Chem 11 Module 3 Notes Name:

1. Chemical Equations:

 Equations must be balanced in order to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass:

Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical reaction, so there
must be the same number of atoms on both sides of the equation.

Look at the Chemical Equation below:

2NaOH à Na2O + H2O

These numbers are found in a chemical equation:

Subscripts are the small numbers to the lower right of chemical symbols. Subscripts
represent the number of atoms of each element in the molecule.

Coefficients are the large numbers in front of chemical formulas. Coefficients represent
the number of molecules of the substance in the reaction.

In both cases when no number is represented the assumption is ONE.

So in the above equation there are 2 NaOH molecules, 1 Na2O molecule and 1 water
molecule in order to balance the left and right sides. Both the reactant and product sides
contain 2 sodium atoms, 2 oxygen atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms.

Balancing Equations By Inspection

***The order in which the following steps are performed is important.

While shortcuts are possible, following these steps in order is the best way to be sure you
are correct***

When balancing equations, you only have control over the Coefficients. Never change
subscripts.

1. Check for Diatomic Molecules - H2 - N2 - O2 - F2 - Cl2 - Br2 - I2

If these elements appear by themselves in an equation, they must be written with
the subscript 2
2. Balance Metals
3. Balance Nonmetals
4. Balance Hydrogen
5. Balance Oxygen
6. Recount All Atoms
7. If every coefficient will reduce, rewrite in the simplest whole-number ratio.
An equation is not properly balanced if the coefficients are not written in their lowest
whole-number ratio.

Guided Practice #1. Balance the following equation: sodium hydroxide sodium oxide
+ water
Step 1: change this word equation into a chemical equation using your periodic table and
ion charge sheet
NaOH à Na2OH + H2O
Step 2: run through the check list above and construct a bookkeeping table

Step 3 : state final answer

Guided Practice #2. Balance: iron + oxygen iron (III) oxide

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Guided Practice # 3. Balance: carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Step 1:

Step 2:
Step 3:

Guided Practice #4 iron (II) sulfide + hydrochloric acid iron (II) chloride + hydrogen
sulfide
Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Balancing Equations using the Algebraic Method:

 This is a useful alternative for those of you who have trouble just guessing and
checking.
 Also helps with those more complicated equations that need balancing

Sample Example 1 I2O5 + CO à I2 + CO2

Steps:
1. Write the skeleton Equation and represent coefficients as letters - a, b, c etc.
a I2 O5 + b CO à c I2 + d CO2

2. Make algebraic equations in terms of atoms. Remember reactants equal

products. There are as many equations as there are types of atoms
Atoms Reactants Products
I 2a 2c
O 5a + b 2d
C b d
 3. Look over the equation and arbitrarily assign 1 to a coefficient (eg. a = 1)
Let a =1
Note: could be b=1 or c=1
4. Solve the system of equations knowing reactants equals products
1) 2a = 2c 2) 5a +b = 2d 3) b = d
2(1)=2c 5(1)+b =2d 5=d

c=1 5+b = 2b
b=5

5. Insert coefficients into final equation

1I2 O5 + 5 CO à 1I2 + 5 CO2
Balancing Equations Required Practice
1) 2Rb + I2 à 2RbI

