Bab

2 Daya dan Gerakan I

Forces and Motion I

2.1 Gerakan Linear

Linear Motion

I A
Nota
1. Gerakan linear adalah gerakan dalam satu lintasan yang lurus.
Linear motion is motion in a straight line.

S
2. Kuantiti fizik yang boleh menghuraikan gerakan linear adalah:
Physical quantities that can describe linear motion is:

Kuantiti fizik Takrif Kuantiti Simbol Unit

Physical quantity Definition Quantity Symbol Unit

A
Jarak Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui Skalar
s meter (m)
Distance Total path length travelled Scalar

Sesaran Jarak antara dua tempat yang diukur sepanjang

Displacement laluan terpendek pada arah tertentu Vektor
s meter (m)
Distance between two location measured along the Vector
shortest path in a specific direction

Laju Kadar perubahan jarak Skalar

N
v m s–1
Speed Rate of change of distance Scalar

Halaju Kadar perubahan sesaran Vektor

v m s–1
Velocity Rate of change of displacement Vector

Pecutan Kadar perubahan halaju

A
Acceleration Rate of change of velocity Vektor
a m s–2
Nota/Note: (halaju bertambah dengan masa) Vector
(velocity increases with time)

P
Nyahpecutan Kadar perubahan halaju
Deceleration Rate of change of velocity Vektor
a m s–2
Nota/Note: (halaju berkurang dengan masa) Vector
(velocity decreases with time)

3. Istilah yang digunakan untuk menerangkan gerakan

Terms used to describe motion

Istilah/Terms Maksud/Meaning
Halaju seragam/malar/Uniform/constant velocity Pecutan sifar/Zero acceleration
Halaju sifar Objek pegun atau dalam keadaan rehat
Zero velocity Object at stationary or at rest
Halaju bertambah/Increasing velocity Pecutan/Acceleration
Halaju berkurang/Decreasing velocity Nyahpecutan/Deceleration
Halaju negatif Objek bergerak pada arah yang bertentangan
Negative velocity Object moves in opposite direction
Pecutan negatif/Negative acceleration Nyahpecutan/Deceleration
Pecutan seragam/malar Halaju meningkat pada kadar seragam
Uniform/constant acceleration Velocity increases at uniform rate
Nyahpecutan seragam/malar Halaju berkurang pada kadar seragam
Uniform/constant deceleration Velocity decreases at uniform rate

16
 4. Gerakan linear boleh dikaji di dalam makmal menggunakan jangka masa detik dan pita detik.
Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Jangka masa detik
Ticker timer
Tali kenyal
Elastic cord
Landasan terpampas
geseran
Pita detik Troli Friction compensated
Ticker tape Trolley plane

A
Kaki retort
Retort stand

I
Bekalan kuasa 12 V a.u.
12 V a.c. power supply

Rajah/Diagram 2.1
Menentukan masa untuk 1 detik menggunakan jangka masa detik.

S
Determining time for 1 tick using a ticker timer.

Masa yang diambil untuk membuat Masa untuk satu

Gunakan: Bekalan 50 detik pada pita detik ialah detik
kuasa 12 V a.u, 50 Hz 1 saat. 1 detik = masa antara 2 titik. Time for 1 tick
1

A
Use: 12 V a.c, 50 Hz The time taken to make 50 ticks on the = —–
power supply ticker tape is 1 second. 50
1 tick = time interval between 2 dots. = 0.02 s

5. Menganalisis gerakan menggunakan pita detik

Analysing motion using ticker tape
(a) Menghuraikan gerakan dengan menggunakan pita detik dan carta pita detik.
Describe motion by using ticker tape and ticker tape chart.

N
Arah gerakan
Direction of
motion Arah gerakan
Direction of
Arah gerakan motion

A
Direction of
motion Panjang / Length (cm)

Panjang / Length (cm)

P
Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:
Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar.
The object moves with constant velocity.

Arah gerakan
Direction of motion

Panjang / Length (cm)

Masa / Time (s)
Carta pita detik
Ticker tape chart

Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:

Halaju objek meningkat dengan seragam.
Masa / Time (s)

The velocity of the object increases uniformly.

Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:

• Halaju objek menurun dengan seragam.
The veloctiy of the object decreases uniformly.
• Objek bergerak dengan nyahpecutan seragam/
malar.
The object moves at uniform/constant deceleration.

Masa / Time (s)

Carta pita detik
Ticker tape chart

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 (b) Mengira halaju dengan menggunakan pita detik.
Calculating velocity by using ticker tape.
10 detik / ticks
Masa/Time, t = 10 detik/ticks × 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
Sesaran/Displacement, s = x cm
s x
x cm
Halaju/Velocity, v = — = ——
Jenis gerakan: Halaju seragam t 0.2
Type of motion: Uniform velocity

A
(c) Mengira pecutan dengan menggunakan pita detik.
Calculate acceleration by using ticker tape.

I
x1
Halaju awal/Initial velocity, u = ——
x1 cm x2 cm 0.2
x2
10 detik setiap keratan Halaju akhir/Final velocity, v = ——

S
10 ticks each strip 0.2
Jenis gerakan: Pecutan seragam/Halaju bertambah Masa/Time, t = (5 – 1) × 0.2 s = 0.8 s
Type of motion: Uniform acceleration/Increasing velocity v–u
Pecutan/Acceleration, a = ——–
t

A
(d) Mengira pecutan dengan menggunakan carta pita detik.
Calculate acceleration by using ticker tape chart.

Panjang / Length (cm) v–u

Pecutan/Acceleration, a = ——–
S5 t
S4 s1
S3 Halaju awal/Initial velocity, u = ——
S1
S2 0.2
s2

N
Halaju akhir/Final velocity, v = ——
0.2
Masa/Time, t = (5 – 1) × 0.2 s = 0.8 s
Masa / Time (s)

Setiap keratan mempunyai 10 detik

A
Each strip has 10 ticks

(e) Mengira halaju purata dengan menggunakan carta pita detik.

Calculate average velocity by using ticker tape chart.

