cl2 ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana menyebabkan pengoksidaan hidrogen sulfida, H2S.
oxidising oxidation
Chlorine,Cl2 is the agent. It causes the of hydrogen sulphide, H2S.
Contoh/Example 3
Zn Zn2+ +2e– (Persamaan setengah/ Half-equation)
Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu (Persamaan setengah/Half-equation)
2
(a) Zink, Zn mengalami pengoksidaan kerana kehilangan 2 elektron untuk membentuk ion zink, Zn2+.
oxidised
Zinc, Zn is because it loses 2 electrons to form zinc ion, Zn2+.
(b) Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 mengalami penurunan kerana ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ menerima 2 elektron
untuk membentuk atom kuprum, Cu.
reduced 2
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is because copper(II) ion, Cu2+ gains electrons to form copper atom, Cu.
(c) Zink, Zn ialah agen penurunan kerana menyebabkan penurunan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
reducing reduction
Zinc, Zn is the agent. It causes the of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4.
(d) Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana menyebabkan pengoksidaan zink, Zn.
oxidising oxidation
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is the agent. It causes the of zinc, Zn.
IA
Contoh/Example 4
Nombor pengoksidaan bertambah / The oxidation number increases
H2 + CuO H2O + Cu
(a) Hidrogen, H2 mengalami

+1 .
0
AS
+2 –2
Nombor pengoksidaan
pengoksidaan
+1 –2
berkurang
0
/ The oxidation number
kerana nombor pengoksidaan bertambah daripada

decreases
0 kepada
oxidation 0 +1
Hydrogen, H2 undergoes because the oxidation number increases from to .
(b) Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ mengalami penurunan kerana nombor pengoksidaan berkurang daripada +2
kepada 0 .
N
+2 0
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ undergoes reduction because the oxidation number of copper decreases from to .
(c) Ion kuprum(II), Cu 2+
ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana mengoksidakan hidrogen. / Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is the
oxidising
agent because it oxidises hydrogen.
(d) Hidrogen, H2 ialah agen penurunan kerana menurunkan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+. / Hydrogen, H2 is the
PA
reducing
agent because it reduces copper(II) ion, Cu2+.
Contoh/Example 5
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
0 +2 +6 –2 +2 +6 –2 0
(a) Zink, Zn mengalami pengoksidaan kerana nombor pengoksidaan meningkat daripada 0 kepada
+2 .
oxidation 0 +2
Zinc, Zn undergoes because the oxidation number increases from to .
(b) Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 mengalami penurunan kerana nombor pengoksidaan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ menurun
daripada +2 kepada 0 .
+2
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 undergoes reduction because the oxidation number of copper(II) ion, Cu2+ decreases from to
0
.
(c) Zink ialah agen penurunan kerana menurunkan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+./ Zinc is the reducing
agent because it reduces copper(II) ion, Cu .
2+
(d) Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana mengoksidakan zink, Zn. / Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is
oxidising
the agent because it oxidises zinc, Zn.
3
I Pemindahan Elektron pada Suatu Jarak/ Transfer of Electrons at a Distance
1. Dalam tindak balas redoks, agen penurunan menderma elektron kepada agen pengoksidaan.
donates
In a redox reaction, a reducing agent electrons to an oxidising agent.
2. Apabila agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan dipisahkan oleh elektrolit dalam suatu tiub-U, elektron
dipindahkan melalui litar luar .
When an oxidising agent and a reducing agent are separated by an electrolyte in a U-tube, the electrons are transferred
external circuit
through an .
3. Pemindahan elektron boleh dikesan dengan galvanometer. Pesongan jarum galvanometer akan menunjukkan
arah aliran elektron.
The transfer of the electrons can be detected by a galvanometer. The deflection of the galvanometer needle will show the
direction
of the flow of electrons.
negatif
IA
4. Elektrod yang diletakkan dalam larutan agen penurunan bertindak sebagai terminal .
negative
The electrode placed in a reducing agent solution acts as the terminal.
5. Elektrod yang diletakkan dalam larutan agen pengoksidaan bertindak sebagai terminal positif .
positive
The electrode placed in an oxidising agent solution acts as the terminal.
AS AKTIVITI 1.1
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Mengkaji pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak dalam tindak balas redoks
To investigate the transfer of electrons at a distance in redox reaction
Bahan/ Materials:
Air klorin, larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 0.5 mol dm–3 , asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 2.0 mol dm–3, larutan kalium
dikromat(VI), K2Cr2O7 berasid larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm-3, larutan kalium manganat(VII), KMnO4
berasid 0.2 mol dm-3, larutan kanji 1%, larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH
Chlorine water, 0.5 mol dm–3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution, 2.0 mol dm–3 dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4, acidified
potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution, 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution, 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium
manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution, 1% starch solution, sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
N
Radas/ Apparatus:
Tiub-U, galvanometer, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung dengan klip buaya, elektrod karbon, kaki retort
dan pengapit, tabung uji, penitis, penutup satu lubang
U-tube, galvanometer, carbon electrodes, connecting wires with crocodile clips, carbon electrodes, retort stand with
clamp, test tube, dropper, stoppers with one hole
Prosedur/ Procedure:
PA
Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon

Carbon electrode Carbon electrode
Agen penurunan Agen pengoksidaan

Reducing agent Oxidising agent
Asid sulfurik cair H2SO4

Dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Rajah/Diagram 1.1
1. Tiub-U diapit secara menegak pada kaki retort.
A U-tube is clamped upright to a retort stand.
2. Asid sulfurik, H2SO4 cair 1.0 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam tiub-U sehingga arasnya 6 cm daripada mulut
tiub-U.
1.0 mol dm–3 dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is poured into the U-tube until its levels 6 cm away from the mouth of the
U-tube.
3. Menggunakan penitis, larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 0.5 mol dm–3 ditambahkan dengan berhati-hati pada
lengan kiri tiub-U sehingga lapisan larutan setinggi 3 cm.
Using a dropper, 0.5 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution is carefully added into the left arm of the U-tube until
the layer of solution reaches the height of 3 cm.
4
4. Menggunakan cara yang sama seperti langkah 3, 0.2 mol dm-3 larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid,
KMnO4 ditambahkan pada lengan kanan tiub-U.
In a similar manner as in step 3, 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution is added to the
right arm of the U-tube.
5. Elektrod karbon diletakkan ke dalam setiap lengan tiub-U.
A carbon electrode is placed in each arm of the U-tube.
6. Elektrod disambungkan kepada galvanometer dengan wayar penyambung.
The electrodes are connected to a galvanometer with connecting wires.
7. Pesongan jarum galvanometer diperhatikan untuk menentukan elektrod yang bertindak sebagai terminal
positif dan negatif.
The deflection of the galvanometer needle is observed to determine the electrodes that act as the positive and
IA
negative terminal.
8. Susunan radas dibiarkan selama 30 minit. Sebarang perubahan direkodkan.
direkodkan.
The set-up is left aside for 30 minutes. Any change is recorded.
9. Menggunakan penitis yang bersih, 1 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 dikeluarkan dan dimasukkan ke
dalam tabung uji. Kemudian, beberapa titis larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH dimasukkan ke dalam
tabung uji. Sebarang perubahan direkodkan.
Using a clean dropper, 1 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution is draw and placed in a test tube. Then a few drops
of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution are added to the test tube. Any change is recorded.
10. Langkah 1 hingga 8 diulang dengan menggunakan larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm-3 dan larutan
AS
kalium dikromat(VI), K2Cr2O7 berasid 0.2 mol dm-3.
Steps 1 to 8 are repeated using 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution and 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium
dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution.
11. Menggunakan penitis yang bersih, 1 cm3 larutan kalium iodida, KI dikeluarkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam
tabung uji. Kemudian, beberapa titis larutan kanji dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji. Sebarang perubahan
direkodkan.
Using a clean dropper, 1 cm3 of potassium iodide, KI solution is drawn and placed in a test tube. Then a few drops
of starch solution are added to the test tube. Any change is recorded.
Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data:

1. Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 + larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid, KMnO4
N
Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution + Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution
Pemerhatian/ Observation Inferens/ Inference
(a) Pesongan jarum galvanometer menunjukkan Elekron mengalir daripada elektrod dalam larutan
elektrod dalam larutan ferum(II) sulfat bertindak ferum(II) sulfat
PA
kepada elektrod dalam

negatif
sebagai terminal manakala larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
.
elektrod dalam larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
positif The electrons flow from the electrode in
bertindak sebagai terminal . iron(II) sulphate
solution to the electrode in the
The deflection of the galvanometer needle shows acidified potassium manganate(VII)
that the electrode in iron(II) sulphate solution acts as
solution.
negative
the terminal whereas the electrode in
acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution acts as the
positive
terminal.
(b) Larutan hijau muda larutan ferum(II) sulfat bertukar Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ dioksidakan kepada ion
perang ferum(III), Fe3+.
kepada .
brown Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ is oxidised to iron(III) ion,
Pale green iron(II) sulphate solution turns .
Fe3+.
(c) Larutan ungu kalium manganat(VII) berasid bertukar Ion manganat(VII) diturunkan kepada ion
tidak berwarna mangan(II).
kepada .
Manganate(VII) ion is reduced to
Purple acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution turns
manganese(II) ion.
colourless
.
5
(d) Mendakan perang terbentuk apabila Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ hadir.
ditambah larutan natrium hidroksida. Iron(III) ions, Fe3+ are present.
A brown precipitate is formed when sodium
hydroxide solution is added.
(e) Ion manganat(VII), MnO4– bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan . Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ bertindak sebagai
agen penurunan .
Manganate(VII) ions, MnO4– act as the oxidising agent. Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ act as the reducing agent.
2. Larutan kalium iodida, KI + larutan kalium dikromat(VI), K2Cr2O7 berasid

Potassium iodide, KI solution + acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution
IA
(a) Pesongan jarum galvanometer menunjukkan Elektron mengalir daripada elektrod dalam larutan
elektrod dalam larutan kalium iodida bertindak kalium iodida kepada elektrod dalam larutan
negatif
sebagai terminal manakala kalium dikromat(VI) berasid .
elektrod dalam larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
The electrons flow from the electrode in
bertindak sebagai terminal positif . potassium iodide solution to the electrode in the
AS
The deflection of the galvanometer needle shows that
the electrode in potassium iodide solution acts as the
negative
terminal whereas the electrode in
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution acts as the
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.
positive
terminal.
(b) Larutan tak berwarna kalium iodida bertukar kepada Ion iodida dioksidakan kepada iodin.
perang . oxidised
Iodide ion is to iodine.
brown
Colourless potassium iodide solution turns .
N
(c) Larutan jingga kalium dikromat(VI) berasid bertukar Ion dikromat(VI) diturunkan kepada ion
hijau kromium(III).
kepada .
Dichromate(VI) ion is reduced to chromium
Orange acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution turns
(III) ion.
green
PA
(d) Larutan perang bertukar kepada biru tua Iodin hadir.

apabila ditambah larutan kanji.
kanji Iodine is present.
The brown solution turns to dark blue when starch

solution is added.
(e) Ion dikromat(VI), Cr2O72- bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan . Ion iodida, I- bertindak sebagai agen
penurunan .
Dichromate(VI) ions, Cr2O72- act as the oxidising agent. Iodide ions, I- act as the reducing agent.
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
1. Nyatakan bahan-bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan dan penurunan. Terangkan jawapan anda dari segi
pemindahan elektron.
State the substance that undergoes oxidation and reduction. Explain your answer in terms of electron transfer.
(a) Pengoksidaan/Oxidation:
Ferum(II) sulfat dan kalium iodida kehilangan elektron/ Iron(II) sulphate and potassium iodide lose of electrons
6
(b) Penurunan/ Reduction:
Kalium dikromat(VI) berasid dan kalium manganat(VII) berasid menerima elektron
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) and acidified potassium manganate(VII) accept electrons
2. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi pengoksidaan dan penurunan yang berikut:

Write the half-equations for the following oxidation and reduction:
(a) Tindak balas antara larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 dengan larutan kalium manganat(VII), KMnO4
berasid
Reaction between iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution with acidified potassium manganate(VII),
manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution
Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation:
Fe2+  Fe3+ + e–
IA
Penurunan/ Reduction:
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e–  Mn2+ + 4H2O
(b) Tindak balas antara larutan kalium iodida, KI dengan larutan kalium dikromat(VI), K2Cr2O7 berasid
Reaction between potassium iodide, KI solution with acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution
Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation:
2I–  I2 + 2e–
Penurunan/ Reduction:
AS
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e–  2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3. Nyatakan bahan berikut/ State the following substance:

(a) Agen pengoksidaan/ Oxidising agents:
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid/ Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid/ Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution
(b) Agen penurunan/ Reducing agent:

Larutan ferum(II) sulfat/ Iron(II) sulphate solution
Larutan kalium iodida
iodida/ Potassium iodide solution
N
4. Elektrod dalam agen penurunan bertindak sebagai terminal negatif manakala elektrod dalam
agen pengoksidaan bertindak sebagai terminal positif .
The electrode in the reducing agents acts as the negative terminal while the electrode in the oxidising
agents acts as the positive terminal.
PA
5. Elektron mengalir daripada agen penurunan kepada agen pengoksidaan melalui litar luar.
The electrons flow from reducing agents to oxidising agents through external circuit.
B Tindak Balas Redoks Berdasarkan Perubahan Nombor Pengoksidaan

Redox Reaction Based on Changes in Oxidation Number
Unsur/ Oxidation Number of An element
I Nombor Pengoksidaan bagi Unsur
1. Peraturan umum menentukan nombor pengoksidaan
pengoksidaan/ General rules to determine oxidation number:
(a) Nombor pengoksidaan bagi atom suatu unsur bebas ialah sifar , 0 .
zero 0
The oxidation number of an atom in its elements state is , .
(b) Nombor pengoksidaan bagi hidrogen biasanya ialah +1 .
+1
The oxidation number of hydrogen usually is .
–2
(c) Nombor pengoksidaan bagi oksigen biasanya ialah .
–2
The oxidation number of oxygen usually is .
(d) Nombor pengoksidaan bagi halogen biasanya ialah –1 .
–1
The oxidation number of Halogen usually is .
(e) Jumlah nombor pengoksidaan bagi semua unsur dalam suatu sebatian neutral mestilah sifar , 0 .
zero 0
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the elements in a neutral compound must be , .
7
Contoh/Example 6
(a) Manakah antara persamaan berikut merupakan tindak balas redoks?
Which of the following equations is a redox reaction?
Persamaan/ Equation I: Na2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + 2NaNO3
Persamaan/ Equation II: Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
Penyelesaian/ Solution:
Persamaan / Equation I: Na2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + 2NaNO3
+1 +6 –2 +2 +5 –2 +2 +6 –2 +1 +5 –2
Nombor pengoksidaan bagi Na, S, O, Ba dan N tidak berubah . Persamaan I bukan tindak balas redoks .
did not change not a redox reaction
The oxidation numbers of Na, S, O, Ba and N . Equation I is .
Persamaan/ Equation II: Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
IA
0 +2 +6 –2 +2 +6 –2 0
Persamaan II ialah tindak balas redoks kerana terdapat perubahan nombor pengoksidaan. Mg dioksidakan kepada Mg
2+
(0 kepada +2), manakala Cu2+ diturunkan kepada Cu (+2 kepada 0) .

there is a change in the oxidation numbers. Mg is oxidised to Mg2+ (0 to +2) while Cu2+
Equation II is a redox reaction because
is reduced to Cu (+2 to 0).
.
perubahan nombor pengoksidaan.