P
Panjang / Length (cm) Halaju purata/Average velocity
S5 Jumlah sesaran/Total displacement
S4 = ———————————————––—
S3 Jumlah masa diambil/Total time taken
S2
S1 Jumlah sesaran/Total displacement
= s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5
Jumlah masa/Total time = 5 × 0.2 = 1 s
Masa / Time (s)

Setiap keratan mempunyai 10 detik

Each strip has 10 ticks

6. Gerakan linear juga boleh dikaji menggunakan sistem photogate dan pemasa elektronik.
Linear motion also can be analysed by using photogate system and electronic timer.

Rajah/Diagram 2.2

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 7. Masalah gerakan linear juga boleh diselesaikan menggunakan persamaan gerakan linear.
Linear motion also can be solved by using linear motion equation.

v = u + at di mana/where:
1 u = halaju awal/initial velocity
s = ut + —at2 v = halaju akhir/final velocity
2
v2 = u2 + 2as t = masa diambil/time taken
u+v s = sesaran/displacement
s = 1—––—2t
2 a = pecutan malar/constant acceleration

A Menghuraikan jenis gerakan linear
Describe the type of linear motion

I A
S
Nyatakan jenis gerakan dalam setiap keadaan di bawah.
State the type of motion in each case below. TP 2

(a) Jenis gerakan/Type of motion: (b) Jenis gerakan/Type of motion: (c) Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:
Nyahpecutan malar Halaju malar / Pecutan sifar Pecutan malar

A
Constant deceleration Constant velocity / Zero acceleration Constant acceleration

Arah Arah Arah

gerakan gerakan
Arah gerakan
gerakan
Arah gerakan
Direction Direction
Direction of Direction
Direction of
motion motion
of motion of motion of motion

B Memahami jarak, sesaran, laju, halaju, pecutan dan nyahpecutan

N
Understanding distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration and deceleration

1. Lengkapkan peta i-Think berikut.

Complete the i-Think map. TP 4
(a) Perbandingan antara jarak dan sesaran

A
Difference between distance and displacement

Definisi/Definition Definisi/Definition
Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui. Jarak di antara dua tempat yang diukur

P
Total path length travelled. sepanjang laluan terpendek pada arah
tertentu.
Distance between two places measured along the
shortest path in a specified direction.

Unit S.I.
Jarak S.I. Unit Sesaran
Distance Meter (m) Displacement

Jenis kuantiti Jenis kuantiti

Type of quantity Type of quantity
Skalar/ Scalar Vektor/ Vector

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 (b) Perbandingan antara laju dan halaju
Difference between speed and velocity

Definisi/Definition Definisi/Definition
Kadar perubahan jarak Simbol/Symbol Kadar perubahan sesaran
Rate of change of distance v Rate of change of displacement

A
Jenis kuantiti Jenis kuantiti
Type of quantity Type of quantity
Laju Halaju

I
Kuantiti skalar Speed Velocity Kuantiti vektor
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

S
Laju purata Halaju purata
Average speed Average velocity
jumlah jarak/ jumlah sesaran/

A
total distance total displacement
v = —————–———— v = ——————————
jumlah masa diambil/ Unit S.I. jumlah masa diambil/
total time taken S.I. Unit total time taken
s ms –1 s
v=—
t v=—
t

N
(c) Perbandingan antara pecutan dan nyahpecutan
Difference between acceleration and deceleration

Definisi/Definition
Kadar perubahan halaju

A
Rate of change of velocity

P
Jenis kuantiti/Type of quantity
Vektor/Vector

Formula
perubahan halaju/
Pecutan change of velocity Nyahpecutan
Acceleration
a = ————————
masa/time Deceleration
v – u
a = ——–
t

Halaju/Velocity Halaju/Velocity
Simbol/Symbol
Bertambah dengan masa Berkurang dengan masa
a
Increases with time Decreases with time

Unit S.I./S.I. unit
m s–2

20
 2. Perhatikan pita detik di bawah dan jawab soalan berikut.
Observe the ticker tape below and answer the questions. TP 3

X 13.7 cm Y

Rajah/Diagram 2.3

(a) Sesaran XY / The displacement of XY = 13.7 cm

A
(b) Masa diambil dari X ke Y / Time taken from X to Y = 7 × 0.02 = 0.14 s
13.7
(c) Halaju XY / The velocity of XY, v = ——– = 97.86 cm s–1

I
0.14

3. Rajah menunjukkan gerakan sebuah kereta.

The diagram shows the motion of a car. TP 3

S
t=2 s t=2 s
A B C

A
00000000 00000000 00000000

0 m s-1 20 m s-1 40 m s-1

Rajah/Diagram 2.4
Hitung pecutan:
Calculate the acceleration:

N
(a) Dari A ke B (b) Dari B ke C
From A to B From B to C
20 – 0 40 – 20
aAB = ———– = 10 m s–2 aAB = ———– = 10 m s–2
2 2

A
4. Rajah menunjukkan keratan pita detik bagi gerakan sebuah troli. Berapakah pecutan troli itu jika frekuensi jangka

P
masa detik ialah 50 Hz?
The diagram shows a section of ticker tape for the motion of a trolley. What is the acceleration of the trolley if the frequency of the
ticker timer is 50 Hz? TP 4
Arah gerakan
Direction of motion

5.2 cm 2.8 cm

Rajah/Diagram 2.5
Penyelesaian / Solution:
2.8
u = ——– = 140 cm s–1
0.02
5.2
v = ——– = 260 cm s–1
0.02
260 – 140
a = ————––— = 1 200 cm s–2
(6 – 1) × 0.02

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Uji Kendiri 2.1

1. Setiap hari Rania berjalan ke sekolah. Rajah menunjukkan laluan Penyelesaian / Solution:
yang diambil oleh Rania untuk ke sekolah. Berapakah jarak dan
sesaran Rania ke sekolah? Jarak / Distance = 30 + 150 + 250
Rania walks to school everyday. The diagram shows the path taken by Rania = 430 m
to the school. What is the distance and displacement of Rania to the school? Sesaran / Displacement
KBAT Mengaplikasi = ABBBBBBBBB
(1502) + (2802)

A
= 317.65 m
250 m
Sekolah

I
C D School

150 m

Rumah Rania

S
A B
Rania’s house
30 m

2. Adnan mengambil masa 10 minit untuk mengayuh basikal dari rumahnya ke kedai yang terletak 4 km ke arah
timur dari rumahnya. Dia berhenti di kedai untuk membeli sebotol air minuman. Adnan kemudiannya mengayuh
ke sekolah selama 2 minit, yang terletak 2 km ke arah utara. Hitung:

A
Adnan takes 10 minutes to cycle from his house to the shop, which is located 4 km east of his house. He stops at the shop to buy
a bottle of drinking water. Adnan then cycles to the school for another 2 minutes, which is located 2 km north. Calculate:
KBAT Menganalisis
(a) Laju purata / The average speed (b) Halaju purata / The average velocity
s s = ABBBBBB
4 0002 + BBBB
2 0002
v = —
t = 4 472.14 m
4 000 + 2 000 s
= ——————

N
12 × 60 v = —t
= 8.33 m s–1 4 472.14
= ———— m
720 s
= 6.21 m s–1

A
3. Rajah menunjukkan pergerakan seekor semut sepanjang pembaris dari titik A ke titik B dan kemudiannya berpatah
balik dan berhenti di titik C dalam masa 5 saat. Hitung:
The diagram shows a movement of an ant along the ruler from point A to point B and then turns back and stops at point C in
5 s. Calculate: KBAT Mengaplikasi

P
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A C B
cm

(a) Jarak yang dilalui (b) Sesaran (c) Laju / Speed (d) Halaju / Velocity
Distance travelled Displacement 9 5
v = — v = —
s = 7 + 2 s = 7 cm – 2 cm 5 5
= 1.8 cm s–1 = 1 cm s–1
= 9 cm = 5 cm

4. Rajah menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki bermain papan luncur.

The diagram shows a boy playing a skateboard. KBAT Mengaplikasi
t=0s t=2s t=5s

A B C
0 m s–1 2 m s–1 3.5 m s–1

Hitung pecutan budak lelaki itu.
Calculate the acceleration of the boy.

22
 (a) Dari A ke B / From A to B (b) Dari B ke C / From B to C
v–u v–u
a = ——– t a = ——– t
2 – 0 3.5 –2
= ——– = ——––
2 3
= 1.0 m s–2 = 0.5 m s–2
5. Rajah menunjukkan carta pita yang terhasil dari pergerakan sebuah
Panjang / Length (cm)
troli. Setiap jalur mempunyai 10 detik dan frekuensi bagi jangka masa

A
detik ialah 50 Hz. 10
The diagram shows the tape chart produced by the motion of a trolley. Each
8
strip consists of 10 ticks and the frequency used by the ticker timer is 50 Hz.

I
(a) Nyatakan jenis gerakan troli. KBAT Menganalisis 6
State the type of motion of the trolley. 4

Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration 2

Masa / Time (s)

S
(b) Hitung / Calculate:
(i) pecutan troli (ii) sesaran troli (iii) halaju purata
the acceleration of the trolley the displacement of the trolley the average velocity
2 30
u = —– = 10 cm s–1 s = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 v = ———– = 30 cm s–1
0.2 5 × 0.2

A
= 30 cm
10
v = —– = 50 cm s–1
0.2
t = (5 – 1)0.2 = 0.8 s
50 – 10
a = ———– = 50 cm s–2
0.8

6.

N
Arah pergerakan
Direction of
motion 0.5 cm 4 cm

Rajah menunjukkan pita detik bagi gerakan sebuah troli. Frekuensi bagi pita detik yang digunakan ialah 50 Hz.
Hitungkan pecutan bagi troli itu.

A
The diagram shows a ticker tape of the motion of a trolley. The frequency of the ticker timer used is 50 Hz. Calculate the
acceleration of the trolley. KBAT Menganalisis
0.5 4
u = —–– = 25 cm s–1 v = —–– = 200 cm s–1
0.02 0.02

P
200 – 25
a = ———–——– = 1 750 cm s–2
(6 – 1) × 0.02

7. Rajah menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki berbasikal menuruni bukit dari keadaan pegun.
Jika dia menuruni bukit dengan pecutan seragam, 1.25 m s-2 dalam masa 40 saat, hitung
halaju akhir basikal itu.
The diagram shows a boy cycles downhill from rest. If he moves down the hill with constant acceleration
1.25 m s-2 in 40 s, calculate the final velocity of the bicycle. KBAT Mengaplikasi
Penyelesaian / Solution:
v–u
a = —–––
t
v–0
1.25 = —–––
40
v = 50 m s–1
8. Sebuah van bergerak dengan kelajuan 30 m s-1. Pemandu menekan Penyelesaian / Solution:
brek dengan tiba-tiba dan van itu berhenti dalam masa 3.5 saat. v–u
a = —–––
Hitung nyahpecutan bagi van itu. t
A van is moving at a speed of 30 m s-1. The driver suddenly steps on the brake 0 – 30
= —––––
and it stops 3.5 seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of the van. 3.5
KBAT Mengaplikasi = –8.57 m s–2
Nyahpecutan / Deceleration = 8.57 m s–2

23
 9. Sebuah lori bergerak dengan halaju 20 m s-1 ke arah timur dan Penyelesaian / Solution:
kelajuan meningkat secara seragam menjadi 45 m s-1 dalam masa 5
v = u + at
saat. Hitung pecutan lori tersebut.
45 = 20 + a(5)
A lorry moves with velocity 20 m s–1 to the east and speeds up uniformly to
velocity of 45 m s–1 in 5 seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the lorry. 5a = 25
a = 5 m s–2
KBAT Mengaplikasi

10. Sebuah superbike bergerak dengan halaju 15 m s–1 memecut dengan Penyelesaian / Solution:
seragam pada kadar 4.2 m s-2 dalam masa 30 saat. Kira sesaran