AS
(b) Persamaan berikut menunjukkan perubahan Fe2+ kepada Fe3+. Namakan jenis tindak balas dan terangkan berdasarkan
The following equation shows the change of Fe2+ to Fe3+. Name the type of reaction and explain it based on the change in the oxidation
number.
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–
Proses pengoksidaan kerana nombor pengoksidaan berubah daripada +2 kepada +3 .
Oxidation +2 to +3.
process because the oxidation number change from .
(c) Kaji persamaan keseluruhan ion berikut dan tentukan bahan yang mengalami proses pengoksidaan dan proses penurunan.
N
Study the following overall ionic equation and determine the material that undergoes oxidation and reduction processes.
Cu + 2Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2Ag
Kuprum, Cu mengalami pengoksidaan kerana nombor pengoksidaan berubah daripada 0 kepada +2 . Ion
argentum, Ag+ mengalami penurunan kerana nombor pengoksidaan berubah daripada +1 kepada 0 .
PA
oxidation 0 to +2
Copper, Cu undergoes as the oxidation number change from . The argentum ion, Ag+
reduction +1 to 0
undergoes as the oxidation number change from .
II Penamaan Sebatian Mengikut Sistem Penamaan IUPAC

Naming Compounds According to the IUPAC Nomenclature
1. Kebanyakan unsur hanya mempunyai satu nombor pengoksidaan. Sesetengah unsur seperti unsur peralihan,
karbon, nitrogen dan sulfur mempunyai lebih daripada satu nombor pengoksidaan.
Many elements have just one oxidation number, but some elements such as transition metals, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
have more than one oxidation number.
2. Untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan, angka Roman (I, II, III...) dimasukkan dalam nama sebatian dengan unsur yang
mempunyai lebih daripada satu nombor pengoksidaan.
To avoid confusion, Roman numeral (I, II, III, etc) are included in naming of some compound with element which has
more than one oxidation number.
3. Bagi sebatian ion yang ringkas, angka Roman yang menyatakan nombor pengoksidaan unsur logam ditulis di
dalam kurungan selepas nama logam itu.
brackets
For simple ionic compounds, the Roman numeral of the oxidation number of metal element is written in ,
following the name of the metal.
8
Contoh/Example 7
Formula kimia sebatian Nombor pengoksidaan Nama IUPAC bagi sebatian

Compound chemical formula Oxidation number IUPAC name of the compound
FeCl2 x + 2(–1) = 0, x = +2 Ferum(II) klorida/ Iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 x + 3(–1) = 0, x = +3 Ferum( III ) klorida/ Iron( III ) chloride
Cu2O 2x + (–2) = 0, x = +1 Kuprum( I ) oksida/ Copper( I

) oxide
CuO x + (–2) = 0, x = +2 Kuprum( II ) oksida/ Copper( II ) oxide
IA
SnO x + (–2) = 0, x = +2 Stanum( II ) oksida/ Tin( II ) oxide
SnO2 x + 2(–2) =0, x = +4 Stanum( IV ) oksida/ T

Tin(
in(
IV
) oxide
PbO x + (–2) = 0, x = +2 Plumbum( II ) oksida/ Lead( II ) oxide
PbO2 x + 2(–2) = 0, x = +4 Plumbum( IV ) oksida/ Lead( IV ) oxide
Tip SPM AS
Bagi unsur yang mempunyai hanya satu nombor pengoksidaan, tidak perlu ditulis dalam angka Roman. Contohnya, natrium
klorida, magnesium oksida dan aluminium klorida. Unsur-unsur ini berada di Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Tip SPM
For elements with just one oxidation number, do not need to write it in Roman numerals. For example, sodium chloride, magnesium oxide and
aluminium chloride. Such elements are in Groups 1, 2 and 13 in the Periodic Table of Elements.
III Pertukaran Ion Fe2+ kepada Ion Fe3+ dan Sebaliknya/ Change of Fe2+ Ions to Fe3+ Ions and Vice Versa
1. Logam besi (ferum) mempunyai dua nombor pengoksidaan/ Iron metal has two oxidation numbers.
N
(a) Dalam ion ferum(II), Fe2+, nombor pengoksidaan ialah +2/ In iron(II) ions, Fe2+, the oxidation number is +2.
(b) Dalam ion ferum(III), Fe3+, nombor pengoksidaan ialah +3/ In iron(III) ions, Fe3+ the oxidation number is +3.
2. Pertukaran ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+ merupakan proses pengoksidaan .
oxidation
The change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+ is an process.
pengoksidaan
PA
3. Agen diperlukan untuk mengoksidakan ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+
oxidising
An agent is required to oxidise the iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+.
4. Pertukaran ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+ merupakan proses penurunan .
reduction
The change of iron(III) ions, Fe to iron (II) ions, Fe is a
3+ 2+
process.
5. Agen penurunan diperlukan untuk menurunkan ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+.
reducing
A agent is required to reduce the iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to iron(II) ions, Fe2+.
AKTIVITI 1.2
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Mengkaji tindak balas pertukaran ion Fe2+ kepada ion Fe3+ dan sebaliknya.
To investigate the change of Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions and vice versa.
Bahan/ Materials:
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 0.5 mol dm–3, larutan ferum(III) klorida, FeCl3 0.5 mol dm–3, air bromin, pita
magnesium, larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 2.0 mol dm–3, kertas turas
0.5 mol dm–3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution, 0.5 mol dm–3 iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 solution, bromine water, magnesium
ribbon, 2.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution, filter paper
Radas/ Apparatus:
Penitis, spatula, penyepit tabung uji, penunu Bunsen, corong turas, rak tabung uji, silinder penyukat, tabung
uji
Dropper, spatula, test tube holder, Bunsen burner, filter funnel, test tube rack, measuring cylinder, test tube
9
A Pertukaran ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+
Changes of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions, Fe3+
1. 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 0.5 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution is measured and pour into a test tube.
2. Air bromin ditambah setitis demi setitis ke dalam tabung uji yang berisi larutan dengan menggunakan
penitis sambil digoncang sehingga tiada perubahan warna dapat diperhatikan.
Bromine water is added to the solution in the test tube drop by drop using a dropper until no further changes are
observed.
3. Campuran digoncang dan dihangatkan perlahan-lahan.
The mixture is shaken well and warm gently.
4. Larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 0.2 mol dm–3 ditambah setitis demi setitis sehingga berlebihan.
Pemerhatian direkodkan.
0.2 mol dm–3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is added drop by drop until in excess. Observations are recorded.
IA
B Pertukaran ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+
Changes of iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to iron(II) ions, Fe2+
1. 2 cm3 larutan ferum(III) klorida, FeCl3 dituang ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm3 of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 solution is measured and pour into a test tube.
2. 2 cm pita magnesium ditambah ke dalam larutan.
2 cm of magnesium ribbon is added into the solution.
AS
3. Campuran digoncang dan dihangatkan perlahan-lahan sehingga tiada perubahan diperhatikan.
The mixture is shaken well and warm gently until no further changes.
4. Campuran dituras ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
The mixture is filtered into a test tube.
5. Larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 0.2 mol dm–3 ditambah setitis demi setitis sehingga berlebihan.
Pemerhatian direkodkan.
0.2 mol dm–3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is added drop by drop until in excess. Observations are recorded.
Tindak balas/
Reaction
N
hijau muda perang Fe2+
A Larutan menjadi . Ion dioksidakan kepada ion
Pale green solution turns brown .
Fe3+ .
Fe2+ ions are oxidised to Fe3+ ions
PA
Mendakan perang tak larut dalam Ion Fe

3+
hadir.
larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan. Fe3+ ions present.
Brown precipitate insoluble in excess
sodium hydroxide solution.
B Larutan perang menjadi hijau muda . Ion Fe3+ diturunkan kepada ion
Brown solution turns pale green .
Fe2+ .
Fe3+ ions are reduced to Fe2+ ions
Mendakan hijau muda tak larut dalam Ion Fe hadir.

2+
larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan. Fe2+ ions present.

Pale green precipitate insoluble in excess
sodium hydroxide solution.
1. Berdasarkan pengoksidaan ion Fe2+ kepada Fe3+/ Based on oxidation of Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ions:
(a) Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi:
Write the half-equations for:
(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation: Fe2+  Fe3+ + e–
(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: Br2 + 2e–  2Br-
10
(b) Tuliskan persamaan keseluruhan ion./ Write the overall ionic equation.
2Fe2+ + Br2  2Fe3+ + 2Br–
(c) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bahan berikut dan peranannya.

State the change in the oxidation number of the following substance and its role.
Bahan Perubahan nombor pengoksidaan Peranan

Substance Change of the oxidation number Role
Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ +2  +3

Agen penurunan
Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ Reducing agent
Air bromin, Br2 Agen pengoksidaan
IA
0  –1
Bromine water, Br2 Oxidising agent
2. Berdasarkan penurunan ion Fe3+ kepada ion Fe2+:

Based on reduction of Fe3+ ion to Fe2+ ion:
(a) Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi:/ Write the half-equation for:
(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation: Mg  Mg2+ + 2e–
(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: Fe3+ + e–  Fe2+
2Fe3+ + Mg  2Fe2+ + Mg2+

AS
(c) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bahan berikut dan peranannya.


Substance Change of oxidation number Role
Magnesium, Mg 0  +2
Agen penurunan
Magnesium, Mg Reducing agent
N
Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ +3  +2
Agen pengoksidaan
Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ Oxidising agent
PA
C Tindak Balas Penyesaran Sebagai Tindak Balas Redoks

Displacement Reactions as Redox Reactions
I Penyesaran Logam daripada Larutan Garamnya/ Displacement of Metal from its Salt Solution
1. Logam yang berada pada kedudukan yang lebih atas dalam siri elektrokimia adalah lebih elektropositif.
A metal at a higher position in the electrochemical series is more electropositive.
2. Logam ini merupakan agen penurunan yang lebih kuat kerana mempunyai kecenderungan yang lebih
tinggi untuk melepaskan elektron.
It is a stronger reducing agent because it has a higher tendency to lose electrons.
Logam Ion positif

Metal Positive ions
Ca Ca2+ + 2e–
Kecenderungan Mg Mg2+ + 2e–
logam untuk Al Al3+ + 3e–
melepaskan Zn Zn2+ + 2e–
elektron Fe Fe2+ + 2e–
Tendency of metal Sn Sn2+ + 2e–
to lose electron Pb Pb2+ + 2e–
Cu Cu2+ + 2e–
Ag Ag+ + e–
Rajah/Diagram 1.2
11
3. Logam yang lebih elektropositif boleh menyesarkan logam yang kurang elektropositif daripada larutan
garamnya.
A more electropositive metals can displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solutions.
Contoh/ Example:
Kepingan zink, Zn dimasukkan ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
A zinc, Zn strip is placed in a copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
(a) Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation: Zn + CuSO4  Cu + ZnSO4
(b) Persamaan ion/ Ionic equation: Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu
(c) Zink dioksidakan kerana nombor pengoksidaan bertambah daripada 0
kepada +2 Kepingan zink, Zn
Zinc, Zn strip
Zinc is oxidised because the oxidation number increases from 0 to +2.
Larutan kuprum(II)
(d) Ion Cu2+ diturunkan kerana nombor pengoksidaan berkurang daripada sulfat, CuSO4
Copper(II) sulphate,
IA
+2 kepada 0 CuSO4 solution
Cu2+ ion is reduced because the oxidation number decreases from +2 to 0 Rajah/Diagram 1.3
(e) Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan/ Oxidation half-equation:
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
(f) Persamaan setengah penurunan/ Reduction half-equation:
Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Contoh/Example 8
AS
Kepingan kuprum, Cu dimasukkan ke dalam larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3.
A copper, Cu strip is placed in a silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution.
Kepingan kuprum, Cu
(a) Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation: Cu + 2AgNO3  2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 Copper, Cu strip
Cu + 2Ag+  Cu2+ + 2Ag Larutan argentum nitrat,

(b) Persamaan ion/ Ionic equation: AgNO3
Silver nitrate, AgNO3
(c) Kuprum dioksidakan kerana nombor pengoksidaan solution
bertambah daripada 0 kepada +2.

Rajah/Diagram 1.4
Copper is oxidised because the oxidation number increases from
N
0 to +2.
(d) Ion Ag+ diturunkan kerana nombor pengoksidaan berkurang daripada +1 kepada 0 .
Ag ion is
+ reduced because the oxidation number decreases from +1 to 0 .
(e) Persamaan setengah/ Half-equation:
PA
(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation – Hilang elektron/ Lose electrons

Cu  Cu2+ + 2e–
(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction – Terima elektron/ Gain electrons

Ag+ + e–  Ag
AKTIVITI 1.3
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Mengkaji tindak balas penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya.

To investigate the displacement reaction of metals from their salt solution.
Bahan/ Materials:
Kepingan magnesium, kepingan zink, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3
Magnesium strip, zinc strip, 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution
Radas/ Apparatus:
Tabung uji, rak tabung uji, silinder penyukat, kertas pasir
Test tubes, test tube rack, measuring cylinder, sand paper
12
Pita magnesium, Mg
Magnesium, Mg ribbon
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.5
1. Sekeping pita magnesium, Mg dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
IA
A piece of magnesium, Mg ribbon is cleaned with sand paper.
2. 7 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3 dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji.
7 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution is poured into a test tube.
3. Pita magnesium, Mg dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji.
The magnesium, Mg ribbon is added into the test tube.
4. Radas dibiarkan selama 20 minit dan pemerhatian direkodkan.
The apparatus is left for 20 minutes and the observations are recorded.
5. Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menggantikan pita magnesium, Mg dengan kepingan zink, Zn.
Tindak balas/
Reaction
Mg + CuSO4 Larutan
AS
Repeat steps 1 until 4 by replacing magnesium, Mg ribbon with a zinc, Zn strip.
Keputusan/ Result:
Pemerhatian/ Observation
biru bertukar menjadi Kuprum

Inferens/ Inference
disesarkan daripada
tak berwarna kuprum(II) sulfat
. larutan .
The blue solution turns colourless . Copper is displaced from
copper(II) sulphate
N
solution.
Pepejal perang terenap. Logam kuprum terhasil.

A brown solid is deposited. Copper metal formed.
biru tak berwarna Kuprum

Zn + CuSO4 Larutan bertukar menjadi . disesarkan daripada
PA
The blue solution turns colourless . larutan

kuprum(II) sulfat .
Copper is displaced from
copper(II) sulphate solution.
perang kuprum
Pepejal terenap. Logam terhasil.
A brown solid is deposited. Copper metal formed.

1. Berdasarkan tindak balas Mg + CuSO4:/ Based on the reaction of Mg + CuSO4:
(a) Terangkan tindak balas penyesaran yang berlaku./ Explain the displacement reaction occurred.
Logam magnesium, Mg lebih elektropositif berbanding logam kuprum, Cu. Logam magnesium, Mg boleh
menyesarkan kuprum, Cu daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Magnesium, Mg metal is more electropositive than copper, Cu metal. Magnesium, Mg metal can displace copper,
Cu from copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
(b) Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi:/ Write the half-equation for:

(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation: Mg  Mg2+ + 2e–
(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
13
(c) Tuliskan persamaan keseluruhan ion./ Write the overall ionic equation.
Mg + Cu2+  Mg2+ + Cu
(d) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bahan berikut dan peranannya.


Magnesium, Mg 0  +2
Agen penurunan
Magnesium. Mg Reducing agent
Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ +2  0

Agen pengoksidaan
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ Oxidising agent
IA
2. Berdasarkan tindak balas Zn + CuSO4:/Based on the reaction of Zn + CuSO4:
(a) Terangkan tindak balas penyesaran yang berlaku./ Explain the displacement reaction occurred.
Logam zink, Zn lebih elektropositif berbanding logam kuprum, Cu. Logam zink, Zn boleh menyesarkan
kuprum, Cu daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Zinc, Zn metal is more electropositive compare to copper, Cu metal. Zinc, Zn metal can displace copper, Cu from
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.

AS
(b) Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi:/ Write the half-equation for:
(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation: Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu
(c) Lengkapkan jadual berikut/ Complete the following table:

N
Substance Change of oxidation number Role
Zink, Zn 0  +2
Agen penurunan
Zink, Zn Reducing agent
PA
Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ +2  0

Agen pengoksidaan
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ Oxidising agent
1. Logam yang lebih elektropositif boleh menyesarkan logam yang kurang elektropositif daripada
larutan garamnya.
more electropositive less electropositive
A metal can displace a metal from its salt solution.
2. Logam yang lebih elektropositif mengalami proses pengoksidaan dan bertindak sebagai agen
penurunan .
oxidation reducing
The more electropositive metal undergoes process and acts as the agent.
3. Logam yang kurang elektropositif (ion logam) mengalami proses penurunan dan bertindak
sebagai agen pengoksidaan .
reduction oxidising
The less electropositive metal (metal ions) undergoes process and acts as the
agent.
14
II Penyesaran Halogen daripada Halidanya/ Displacement of Halogen from its Halide Solution
1. Unsur-unsur Kumpulan 17 dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur dikenali sebagai halogen. Contoh-contoh halogen
ialah fluorin, klorin, bromin dan iodin.
The elements in Group 17 of the Periodic Table Elements are called the halogens.. Examples of halogens are fluorine,
chlorine, bromine and iodine.
2. Semua atom halogen mempunyai 7 elektron valens. Halogen merupakan agen pengoksidaan yang kuat
kerana atom halogen cenderung menerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil.
All halogen atoms have 7 valence electrons. As a result, halogens are strong oxidising agents because they tend to
accept an electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
3. Halogen yang berada pada kedudukan lebih tinggi dalam kumpulan adalah lebih reaktif dan boleh
IA
menyesarkan halogen yang berada pada kedudukan yang lebih rendah daripada larutan halidanya.
Halogens that located higher in the group are more reactive and can displace the halogens located
lower in the group from their halide solutions.
4. Kuasa halogen sebagai agen pengoksidaan berkurang apabila menuruni kumpulan.