A
1
superbike itu ketika memecut. s = ut + —at2
2
A superbike travelling with velocity of 15 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a 1
= 15(30) + —(4.2)(30)2
rate of 4.2 m s-2 in 30 seconds. Calculate the displacement of the superbike 2

I
while it is accelerating. KBAT Mengaplikasi = 2 340 m
11. Sebuah kereta dengan jisim 1500 kg bergerak dengan halaju malar Penyelesaian / Solution:
36 m s-1. Pemandu kereta itu ternampak sekumpulan lembu di v–u 0 – 36
a = —––– = —–––– = –6 m s–2

S
hadapan dan dia terus menekan brek dan dapat memberhentikan t 6
kereta dalam masa 6 saat. Jarak lembu dan kereta semasa pemandu
v2 = u2 + 2as
itu ternampak lembu-lembu itu ialah 160 m. Berapakah jauh lembu-
0 = 362 + 2(–6)s
lembu itu dari kereta apabila kereta itu berhenti?
A car with mass 1 500 kg moves with constant velocity of 36 m s . The driver
-1 s = 108 m

A
sees a group of cows in front and he immediately steps on the brake pedal
Jarak dari lembu / Distance from the cows:
and manages to stop the car in 6 seconds. The distance of the cows from the
s = 160 – 108
car when the driver spotted them was 160 m. How far are the cows from the
= 52 m
car when the car stops. KBAT Menganalisis
12. Sebuah bas memulakan perjalanan dari terminal dan bergerak Penyelesaian / Solution:
dengan halaju malar 25 m s-1. Apabila sampai di persimpangan jalan,
pemandu menekan brek dan bas berhenti selepas bergerak sejauh v = u + 2as
2 2

50 m. Hitung nyahpecutan bas itu selepas brek dikenakan. 0 = (25)2 + 2a(50)

N
A bus starts its journey from the terminal and moves with constant velocity a = –6.25 m s–2
25 m s-1. When reaching the junction of a road, the driver steps on the brake
pedal and the bus stops after travelling a distance of 50 m. Calculate the
deceleration of the bus after the brake is applied. KBAT Menganalisis

A
2.2 Graf Gerakan Linear
Linear Motion Graph

P
Nota
1. Graf gerakan amat berguna dalam menterjemahkan gerakan suatu objek.
The motion graph very useful for interpreting the motion of an object.
2. Maklumat daripada graf:
Information from the graph:

Graf / Graph
Ciri-ciri Sesaran-masa Halaju-masa Pecutan-masa
Characteristics Displacement-time Velocity-time Acceleration-time
(s-t) (v-t) (a-t)
Paksi-y ialah
Sesaran / Displacement, s Halaju / Velocity, v Pecutan / Acceleration, a
y-axis is

Paksi-x ialah
Masa / Time, t Masa / Time, t Masa / Time, t
x-axis is

Kecerunan graf mewakili Halaju Pecutan

–
Gradient of graph represent Velocity Acceleration

Luas di bawah graf mewakili

Sesaran
Area under the graph – –
Displacement
represent

24
 Graf / Graph
Ciri-ciri Sesaran-masa Halaju-masa Pecutan-masa
Characteristics Displacement-time Velocity-time Acceleration-time
(s-t) (v-t) (a-t)
Bentuk graf dan jenis s/m v/m s–1
a/m s
–2

gerakan
Shape of graph and type of

A
motion of an object

t/s t/s t/s

I
Pegun / tidak bergerak Halaju seragam Pecutan sifar atau
Stationary / not move Constant velocity halaju seragam
Zero acceleration or
constant velocity

S
s/m v/m s–1 a/m s–2

A
t/s t/s t/s

Halaju seragam Pecutan seragam Pecutan seragam

Constant velocity Constant acceleration Constant acceleration

s/m v/m s–1 a/m s–2

N
t/s t/s t/s

Halaju seragam arah ke Nyahpecutan seragam Pecutan bertambah

kiri Constant deceleration Increasing acceleration

A
Constant velocity to the
left

3. Sesaran objek boleh ditentukan dengan mengira luas di bawah graf v-t seperti di bawah.

P
Displacement of an object can be determined by calculate the area under the graph of v-t.

s2 = l × b Jumlah sesaran / Total displacement

= 20 × 10 = s1 + s2 + s3
= 200 m
v/m s–1 atau / or
20
A B = Luas trapezium / Area of trapezium
1
= —(a + b)ℎ
16 2
1
s1 = —bℎ
2 12
1 1
= — × 5 × 20 s3 = — bℎ
2 8
2
= 50 m 1
S1 S2 S3 = — × 15 × 20
4
2
C
= 150 m
t/s
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Rajah/Diagram 2.6

25
 A Graf sesaran-masa (s-t)
Displacement-time graph (s-t)

1. Lengkapkan maklumat pada graf berikut.

Complete the information in the graph below. TP 2

(a) Sesaran/Displacement, s (m)

A
B C
s1

0
A
t1 t2

S
D

t3 t4

I Masa/Time, t (s)

–s2

A
Rajah/Diagram 2.7
E

N
Analisis graf
Bahagian Graph analysis
graf
Part of graph Kecerunan graf Jenis gerakan

A
Gradient of the graph Type of motion

Positif dan malar Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar ke arah

AB

P
Positive and constant kanan
(0 – t1) .
Object moves with constant velocity to the right .

BC 0 Objek tidak bergerak atau pegun .

(t1 – t2) Object does not move or at rest .

Negatif dan malar Objek berpatah balik dengan halaju malar ke arah
CD Nagative and constant kiri .
(t2 – t3) constant velocity
Object return back with to the
left .

DE Negatif dan malar Objek bergerak ke kiri dengan halaju malar .

(t3 – t4) Negative and constant Object moves to the left with constant velocity .

26
 (b) s/m Kecerunan graf di Q lebih besar daripada di P.
Kecerunan adalah positif .
The gradient of the graph at Q is greater than at P.
The gradient is positive .
Q

Jenis gerakan/Type of motion

A
P Objek bergerak dengan halaju meningkat ke arah
t/s kanan .
Rajah/Diagram 2.8

I
Object moves with increasing velocity to the right .
Objek bergerak dengan pecutan ke arah kanan .
Object moves with acceleration to the right .

S
(c) s/m Kecerunan graf di Q lebih kecil daripada di P.

A
The gradient of the graph at Q is smaller than at P.
Kecerunan adalah positif .
Q
The gradient is positive .
P
Jenis gerakan/Type of motion
Objek bergerak dengan halaju menurun ke arah
kanan .

N
t/s
Rajah/Diagram 2.9 Object moves with decreasing velocity to the right .
Objek bergerak dengan nyahpecutan ke arah kanan .
Object moves with deceleration to the right .

A
2. Dalam setiap graf sesaran-masa di bawah, tentukan halaju objek.
In each displacement-time graph below, determine the velocity of the object. TP 3

P
(a) s/m (b) s/m (c) s/m

36 36 36

0 t/s 0 t/s 0 t/s

6 6 6

Halaju / Velocity: Halaju / Velocity: Halaju / Velocity:

v = 0 m s–1 v = kecerunan/gradient v = kecerunan/gradient
36 –36
v = —– v = —––
6 6
= 6 m s–1 = –6 m s–1

27
 B Graf halaju-masa (v-t)
Velocity-time graph (v-t)

1. Lengkapkan maklumat berdasarkan graf berikut.

Complete the information based on the graph below. TP 2

(a) Halaju/Velocity, v (m s–1)

A
B C
v1

I
s1 s2 s3

S
A D
Masa/Time, t (s)
0
t1 t2 t3 t4

A
s4

–v2
E

Rajah/Diagram 2.10

N
Analisis graf
Bahagian graf Graph analysis
Part of graph Kecerunan graf dan pecutan Jenis gerakan
Gradient of the graph and acceleration Type of motion
• Kecerunan adalah positif dan malar . Objek bergerak dengan halaju

A
positive constant
meningkat dengan sekata atau
Gradient is and .
AB malar
• Pecutan adalah malar . pecutan .
(0 – t1)
Acceleration is constant . Object moves with constant increasing

P
velocity or constant acceleration.

• Kecerunan adalah sifar . Objek bergerak dengan halaju

zero
malar atau pecutan
Gradient is .
sifar sifar .
BC • Pecutan adalah .
(t1 – t2) zero Object moves with constant velocity or
Acceleration is .
seragam zero acceleration.
• Halaju adalah .
Velocity is constant .

• Kecerunan negatif dan malar . Objek bergerak dengan halaju

negative constant
berkurang dengan sekata atau
Gradient is and .
CD malar
• Nyahpecutan malar . nyahpecutan .
(t2 – t3)
Constant deceleration. Object moves with constant decreasing
velocity or constant deceleration.
• Halaju meningkat pada arah bertentangan. Objek bergerak dengan halaju
Velocity increases in opposite direction. bertambah dengan sekata atau
• Kecerunan negatif dan malar
pecutan malar pada arah
DE negative constant
Gradient is and bertentangan.
(t3 – t4)
• Pecutan adalah seragam arah ke kiri . Object moves with constant increasing

Acceleration is constant to the left . velocity or constant acceleration in

opposite direction.

28
 (b) v/m s–1
Kecerunan graf di Q lebih besar daripada di P. Kecerunan
adalah positif .
The gradient of the graph at Q is greater than at P.
The gradient is positive .
Q

Jenis gerakan / Type of motion

P Objek bergerak dengan pecutan meningkat .

A
increasing acceleration
t/s Object moves with .
Rajah/Diagram 2.11

I
(c) v/m s–1
Kecerunan graf di Q lebih kecil daripada di P. Kecerunan
adalah positif .
The gradient of the graph at Q is smaller than at P.
Q

S
The gradient is positive .
P
Jenis gerakan / Type of motion
Objek bergerak dengan pecutan menurun .

A
decreasing acceleration
t/s Object moves with .
Rajah/Diagram 2.12

2. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk setiap graf halaju-masa.

Complete the table below for each velocity-time graph. TP 3

(a) v/m s–1 (i) Jenis gerakan / Type of motion:

Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar/ pecutan sifar.

N
20 Object moves with constant velocity/zero acceleration.

(ii) Pecutan / Acceleration:

a = 0 m s–2

A
(iii) Sesaran / Displacement:
t/s
5 s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
Rajah/Diagram 2.13 = 20 × 5

P
= 100 m
(b) (i) Jenis gerakan / Type of motion:
v/m s –1
Objek bergerak dengan halaju meningkat dengan sekata atau
pecutan malar.
20 Object moves with constant increasing velocity or constant
acceleration.

(ii) Pecutan / Acceleration:

20
a = —–
5
= 4 m s–2
t/s
5 (iii) Sesaran / Displacement:
Rajah/Diagram 2.14
s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
1
= — (5)(20)
2
= 50 m

29
(c) (i) Jenis gerakan / Type of motion:
v/m s –1
Objek bergerak dengan halaju berkurang dengan sekata atau
nyahpecutan malar.
Object moves with constant decreasing velocity or constant
20
deceleration.

(ii) Nyahpecutan / Deceleration:

–20

A
a = –—–
5
= – 4 m s–2

I
t/s (iii) Sesaran / Displacement:
5
Rajah/Diagram 2.15 s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
1
= — (5)(20)
2

S
= 50 m

(d) (i) Jenis gerakan / Type of motion:

Objek bergerak dengan halaju meningkat dengan sekata atau

A
v/m s–1

pecutan malar.
20 Object moves with constant increasing velocity or constant
acceleration.

(ii) Pecutan / Acceleration:

20 – 5
a = –—–—

N
5 5
= 3 m s–2

t/s (iii) Sesaran / Displacement:

5
s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
Rajah/Diagram 2.16
1
= — (5 + 20)(5)

A
2
= 62.5 m

P
(e) (i) Jenis gerakan / Type of motion:
v/m s–1
Objek bergerak dengan halaju berkurang dengan sekata atau
nyahpecutan malar.
25 Object moves with constant decreasing velocity or constant
deceleration.