The strength of halogen as oxidising agents decreases down the group.
AS
Cl2
Br2
I2
Kekuatan sebagai agen pengoksidaan berkurang
Strength as an oxidising agent decreases
Rajah/Diagram 1.6
Ek stra
Ekstra Tip
N
Halogen Warna dalam larutan akueus Warna dalam larutan 1,1,1-trikloroetana
Halogen Colour in the aqueous solution Colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethane solution
Klorin, Cl2 Kuning kehijauan Tanpa warna

Chlorine, Cl2 Greenish yellow Colourless
PA
Bromin, Br2 Perang Perang

Bromine, Br2 Brown Brown
Iodin, I2 Perang Ungu

Iodine, I2 Brown Purple
AKTIVITI 1.4
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Mengkaji pengoksidaan dan penurunan dalam tindak balas penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halidanya.
To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of halogen from its halide solution.
Bahan/ Materials:
Air klorin, air bromin, larutan iodin, larutan kalium bromida, KBr 0.5 mol dm–3, larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5
mol dm–3, larutan 1,1,1-trikloroetana
Chlorine water, bromine water, iodine solution, 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium bromide, KBr solution, 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium
iodide, KI solution, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane solution
Radas/ Apparatus:
Tabung uji, rak tabung uji
Test tubes, test tube rack
15
Air klorin
Chlorine water
Larutan kalium bromida, KBr

Potassium bromide, KBr solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.7
1. Kira-kira 2 cm larutan kalium bromida, KBr 0.5 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
3
About 2 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium bromide, KBr solution is poured into a test tube.
2. Dengan menggunakan penitis, kira-kira 2 cm3 air klorin ditambah setitis demi setitis ke dalam tabung uji
yang berisi larutan kalium bromida, KBr.
IA
By using a dropper, about 2 cm3 of chlorine water is added drop by drop to potassium bromide, KBr solution in the
test tube.
3. Campuran digoncangkan.
The mixture is shaken well.
4. Kira-kira 2 cm3 larutan 1,1,1-trikloroetana ditambah kepada campuran dan campuran digoncangkan.
About 2 cm3 of 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane solution is added to the mixture and the mixture is shaken well.
5. Warna lapisan larutan akueus dan larutan 1,1,1-trikloroetana diperhatikan dan direkodkan.
The colour of the layers of aqueous solution and the 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane solution are observed and recorded.
6. Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggunakan halogen dan larutan halida yang ditunjukkan dalam
AS
jadual di bawah.
Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using halogens and halide solution as shown in the table below.
Pemerhatian/ Observation:
Warna/Colour of
Tindak balas Inferens
Reaction larutan akueus larutan 1, 1, 1-trikloroetana Inference
aqueous solution 1,1,1-trichloroethane solution
Air klorin + Bromin hadir

kalium bromida Perang Perang Bromine is present
Chlorine water + Brown Brown Bromin disesarkan oleh klorin
N
potassium bromide Bromine is displaced by chlorine
Air bromin + lodin hadir

kalium iodida Perang kemerahan Ungu lodine is present
Bromine water + Reddish brown Purple lodin disesarkan oleh bromin
potassium iodide Iodine is displaced by bromine
PA
lodin hadir
Larutan iodin + lodine is present
kalium bromida Perang kemerahan Ungu Tiada tindak balas. Iodin tidak
lodine solution + Reddish brown Purple dapat menyesarkan bromin
potassium bromide No reaction. Iodine cannot displace
bromine

Oxidation Reduction
Persamaan setengah 2Br–(ak/aq)  Br2(ak/aq) + 2e– Cl2(ak/aq) + 2e–  2Cl–(ak/aq)

Half-equation
Larutan kuning kehijauan menjadi tidak

Pemerhation Larutan tidak berwarna menjadi perang berwarna
Observation The colourless solution turns brown The greenish-yellow solution becomes
colourless
Persamaan keseluruhan ion Cl2(ak/aq) + 2Br–(ak/aq)  2Cl–(ak/aq) + Br2(ak/aq)

Overall ionic equation
16
Agen penurunan Kalium bromida
Reducing agent Potassium bromide
Agen pengoksidaan Air klorin

Oxidising agent Chlorine water
Oxidation Reduction
Persamaan setengah 2I–(ak/aq)  I2(ak/aq) + 2e– Br2(ak/aq) + 2e–  2Br–(ak/aq)

Half-equation
IA
Pemerhation Larutan tidak berwarna menjadi perang Larutan perang menjadi tidak berwarna
Observation The colourless solution turns brown The brown solution turns colourless
Persamaan keseluruhan ion Br2(ak/aq) + 2I–(ak/aq)  2Br–(ak/aq) + I2(ak/

(ak/aq)
Overall ionic equation
Agen penurunan Kalium iodida

Reducing agent
Agen pengoksidaan
Oxidising agent
Kesimpulan/ Conclussion:
1. Air klorin menyesarkan
AS Potassium iodide
bromin dan iodin

Air bromin
Bromine water
daripada larutan halidanya. Air bromin hanya dapat

iodin
menyesarkan daripada larutan halidanya.
bromine and iodine
Chlorine water displaces from their respective halide solution. Bromine water
iodine
N
can only displace from its halide solution.
halogen yang kurang reaktif daripada larutan halidanya.

2. Halogen yang lebih reaktif dapat menyesarkan .
a less reactive halogen from its halide solution
A more reactive halogen can displace .
PA
Contoh/Example 9
Air klorin boleh menyesarkan iodin daripada larutan kalium iodida, KI. Klorin ialah agen pengoksidaan
manakala ion iodida, I– mengalami pengoksidaan.

Chlorine water can displace iodine from potassium iodide, KI solution. Chlorine is an oxidising agent while
iodide ions undergo oxidation.
(a) Persamaan kimia/Chemical equation: Cl2 + 2KI  2KCl + I2
(b) Persamaan keseluruhan ion/ Overall ionic equation: Cl2 + 2I–  2Cl– + I2
(c) Persamaan setengah/ Half-equation:

(i) Penurunan/ Reduction – Terima elektron/ Gain electrons
Cl2 + 2e–  2Cl–
(ii) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation – Hilang elektron/ Lose electrons

2I  I2 + 2e–
–
17
Contoh/Example 10
Air klorin boleh menyesarkan bromin daripada larutan kalium bromida, KBr. Klorin ialah agen pengoksidaan
manakala ion bromida, Br– mengalami pengoksidaan .

Chlorine water can displace bromine from potassium bromide, KBr solution. Chlorine is an oxidising agent while bromide
ions, Br– undergo oxidation .
(a) Persamaan kimia/Chemical equation: Cl2 + 2KBr  2KCl + Br2
(b) Persamaan keseluruhan ion/ Overall ionic equation: Cl2 + 2Br–  2Cl– + Br2

(i) Penurunan / Reduction – Terima elektron/ Gain electrons
Cl2 + 2e  2Cl
– –
IA
(ii) Pengoksidaan / Oxidation – – Hilang elektron/ Lose electrons
2Br  Br2 + 2e
– –
Contoh/Example 11
Air bromin boleh menyesarkan iodin daripada larutan kalium iodida, KI. Bromin ialah agen pengoksidaan manakala
pengoksidaan
ion iodida, I– mengalami
AS .
Bromine water can displace iodine from potassium iodide, KI solution. Bromine is an
undergo oxidation .
oxidising agent while iodide ions, I–
(a) Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation: Br2 + 2KI  2KBr + I2
(b) Persamaan keseluruhan ion/ Overall ionic equation: Br2 + 2I–  2Br– + I2

(i) Penurunan/ Reduction – Terima elektron/ Gain electrons
N
Br2 + 2e–  2Br–
(ii) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation – Hilang elektron/ Lose electrons

2I–  I2 + 2e
PA
Uji Kendiri 1.1

1. Nyatakan definisi bagi tindak balas redoks.
State the definition of a redox reaction.
Tindak balas kimia yang melibatkan pengoksidaan dan penurunan yang berlaku secara serentak.
Chemical reactions involving oxidation and reduction occuring simultaneously.
2. Rajah 1.8 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi mengkaji pengoksidaan dan penurunan berdasarkan pemindahan elektron
pada satu jarak.
Diagram 1.8 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the oxidation and reduction based on the transfer of electron at a distance.
Karbon P Karbon Q
Carbon P Carbon Q
Larutan kalium Air bromin

iodida Bromine water
Potassium iodide
solution Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
Rajah/Diagram 1.8
18
(a) Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi:/ Write the half-equation for:
- -
(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation: 2I  I2 + 2e
(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e–  Mn2+ + 4H2O
10I– + 2MnO4– + 16H+ → 5I2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
(d) Lengkapkan jadual berikut/ Complete the following table:

IA
Iodin Agen penurunan
-1  0
Iodine Reduction agent
Mangan Agen pengoksidaan

+7  +2
Manganese Oxidation
O xidation agent
3. Hitung nombor pengoksidaan bagi mangan, Mn dan namakan sebatian mengikut tatanama IUPAC.
Calculate the oxidation number for manganese, Mn and name the compound according to the IUPAC nomenclature.
KMnO4
+1 + x + 4(–2) = 0
x = +7
AS MnO
Mn O2
x + 2(–2) = 0
x = +4
2x
Mn2O3
2 + 3(–2) = 0,
2x
2 = +6
x = +3
Kalium manganat(VII) Mangan(IV) oksida Mangan(III) oksida

N
Potassium manganate(VII) Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(III) oxide
4. Rajah 1.9 menunjukkan satu tindak balas penyesaran.

Diagram 1.9 shows a displacement reaction.
PA
Serbuk logam
Metal powder

Rajah/Diagram 1.9
Namakan logam yang dapat menyebabkan keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 berkurang. Jelaskan
tindak balas penyesaran tersebut.
Name the metal that can cause the intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution to decrease. Explain the
displacement reaction.
Magnesium atau zink. Magnesium atau zink lebih elektropositif berbanding kuprum. Magnesium atau zink akan
menyesarkan kuprum daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
Magnesium or zinc. Magnesium or zinc are more electropositive than copper. Magnesium or zinc will displace copper from
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
19
1.2 Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai
Standard Electrode Potential
A Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai
Standard Electrode Potential
1. Beza keupayaan merentasi terminal sel ketika arus sifar (tiada beban) akan bertindak sebagai penggerak atau
“tekanan elektrik” yang menolak elektron melalui litar luar . Beza keupayaan ini disebut sebagai daya
gerak elektrik, d.g.e. atau daya keupayaan sel, Esel.
The potential difference across the cell terminals when zero current (no load) will act as a mover or “electric pressure” that
pushes electrons through the external circuit . This potential difference is referred as electromotive force, emf or cell potential
force, Ecell.
2. Nilai d.g.e sel yang diukur pada keadaan piawai disebut sebagai keupayaan elektrod piawai , E0sel
IA
The emf value of a cell measured at standard conditions is referred as standard electrode potential , E0cell
3. Keadaan piawai bagi sel/ Standard condition for cells:

(a) kepekatan akueus ion 1.0 mol dm-3/ aqueous concentration of ions 1.0 mol dm-3
(b) suhu 25 °C atau 298 K/ temperature 25 °C or 298 K
(c) tekanan 1 atm atau 101 kPa/ pressure of 1 atm or 101 kPa
(d) platinum digunakan sebagai elektrod lengai/ platinum is used as inert electrode
4. Dalam elektrokimia, keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0 ditakrifkan sebagai ukuran keupayaan elektrod , berbanding
sel hidrogen
1.0 mol dm –3
, suhu
AS
dengan elektrod
25 °C
platinum
dan tekanan
pada keadaan piawai dengan kepekatan akueus ion
1 atm .
In electrochemistry, standard electrode potential, E0 is defined as the measure of electrode potential , compared
to hydrogen cell with platinum electrode at standard conditions with aqueous concentration of ions at
1.0 mol dm –3
, temperature 25 °C
°C and pressure of 1 atm .
5. Tenaga keupayaan elektron dalam setiap setengah-sel adalah berbeza.
The electron potential energy in each half-cell is different.
Contoh/Example:
N
Dalam sel Daniell:/ In Daniell’s cell:
(a) Elektron dalam zink mempunyai tenaga keupayaan yang lebih tinggi berbanding kuprum. Maka, elektron akan
bergerak dari zink ke kuprum.
Electrons in zinc have a higher potential energy than copper. Thus, electrons will move from zinc to copper.
(b) Perbezaan tenaga keupayaan di antara dua elektrod menghasilkan d.g.e sel yang boleh diukur dalam unit Volt.
PA
The potential energy difference between the two electrodes produces a measurable value of a cell emf in Volt units.
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
V
H2 pada 298K dan 1 atm Titian garam

H2 at 298K and 1 atm Salt bridge
Elektrod platinum Jalur zink
Platinum electrode Zink strip
Larutan asid, H+ 1.0 mol dm–3 Larutan Zn2+ 1.0 mol dm–3
1.0 mol dm–3 H+, acid solution 1.0 mol dm–3 Zn2+ solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.10
B Agen Pengoksidaan dan Agen Penurunan Berdasarkan Nilai Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai
Oxidising Agent and Reducing Agent Based on Standard Electrode Potential Values
1. Siri elektrokimia ialah satu siri unsur yang disusun mengikut nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai .
Electrochemical series is a series of elements arranged according to standard electrode potential values.
20
2. Elektrod hidrogen dianggap mempunyai nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sifar . Keupayaan elektrod
ditakrif dalam bentuk penurunan .
Hydrogen electrode is assumed to have zero standard electrode potential value. Electrode potential is defined in
the form of reduction .
Agen pengoksidaan kuat Jadual Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai, E0 Agen penurunan lemah
Strong oxidising agent Table of Standard Electrode Potential, E0 Weak reducing agent
Agen Pengoksidaan Agen penurunan Nilai E0 (V)

Oxidising agent Reducing agent E0 value (V)
F2(g/g) + 2e– 2F–(ak/aq) +2.87
S2O8 (ak/aq) + 2e
2– –
2SO42–(ak/aq) +2.01
IA
MnO4–(ak) + 8H+(ak/aq) + 5e– l
l)
Mn2+(ak/aq) + 4H2O(ce/l) +1.51
Cl2(g/g) + 2e– 2Cl–(ak/aq) +1.36
Cr2O7 (ak/aq) + 14H (ak/aq) + 6e
2– + –
2Cr3+(ak/aq)) + 7H2O(ce/
O(ce/l) +1.33
Semakin positif
MnO2(p/s) + 4H+(ak/aq) + 2e– Mn2+(ak/aq)) + 2H2O(ce/l) +1.23
nilai E0, semakin
O2(g/g) + 4H+(ak/aq) + 4e– l
l)
2H2O(ce/l) +1.23 mudah untuk spesies
kimia mengalami
Br2(ce/l) + 2e – –
l
l)
2Br (ce/l) +1.07 penurunan.
penurunan
2NO3–(ak/aq) + 4H+(ak/aq) + 2e– 2NO2(g/g) + 2H2O(ce/l)
l)
O(ce/l)
O(ce/l +0.80
More positif E0
Ag+(ak/aq) + e– Ag(p/s)
Ag(p/ +0.80 value, easier for the
2+
AS
Fe3+(ak/aq) + e–
I2(p/s) + 2e
O2(g/g) + 2H2O(ce/l)) + 4e–
Cu (ak/aq)) + 2e
aq) + 2e–
aq
SO42–(ak/aq) + 4H+(ak/aq)
Cu2+(ak/
(ak/aq) + e–
2H+(ak/aq)) + 2e–
–
–
2I–(ak/
4OH–(ak/
SO2(g/
Cu+(ak/
H2(g/g)
g)
(g/g)
(g/g
aq)
aq)
Fe2+(ak/aq)
aq)
aq)
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq
aq)
aq)
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq
s))
Cu(p/s)
Cu(p/s
Cu(p/
g)) + 2H2O(ce/
g
(g/g)
(g/g
aq)
aq)
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq
l)
l)
O(ce/l)
O(ce/l
+0.77
+0.53
+0.40
+0.34
+0.20
+0.15
0.00
chemical species to
reduction.
undergo reduction
Pb2+(ak/aq)) + 2e– Pb(p/s

Pb(p/ s))
Pb(p/s) –0.13
aq)) + 2e–
aq
Sn2+(ak/aq) s))
Sn(p/s)
Sn(p/s
Sn(p/ –0.14
Ni (ak/
2+
aq)) + 2e
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq –
s))
Ni(p/s)
Ni(p/s
Ni(p/ –0.26
N
Fe2+(ak/ aq)) + 2e–
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq s))
Fe(p/s)
Fe(p/s
Fe(p/ –0.44 Semakin negatif
Zn2+(ak/ aq)) + 2e–
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq s))
Zn(p/s)
Zn(p/s
Zn(p/ –0.76 nilai E0, semakin
mudah untuk spesies
2H2O(ce/ll)) + 2e–
O(ce/l)
O(ce/l H2(g/
(g/g) + 2OH–(ak/aq
(ak/aq) –0.83 kimia mengalami
pengoksidaan.
Mn (ak/
2+
aq)) + 2e
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq –
Mn(p/s)
Mn(p/ –1.19
Al3+(ak/ aq)) + 3e–
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq Al(p/s) –1.66 More negative E0
value, easier for the
PA
Mg2+(ak/ aq)) + 2e–

aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq s)
Mg(p/s) –2.37 chemical species to
Na (ak/ aq)) + e
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq
+ –
Na(p/s)
Na(p/ –2.71 undergo oxidation.
Ca2+(ak/ aq)) + e–
aq
(ak/aq)
(ak/aq Ca(p/s)
Ca(p/ –2.87
K+(ak/
(ak/aq) + e– K(p/s)
K(p/ –2.93
Li (ak/aq) + e
+ –
Li(p/s) –3.05
Agen penurunan lemah Agen pengoksidaan kuat

Weak reducing agent Strong oxidising agent
Rajah/Diagram 1.11
3. Semakin positif nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0, semakin mudah untuk spesies kimia mengalami
penurunan , iaitu sebagai agen pengoksidaan yang kuat.
The more positive the standard electrode potential, E0 value, the easier the chemical species to undergo reduction , that
is as a strong oxidising agent.
4. Semakin negatif nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0, semakin mudah untuk spesies kimia mengalami
pengoksidaan , iaitu sebagai agen penurunan yang kuat.
The more negative the standard electrode potential, E0 value, the easier the chemical species to undergo oxidation , that
is as a strong reducing agent.
5. Rumus nilai daya keupayaan sel ialah:
The formula for the value of cell's potential force:
Voltan sel/ Cell voltage, E0sel/cell = E0katod/cathode – E0anod/anode
21
Contoh/Example 1
Lengkapkan jadual bagi pasangan elektrod berikut.

Complete the table for the following pair of electrodes.
Terminal Terminal Agen

Agen
Pasangan elektrod Nilai Eo (V) negatif positif penurunan
pengoksidaan
Pair of electrodes E0 value (V) Negative Positive Reducting
Oxidising agent
terminal terminal agent
Elektrod magnesium, Mg dalam larutan

magnesium sulfat, MgSO4 dan elektrod Mg2+ │ Mg
kuprum, Cu dalam larutan kuprum(II) = –2.37 V
sulfat, CuSO4. Ion Cu2+
Mg Cu Mg
IA
Magnesium, Mg electrode in magnesium Cu 2+ │
Cu Cu2+ ion
sulphate, MgSO4 solution and copper, Cu = +0.34 V
electrode in copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
solution.
Elektrod kuprum, Cu dalam larutan

Cu2+ │ Cu
kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dan elektrod
= +0.34 V
argentum, Ag dalam larutan argentum AS Ion Ag+
nitrat, AgNO3. Ag Ag
+│ Cu Ag Cu
Copper, Cu electrode in copper(II) sulphate, Ag+ ion
= +0.80 V
CuSO4 solution and argentum, Ag electrode in
argentum nitrate, AgNO3 solution.
Uji Kendiri 1.2

1. Merujuk pada Rajah 1.11, hitungkan nilai keupayaan sel, E0 bagi elektrolisis zink, Zn dan kuprum, Cu menggunakan
larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
N
Referring to Diagram 1.11, calculate the cell potential value, E0 for the electrolysis of zinc, Zn and copper, Cu using copper(II)
sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
Zn2+ (ak/aq) + 2e–  Zn (p/s) E0 = –0.76 V

PA
Cu2+ (ak/aq) + 2e–  Cu (p/s) E0 = +0.34 V
E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode

= +0.34 – (–0.76)
= 1.10 V
2. Merujuk nilai E0 pada Rajah 1.11, kirakan nilai keupayaan sel, E0 bagi tindak balas berikut.
Referring to Diagram 1.11, calculate the cell potential value, E0 of the following reaction.
2Ag+ + Cd  2Ag + Cd2+
Ag+(ak/aq) + 2e–  Ag(p/s) E0 = +0.80 V
Cd2+(ak/aq) + 2e– → Cd(p/s) E0 = –0.40 V
E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode

= +0.80 – (–0.40)
= 1.20 V
22
1.3 Sel Kimia
Voltaic Cell
A Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Sel Kimia

Redox Reaction in Voltaic Cells
1. Sebuah sel kimia ringkas terdiri daripada dua logam berlainan yang dicelup ke dalam suatu elektrolit
dan disambung kepada galvanometer/ voltmeter yang mencatatkan bacaan.
A simple voltaic cell consists of two different metals which are immersed into an electrolyte and connected to the
galvanometer/ voltmeter that records a reading.
IA
2. Beza keupayaan antara dua elektrod menyebabkan pengerakan elektron yang menghasilkan arus elektrik.
Potential difterence between two electrodes causes the movement of electrons that produces electric current.
Contoh/Example 1
Elektrod zink dan elektrod kuprum dalam asid V

sulfurik cair, H2SO41.0 mol dm–3.
Zinc and copper electrodes in 1.0 mol dm–3 dilute
sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
AS Elektrod kuprum
Copper electrode
Elektrod zink
Zinc electrode
Asid sulfurik cair,

H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3
1.0 mol dm–3 dilute
sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Rajah/Diagram 1.12
(a) Tentukan terminal negatif (anod) dan Terminal negatif/ Negative terminal:
terminal positif (katod). Nyatakan alasan.
N
Zink. Agen penurunan yang lebih kuat sebagai sumber elektron.
Determine the negative terminal (anode) and Zinc. Stronger reducing agent as the source of electrons.
positive terminal (cathode). State the reason.
Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Kuprum/ Copper
PA
(b) Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di Terminal negatif/ Negative terminal:
terminal negatif dan terminal positif Zn  Zn2+ + 2e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
Half-equations for reactions at the negative and
positive terminals
2H+ + 2e–  H2 (Penurunan/ Reduction)
(c) Hasil yang terbentuk di terminal negatif Terminal negatif/ Negative terminal:
dan terminal positif Ion zink/ Zinc ions
Products formed at the negative and positive
terminals Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Gas hidrogen/ Hydrogen gas
(d) Pemerhatian di terminal negatif

dan Terminal negatif/ Negative terminal:
terminal positif Elektrod zink menipis/ Zinc electrode becomes thinner
Observations at the negative and positive Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
terminals Gelembung gas tidak berwarna/ Colourless gas bubbles
(e) Arah pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar Daripada zink kepada kuprum
Direction of electron flow in the outer circuit
From zinc to copper
Nilai voltan/ Voltage value:

(f) E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode
0.34 – (-0.76) = 1.1 V
23
Contoh/Example 2
Elektrod magnesium dan elektrod ferum dalam asid V

sulfurik cair, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3.
Magnesium and iron electrodes in 1.0 mol dm–3 dilute sulphuric
acid, H2SO4.
Elektrod ferum Elektrod magnesium
Iron electrode Magnesium electrode
Asid sulfurik cair,

H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3
1.0 mol dm–3 dilute
acid, H2SO4
sulphuric acid
Rajah/Diagram 1.13
IA
(a) Tentukan terminal negatif (anod) dan positif Terminal negatif/ Negative terminal:
(katod). Nyatakan alasan. Magnesium. Agen penurunan yang lebih kuat
Determine the negative terminal (anode) and the
positive terminal (cathode). State the reason. Magnesium. Stronger reducing agent

Ferum/ Iron
terminal negatif dan terminal positif
AS
Half-equations for reactions at the negative and
positive terminals
Mg  Mg2+ + 2e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
2H+ + 2e–  H2 (Penurunan/ Reduction)
dan terminal positif Ion magnesium/ Magnesium ion
N
(d) Pemerhatian di terminal negatif dan Terminal negatif/ Negative terminal:
terminal positif Elektrod magnesium menipis
Observations at the negative and positive
terminals Magnesium electrode becomes thinner
PA
Positif/ Positif:
Gelembung gas tidak berwarna
Colourless gas bubbles
(e) Arah pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar Daripada magnesium kepada ferum
From magnesium to iron
Nilai voltan / Voltage value:

(f) E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode
-0.44 – (-2.37) = 1.93 V
3. Dalam sel Daniell, elektrod zink direndam ke dalam larutan zink sulfat , manakala
elektrod kuprum direndam ke dalam larutan kuprum (II) sulfat . Dua larutan itu
dipisahkan dengan pasu berliang atau disambung dengan titian garam.
In the Daniell cell, zinc electrode is immersed into zinc sulphate solution while copper
electrode is immersed into copper (II) sulphate solution. The two solutions are separated by a porous pot
or connected by a salt bridge.
24
Suis Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Switch
V
Tip SPM
Fungsi pasu berliang ialah untuk
melengkapkan litar dengan
Tip SPM
Elektrod kuprum Elektrod zink membenarkan ion-ion melaluinya.
E0 = +0.34 V E0 = –0.76 V
Copper electrode Zinc electrode
The function of the porous pot is to
Larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4 complete the circuit by allowing ions
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4 to pass through it.
Larutan kuprum(II) solution
sulfat, CuSO4
Pasu berliang
Copper(II) sulphate,
Porous pot
CuSO4 solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.14
IA
terminal positif (katod). Nyatakan alasan. Elektrod zink. Agen penurunan yang lebih kuat.
Determine the negative terminal (anode) and Zinc electrode. Stronger reducing agent
positive (cathode). State the reason. Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Elektrod kuprum/ Copper electrode
terminal negatif dan terminal positif Zn  Zn2+ + 2e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
Half-equations for reactions at the negative and Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
positive terminals
dan terminal positif
terminals
AS Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Ion zink/ Zinc ion

(Penurunan/ Reduction)
Products formed at the negative and positive Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Logam kuprum/ Copper metal
terminal positif Elektrod zink menjadi semakin nipis/ Zinc electrode becomes thinner.
Observations at the negative and positive Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
terminals.
Elektrod kuprum menebal/ Copper electrode becomes thicker.
(e) Arah pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar zink kuprum
N
Daripada kepada
From zinc to copper
(f) Perubahan warna elektrolit Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 berkurang
Change in the colour of electrolyte kerana kepekatan ion Cu2+ berkurang.
Intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution decreases
PA
because the concentration of Cu2+ ions decreases.

(g) E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode
0.34 – (-0.76) = 1.1 V
Ek stra
Ekstra Tip
Sel Daniell hanya menggunakan zink dan kuprum sebagai elektrod.
Daniell cell only use copper and zinc as electrodes.
4. Sel kimia boleh dibina dengan menggunakan pasangan elektrod logam berlainan jenis dalam larutan akueus
masing-masing dan disambungkan dengan titian garam.
Voltaic cell (chemical cell) can be constructed using two different types of metal electrodes in their respective aqueous solutions
and connected by a salt bridge.
V Tip SPM
Titian garam Tatacara menulis notasi sel/ The procedure for
Salt bridge writing cell notation:
Logam A
Metal A
Logam B
Metal B Tip SPM
Zn(p/s) I Zn2+ (ak/aq) II Cu2+ (ak/aq) I Cu(p/s)
Anod/Anode Katod/Cathode
II – mewakili titian garam/ represents the salt
Larutan akueus Larutan akueus bridge
garam A garam B
Aqueous Aqueous solution I – mewakili sempadan elektrod-elektrolit
solution of salt A of salt B atau fasa berbeza/ represents the boundary
Rajah/Diagram 1.15 of electrode-electrolytes or different phase
25
Contoh/Example 3
Elektrod ferum dalam larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 dan elektrod kuprum dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
Iron and copper electrodes in iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solutions respectively
Fe (p/s) l Fe2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) ll Cu2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) l Cu (p/s)
Fe2+ (ak/aq) + 2e–  Fe (p/s) E0 = –0.44 V

Cu2+ (ak/aq) + 2e–  Cu (p/s) E0 = +0.34 V
terminal positif (katod). Nyatakan alasan. Ferum/ Iron
Determine the negative terminal (anode) and the
IA
positive terminal (cathode). State the reason. Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Kuprum/ Copper
Alasan/ Reason:
Semakin negatif nilai E0, semakin mudah suatu atom atau ion mengalami
pengoksidaan
The more negative the value of E0, the easier for the atom or ion to undergo
AS oxidation
terminal negatif dan terminal positif Fe  Fe2+ + 2e–
Half-equations for the reactions at the negative (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
and positive terminals Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu (Penurunan/ Reduction)
dan terminal positif Ion ferum(II)/ Iron(II) ions, Fe2+
terminals
N
Logam kuprum/ Copper metal, Cu

terminal positif Elektrod ferum menipis/ Iron electrode becomes thinner
PA

Elektrod kuprum menebal/ Copper electrode becomes thicker
(e) Arah pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar Daripada ferum kepada kuprum
From iron to copper
(f) Perubahan warna elektrolit Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Change in the colour of electrolyte berkurang kerana kepekatan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+
berkurang .
Intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution decreases
because the concentration of copper(II) ions, Cu2+ decreases .

(g) E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode 0.34 – (-0.44)
= 0.78 V
26
AKTIVITI 1.5
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengenal pasti anod dan katod serta menentukan nilai voltan menggunakan sel Daniell dan sel kimia ringkas.
Eksperimen Wajib
To identify the anode and cathode and to determine the voltage value by using a Daniell and a simple voltaic cells.
Bahan/ Materials:
Kepingan magnesium, zink dan kuprum, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan magnesium
nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan natrium nitrat, NaNO3
1.0 mol dm–3, kertas turas, kertas pasir
Strips of magnesium, zinc and copper, 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 magnesium nitrate,
Mg(NO3)2 solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 zinc sulphate, ZnSO4 solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 sodium nitrate, NaNO3 solution, filter paper,
sand paper
IA
Radas/ Apparatus:
Bikar, voltmeter, wayar penyambung dengan klip buaya, gunting, kertas turas, pasu berliang
Beaker, voltmeter, connecting wires with crocodile clips, scissors, filter paper, porous pot
A Sel Daniell/ Daniell cell

V
AS
Elektrod kuprum, Cu
Copper, Cu electrode

Copper(II) sulphate,, CuSO4 solution
Jalur kertas turas
Filter paper strip
Elektrod zink, Zn
Zinc, Zn electrode
Larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4

Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4 solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.16
1. Kepingan zink dan kepingan kuprum dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
Zinc and copper strips are cleaned by using the sand paper.
2. Larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4 dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dituang ke dalam dua buah bikar berasingan
N
sehingga separuh penuh.
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4 and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solutions are poured into two separate beakers until half full.
3. Hujung kedua-dua jalur kertas turas yang telah direndam dalam larutan natrium nitrat, NaNO3 dicelup ke
dalam larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4 dan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 masing-masing di dalam bikar.
Both ends of the filter paper strip which is damped with sodium nitrate, NaNO4 solution is immersed into zinc
PA
sulphate, ZnSO4 and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solutions respectively in the beakers.
4. Kepingan zink dan kepingan kuprum disambungkan kepada voltmeter dengan wayar penyambung.
Zinc and copper strips are connected to the voltmeter with connecting wires.
5. Kepingan zink dan kepingan kuprum dicelupkan ke dalam larutan garam masing-masing.
Zinc and copper strips are immersed into their salt solutions respectively.
6. Bacaan voltmeter dan pemerhatian direkodkan./ The voltmeter reading and observations are recorded.
Keputusan/ Result:
Elektrod/ Electrode Zink/ Zinc Kuprum/ Copper
Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E (V) 0
-0.76 +0.34
Standard electrode potential, E0 value (V)
Logam disambung pada terminal positif dan negatif voltmeter Negatif Positif
Metals connected at the positive and negative terminals of voltmeter Negative Positive
Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas Zn  Zn2+ + 2e– Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu

Half-equations for the reactions
Pengoksidaan atau penurunan Pengoksidaan Penurunan
Oxidation or reduction Oxidation Reduction
Notasi sel Zn (p/s) l Zn2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) ll Cu2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) l Cu (p/s)
Cell notation
Logam yang bertindak sebagai anod dan katod Anod Katod
Metals that act as anode and cathode Anode Cathode
Keupayaan sel, E0sel Jawapan murid

Cell potential, E0 cell Student answer
27
B Sel Kimia Ringkas/ Simple Voltaic Cell
V
Jalur kertas turas

Filter paper strip
Elektrod kuprum, Cu Elektrod magnesium, Mg
Copper, Cu electrode Magnesium, Mg electrode
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 Larutan magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.17
1. Kepingan magnesium dan kepingan kuprum dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
IA
Magnesium and copper strips are cleaned by using the sand paper.
2. Larutan magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dituang ke dalam dua bikar
berasingan sehingga separuh penuh.
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solutions are poured into two separate beakers until
half full.
3. Hujung kedua-dua jalur kertas turas yang telah direndam dalam larutan natrium nitrat, NaNO3 dicelup ke
dalam larutan magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 dan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 masing- masing di dalam bikar.
Both ends of the filter paper strip which is damped with sodium nitrate, NaNO3 solution is immersed into magnesium
nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solutions respectively in the beakers.
AS
4. Kepingan magnesium dan kepingan kuprum disambungkan kepada voltmeter dengan wayar penyambung.
Magnesium and copper strips are connected to the voltmeter with connecting wires.
5. Kepingan magnesium dan kepingan kuprum dicelupkan ke dalam larutan garam masing-masing.
Magnesium and copper strips are immersed into their salt solutions respectively.
6. Bacaan voltmeter dan pemerhatian direkodkan.
Voltmeter readings and observations are recorded.
Keputusan/ Result:
Elektrod Magnesium Kuprum

Electrode Magnesium Copper
Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E (V) 0

-2.37 +0.34
N
Standard electrode potential, E0 value (V)
Logam disambung pada terminal positif dan negatif voltmeter Negatif Positif
Metals connected at the positive and negative terminals of voltmeter Negative Positive
Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas Mg  Mg2+ + 2e– Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu

PA
Half-equation for the reactions
Pengoksidaan atau penurunan Pengoksidaan Penurunan

Oxidation or reduction Oxidation Reduction
Notasi sel Mg (p/s) l Mg2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) ll Cu2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) l Cu (p/s)
Cell notation
Logam yang bertindak sebagai anod dan katod Anod Katod
Metals that act as anode and cathode Anode Cathode
Keupayaan sel, E0sel Jawapan murid

Cell potential, E 0
cell Student answer

1. Anod ialah elektrod di mana pengoksidaan berlaku dan katod ialah elektrod di mana
penurunan berlaku.
oxidation reduction
Anode is the electrode where takes place and cathode is the electrode where
takes place.
2. Semakin negatif nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0, semakin mudah suatu atom atau
ion mengalami pengoksidaan . The more negative the value of standard electrode potential, E0, the
easier oxidation
for the atom or ion to undergo .
28
Uji Kendiri 1.3
Lengkapkan jadual bagi sel kimia yang menggunakan elektrod magnesium dan elektrod kuprum masing-masing di dalam
larutan magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3 dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3 yang disambungkan
dengan titian garam.
Complete the table for chemical cell that used magnesium and copper electrodes in magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3 solution
and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3 solution respectively connected by a salt bridge.
E0 Mg2+ │ Mg = –2.37 V
E0 Cu2+ │ Cu = +0.34 V
IA
terminal positif (katod). Nyatakan alasan. Magnesium. Agen penurunan yang lebih kuat
Determine the negative terminal (anode) Magnesium. Stronger reducing agent
and the positive terminal (cathode). State the
reason. Terminal positif/ Positive terminal:
Kuprum/ Copper
Alasan/Reason:
E0 Mg lebih negatif berbanding Cu
AS
Half-equations for reactions at the negative
and positive terminals
E0 of Mg is more positive compare to Cu
terminal negatif dan terminal positif Mg  Mg2+ + 2e–
(Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu (Penurunan/ Reduction)
dan terminal positif
N
Ion magnesium/ Magnesium ions, Mg2+
Atom kuprum/ Copper atoms, Cu

PA
terminal positif Elektrod magnesium menipis/ Magnesium electrode becomes thinner

Elektrod kuprum menebal/ Copper electrode becomes thicker
(e) Arah pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar Daripada magnesium kepada kuprum .
Direction of electron flow in the outer circuit magnesium copper
From to .
(f) Perubahan warna elektrolit Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Change in the colour of electrolyte berkurang kerana kepekatan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+
berkurang .
Intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution
decreases because the concentration of copper(II) ion, Cu2+
decreases .