(ii) Nyahpecutan / Deceleration:

25 – 4
a = –––—–
0–5
= –4.2 m s–2
4

(iii) Sesaran / Displacement:

t/s
5 s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
Rajah/Diagram 2.17 1
= — (4 + 25)(5)
2
= 72.5 m

30
Uji Kendiri 2.2

1. Rajah menunjukkan graf sesaran-masa bagi suatu objek. s/m

S
The diagram shows the displacement-time graph of an object. 10
KBAT Menganalisis 9
Q R
(a) Terangkan jenis gerakan bagi objek itu. 8
Describe the type of motion of the object. 7

A
Di PQ: Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar ke arah kanan. 6

At PQ: Object moves with constant velocity to the right. 5

4
Di QR: Objek pegun.

I
3
At QR: Object at rest.
2
Di RS: Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar ke arah kanan.
1
At RS: Object moves with constant velocity to the right. P

S
0 t/s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(b) Nyatakan jarak objek apabila t = 5 s
State the distance of the object when t = 5 s
s=8m

A
(c) Nyatakan masa yang diambil apabila objek berada pada jarak 6 m.
State the time taken when the distance of the object is 6 m.
t=3s

(d) Hitungkan halaju objek antara: / Calculate the velocity of the object between:
(i) PQ (ii) QR (iii) RS
8 10 – 8
v = — v = 0 m s–1 v = ———
4 10 – 7

N
= 2 m s–1 = 0.67 m s–1

(e) Hitungkan halaju purata bagi objek dalam 10 s. / Calculate the average velocity of the object in 10 s.
jumlah sesaran/total displacement
v = ———————–——————
jumlah masa/total time

A
8 + 2
= ——–
10
= 1 m s–1

P
(f) Lakarkan graf halaju-masa bagi objek itu. / Sketch velocity-time graph for the object.
v/m s–1

0.67

t/s
0 4 7 10

2. Rajah menunjukkan graf sesaran-masa sebuah kereta. (a) Hitung halaju kereta antara:
The diagram shows displacement-time graph of a car. Calculate the velocity of the car between:
s/m KBAT Menganalisis (i) OP (ii) PQ (iii) QR (iv) RS

Penyelesaian / Solution:
P Q 20
20 (i) v = —– = 10 m s–1
2
(ii) v = 0 m s–1
20
R
(iii) v = – —–— = –10 m s–1
t/s 7–5
O 2 4 6 8
–10
(iv) v = —–– = –10 m s–1
–10 S
1

31
(b) Hitung jarak kereta dalam 8 saat.
Calculate the distance of the car in 8 seconds.
s = 20 + 20 + 10
= 50 m
(d) Hitung laju purata kereta itu.
Calculate the average speed of the car.
50
(c) Hitung sesaran kereta dalam 8 saat.
Calculate displacement of the car in 8 seconds.
s = (20 – 20) – 10
= –10 m
(e) Hitung halaju purata kereta itu.
Calculate the average velocity of the car.
–10

A
v = —– v = —––
8 8
= 6.25 m s–1 = –1.25 m s–1

I
(f) Lakarkan graf halaju-masa bagi objek itu.
Sketch velocity-time graph for the object.
v/m s-1

S
10

A
0 t/s
2 4 6 7 8

−10

N
3. Rajah menunjukkan graf halaju-masa bagi pergerakan sebuah v/m s–1
kereta dalam masa 6 saat. B
The diagram shows the velocity-time graph of a car movement in 30

6 seconds. KBAT Menganalisis 20

(a) Terangkan pergerakan kereta itu dalam masa 4 saat yang

A
pertama. 10 A
C
Describe the motion of the car in first 4 seconds. 0 t/s
2 4 6 8
Pada 2 saat yang pertama, kereta bergerak dengan pecutan –10
malar dan kemudian ia bergerak dengan nyahpecutan malar.

P
–20
In the first 2 seconds, the car moves with constant acceleration –30
D
and after that it moves with constant deceleration.

(b) Hitungkan pecutan pada:

Calculate the acceleration at:

(i) AB (ii) CD
30 – 10 0 – (–30)
a = ———– a = ———––
2–0 4–6
= 10 m s–2 = –15 m s–2

(c) Hitungkan jumlah jarak kereta selepas 6 saat. (d) Hitungkan jumlah sesaran kereta selepas 6 saat.
Calculate the total distance of the car after 6 seconds. Calculate the total displacement of the car after 6
seconds.
s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
1 1 1 s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
= — [10 + 30][2] + [ — (2 × 30)] + [ — (2 × 30)]
2 2 2 1 1 1
= — [10 + 30][2] + [ — (2 × 30)] + [ — (2 × (–30))]
= 100 m 2 2 2
= 40 m
(e) Hitungkan laju purata bagi kereta. (f) Hitung halaju purata bagi kereta.
Calculate the average speed of the car. Calculate the average velocity of the car.
100 40
v = —–– v = —–
6 6
= 16.67 m s–1 = 6.67 m s–1

32
 (g) Lakarkan graf pecutan-masa bagi kereta itu.
Sketch the acceleration-time graph of the car.

a/m s–2

15
10

0 t/s
2 4 6

A
–15

I
4. Rajah menunjukkan graf halaju-masa bagi sebuah lori.
The diagram shows the velocity-time graph of a lorry. KBAT Menganalisis

S
v/m s –1

A B
40

30

A
C
20

10

0 D
t/s
2 4 6 8

(a) Namakan kuantiti fizik yang diwakili oleh kecerunan (b) Nyatakan keadaan gerakan lori pada kedudukan AB.