(g) E0sel/cell = E0 katod/cathode – E0 anod/anode
0.34 – (-2.37) = 2.71 V
(h) Notasi sel

Cell notation
Mg (p/s) l Mg2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) ll Cu2+ (ak/aq, 1.0 M) l Cu (p/s)
29
1.4 Sel Elektrolisis
Electrolytic Cell
A Elektrolisis
Electrolysis
1. Elektrolisis ialah proses penguraian suatu sebatian dalam keadaan lebur atau akueus kepada
unsur juzuknya apabila arus elektrik dialirkan melaluinya.
Electrolysis is a process of breaking down a compound into its constituent elements by passing electricity through
it.
2. Elektrolit ialah bahan yang boleh mengkonduksikan arus elektrik dalam keadaan leburan atau
akueus dan mengalami perubahan kimia .
Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states and undergo
IA
chemical changes .
3. Kekonduksian elektrik bagi elektrolit adalah disebabkan kehadiran ion-ion yang bergerak bebas .
Electrical conductivity of electrolyte is due to the presence of free moving ions .
(a) Dalam keadaan leburan, hanya kation dan anion elektrolit sahaja yang hadir.
In a molten state, only AS cation and anion of the electrolyte are present.
(b) Dalam larutan akueus, selain daripada kation dan anion elektrolit, ion H+ dan OH– daripada air
turut hadir.
In an aqueous solution, apart from the cation and anion of the electrolyte, H+ and OH– ions are also present.
4. Bukan elektrolit terdiri daripada molekul-molekul yang neutral.

neutral Bukan elektrolit tidak
mengalami sebarang perubahan kimia dan tidak mengkonduksi elektrik kerana tiada ion-ion yang bergerak bebas.
Non-electrolytes are composed of neutral molecules . Hence, non-electrolytes will not undergo any chemical
changes and do not conduct electricity because there are no free-moving ions.
5. Konduktor ialah bahan yang boleh mengkonduksikan arus elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal atau
leburan perubahan kimia
N
tetapi tidak mengalami sebarang .
Conductors are substances that can conduct electricity in solid or molten states but do not undergo
any chemical changes .
6. Kekonduksian elektrik bagi konduktor adalah disebabkan oleh pengaliran elektron .

PA
Electrical conductivity of conductor is due to the flow of electrons .
AKTIVITI 1.6
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Mengelaskan bahan kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit

To classify substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes
Bahan/ Materials:
Serbuk plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2, asetamida, CH3CONH2 dan sulfur, larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH,
larutan glukosa, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2, acetamide, CH3CONH2 and sulphur powder, sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution, glucose solution,
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution
Radas/Apparatus:
Elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung dengan klip buaya, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, alas segi tiga
tanah liat, mangkuk pijar, bikar 100 cm3, bateri, mentol, suis
Carbon electrodes, connecting wires with crocodile clips, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, pipe-clay triangle, crucible, 100
cm3 beaker, batteries, bulb, switch
30
A Bahan leburan/ Molten substances
Bateri
Battery Awas/ Caution
Suis Mentol
• Jalankan aktiviti ini dalam
Switch Bulb kebuk wasap atau tempat
Elektrod karbon yang terbuka.
Mangkuk
pijar Carbon electrodes Carry out the this activity in the
Crucible fume chamber or in an open
Serbuk
Alas segi tiga plumbum(II) space.
tanah liat bromida, PbBr2
Pipe-clay Lead(II) bromide,
• Jangan hidu sebarang gas
yang terbebas.
IA
triangle Panaskan PbBr2 powder
Heat Do not inhale any gas liberated.
Rajah/Diagram 1.18
1. Serbuk plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 diisi ke dalam sebuah mangkuk pijar sehingga separuh penuh.
Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 powder is filled in a crucible until it is half full.
2. Dua elektrod karbon dimasukkan ke dalam serbuk plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2.
Two carbon electrodes are put into the lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 powder.
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.18.

AS
3. Litar dilengkapkan dengan menyambung kedua-dua elektrod kepada suis, mentol dan bateri seperti
The circuit is completed by connecting the electrodes to a switch, a bulb and batteries as shown in Diagram 1.18.
4. Serbuk plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 dipanaskan sehingga lebur sepenuhnya.
The lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 powder is heated until it completely melts.
5. Suis dihidupkan. Pemerhatian pada mentol direkodkan.
The switch is turned on. Observation at the bulb is recorded.
6. Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggantikan serbuk plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 dengan serbuk
asetamida, CH3CONH2 dan sulfur, S8.
Steps 1 to 5 are repeated by replacing the lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 powder with acetamide, CH3CONH2 powder and
sulphur, S8 powder respectively.
N
B Larutan akueus/ Aqueous solution
Bateri
PA
Suis
Switch Mentol
kebuk wasap atau tempat
Bulb yang terbuka.
Carry out the this activity in the
Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes
fume chamber or in an open
Bikar space.
Beaker
Larutan natrium • Jangan hidu sebarang gas
hidroksida, NaOH yang terbebas.
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution Do not inhale any gas liberated.
Rajah/Diagram 1.19
1. 20 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar.
20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is poured into a beaker.
2. Dua elektrod karbon dimasukkan ke dalam larutan itu.
Two carbon electrodes are placed into the solution.
3. Litar dilengkapkan dengan menyambung kedua-dua elektrod kepada suis, mentol dan bateri seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.19.
The circuit is completed by connecting the electrodes to a switch, a bulb and batteries as shown in Diagram 1.19.
4. Suis dihidupkan. Pemerhatan pada mentol direkodkan.
The switch is turned on. Observation at the bulb is recorded.
5. Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulang dengan menggantikan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH dengan larutan
glukosa, C6H12O6 dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
Steps 1 to 4 are repeated by replacing sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution with glucose, C6H12O6 solution and copper(II)
sulphate, CuSO4 solution respectively.
31
Keputusan/ Result:
Adakah mentol Adakah terdapat ion

Bahan
menyala? bergerak bebas?
Substance
Does the bulb light up? Are there free–moving ions?
Leburan plumbum(II) bromida/ Molten lead(II) bromide Ya/ Yes Ya/ Yes
Leburan asetamida/ Molten acetamide Tidak/ No Tidak/ No
Leburan sulfur/ Molten sulphur Tidak/ No Tidak/ No
Larutan natrium hidroksida/ Sodium hydroxide solution Ya/ Yes Ya/ Yes
IA
Larutan glukosa/ Glucose solution Tidak/ No Tidak/ No
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat/ Copper(II) sulphate solution Ya/ Yes Ya/ Yes
1. Leburan plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2

AS , larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH dan
larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 adalah elektrolit dan mengalami perubahan kimia
apabila arus elektrik mengalir melaluinya.
Molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
, and
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution
are electrolytes. They undergo chemical changes when
electric current is passed through them.
2. Leburan asetamida, CH3CONH2 , leburan sulfur dan larutan glukosa

adalah bukan elektrolit dan tidak mengalami sebarang perubahan kimia.
Molten acetamide, CH3CONH2 molten sulphur glucose solution
, and are
N
non-electrolytes. They do not undergo any chemical changes.
B Elektrolisis Sebatian Lebur

Electrolysis of Molten Compounds
PA
AKTIVITI 1.7
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengkaji elektrolisis leburan plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 dengan elektrod karbon
Eksperimen Wajib
To investigate the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 with carbon electrodes
Bateri
Suis Mentol
Switch Bulb kebuk wasap atau tempat
Elektrod karbon yang terbuka.
Mangkuk
Carbon electrodes Carry out the this activity in the
pijar
Crucible fume chamber or in an open
Serbuk
Alas segi tiga plumbum(II) space.
tanah liat bromida, PbBr2
Pipe-clay Lead(II) bromide,
• Jangan hidu sebarang gas
triangle Panaskan PbBr2 powder yang terbebas.
Heat Do not inhale any gas liberated.
Rajah/Diagram 1.20
32
1. Susunan radas seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.20 disediakan.
The apparatus set-up as shown in Diagram 1.20 is prepared.
2. Serbuk plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 dipanaskan dengan perlahan sehingga melebur.
Lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 powder is heated gently until all melted.
3. Pemanasan dihentikan selepas 10 minit dan bahan leburan dituang ke dalam mangkuk pijar.
The heating is stop after 10 minutes and the molten substance is poured into a crucible.
Elektrod/ Electrodes Pemerhatian/ Observation
Anod Gas perang berbau sengit terbebas

Anode A brown gas with a pungent smell is released
IA
Katod Pepejal kelabu terbentuk
Cathode A grey solid is formed
(a) Ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit Pb2+, Br-

Ions present in the electrolyte
AS
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod dan katod
Ions attracted to the anode and cathode
(c) Persamaan setengah tindak balas di anod Anod/ Anode:

dan katod
Anod/Anode (+):
Br-
Katod/Cathode (–):
Pb2+
2Br–  Br2 + 2e–

Half-equations for reactions at the anode and (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
cathode
Katod/ Cathode:
Pb2+ + 2e–  Pb
(Penurunan/ Reduction)
N
(d) Hasil yang terbentuk di anod dan katod Anod/ Anode:
Products formed at the anode and cathode Gas bromin
Bromine gas
Katod/ Cathode:
PA
Logam plumbum
Lead metal
(e) Adakah elektrolisis sebatian lebur satu Ya. Pengoksidaan dan penurunan yang berlaku serentak adalah
tindak balas redoks? Jelaskan. tindak balas redoks.
Is the electrolysis of molten compound a redox Yes. Oxidation and reduction that occur simultaneously is a redox
reaction? Explain. reaction.
Uji Kendiri 1.4

Lengkapkan yang berikut bagi elektrolisis leburan plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Complete the following for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 with carbon electrodes.
1. Ion bromida, Br– mengalami pengoksidaan di anod .

Bromide ion, Br undergo oxidation at the
– anode .
Anod/ Anode: 2Br  Br2 + 2e–

–
2. Ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ mengalami penurunan di katod .

Lead(II) ion, Pb undergo reduction at the
2+ cathode .
Katod/ Cathode: Pb 2+
+ 2e–  Pb (Penurunan/ Reduction)
33
C Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Elektrolisis Larutan Akueus
Factors Affecting Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
1. Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0/ Standard electrode potential, E0 value
(a) Pada katod, jika terdapat lebih daripada satu spesies yang boleh diturunkan di dalam larutan, spesies dengan E0
yang lebih positif dipilih untuk diturunkan.
At cathode, if there is more than one reducible species in the solution, the species with more positive E0 is preferentially
reduced.
Na+(ak/aq) + e–  Na(p/s) E0 = –2.71 V
2H2O(cec/l) + 2e–  H2(g/g) + 2OH–(ak/aq) E0 = –0.83 V
Oleh kerana nilai E air, H2O lebih positif, maka air, H2O dipilih untuk diturunkan berbanding ion natrium, Na+.
0
Since the E0 value is more positive for water, H2O, thus water, H2O is preferentially reduced than sodium ion, Na+.
(b) Pada anod, jika terdapat lebih daripada satu spesies yang boleh dioksidakan di dalam larutan, spesies dengan E0
yang lebih negatif dipilih untuk dioksidakan.
IA
At anode, if there is more than one oxidisable species in the solution, the species with more negative E0 is preferentially
oxidised.
I2(p/s) + 2e–  2I–(ak/aq) E0 = +0.53 V
Br2(cec/l) + 2e  2Br (ak/aq)
– –
E0 = +1.07 V
Oleh kerana nilai E0 ion iodida, I– lebih negatif, maka ion iodida, I– dipilih untuk dioksidakan berbanding ion
bromida, Br–.
Since the E0 value is more negative for iodide ion, I–, thus iodide ion, I– is preferentially oxidised than bromide ion, Br–.
2. Kepekatan ion dalam elektrolit/ Concentration of ions in the electrolyte
Ion yang mempunyai kepekatan lebih tinggi dalam elektrolit akan dipilih untuk dinyahcas.
AS
Ions with higher concentration in the electrolyte will be selected for discharge.
3. Jenis elektrod/ Types of electrode
Apabila elektrod reaktif (argentum, kuprum) digunakan, elektrod anod akan mengion.
When reactive electrodes (silver, copper) are used, the anode electrode will ionise.
Tip SPM
O2 + 4H+ + 4e–  2H2O E0 = +1.23 V Na+ + e–  Na E0 = –2.71 V

Tip SPM Reference for OH ion
(Rujukan untuk ion OH /Reference
–
ion))–
2H2O + 2e–  H2+ 2OH– E0 = –0.83 V
Cl2 + 2e–  2Cl– E0 = +1.36 V (Rujukan untuk ion H+/Reference f or H+ ion)
N
OH– Na+
∴ OH dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan kerana
–
Cl– H+ ∴ H+ dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan kerana
nilai E0 lebih negatif. nilai E0 lebih positif
∴ OH– is selected to be discharged because the E0 ∴ H+ is selected to be discharged because the E0
value more negative. value more positive.
A
PA
Rajah/Diagram 1.21 Elektrolisis berdasarkan nilai keupayaan elektrod/ Electrolysis based on electrode potential value
Eksperimen 1.1
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengkaji Eksperimen
kesan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0 terhadap pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas pada elektrod.
Eksperimen Wajib
To investigate the effect of the standard electrode, E0 value on selective discharge of ions at the electrodes.
Pernyataan masalah/ Problem statement:

Bagaimanakah nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0 mempengaruhi pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas di elektrod?
How does the standard electrode potential, E0 value affect the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes?
Hipotesis/ Hypothesis:
Di anod, semakin negatif nilai E0 semakin mudah spesies dinyahcas, manakala di katod semakin positif nilai E0 semakin
mudah spesies dinyahcaskan.
At the anode, the more negative the value of E0 the easier the species to be discharged, while at the cathode, the more positive the value
of E0 the easiar the species to be discharged.
34
Pemboleh ubah/ Variables:
(a) Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated: Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E°/ Standard electrode potential, E0 value
(b) Bergerak balas/ Responding: Hasil elektrolisis/ Products of electrolysis
(c) Dimalarkan/ Fixed: Jenis elektrod, kepekatan larutan elektrolit/ Types of electrode, concentration of electrolyte solution
Bahan/ Materials:
Larutan asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3, kayu uji
1.0 mol dm–3 dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, wooden splint
Radas/ Apparatus:
IA
Sel elektrolitik, tabung uji, bateri, ammeter, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung
Electrolytic cell, test tubes, batteries, ammeter, carbon electrodes, connecting wires
Tabung uji
Test tube
Karbon elektrod
Carbon electrodes
Asid sulfurik cair
cair,, H2SO4
Dilute sulphuric acid
acid,, H2SO4
AS Suis
Switch
Bateri
Battery
Rajah/Diagram 1.22
A Ammeter
Ammeter
1. Larutan asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam sel elektrolitik hingga menutupi elektrod
karbon.
1.0 mol dm–3 dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is poured into an electrolytic cell until it covers the carbon electrodes.
2. Tabung uji diisi dengan larutan asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3 dan ditengkupkan ke atas elektrod
karbon.
N
The test tubes are filled with 1.0 mol dm–3 dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and overturn onto the carbon electrodes.
3. Elektrod karbon disambung kepada bateri dengan menggunakan wayar penyambung.
Carbon electrodes are connected to the batteries using the connecting wires.
4. Arus elektrik dialirkan melalui elektrolit selama 15 minit.
The electric current is passed through the electrolyte for 15 minutes.
PA
5. Pemerhatian di anod dan katod direkodkan.