N
graf. State the motion of the lorry at point AB.
Name the physical quantity represented by the gradient of Halaju malar/pecutan sifar
the graph.
Constant velocity/zero acceleration
Pecutan / Acceleration

A
(c) Tentukan pecutan lori itu pada kedudukan BC. (d) Hitungkan jarak perjalanan bagi lori.
Determine the acceleration of the lorry at BC. Calculate the distance travelled by the lorry.
20 – 40 s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
a = –——— 1 1

P
7–1 = [40 × 1] + [ — (40 + 20) 6] + [ — (20 × 2)]
= –3.33 m s–2 2 2
= 240 m

(e) Hitungkan halaju purata lori itu. (f) Lakarkan graf pecutan-masa bagi gerakan lori itu.
Calculate the average velocity of the lorry. Sketch the acceleration-time graph for the movement of the
240 lorry.
v = –—–
9 a/m s–2
= 26.67 m s–1
t/s
0 1 7 9

–3.33

–10

33
 2.3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas
Free Fall Motion

Nota
1. Suatu objek mengalami gerakan jatuh bebas hanya jika ia jatuh disebabkan oleh daya graviti sahaja.
An object experiences a free fall motion only if it falls due to gravitational force only.

A
2. Ini berlaku apabila objek jatuh tanpa ada rintangan atau daya lain.
This happens when the object falls without encountering any resistance or other forces.
3. Pecutan graviti, g, ialah pecutan objek yang jatuh bebas disebabkan oleh daya tarikan graviti.

I
Gravitational acceleration, g, is the acceleration of an object that falls due to the gravitational force.
4. Nilai purata bagi pecutan graviti bumi ialah 9.81 m s-2.
The average value of the gravitational force of the earth is 9.81 m s-2.

S
5. Sebarang objek yang jatuh bebas di permukaan bumi tidak dipengaruhi oleh jisim atau saiz objek.
Any object that free falls on the earth does not be affected by the mass or size of the object.
6. Daripada persamaan linear:
From linear equation:
1 1
s = ut + — at2 ➞ u = 0 dan a = g Maka / Thus, s = — gt2

A
2 2

t = ABBB
2s
—–
g
7. Persamaan linear boleh digunakan untuk penyelesaian masalah dengan menggantikan nilai a kepada g.
Linear equation can be used for problem solving by replacing a with g.
8. Nilai g bernilai positif apabila jasad bergerak ke bawah dan bernilai negatif apabila jasad bergerak ke
atas.

N
Value of g is positive when the object is moving downwards and negative when it moving upwards.

A Gerakan jatuh bebas

A
Free fall motion

Lengkapkan rajah di bawah.

Complete the diagram below. TP 2 Graf v-t untuk menunjukkan jatuh bebas

P
Definisi/Definition Graph v-t to show free fall
Rintangan udara
Jatuh disebabkan daya graviti diabaikan Halaju/Velocity

atau pecutan graviti sahaja Air resistance is

Falling under the force of gravity or negligible

gravitational acceleration only

Persamaan linear boleh digunakan

untuk menyelesaikan masalah Jatuh bebas Masa/Time
dengan menggantikan a kepada g. Free fall
Linear equation can be used to solve Kecerunan graf/Gradient of the graph
problems by replacing a with g. =g
1 = 9.8 m s–2
s = ut + — gt2
2
v = u + gt
v2 = u2 + 2gs Masa untuk jatuh bebas dipengaruhi oleh:
The time for free fall is affected by:
Masa jatuh bebas tidak bergantung kepada: (a) tinggi dari mana objek jatuh
The free fall time does not depend on:
height from where the object falls
(a) jisim objek/ the mass of the object
(b) nilai pecutan graviti
(b) bentuk laluan (garis lurus atau parabola)
the value of the acceleration due to gravity
the shape of the path (straight line or parabola)

34
 Uji Kendiri 2.3
1. Suatu objek dijatuhkan dari ketinggian 35 m. Kira masa yang diambil Penyelesaian / Solution:
untuk sampai ke tanah. [g = 9.81 m s-2] 1
An object is dropped from a height of 35 m. Calculate the time taken to reach the s = ut + — gt2
2
ground. [g = 9.81 m s-2] KBAT Mengaplikasi 1
35 = 0 + — (9.81) t2
2
t = 2.67 s

A
2. Suatu objek dilontar ke atas dari tanah dengan halaju awal 30 m s-1. Penyelesaian / Solution:
Berapakah ketinggian maksimum dicapai oleh objek itu?
v2 = u2 + 2gs
[g = 9.81 m s–2]

I
0 = (30)2 + 2(–9.81)s
An object is thrown vertically up from the ground with an initial velocity 30 m s-1.
What is the maximum height reached by the object? [g = 9.81 m s–2] s = 45.87 m
KBAT Mengaplikasi

S
3. Rajah menunjukkan roket air bergerak ke atas 20 m s–1
Penyelesaian / Solution:
dengan halaju 20 m s-1. (a) Halaju menurun/nyahpecutan
The diagram shows a water rocket moves vertically
upward with velocity 20 m s-1. KBAT Menilai Decreasing velocity/deceleration
(a) Apakah yang akan terjadi kepada gerakan roket
(b) Ia bergerak melawan graviti

A
apabila ia bergerak ke atas?
What happen to the motion of the rocket as it moves It moves against gravity
upward?
(b) Berikan satu sebab untuk jawapan anda. (c) v2 = u2 + 2gs
Give one reason for your answer. v2 = (20)2 + 2(–9.81) (15)
(c) Kira halaju roket apabila ketinggiannya ialah v = 10.28 m s–1
15 m. [g = 9.81 m s-2]
Calculate the velocity of the rocket when its height is

N
15 m. [g = 9.81 m s-2]

2.4 Inersia
Inertia

A
Nota

P
1. Inersia ialah kecenderungan sesuatu objek untuk kekal dalam keadaan pegun atau terus berada dalam
gerakan seragam dalam garis lurus.
Inertia is a natural tendency of an object to maintain a state of rest or to remain in uniform motion in a straight
line.
2. Hukum Inersia berkait dengan Hukum gerakan Newton pertama:
Suatu objek akan kekal dalam keadaan pegun atau bergerak dengan laju malar dalam garis lurus jika
daya luaran yang bertindak padanya adalah sifar.
Law of Inertia is related to Newton’s First Law of Motion:
An object will remain at rest or continue with a constant speed in a straight line if the external force acting on the
object is zero.
3. Hubungan antara jisim dan inersia: Apabila jisim meningkat, inersia akan meningkat.
Relationship between mass and inertia: When mass increases, inertia will increase.
4. – Neraca inersia digunakan untuk membandingkan jisim atau Silinder logam
mengukur jisim suatu objek. Metal cylinder
An inertial balance is used to compare masses or to measure the mass
of an object.
– Apabila jisim silinder logam bertambah dengan menambahkan Meja
Rak
Rack
silinder kedua, tempoh getaran akan bertambah panjang. Table
When the mass of the metal cylinder is increased by adding a second
metal cylinder, the period of vibration becomes longer. Neraca inersia
Inertial balance
– Punca kuasa dua tempoh getaran, T 2 bagi neraca inersia Pengapit-G
berkadar langsung dengan jisim, m, silinder logam. G-Clamp
Squared of period of vibration, T2, of an inertial balance is directly Rajah/Diagram 2.18
proportional to the mass, m, of the metal cylinder.