Observations at the anode and cathode is recorded.
6. Gas yang terkumpul di anod diuji dengan kayu uji berbara manakala gas yang terkumpul di katod diuji dengan
kayu uji menyala.
Gas collected at the anode is tested with a glowing wooden splint while gas collected at the cathode is tested with a burning wooden
splint.
7. Langkah 1 hingga 6 diulang dengan menggunakan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3.
Steps 1 to 6 are repeated by using 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
Elektrolit Asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Electrolyte Dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4
Anod/Anode (+) Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak
berwarna menyebabkan kayu uji berbara berwarna menyebabkan kayu uji berbara
menyala. menyala
Gas bubbles are released. Colourless gas ignites the Gas bubbles are released. A colourless gas ignites the
glowing wooden splint. glowing wooden splint.
Katod/Cathode (–) Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak Pepejal perang terenap.
berwarna menghasilkan bunyi “pop” dengan Brown solid is deposited
kayu uji menyala.
Gas bubbles released. Colourless gas produces a “pop”
sound with the glowing wooden splint.
35
Elektrolit Asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Electrolytes Dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4
(a) Ion yang hadir dalam H2SO4  2H+ + SO42– CuSO4  Cu2+ + SO42–
elektrolit H2O H+ + OH– H2O H+ + OH–
Ions present in the electrolytes
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod Anod/Anode (+): Anod/Anode (+):
dan katod SO42–, OH– SO42–, OH–
Ions attracted to the anode and Katod/ Cathode (–): Katod/ Cathode (–):
cathode H+ H+, Cu2+
(c) Ion yang dinyahcas di anod Anod/Anode: Anod/Anode:
dan katod. Nyatakan alasan. OH–(H2O) OH–(H2O)
IA
Ions discharged at the anode and Alasan/Reason: Alasan/Reason:
cathode. State the reason. Ion SO42– tidak dipilih kerana Ion SO42– tidak dipilih kerana S telah
S telah mencapai nombor mencapai nombor pengoksidaan yang
pengoksidaan yang tinggi. tinggi.
SO42– ions were not selected because S had SO42– ions were not selected because S had reached
reached higher oxidation number. higher oxidation number.
Katod/Cathode: Katod/Cathode:
OH–(H2O) Cu2+
ASAlasan/Reason:
–
Alasan/Reason:
E0 bagi ion Cu2+ lebih positif
E0 for Cu2+ ion more positive
(d) Persamaan setengah tindak Anod/Anode: Anod/Anode:
balas di anod dan katod 2H2O  O2 + 4H++ 4e– 2H2O  O2 + 4H++ 4e–
Half-equations for reaction at the
anode and cathode
Katod/Cathode: Katod/Cathode:
2H2O + 2e  H2 + 2OH
– –
Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion:
N
Di anod, semakin negatif nilai E0 semakai mudah spesies dinyahcaskan, manakala di katod, semakin positif nilai E0,
semakin mudah spesies dinyahcaskan.
At the anode, the more negative the value of E0 the easier the species to be discharged, while at the cathode, the more positive the value
PA
of E0 the easier the species to be discharged.
Eksperimen 1.2
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengkaji Eksperimen
kesan kepekatan ion dalam elektrolit terhadap pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas pada elektrod
Eksperimen Wajib
To investigate the effect of the concentration of ions on the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes

Bagaimanakah kepekatan ion dalam elektrolit mempengaruhi pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas di anod?
How does the concentration of ions in the electrolyte affect the discharge of ions at the anode?
Ion halida yang mempunyai kepekatan lebih tinggi akan dinyahcas secara pilihan di anod
Halide ions of higher concentrations will be selectively discharged at the anode

(a) Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated: Kepekatan elektrolit/ Concentration of electrolyte
(b) Bergerak balas/ Responding: Hasil elektrolisis di anod/ Products of electrolysis at the anode
(c) Dimalarkan/ Fixed: Jenis elektrod, jenis elektrolit/ Types of electrode, type of electrolyte
36
Bahan/ Materials:
Asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm–3, asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.001 mol dm–3, kertas litmus biru, kayu uji
2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, blue litmus paper, wooden splint
Radas/ Apparatus:
Sel elektrolisis, tabung uji, bateri, ammeter, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung
Electrolytic cell, test tubes, batteries, ammeter, carbon electrodes, connecting wires
Tabung uji
Test tube Asid hidroklorik
hidroklorik, HCl
Hydrochloric
acid, H
acid HCl
IA
Karbon elektrod
Carbon electrodes
Bateri Suis
Ammeter A Battery Switch
Ammeter
Rajah/Diagram 1.23
seperti dalam Rajah 1.23.

AS
1. Sebuah sel elektrolisis diisi dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm–3 sehingga separuh penuh.
An electrolytic cell is filled with 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl until it is half full.
2. Litar dilengkapkan dengan menyambungkan elektrod karbon, suis, bateri dan ammeter dengan wayar penyambung
The circuit is completed by connecting the electrodes to the switch, ammeter and batteries as shown in Diagram 1.23.
3. Suis dihidupkan.
The switch is turned on.
4. Gas di anod dan di katod dikumpulkan dan diuji dengan kertas litmus biru lembap, kayu uji berbara dan kayu uji
menyala. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
The gases produced at the anode and the cathode are collected and tested with a moist blue litmus paper, a glowing wooden splint and
a lighted wooden splint. The observation is recorded.
N
5. Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulang dengan menggunakan asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.001 mol dm–3.
Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using 0.001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
PA
Elektrolit Asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm–3 Asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.001 mol dm–3
Electrolyte 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl 0.001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
Anod/ Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas kuning Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak
Anode (+) kehijauan yang berbau sengit berwarna menyebabkan kayu uji
dibebaskan. Kertas litmus biru lembap menjadi berbara menyala .
merah dan kemudian dilunturkan .
Gas bubbles are released. A colourless
Gas bubbles are released. A greenish-yellow gas ignites
gas the glowing wooden
with a pungent smell is released. Moist splint.
blue litmus paper turns red and
then bleached .
Katod/ Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak
Cathode (–) berwarna menghasilkan bunyi berwarna menghasilkan bunyi
“pop” dengan kayu uji menyala. “pop” dengan kayu uji menyala.
Gas bubbles are released. A colourless Gas bubbles released. Colourless gas
gas produces a “pop” sound with the lighted produces a “pop” sound with the lighted
wooden splint. wooden splint.
37
1. Elektrolisis asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.001 mol dm–3 menghasilkan gas oksigen di anod manakala
elektrolisis asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm–3 menghasilkan gas klorin di anod.
Electrolysis of 0.001 mol dm hydrochloric acid, HCl produces
–3 oxygen gas at the anode. Electrolysis of 2.0 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl produces chlorine gas at the anode.
2. Ion halida yang berkepekatan tinggi di dalam elektrolit akan dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan berbanding
ion hidroksida, OH . –
Halide ion with a higher concentration in the electrolyte will be selectively

ectively discharged compare to hydroxide ion, OH–.
1. Asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.001 mol dm-3 dengan elektrod karbon
IA
0.001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl with carbon electrodes
(a) Ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit HCl  H+ + Cl–

Ions present in the electrolyte H2O H+ + OH–
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod dan katod. Anod/ Anode (+):
Ions attracted to the anode and cathode Cl–, OH–
Katod/ Cathode (–):
AS H+
(c) Ion yang dinyahcas di anod dan katod. Anod/ Anode: OH–(H2O)
Nyatakan alasan. Alasan/ Reason:
Ions discharged at the anode and cathode. State the Kerana E0 lebih negatif
reason. Because the E0 more negative
Katod/ Cathode: H+(H2O)
(d) Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di Anod/ Anode:
anod dan katod 2H2O  O2 + 4H+ + 4e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
N
Half-equations for reactions at the anode and
cathode Katod/ Cathode:
2H2O + 2e–  H2 + 2OH– (Penurunan/ Reduction)
(e) Hasil yang terbentuk di anod dan katod Anod/ Anode:

Products formed at the anode and cathode Gas oksigen/ Oxygen gas
PA
Katod/ Cathode:
(f ) Pemerhatian di anod dan katod Anod/ Anode:
Observations at the anode and cathode Gelembung gas tidak berwarna/ Colourless gas bubbles
Katod/ Cathode:
Gelembung gas tidak berwarna/ Colourless gas bubbles
2 Asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 dengan elektrod karbon

2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl with carbon electrodes
(a) Ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit HCl  H+ + Cl–

H2O H+ + OH–
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod dan katod Anod/ Anode:

Ions attracted to the anode and cathode Cl–, OH–
Katod/ Cathode:
H+
38
(c) Ion yang dinyahcas di anod dan katod. Anod/ Anode: Cl–
Ions discharged at anode and cathode. State the Kerana ion Cl– lebih pekat
reason. Because Cl– ion more concentrated
Katod/ Cathode: H+(H2O)
(d) Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di Anod/ Anode:

anod dan katod. 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e–
Half-equations for reactions at the anode and (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
cathode Katod/ Cathode:
IA
2H2O + 2e–  H2 + 2OH– (Penurunan/Reduction)

Products formed at the anode and cathode Gas klorin/ Chlorine gas
Katod/ Cathode:
(f ) Pemerhatian di anod dan katod Anod/ Anode:
AS
Observations at the anode and cathode Gelembung gas kuning kehijauan
Greenish-yellow gas bubbles
Katod/ Cathode:
Gelembung gas tidak berwarna
Colourless gas bubbles
Eksperimen 1.3
N
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengkaji Eksperimen
kesan jenis elektrod terhadap pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas di elektrod
Eksperimen Wajib
To investigate the effect of the types of electrode on the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes

PA
Bagaimanakah jenis elektrod mempengaruhi hasil yang terbentuk semasa elektrolisis?

How does the types of electrode affect the types of products formed during the electrolysis?
Apabila elektrod kuprum digunakan untuk menggantikan elektrod karbon, hasil yang terbentuk pada anod dan katod
adalah berbeza.
When copper electrodes are used instead of carbon electrodes, the types of products formed at the anode and cathode are different.
Bahan/ Materials:
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3, kayu uji, kepingan logam kuprum, kertas pasir
1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4, wooden splint, copper metal plates, sand paper
Radas/ Apparatus:
Sel elektrolitik, tabung uji, bateri, ammeter, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung, bikar
Electrolytic cell, test tubes, batteries, ammeter, carbon electrodes, connecting wires, beakers
Pemboleh ubah/Variables:
(a) Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated: Jenis elektrod/ Types of electrode
(b) Bergerak balas/ Responding: Hasil elektrolisis/ Products of electrolysis
(c) Dimalarkan/ Fixed: Kepekatan elektrolit, jenis elektrolit/ Concentration of electrolyte, types of electrolyte
39
Tabung uji
Test tube Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Karbon elektrod
Carbon electrodes
Ammeter Bateri Suis

Ammeter A Battery Switch
Rajah/Diagram 1.24
1. Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dituangkan ke dalam bikar hingga separuh penuh.
Copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 is poured into a beaker until half full.
2. Elektrod karbon disambungkan kepada bateri serta ammeter dengan menggunakan wayar penyambung seperti
yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.24.
IA
Carbon electrodes are connected to the batteries and ammeter using the connecting wires as shown in Diagram 1.24.
3. Elektrod karbon dimasukkan ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
Carbon electrodes are immersed into the copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4.
4. Arus elektrik dialirkan melalui elektrolit selama 15 minit.
Electric current is passed through the electrolyte for 15 minutes.
5. Pemerhatian pada anod, katod dan elektrolit direkodkan.
Observations at the anode, cathode and electrolyte are recorded.
AS
6. Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggantikan elektrod karbon dengan elektrod kuprum dan menggunakan
susunan radas ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.25.
Steps 1 to 5 are repeated by replacing carbon electrodes with copper electrodes and using the apparatus set-up as shown in Diagram
1.25.
Bateri
Battery
Suis Ammeter
Switch A
Ammeter
Elektrod kuprum
Bikar Copper electrodes
Beaker
N
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
sulfat, CuSO4
Rajah/Diagram 1.25
Pemerhatian/ Observations:
PA
Elektrod Anod Katod Elektrolit

Electrode Anode (+) Cathode (–) Electrolyte
Karbon Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Pepejal perang Keamatan warna biru berkurang
Carbon Gas tidak berwarna terenap. kerana kepekatan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+
menyebabkan kayu uji berbara Brown solid is berkurang .
menyala . deposited. decreases
The intensity of blue colour
Gas bubbles are released. A because the concentration of copper(II) ions,
colourless gas ignites Cu2+ decreases .
the glowing wooden splint.
Kuprum Elektrod menipis . Elektrod menebal . Keamatan warna biru tidak berubah
Copper
Electrode becomes thinner Electrode becomes kerana kepekatan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+
thicker tidak berubah .
. .
The intensity of blue colour unchanged
because the concentration of copper(II) ions,
Cu2+ remains unchanged .
40
1. Elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dengan elektrod karbon menghasilkan oksigen dan
air di anod serta logam kuprum di katod.
Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution using carbon electrodes produces oxygen and water
at the anode and copper metal at the cathode.

2. Elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dengan elektrod kuprum menghasilkan ion kuprum(II) di
anod dan logam kuprum di katod.
Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution using copper electrodes produces copper(II) ions at the anode and
copper metal
IA
at the cathode.
1. Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dengan elektrod karbon
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution with carbon electrodes
(a) Ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit CuSO4  Cu2+ + SO42–

AS
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod dan katod
H2O H+ + OH–
Anod/ Anode (+): SO42–, OH–

Katod/ Cathode (–) : H+, Cu2+
(c) Ion yang dinyahcas di anod dan katod. Anod/ Anode: OH–(H2O)
Ions discharged at the anode and cathode. State the Ion SO42– tidak dipilih kerana S telah mencapai nombor
reason. pengoksidaan yang tinggi.
N
SO42– ions were not selected because S had reached higher oxidation
number.
Katod/ Cathode: Cu2+

Alasan/ Reason:
E0 ion Cu2+ lebih positif
PA
E0 of Cu2+ ion more positive
(d) Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di Anod/ Anode: 2H2O  O2 + 4H+ + 4e
anod dan katod
Half-equations for reactions at the anode and Katod/ Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
cathode
(e) Perubahan warna elektrolit Keamatan warna biru berkurang disebabkan kepekatan
Change in the colour of the electrolyte berkurang
ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ .
The intensity of blue colour decreases because the concentration
of copper(II) ions Cu2+ decreases .
2. Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 dengan elektrod kuprum

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution with copper electrodes
(a) Ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit CuSO4  Cu2+ + SO42–

H2O H+ + OH–
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod dan katod Anod/ Anode (+): Cu
Katod/ Cathode (–): H+, Cu2+
41
(c) Ion yang dinyahcas di anod dan katod. Anod/ Anode: Cu
Nyatakan sebab. Alasan/ Reason:
Ions discharged at the anode and cathode. State the Logam kuprum, Cu lebih reaktif
reason. Copper, Cu metal more reactive
Katod/ Cathode: Cu2+
Alasan/ Reason:
E0 ion Cu2+ lebih positif
E0 of Cu2+ ion more positive
(d) Persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di Anod/ Anode: Cu  Cu2+ + 2e–
anod dan katod
Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
Half-equations for reactions at the anode and Katod/ Cathode:
IA
cathode

Products formed at the anode and cathode Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+/ Copper (II) ions, Cu2+
Katod/ Cathode:
Logam kuprum, Cu/ Copper, Cu metal
(f ) Perubahan warna elektrolit Keamatan warna biru tidak berubah

kerana kepekatan
AS
Change in the colour of the electrolyte
ion kuprum(II), Cu tidak berubah . Ini disebabkan
2+
kadar pengionan atom kuprum di anod adalah sama dengan

kadar nyahcas ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ di katod. .
Intensity of blue colour unchanged
because the concentration of
copper(II) ions, Cu remains unchanged
2+
. This is because the
rate of ionisation of copper atom at the anode is equal to the rate of
discharge of copper(II) ions, Cu2+ at the cathode. .
N
D Membanding Sel Kimia dan Sel Elektrolisis