35
 A Konsep inersia
Concept of inertia

Lengkapkan contoh aktiviti yang melibatkan inersia berikut.

Complete the examples of activities involving inertia. TP 2  

Contoh/Example 1
Duit syiling / Coin
Disentap dengan pantas

A
Pull out quickly
Kadbod / Cardboard

Gelas / Glass

I
Rajah/Diagram 2.19

Pemerhatian: Duit syiling jatuh secara menegak ke dalam gelas.

Observation: The coin drops vertically into the glass.

S
Penerangan: Inersia duit syiling menyebabkan ia kekal berada dalam keadaan pegun .
Explanation: Duit syiling jatuh secara menegak ke dalam gelas disebabkan oleh beratnya .
remain at rest
The inertia of the coin causes it to .
The coin drops vertically into the glass due to its weight
.

A
Contoh/Example 2

Diketuk dengan kuat Bongkah kayu

menggunakan pembaris Wooden block
Hit hard by using a ruler

N
Meja / Table

Rajah/Diagram 2.20

A
Pemerhatian: Bongkah-bongkah yang lain jatuh secara menegak ke atas meja.
Observation: The other blocks fall vertically onto the table.
Penerangan: Inersia bongkah-bongkah kayu yang lain menyebabkan mereka kekal dalam keadaan pegun .
Explanation: Berat bongkah-bongkah yang lain itu menyebabkan mereka jatuh secara menegak ke atas meja .

P
remain at rest
The inertia of the wooden blocks causes them to .
The weight of other blocks makes them fall vertically onto the table
.

Contoh/Example 3

Tali
Ropes

Pasir
Sand

Baldi
Pail

Rajah/Diagram 2.21
Pemerhatian: Baldi yang berisi dengan pasir didapati lebih sukar untuk bergerak dan diberhentikan berbanding dengan
Observation: baldi yang kosong.
The pail filled with sand feels more difficult to move and to stop moving than the empty one.
Penerangan: Baldi yang berisi dengan pasir mempunyai inersia atau jisim yang lebih besar berbanding
Explanation:
dengan baldi yang kosong .
greater inertia or mass than the empty one
The pail filled with sand has a .

36
 B Mewajarkan kesan inersia dalam kehidupan seharian
Justify the effects of inertia in daily life

I Inersia dalam kehidupan harian

Inertia in everyday life

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk menjelaskan situasi yang diberikan.

Complete the table below to explain the situations given. TP 3

Situasi Penjelasan

A
Situation Explanation
1. Penumpang-penumpang di dalam bas Inersia penumpang-
akan tersentak ke belakang apabila penumpang membuatkan

I
bas tiba-tiba memecut daripada mereka kekal pegun.
keadaan pegun. The inertia of the passengers
The passengers in the bus will jerk makes them remain their state of
Memecut rest.
backward when the bus accelerates

S
Accelerate
suddenly from rest.
Rajah/Diagram 2.22
2. Penunggang motosikal terhumban ke Inersia penunggang motosikal
hadapan apabila motosikal berhenti mengekalkan keadaan
dengan tiba-tiba. gerakannya dengan laju malar.

A
The motorcyclist jerks forward when the Inertia of the motorcyclist
motorcycle stops suddenly. maintains his state of motion
moving with constant speed.

Rajah/Diagram 2.23
3. Trak yang sedang bergerak lebih
sukar untuk berhenti dibandingkan
dengan kereta yang sedang bergerak.
The moving truck is harder to stop
Trak mempunyai jisim lebih
besar. Maka, inersia juga lebih
besar.
The truck has bigger mass. So, the

N
Rajah/Diagram 2.24 compared to the moving car. inertia also bigger.

4. Sos tomato lebih mudah dituang Inersia sos tomato itu

keluar dengan menggoncangkan akan memaksa sos untuk
botolnya dan diberhentikan secara mengekalkan keadaan

A
tiba-tiba. gerakannya dan seterusnya
Tomato sauce is easier to pour by shaking mengalir keluar.
the bottle and stopping it suddenly. The inertia of the sauce will force
it to continue its state of motion
Rajah/Diagram 2.25 and thus flow out.

P
II Kesan-kesan positif dan negatif inersia
Positive and negative effects of inertia

1. Nyatakan tiga kesan positif inersia. / State three effects of positive inertia. TP 2
(a) Mengeringkan payung dengan membuka dan menutupnya dengan cepat.
Drying off an umbrella by opening and closing it quickly.
(b) Untuk mengetatkan penukul yang sudah longgar.
To tighten a loose hammer.
(c) Seorang penggusti sumo yang mempunyai jisim yang lebih besar akan mempunyai inersia yang lebih besar. Ia lebih
sukar untuk ditumbangkan.
A sumo wrestler who has a greater mass also has a greater inertia. He is harder to be toppled down.

2. Nyatakan tiga kesan negatif inersia. / State three negative effects of inertia. TP 2
(a) Semasa kemalangan, penumpang akan tercampak ke depan apabila kereta tiba-tiba berhenti.
During an accident, passengers are thrown forward when the car is suddenly stopped.
(b) Kenderaan berat akan mengambil masa yang lebih panjang untuk berhenti.
A heavier vehicle will take a longer time to stop.
(c) Penumpang bas akan terhumban ke depan apabila bas berhenti secara tiba-tiba.
Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately.

37