Comparing Voltaic Cell and Electrolytic Cell
PA
I Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Sel Elektrolisis/ Redox Reactions in Electrolytic Cells
1. Sebuah sel elektrolisis terdiri daripada bateri, elektrolit dan dua elektrod yang disambung kepada bateri.
An electrolytic cell consists of a battery, an electrolyte and two electrodes which are connected to the battery.
Bateri
Battery
e –
e– e–
+ –
Anod Katod
Anode Cathode
–
– + +
Rajah/Diagram 1.26
2. Elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal positif bateri dikenali sebagai anod manakala elektrod
yang disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri dikenali sebagai katod .
The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the battery is known as anode while the electrode connected
to the negative terminal of the battery is known as cathode .
42
3. Dalam sel elektrolisis, elektron mengalir melalui litar luar dari anod ke katod.
In an electrolytic cell, electrons are flowed from anode to cathode through the external circuit .
4. Semasa elektrolisis, anion (ion negatif) tertarik ke anod manakala kation (ion positif) tertarik
ke katod .
During electrolysis, anions (negative ions) are attracted to anode whereas cations (positive ions) are attracted
to cathode .
5. Di anod, anion dinyahcas dengan menderma elektron kepada anod. Oleh itu, proses
pengoksidaan berlaku di anod.
At the anode, anions are discharge by donating electrons to anode. Thus, oxidation occurs at anode.
IA
6. Di katod, kation dinyahcas dengan menerima elektron daripada katod. Oleh itu, proses
penurunan berlaku di katod.
At the cathode, cations are discharge by accepting electrons from cathode. Thus, reduction occurs at
cathode.
II Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Sel Kimia/ Redox Reactions in Voltaic Cells
1. Sebuah sel kimia ringkas terdiri daripada dua logam berlainan yang dicelup ke dalam suatu elektrolit dan
AS
disambung dengan wayar penyambung
A simple voltaic cell consists of two different metals which are immersed into an electrolyte and connected by wire.
e–
–
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
V
+
e–
Terminal e– Terminal
negatif (anod) e –
positif (katod)
Negative Positive
terminal (anode) terminal (cathode)
e – e–
N
e–
+
Rajah/Diagram 1.27
2. Semakin negatif nilai keupayaan elektrod, logam tersebut akan bertindak sebagai terminal negatif .
PA
The more negative the electrode potential value, the metal will act as a negative terminal.
3. Di terminal negatif (anod), logam yang lebih elektropositif terkakis dengan menderma elektron. Oleh
itu, pengoksidaan berlaku di terminal negatif (anod).
At the negative terminal (anode), the more electropositive metal is corroded by donating electrons. Thus,
oxidation occurs at the negative terminal (anode).
4. Di terminal positif (katod), kation dalam elektrolit dinyahcas dengan menerima elektron daripada
katod. Oleh itu, penurunan berlaku di terminal positif (katod).
At the positive terminal (cathode), cations in the electrolyte are discharge by accepting electrons from cathode.
Thus, reduction occurs at the positive terminal (cathode).
5. Di terminal positif (katod), kation (ion positif) daripada elektrolit akan menerima elektron daripada
terminal positif (katod).
At the positive terminal (cathode), cations (positive ions) from the electrolyte will accept the electrons from
the positive terminal (cathode).
6. Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan menderma elektron. Elektron akan mengalir melalui litar luar
dari terminal negatif (anod) ke terminal positif (katod).
The more electropositive metal donates electrons. The electrons are flowed from negative terminal (anode) to
positive terminal (cathode) through the external circuit .
43
Contoh/Example 1
Rajah 1.28 menunjukkan satu sel kimia yang dibina dengan menggunakan elektrod zink dan elektrod kuprum. Kedua-dua
elektrod disambung kepada voltmeter dengan wayar penyambung dan litar dilengkapkan dengan titian garam.
Diagram 1.28 shows a voltaic cell constructed using zinc and copper electrodes. Both electrodes are connected to the voltmeter using the
connecting wires and the circuit is completed with a salt bridge.
V
E0 Zn2+Zn = –0.76 V
e– e–
E0 Cu2+Cu = +0.34 V Titian garam
– Salt bridge +
Elektrod zink Elektrod kuprum
Zinc electrode Copper electrode
Larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4 Larutan kuprum(II)

1.0 mol dm–3 sulfat, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm–3
1.0 mol dm–3 zinc sulphate, 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate,
IA
ZnSO4 solution CuSO4 solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.28
1. Berdasarkan nilai E0, zink, Zn bertindak sebagai terminal negatif manakala kuprum, Cu bertindak sebagai
terminal positif .
Based on the E0 value, zinc, Zn acts as a negative terminal while copper, Cu acts as a ppositivc
ositivc terminal.
2. Zink, Zn mengalami proses pengoksidaan dengan menderma elektron.
donating
Zinc, Zn undergo an oxidation process by
AS Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
3. Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ mengalami proses penurunan dengan
electrons.
menerima elektron.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ undergo a reduction process by accepting electrons.
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (Penurunan/ Reduction)
4. Zink, Zn bertindak sebagai agen penurunan manakala ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan .
Zinc, Zn acts as a reducing agent while copper(II) ions, Cu2+ act as an oxidising agent.
N
III Perbezaan antara Sel Kimia dan Sel Elektrolisis/ Differences Between a Voltaic Cell and an Electrolytic Cell
Sel elektrolisis/ Electrolytic cell Sel kimia/ Voltaic cell

+ – V
PA
e– e–
+ – + –
Anod Katod Terminal positif Terminal negatif
Anode Cathode Positive terminal Negative terminal
Elektrolit Elektrolit
Electrolyte Electrolyte
Rajah/Diagram 1.29 Rajah/Diagram 1.30
Elektrod daripada bahan yang sama atau berbeza. Elektrod mesti daripada jenis logam berbeza .
The electrodes are from the same or different The electrodes must be from different types of
materials. metal.
Tenaga elektrik ditukar kepada tenaga kimia . Tenaga kimia ditukar kepada tenaga elektrik.
Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy . Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.
Elektron mengalir daripada anod Elektron mengalir daripada logam lebih elektropositif
kepada katod melalui litar luar. kepada logam kurang elektropositif melalui litar luar.
Electrons flow from anode to cathode Electrons flow from more electropositive metal to
through external circuit. less electropositive metal through external circuit.
44
Penurunan berlaku pada katod (–). Ion positif Penurunan berlaku pada terminal positif (+).
menerima elektron. Ion positif menerima elektron.
Reduction occurs at cathode (-). Positive ions accept Reduction occurs at the positive terminal (+).
electrons. Positive ions accept electrons.
Pengoksidaan berlaku di anod (+). Ion negatif Pengoksidaan berlaku pada terminal negatif (–)
menderma elektron. menderma
dengan elektron untuk membentuk
Oxidation occurs at anode (+). Negative ions donate kation.
electrons. Oxidation occurs at the negative terminal (–) by
donating electrons to form cations.
IA
E Penyaduran dan Penulenan Logam secara Elektrolisis
Electroplating and Purification of Metals by Electrolysis
I Kepentingan Penyaduran Logam/ The Importance of Electroplating of Metals
1. Dalam proses penyaduran, objek yang hendak disadur dijadikan katod manakala logam penyadur
yang tulen dijadikan anod .
as the anode . AS
In electroplating process, object to be electroplated is used as the
2. Elektrolit yang digunakan ialah larutan akueus yang mengandungi ion

The electrolyte used is an aqueous solution that contains the
3. Penyaduran logam adalah penting untuk

cathode
plating metal ions.

mengelakkan logam daripada kakisan
while the pure plating metal is used
logam penyadur .
.
Electroplating of metal is important to prevent the metal from corrosion .
4. Menyadur sudu besi dengan logam kuprum:/To electroplate an iron spoon with copper:
N
A
Kuprum sebagai logam penyadur

Sudu besi yang akan disadur Copper metal as the plating metal
Iron spoon to be electroplated
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 sebagai elektrolit
PA
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution as the electrolyte
Rajah/Diagram 1.31
(a) Sudu besi digunakan sebagai katod , manakala logam kuprum digunakan sebagai anod .
The iron spoon is used as the cathode , while copper metal is used as the anode .
(b) Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat digunakan sebagai elektrolit.

Copper(II) sulphate solution is used as the electrolyte.
(c) Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ akan dinyahcas di katod dan terenap pada permukaan sudu besi.
Copper(II) ions, Cu2+ will be discharged at the cathode and deposited on the surface of the iron spoon.
Anod/ Anode: Cu  Cu + 2e 2+ –
Katod/ Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu (Penurunan/ Reduction)
II Kepentingan Penulenan Logam/ The Importance of Purification of Metals

1. Kuprum dan perak tulen boleh diperoleh melalui elektrolisis.
Pure copper and silver can be obtained through electrolysis.
2. Penulenan logam adalah penting untuk mendapatkan logam yang tulen .
Purification of metal is important to obtain a pure metal .
3. Menulenkan logam kuprum:/ To purify copper metal:
(a) Logam kuprum tidak tulen digunakan sebagai anod .
The impure copper metal is used as the anode .
45
(b) Logam tulen kuprum digunakan sebagai katod .
The pure copper metal is used as the cathode .
(c) Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat digunakan sebagai elektrolit.
Copper(II) sulphate solution is used as the electrolyte.
Logam kuprum tulen

+ –
Pure copper metal
Logam kuprum tidak tulen Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4

Impure copper metal sebagai elektrolit
as the electrolyte
IA
Rajah/Diagram 1.32
(d) Anod akan mengion dan kekotoran akan jatuh ke dasar bikar.
The anode will ionise and the impurities will settle to the bottom of the beaker.
Anod/ Anode: Cu  Cu2+ + 2e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation

Oxidation)
(e) Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ dan ion hidrogen, H+ akan tertarik ke katod. Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ akan
dinyahcas secara pilihan di katod. Lapisan kuprum dienapkan pada kuprum tulen.
AS
Copper(II) ions, Cu2+ and hydrogen ions, H+ will attracted to the cathode. Copper(II) ions, Cu2+ are selectively
discharged at the cathode. A layer of copper is formed on the pure copper.
Katod/ Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu (Penurunan/ Reduction)
1.5 Pengestrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya

Extraction of Metals from Their Ores
A Pengekstrakan Logam Reaktif daripada Bijihnya melalui Proses Elektrolisis

Extraction of Reactive Metals from Their Ores through Electrolysis
N
1. Logam reaktif seperti aluminium boleh diekstrak daripada bauksit yang mengandungi aluminium oksida, Al2O3
melalui elektrolisis.
Reactive metal such as aluminium can be extracted from bauxite, which contains aluminium oxide, Al2O3 by electrolysis.
Sisa gas
PA
Waste gas
Aluminium diekstrak keluar daripada tangki keluli
Aluminium extracted out of stainless steel tank
+
Elektrod grafit
I = 200 kA
Graphite electrodes
Campuran kriolit dan aluminium oksida
V = 5V
Mixture of cryolite and aluminium oxide
Aluminium lebur
– Molten aluminium
Tangki keluli Elektrod Lapisan karbon sebagai katod

Stainless steel tank Electrode Carbon lining as a cathode
Rajah/ Diagram 1.33 Pengekstrakan aluminium oksida, Al2O3/ Extraction of aluminium oxide, Al2O3
2. Elektrolisis aluminium oksida lebur menggunakan elektrod karbon .

Electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide used carbon electrodes.
3. Kriolit ditambah untuk menurunkan takat lebur aluminium oksida, Al2O3 kepada 980 °C.
Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of aluminium oxide, Al2O3 to 980 °C.
Al2O3Δ 2Al3+ + 3O2–
Katod/ Cathode: Al3+ + 3e–  Al (Penurunan/ Reduction)
Anod/ Anode: 2O2–  O2 + 4e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
46
4. Pengekstrakan aluminium daripada bauksit boleh mendatangkan kesan buruk terhadap alam sekitar.
Extraction of aluminium from bauxite can have a harmful effect on the environment.
(a) Proses peleburan dan pemprosesan membebaskan gas seperti karbon dioksida , karbon monoksida ,
sulfur dioksida dan perfluorokarbon yang boleh mencemarkan udara serta menyebabkan hujan asid dan
pemanasan global.
The smelting and processing processes release gases such as carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , sulfur dioxide
and perfluorocarbons that can pollute the air, as well as cause acid rain and global warming.
(b) Perlombongan bauksit akan mengakibatkan hakisan tanah dan memusnahkan habitat hidupan liar.
Bauxite mining will cause soil erosion and destroy wildlife habitats.
(c) Lumpur dan sisa toksik yang termendap di lombong yang digali akan meresap ke dalam tanah dan mencemarkan
IA
sumber air .
Mud and toxic waste deposited in excavated mines will seep into the soil and pollute the water sources .
(d) Tanah yang telah dilombong akan menjadi tidak subur dan tidak sesuai untuk pertanian.
Land that has been mined will be infertile and unsuitable for agriculture.
Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya melalui Proses Penurunan oleh Karbon

B
I AS
Extraction of Metals from Their Ores through Reduction by Carbon
Pengekstrakan Besi/ Extraction of Iron
1. Logam besi diekstrak daripada bijihnya, iaitu hematit dan magnetit melalui proses
karbon di dalam relau bagas.
Iron is extracted from its ores, hematite and magnetite through a reduction
penurunan
process in a blast furnace.

oleh
Bijih besi + arang kok

+ batu kapur
Iron ore + coke
+ limestone
N
Gas buangan Gas buangan yang panas
yang panas (disalur semula ke
Hot waste bahagian bawah relau)
gases Hot waste gases
(recycled to heat
800°C the furnace)
PA
1 500°C
2 000°C
Udara panas Udara panas

Hot air Hot air
Leburan besi Leburan sanga

Molten iron Molten slag
Rajah/ Diagram 1.34 Pengekstrakan besi di dalam relau bagas/ Extraction of iron in a blast furnace
2. Hematit mengandungi ferum(III) oksida, Fe2O3 manakala magnetit mengandungi triferum tetraoksida, Fe3O4.
Hematite contains iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 while magnetite contains triiron tetraoxide, Fe3O4.
3. Tindak balas kimia dalam relau bagas./ Chemical reactions in the blast furnace.
(a) Karbon bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara panas untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida .
The carbon reacts with oxygen in the hot air to form carbon dioxide .
C + O2 → CO2
(b) Karbon dioksida yang terhasil bertindak balas dengan karbon selebihnya untuk membentuk
karbon monoksida (agen penurunan yang kuat).
Carbon dioxide formed reacts with more hot carbon to form carbon monoxide (strong reducing agent)
CO2 + C → 2CO
47
(c) Karbon monoksida dan karbon menurunkan oksida besi kepada besi.
Carbon monoxide and carbon reduce the iron oxides to iron.
2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2
Hematit/Hematite Karbon/Carbon
2Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
Hematit/Hematite Karbon monoksida/Carbon monoxide
Fe3O4 + 2C 3Fe + 2CO2
Magnetit/ Magnetite Karbon/Carbon
Fe3O4 + 4CO 3Fe + 4CO2
Magnetit/ Magnetite Karbon monoksida/Carbon monoxide
4. Pada suhu yang tinggi dalam relau bagas, besi yang terbentuk wujud dalam keadaan leburan .
Leburan besi mengalir ke bahagian bawah relau.
IA
At high temperature in the blast furnace, the iron formed is in molten state. The molten iron flows to the bottom
state.
of the blast furnace.
5. Besi lebur dituang ke dalam acuan dan dibiarkan menyejuk. Besi yang diperoleh dikenali sebagai besi tuangan
dan mengandungi kira-kira 4% karbon dan benda asing lain.
The molten iron is poured into moulds and is allowed to cool. The iron obtained is known as cast iron and contains about 4%
of carbon and other impurities.
6. Pada suhu yang tinggi, batu kapur terurai untuk membentuk kalsium oksida dan karbon dioksida. Kalsium oksida
bertindak balas dengan bendasing berasid seperti pasir (silikon dioksida) untuk membe
membentuk
ntuk leburan sanga.
AS
At high temperatures, limestone is decomposed to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide reacts with
acidic impurities, for example sand (silicon dioxide) to produce a molten slag.
7. Di bahagian bawah relau leburan sanga terapung di atas lapisan leburan besi. Leburan sanga dikeluarkan mengikut
sela masa yang ditetapkan.
At the bottom of the furnace, slag floats on top of the molten iron. The slag is tapped off at regular intervals.
8. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya bergantung kepada kedudukan
logam dalam siri kereaktifan.
The method used to extract the metal from its ore depends on the position of the metal in the reactivity series.
9. Siri kereaktifan merupakan satu senarai logam yang disusun berdasarkan kereaktifan logam terhadap
N
oksigen .
The reactivity series is a list of metal which are arranged according to their reactivity with oxygen .
10. Logam-logam yang berada di atas dalam siri kereaktifan ialah agen penurunan yang kuat. Logam-
logam ini dapat menurunkan oksida bagi logam yang kurang reaktif.
PA
Metals at higher position in the reactivity series are strong reducing agent. They can reduce the oxides of less
reactive metals.
Logam Kaedah pengekstrakan

Metals Extraction method
K
Na
Elektrolisis leburan klorida/ Electrolysis of molten chloride
Ca
Mg
Al Elektrolisis leburan oksida/ Electrolysis of molten oxide
Zn
Fe
Penurunan oksida oleh karbon/ Reduction of oxide by carbon
Sn
Pb
Cu
Ag Memanaskan bijih secara terus dalam udara/ Heating ores directly in air
Hg
Au Wujud sebagai logam bebas/ Exist as free metals
48
Uji Kendiri 1.5
Tuliskan persamaan setengah tindak balas penurunan dan pengoksidaan dalam elektrolisis leburan natrium klorida, NaCl.
Write the half-equation reactions of reduction and oxidation in the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, NaCl.
NaCl Δ Na+ + Cl-
Katod/ Cathode: Na+ + e–  Na (Penurunan/Reduction)
Anod/ Anode: 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e– (Pengoksidaan/Oxidation)
IA
1.6 Pengaratan
Rusting
A Proses Pengaratan sebagai Tindak Balas Redoks

Rusting Process as a Redox Reaction
air .
AS
1. Pengaratan ialah kakisan besi. Pengaratan besi memerlukan kehadiran kedua-dua
Rusting is the corrosion of iron. The rusting of iron requires both

2. Mekanisme pengaratan besi/ Iron rusting mechanism:
Titisan air
oxygen
Karat/ Rust
and water
oksigen
.
dan
Water droplet (Fe2)3.xH2O

N
OH–
O2 O2
Fe2+
e–
PA
Katod (+) Anod(–) Katod (+)

Cathode Anode Cathode
Besi/ Iron
Rajah/ Diagram 1.35 Mekanisme pengaratan besi/ Iron rusting mechanism
(a) Permukaan besi, di tengah titisan air bertindak sebagai anod. Di anod, atom besi dioksidakan
dengan kehilangan dua elektron dan membentuk ion ferum(II), Fe2+.

Iron surface, in the centre of a water droplet acts as the anode. At the anode iron atoms are oxidised by
lose two electrons and form iron(II) ion, Fe2+.
Anod/ Anode: Fe  Fe2+ + 2e– (Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation)
(b) Permukaan besi di pinggir titisan air bertindak sebagai katod. Elektron bergerak ke pinggir
titisan air. Elektron diterima oleh oksigen dan molekul air membentuk ion hidroksida , OH–. Proses
penurunan berlaku.
Iron surface at the edge of the water droplet serves as the cathode. Electrons flow to the edge of the water
droplet. The electrons are received by oxygen and water molecules to form hydroxide ions OH–. A reduction
process occurs.
Katod/ Cathode: 2H2O + O2 + 4e–  4OH– (Penurunan / Reduction)
49
(c) Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ bergabung dengan ion hidroksida, OH– membentuk pepejal berwarna hijau ,
ferum(II) hidroksida, Fe(OH)2.
Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ combine with hydroxide ions, OH– to form green substance, iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2.
Fe2+ + 2OH–  Fe(OH)2
(d) Dalam kehadiran udara, ferum(II) hidroksida, Fe(OH)2 dioksidakan oleh oksigen membentuk ferum(III)
oksida terhidrat, Fe2O3.xH2O. Bahan berwarna perang ini dikenali sebagai karat.
In the presence of air, iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 is oxidised by oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide,
Fe2O3.xH2O. This brown substance known as rust.
s)
4Fe(OH)2(p/s) + O2(g/g) + 2H2O(ce/l)  4Fe(OH)3(p/s
(p/s)
(p/
2Fe(OH)3(p/s)  Fe2O3.2H2O(p/s
O(p/s)) + H2O(ce/
O(p/ l)
l)
O(ce/l)
O(ce/l
IA
B Mencegah Pengaratan Besi
To Prevent Rusting of Iron
1. Pengaratan besi dapat dicegah atau sekurang-kurangnya diminimumkan dengan melindungi permukaan besi
daripada terdedah kepada oksigen dan kelembapan.
Rusting of iron can be prevented, or at least minimised, by shielding the iron surface from oxygen and moisture.
2. Tiga kaedah untuk mencegah pengaratan:
The three methods to prevent rusting:
AS
(a) Pelindungan fizikal – melindungi permukaan besi dengan mengecat, menyapu gris, menyalut dengan plastik
dan penyaduran dengan logam kurang reaktif seperti kromium, kuprum dan stanum.
Physical protection – covers the surfaces of iron from water and air by painting, applying grease, coating with plastic and
electroplating with metals that are less reactive such as chromium, copper and tin.
(b) Perlindungan elektrokimia – menyadurkan permukaan besi dengan logam yang lebih elektropositif seperti
zink.
Electrochemical protection – electroplating the surface of iron with metals that are more electropositive such as zinc.
(c) Penggalvanian – menyalut permukaan ferum dengan lapisan logam zink

. Zink adalah lebih
elektropositif berbanding ferum. Oleh itu, atom zink lebih mudah dioksidakan berbanding
N
ferum. Maka, pengoksidaan atom ferum yang menyebabkan pengaratan besi dapat dielakkan.
Galvanising – a process of covering the surface of iron with a layer of zinc metal. Zinc is more electropositive
compared to iron. So, atom zinc is easier to be oxidised compared to iron. Thus, the oxidation of iron atoms which caused
rusting is prevented.
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e–
PA
Eksperimen 1.4
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Mengkaji Eksperimen
kesan logam lain yang bersentuhan dengan besi terhadap pengaratan besi
To investigate the effect of other metals in contact with iron on the rusting of iron
Penyataan masalah/ Problem statement:

Bagaimana logam berlainan jenis yang bersentuhan dengan besi mempengaruhi pengaratan besi?
How do different types of metal in contact with iron affect the rusting of iron?
Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan menghalang pengaratan besi. Logam yang kurang elektropositif akan
mempercepatkan pengaratan besi.
A more electropositive metal will prevent iron from rusting. A less electropositive metal will speed up rusting.

(a) Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated: Jenis logam yang bersentuhan dengan paku besi
Types of metal in contact with iron nail
50
(b) Bergerak balas/ Responding: Pengaratan paku besi/ Kehadiran warna biru
Rusting of iron nails/ Presence of blue colouration
(c) Dimalarkan/ Fixed: Paku besi, suhu persekitaran/ Iron nails, temperature of the surroundings
Bahan/ Materials:
Paku besi, pita magnesium, jalur kuprum, larutan agar-agar panas, larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III), K3[Fe(CN)6],
penunjuk fenolftalein
Iron nails, magnesium ribbon, copper strip, hot agar-agar solution, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3[Fe(CN)6] solution, phenolphthalein
indicator
IA
Radas/ Apparatus:
Tabung uji, rak tabung uji, kertas pasir
Test tubes, test tube rack, sand paper
Agar-agar + kalium heksasianoferat(III) + fenolftalein

Agar-agar + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) + phenolphthalein
AS A
Paku besi
Iron nail
B
Paku besi
Iron nail
C
Rak tabung uji
Test tube rack
Pita magnesium Jalur kuprum Paku besi

Magnesium ribbon Copper strip Iron nail
Rajah/Diagram 1.36
N
1. Tiga batang paku besi, pita magnesium dan jalur kuprum dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
Three iron nails, magnesium ribbon and copper strip are cleaned using a sand paper.
2. Pita magnesium dililitkan pada paku besi pertama dan jalur kuprum dililitkan pada paku besi kedua.
The magnesium ribbon is wrapped onto the first iron nail and the copper strip is wrapped onto the second iron nail.
3. Paku besi kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam tiga tabung uji dan dilabelkan dengan A, B dan C seperti ditunjukkan
PA
dalam Rajah 1.36.

The iron nails are then inserted into three test tubes labelled as A, B and C as shown in Diagram 1.36.
4. Larutan agar-agar panas yang ditambahkan dengan kalium heksasianoferat(III) dan penunjuk fenolftalein dituang
ke dalam setiap tabung uji sehingga menutupi seluruh paku besi.
Hot agar-agar solution is added with potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) and phenolphthalein indicator is poured into each test tube
until it covers the whole iron nail.
5. Tabung uji dibiarkan pada rak tabung uji selama tiga hari. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
The test tubes are kept in a test tube rack for three days. The observations are recorded.
Pemerhatian/ Observations:
Keamatan warna biru Keamatan warna merah
Tabung uji Inferens
Test tube
Intensity of the blue jambu/ Intensity of the Inference
colouration pink colouration
A Tiada warna biru terbentuk Warna merah jambu Tiada ion Fe2+ hadir. Banyak
(Mg + Fe) No blue colour formed dengan keamatan tinggi ion OH– hadir. Magnesium
terbentuk mencegah
High intensity pink colour pengaratan.
formed Fe2+ ions not presence. A lot of OH– ions
present. Magnesium prevents rusting.
51
B Warna biru dengan keamatan Tiada warna merah jambu Banyak ion Fe2+ hadir. Kuprum
(Cu + Fe) tinggi terbentuk terbentuk menggalakkan pengaratan.
High intensity blue colour formed No pink colour formed Fe2+
A lot of ions present. Copper
promotes rusting
C Warna biru dengan keamatan Ion Fe2+ hadir. Besi berkarat.

(Fe sahaja/ rendah terbentuk Fe2+ ions presence. Iron undergoes rusting.
only) Low intensity blue colour formed
Logam yang lebih elektropositif daripada besi akan mencegah pengaratan manakala logam
IA
yang kurang elektropositif daripada besi akan menggalakkan pengaratan.
Metals that are more electropositive than iron will prevent rusting while metals that are less
electropositive than iron will speed up rusting.

1. Larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III), K3[Fe(CN)6], digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran ion Fe2+. Apabila ion
Fe2+. hadir, warna biru tua terhasil. Semakin banyak ion Fe2+terhasil, semakin tinggi
biru tua
keamatan warna
dark blue
AS .
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3[Fe(CN)6] solution is used to detect the presence of Fe2+ ions. When Fe2+ ions presence, a
colour produced. The more Fe2+ ions formed, the higher the intensity of the dark blue colour formed.
2. Penunjuk fenolftalein digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran ion OH−. Kehadiran ion OH− meningkatkan
kealkalian larutan dan memberi warna merah jambu kepada larutan.
Phenolphthalein indicator is used to detect the presence of OH ions. The presence of OH– ions increases the alkalinity of the solution
–
and gives pink colour to the solution.

N
3. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi proses pengoksidaan yang berikut.
Write the half-equations for the following oxidation processes.
Tabung uji Persamaan setengah

Test tube Half-equation
PA
A (Mg + Fe) Mg  Mg2+ + 2e–
B (Cu + Fe) Fe  Fe2+ + 2e–
C (Fe sahaja/
sahaja/only)
only Fe  Fe2+ + 2e–
4. Eksperimen dalam tabung uji B telah diulang dengan menggantikan jalur kuprum, Cu dengan jalur zink, Zn.
Experiment in test tube B is repeated by replacing copper strip, Cu with zinc strip, Zn.
(a) Ramalkan pemerhatian.
Predict the observations.
Warna merah jambu terbentuk.
Pink colour formed.
(b) Nyatakan inferens.

State the inference.
Zink lebih elektropositif daripada besi. Zink mengalami pengoksidaan. Zink mencegah pengaratan.
Zinc is more electropositive than iron. Zinc will undergoes oxidation. Zinc prevent rusting.
52
Contoh/Example 1
Rajah 1.37 menunjukkan aktiviti yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan logam yang berlainan terhadap pengaratan besi.
Diagram 1.37 shows an activity carried out to investigate the effect of other metals on the rusting of iron.
Agar-agar + kalium Agar-agar + kalium

heksasianoferat(III) heksasianoferat(III)
+ fenolftalein + fenolftalein
Agar-agar + potassium Agar-agar + potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) hexacyanoferrate(III)
+ phenolphthalein + phenolphthalein
Paku besi Paku besi
IA
Iron nail Iron nail
Pita magnesium Jalur kuprum

Magnesium ribbon Copper strip
I II
Rajah/Diagram 1.37
Set
I
Pair of metals
Besi + Magnesium
AS
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan aktiviti.
Table below shows the results of the activity.
Pasangan logam Pemerhatian

Observation
Warna merah jambu dengan keamatan tinggi terbentuk

Iron + Magnesium High intensity pink colour formed.
II Besi + Kuprum Warna biru dengan keamatan tinggi terbentuk.

N
Iron + Copper High intensity blue colour formed.
1. Logam magnesium menghalang pengaratan besi manakala logam kuprum mempercepatkan pengaratan besi.
PA
Magnesium metal prevents the rusting of iron while copper metal speed up the rusting of iron.
2. Logam magnesium ialah agen penurunan yang lebih kuat berbanding besi. Magnesium akan mengion
sebelum besi . Maka, besi dihalang daripada berkarat.
Magnesium metal is a stronger reducing agent compared to iron. Magnesium will ionise before
iron . Thus, iron is prevented from rusting.
3. Logam kuprum ialah agen penurunan yang kurang kuat berbanding besi. Besi akan mengion
sebelum kuprum . Maka, pengaratan besi dipercepatkan .
Copper metal is a weaker reducing agent compared to iron. Iron will ionise before copper .
Thus, the rusting of iron is speed up .
53
Uji Kendiri 1.6
Rajah 1.38 menunjukkan suatu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan zink, Zn dan logam X terhadap pengaratan paku besi.
Keputusan eksperimen direkodkan dalam Jadual 1.
Diagram 1.38 shows an experiment to study the effects of zinc, Zn and metal X on the corrosion of iron nails. The results of the
experiment are recorded in Table 1.
Paku besi Paku besi

Iron nail Iron nail
Logam zink
IA
Logam X
Zinc metal
Metal X
A B
Larutan agar-agar + Larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) + fenolftalein

Agar-agar solution + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution + phenolphthalein
Rajah/Diagram 1.38
Tabung uji Pemerhatian

Test tube
A
AS Observation
Warna biru tua yang banyak terbentuk

Lots of dark blue colour formed.
Warna merah jambu terbentuk. Gelembung gas terbentuk.

B
A pink colour formed. Gas bubbles are formed.
Jadual/Table 1
1. (a) Nyatakan nama bagi ion yang memberikan warna biru tua dalam tabung uji A.
State the name of the ion that give the dark blue colour in test tube A.
Ion ferum(II), Fe2+/ Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
N
(b) Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk mewakili pembentukan ion di (a).
Write the half-equation to represent the formation of ions in (a).
Fe(p/s) Fe2+(ak/aq) + 2e–
PA
2. (a) Nyatakan nama bagi ion yang memberikan warna merah jambu dalam tabung uji B.
State the name of the ion that give the pink colour in test tube B.
Ion hidroksida, OH–/ Hydroxide ion, OH-
(b) Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk mewakili pembentukan ion di (a).

Write the half-equation to represent the formation of ions in (a).
O2(ak/aq) + 2H2O(ce/l) + 4e– 4OH–(ak/aq)
3. (a) Paku besi di dalam tabung uji yang manakah tidak berkarat? Jelaskan sebabnya.
Iron nail in which test tube does not rust? Explain the reason.
Tabung uji B.. Zink lebih elektropositif daripada besi.
Test tube B. Zinc is more electropositive than iron.
4. (a) Namakan dua logam yang mungkin bagi X.

Name two possible metals for X.
Plumbum dan kuprum/ Lead and copper
54

Archivetemp01 Modul A + Kimia Tg5 - Bab 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Archivetemp01 Modul A + Kimia Tg5 - Bab 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bab

1 Tindak Balas Redoks

1.1 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan

A Menerangkan Tindak Balas Redoks

Oksigen Penambahan Kehilangan

Nombor pengoksidaan Peningkatan Penurunan

Agen penurunan/ Reducing agent Agen pengoksidaan/ Oxidising agent

1. Menderma/ Donates hidrogen/ hydrogen 1. Menerima/ Accepts hidrogen/ hydrogen

2. Menerima/ Accepts oksigen/ oxygen 2. Menderma/ Donates oksigen/ oxygen

3. Menderma/ Donates elektron/ electron 3. Menerima/ Accepts elektron/ electron

4. Pertambahan/ Increase nombor pengoksidaan/ 4. Pengurangan/ Decrease nombor pengoksidaan/

(a) Magnesium, Mg mengalami pengoksidaan kerana berlaku penambahan oksigen.

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu (Persamaan setengah/Half-equation)

Nombor pengoksidaan bertambah / The oxidation number increases

(a) Hidrogen, H2 mengalami

/ The oxidation number

kerana nombor pengoksidaan bertambah daripada

Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon

Agen penurunan Agen pengoksidaan

Asid sulfurik cair H2SO4

Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data:

Pemerhatian/ Observation Inferens/ Inference

kepada elektrod dalam

2. Larutan kalium iodida, KI + larutan kalium dikromat(VI), K2Cr2O7 berasid

(d) Larutan perang bertukar kepada biru tua Iodin hadir.

The brown solution turns to dark blue when starch

Acidiﬁed potassium dichromate(VI) and acidiﬁed potassium manganate(VII) accept electrons

2. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi pengoksidaan dan penurunan yang berikut:

3. Nyatakan bahan berikut/ State the following substance:

(b) Agen penurunan/ Reducing agent:

B Tindak Balas Redoks Berdasarkan Perubahan Nombor Pengoksidaan

(0 kepada +2), manakala Cu2+ diturunkan kepada Cu (+2 kepada 0) .

perubahan nombor pengoksidaan.

II Penamaan Sebatian Mengikut Sistem Penamaan IUPAC

Formula kimia sebatian Nombor pengoksidaan Nama IUPAC bagi sebatian

FeCl2 x + 2(–1) = 0, x = +2 Ferum(II) klorida/ Iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 x + 3(–1) = 0, x = +3 Ferum( III ) klorida/ Iron( III ) chloride

Cu2O 2x + (–2) = 0, x = +1 Kuprum( I ) oksida/ Copper( I

CuO x + (–2) = 0, x = +2 Kuprum( II ) oksida/ Copper( II ) oxide

SnO2 x + 2(–2) =0, x = +4 Stanum( IV ) oksida/ T

PbO x + (–2) = 0, x = +2 Plumbum( II ) oksida/ Lead( II ) oxide

PbO2 x + 2(–2) = 0, x = +4 Plumbum( IV ) oksida/ Lead( IV ) oxide

Mendakan perang tak larut dalam Ion Fe

Mendakan hijau muda tak larut dalam Ion Fe hadir.

larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan. Fe2+ ions present.

(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: Br2 + 2e–  2Br-

(c) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bahan berikut dan peranannya.

Bahan Perubahan nombor pengoksidaan Peranan

Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ +2  +3

Air bromin, Br2 Agen pengoksidaan

2. Berdasarkan penurunan ion Fe3+ kepada ion Fe2+:

(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction: Fe3+ + e–  Fe2+

2Fe3+ + Mg  2Fe2+ + Mg2+

(c) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bahan berikut dan peranannya.

Bahan Perubahan nombor pengoksidaan Peranan

C Tindak Balas Penyesaran Sebagai Tindak Balas Redoks

Logam Ion positif

Cu + 2Ag+  Cu2+ + 2Ag Larutan argentum nitrat,

bertambah daripada 0 kepada +2.

(i) Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation – Hilang elektron/ Lose electrons

(ii) Penurunan/ Reduction – Terima elektron/ Gain electrons

Mengkaji tindak balas penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya.

biru bertukar menjadi Kuprum