2) 2Ra + O2 à 2RaO

3) 16Li + S8 à 8Li2S

4) 2Fr + 2H2O à H2 + 2FrOH

5) 3Fe + 2O2 à Fe3O4

6) 2Pr + 3Cl2 à 2PrCl3

7) 2Ce + 6HCl è 3H2 + 2CeCl3

8) 2Al + 6HClO è 2Al(ClO)3 + 3H2

9) Ti + 4HCl è TiCl4 + 2H2

10) 4HF + O2 è 2H2O + 2F2

11) 2Na3PO4 +3Mg(NO2)2 è 6NaNO2+Mg3(PO4)2

12) 2C4H10 + 13O2 à 8CO2 + 10H2O

13) 3CO + Fe2O3 è 2Fe + 3CO2

14) 3Ag + 4HNO3 è 3AgNO3+1NO+ 2H2O

15) 4NH3 + 5O2 è 4NO + 6H2O

16) 4Cl2 + 4H2O è 7HCl + HClO4

 17) 2Ce + 6HCl à 2CeCl3 + 3H2

18) 2H3PO4 à P2O5 + 3H2O

19) 2NaClO3 à 2NaCl + 3O2

20) 2ZnS + 3O2 à 2ZnO + 2SO2

21) Co(OH)3 + 3HNO3 à Co(NO3)3 + 3H2O

22) 2NH3 + 2O2 à N2O + 3H2O

23) 3Mg(OH)2 + 2(NH4)3PO4 à6NH3+H2O + Mg3(PO4)2

24) 2C8H18 + 25O2 à 16CO2 + 18H2O

25) PCl5 + H2O à POCl3 + 2HCl

26) 4FeS2 + 11O2 à 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

27) 2C7H6O2 + 15O2 à 14CO2 + 6H2O

28) 4KClO3 à 3KClO4 + KCl

29) Na2CO3 + 4C+ N2 à 2NaCN + 3CO

30) 3IBr + 4NH3 à NI3 + 3NH4Br

31) 2Ca3(PO4)2 +6SiO2+ 2C à 6CaSiO3+2CO+ 1P4

32) I2O5 + 5CO à I2 + 5CO2

33) I2 + 5HClO + H2O à 2HIO3 + 5HCl

2. Types of Chemical Reactions:

A Chemical Reaction is a process in which substances change into other substances

You know a chemical reaction takes place if one or more of these occur:

1. Color changes - Different combinations of molecules reflect light differently.

 A color change indicates a change in molecules.
2. Heat content changes - In all chemical reactions, the heat content of the
reactants and the content of the products is never the same. Sometimes the
difference is great and can be easily detected; at other times the difference is
slight and is more difficult to detect.
3. A gas is produced - Whenever a gaseous product forms in a liquid solution,
bubbles can be seen. A colorless gas produced in a reaction of solids is much
harder to detect.
4. A precipitate forms - Precipitates are insoluble products formed by a reaction
taking place in a liquid solution. This insoluble product will eventually settle
to the bottom, but might immediately appear by turning the clear solution
cloudy.

There are Eight types of Chemical Reactions

1. Single Displacement Reactions (*****)

 A single element replaces an element in a compound.
 Eg. Zn + 2HCl H2 + ZnCl2
 element + compound element + compound
2. Double Displacement Reactions (*****)
 An element from each of two compounds switch places.
 Eg. H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
 compound + compound compound + compound
3. Neutralization Reactions (*****)
 Special types of double displacement reactions that involve the reaction between an
acid and base to form a salt and water.
 Heat is usually given off in neutralization reactions.
 Eg. A suspension of solid magnesium hydroxide in water is widely used
 as an antacid to neutralize excess stomach acid:
Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (s)
 acid + base salt + water

4. Decomposition Reactions
 A compound breaks into parts.
Eg. 2H2O 2H2 + O2
 compound element + element

5. Synthesis Reactions
 Elements or compounds are joined together.
Eg. 2H2 + O2 2H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
 element + element compound
6. Precipitation Reactions
  Aqueous reactions that involve the formation of a precipitate (solid).
Eg. 2KI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s)
 soluble compound + soluble compound insoluble compound
7. Combustion Reactions
 An organic compound (containing only carbon, hydrogen or oxygen) combines with
oxygen. The products of combustion are always carbon dioxide and water.
Eg. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
 hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
8. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
 Any reaction in which elements experience a change in oxidation number.
Eg. S + O2 SO2
 In this reaction, sulfur and oxygen both have an oxidation number (aka combining
capacity) of zero before the reaction. After the reaction, sulfur is +4 and oxygen is -2.

For single and double replacement reactions. For this reaction type you can’t assume the
reaction occurs. You have to consider the activity series.

Activity Series
A listing of metals (and hydrogen) in order of decreasing activity

Metal Reactivity Metal Ion

Lithium Most Reactive Li+

Potassium - K+
Calcium - Ca2+
Sodium - Na+
Magnesium - Mg2+
Aluminum - Al3+
Manganese - Mn2+
Zinc - Zn2+
Chromium - Cr2+, Cr3+
Iron - Fe2+, Fe3+
Lead - Pb2+
Hydrogen - H+
Copper - Cu2+
Mercury - Hg2+
Silver - Ag+
Platinum Least Reactive Pt2+
Gold Au+, Au3+

Non metal

Fluorine F2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
 Iodine I2

Here’s the rule to use the activity series.

A single or double replacement reaction will only occur if the REPLACING metal is
ABOVE the existing metal in the compound.

Sample Example #1. Determine the products CuCl2 + Al

Step 1: Locate Cu and Al on the activity series – notice Al is above Cu so YES the
standard single replacement reaction occurs.
Step 2: Write the complete equation – don’t forget to consider combining
capacities in new compounds formed:
CuCl2 + Al à Cu + AlCl3

Sample Example #2. Determine the products CuCl2 + Au

Step 1: Locate Cu and Au on the activity series – notice Au is below Cu so you
may thing the products are AuCl + Cu, but no reaction occurs
Step 2: Write the complete equation:
CuCl2 + Au à no reaction

Types of Chemical Reactions

A) Determine the reaction type for each of the following equations:

1. 2Fe + O2 2FeO synthesis

2. 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 synthesis
3. 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O combustion
4. Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O neutralization
5. 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 decomposition
6. 2Na + H2O 2NaOH + H2 single replacement
7. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 synthesis
8. HCl + FeS FeCl2 + H2S double replacement
9. Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu single replacement
10. 2P + 3Cl2 2PCl3 synthesis
11. HCl + AgNO3 HNO3 + AgCl double replacement
12. C7H16 + 11O2 7CO2 + 8H2O combustion
13. P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 synthesis
14. 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 single replacement
15. 2H3PO4 H4P2O7 + H2O decomposition
 16. Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 double replacement
17. CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 double replacement
18. Fe2O3 + 3C 3CO + 2Fe single replacement
19. 2MgNH4PO4 Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O decomposition
20. 2As + 6NaOH 2Na3AsO3 + 3H2 redox reaction
21. C10H16 + 8Cl2 10C + 16HCl redox reaction
22. AgNO3 + Cu CuNO3 + Ag single replacement

B) Complete the following reactions using words, not formulas. Remember to check the
activity series to make sure the reaction in fact occurs.

1. Chlorine plus lithium iodide yields lithium chloride plus iodine.

2. Aluminum plus lead (II) nitrate yields aluminum nitrate plus lead.

3. Calcium oxide plus hydrogen chloride yields calcium chloride plus water

4. Ammonium phosphate plus barium hydroxide yields barium phosphate plus

ammonium hydroxide.
5. Hydrogen sulfate plus potassium hydroxide yields potassium sulfate plus water.
6. Copper plus silver nitrate yields copper nitrate plus silver.
7. Silver nitrate plus potassium chloride yields potassium nitrate plus silver chloride.

C) Use these steps to write the correct formulas for the products in these reactions. Determine
which type of reaction is represented. Write the products based on the reaction
type.

1. Al + FeO à Al2O3 + Fe

2. FeCl3 + NH4OH à Fe(OH)3 + NH4Cl

3. SiC + Cl2 à SiCl4 + C

4. SrBr2 + (NH4)2CO3 à SrCO3 + NH4Br

5. HBr + NaOH à NaBr + H2O

6. AgBr + MgO à MgBr2 + Ag2O

 3. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
 In chemical reactions bonds are broken or formed. Energy is needed (absorbed)
to break bonds and energy is given off to form bonds.

Example #1:

HCl + energy à H2 + Cl2 or HCl à H2 + Cl2 - energy

 Energy is needed by the reactants for the reaction to occur, that is, energy is
absorbed.
 HCl has less energy than the separated H and Cl atoms.
 This is known as an endothermic reaction. (heat enters the reaction)
 This type of reaction feels cold to touch (the reactants take the heat away from
you)
 DH is positive (heat enters) when on the reactant side

Example #2:
The opposite is seen in a synthesis reaction such as Mg

Mg + O2 à MgO2 + energy or Mg + O2 – energy à MgO2

 Energy is given off by the products when the reaction occurs.

 Mg and O have more energy than MgO2
 This is known as an exothermic reaction. (heat exits the reaction)
 This type of reaction feels hot to touch (products are releasing heat)
 DH is negative (heat exits) when on the reactant side

The energy gain or loss (DH) is expressed in kilojoules (kJ) per mole and we can show
the energy change using an energy diagram.
*to determine if a reaction of endothermic or exothermic your first step should be to
write the equation so that DH is on the reactant side.

Guided Practice #1. Given CH2 + 2 O2 à CO2 + 2H2O + 891kJ

a) Write the balanced equation 2 other ways (ie move DH) and
b) Draw the energy diagram and identify it as an exo or endo rxn
Guided Practice #2. Given KClO3 (s) + 41.4kJ à K+ (aq) + ClO3-(aq)
a) Write an alternate form of the balanced equation and
b) draw the energy diagram and identify it as an exo or endo rxn
4. Stoichiometry
- Short Definition: The mole + balanced equations = stoichiometry
- Long Definition: “Stoichiometry is the relationship between the amount of
reactants used in a chemical reaction and the amount of products produced by the
reaction”.
a) Stoichiometry allows us to predict the amount of reactants given a certain
amount of product or vice versa

- The real-life application:

- How many cheese sandwiches can you make if you have 4 slices of bread and
unlimited amount of cheese, based on the recipe above?
Bread (reagent) Cheese (reagent) Sandwich
(product)
Before
Change
After

- Sample Question #1: If you have 6 moles of oxygen gas, how many water
molecules can you make assuming you have excess hydrogen gas?

a) Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation:

 2H2 + O2 à 2H2O

b) Step 2: Figure out the mole ratio based on the equation:

 Remember the coefficient represents the number of molecules. So
2 molecules of hydrogen gas react with 1 molecule of oxygen to
produce 2 molecules of water.
 This equation is still balanced if I have a hundred times the number
of molecules.
200H2 + 100O2 à 200H2O
 Or I could have 6.02x1023 time the number of molecules
2(6.02x1023)H2 + 6.02x1023 O2 à 2(6.02x1023)H2O
Remember 6.02x1023 of any thing is 1 mole.
 Therefore the coefficients can also represent the number of
moles
2 mol H2 + 1 mol O2 à 2 mol H2O
c) Step 3: BCA table
O2 H2 H2O
Before 6 mol XS 0
 Change -6 mol 2 mol H 2 2 mol H 2 O
−6 mol O2 × +6 mol O2 ×
1 mol O2 1 mol O2

After 0 mol XS-12 mol 12 mol

Therefore, you can make 12 mol of H2O with 6 mol of O2 and an excess amount of H2.

- Guided Question #1: If you have 6 moles of hydrogen gas, how many water
molecules can you make assuming you have excess hydrogen gas?

- Guided Question #2: How many moles of oxygen gas would be needed to
completely burn 2.4 moles of hydrogen sulfide? How many moles of each
product would be produced?
 - Key: Another conversion factor-The mole ratio (determined from the
balanced chemical equation)
¿ moles of the asked substance
¿ 3 moles of the given substance

- Stoichiometry Application Questions:

a) Mass-mass stoichiometry Key: Convert everything to
b) Molarity-molarity stoichiometry moles first and convert it back
c) density-mass stoichiometry to what the questions asks
d) the list goes on…

- Sample Practice #1: A chemist has 23.5 g of copper (II) chloride and
lots of aluminum foil. How many grams of each product can the
chemist produce by reacting the copper (II) chloride with the
aluminum foil?
o Step 1: write the balanced chemical equation
 2Al + 3 CuCl2 à 2AlCl3 + 3Cu

o Step 2: Figure out the mole ratio based on the equation:

 3 moles CuCl2 : 2 moles Al
 3 moles CuCl2 : 3 moles Cu
 3 moles CuCl2 : 2 moles AlCl3

o Step 3: Convert everything to moles!

1mol CuCl 2
23.5 g × =0.175 moles of CuCl2
134.45 g
o Step 4: BCA

o Step 5: Convert mole back to grams

133.33 g AlCl 3
0.116 mol AlCl 3 × =15.5 g AlCl 3
1 mol AlCl3

63.55 g Cu
0.175 mol Cu × =11.1 g Cu
1 mol Cu

Therefore, with 23.5 g of CuCl2, 15.5 g AlCl 3 and 11.1 g Cuwould be produced.
 Sample Practice #2: What volume of 0.556 M HCl has enough hydrochloric acid to
combine exactly with 24.5 mL of aqueous sodium hydroxide with a concentration of
0.458 M?
o Step 1: Write the balanced equation:
HCl (aq) +NaOH (aq) à NaCl (aq) + H2O

o Step 2: Find the mole ratio

 1 mole NaOH : 1 mole HCl

o Step 3: Convert molarity to moles!

1 L NaOH 0.458 mol NaOH
24.5 mL NaOH × 3 × =0.0112 mol NaOH
10 mL NaOH 1 L NaOH

o Step 4: BCA
HCl NaOH NaCl H2O
Before x mol 0.0112 mol
Change -x mol −0.0112 mol

After 0 mol 0 mol

1 mol HCl
x=0.0112 mol NaOH × =0.112mol HCl
1 mol NaOH

Since we should have 0 mol HCl left, we should also have 0.0112 mol HCl

o Step 5: Convert back to the unit of the unknown

1 L HCl
0.0112 mol HCl × =0.0202 L=20.2 mL
0.556 mol HCl

Therefore, we need 20.2 mL HCl to completely react with 24.5 mL of 0.458 M

NaOH.

0.556 mol HCl

Key: Always rewrite 0.556 M to
1 L HCl
If we were to complete this titration, NaOH would be the titrant in the burette and HCl
would be the solution in the Erlenmeyer.

This process of finding out exactly how much HCl is needed to neutralize the NaOH is
done experimentally by TITRATION.
Equivalence point: the point at which the ratio of the moles of each species involved
exactly equals the ratio of the coefficients of the species in the balanced reaction
equation.

Stoichiometry Required Practice:

1. Given the following equation: 2 KClO3 à 2 KCl + 3 O2

How many moles of O2 can be produced by letting 12.00 moles of KClO3 react?

Answer: 18.00 mol O2

2. Given the following equation: 2 K + Cl2 à 2 KCl

a) How many grams of KCl is produced from 2.50 g of K (and excess Cl2).

Answer: 4.77g KCl

b) How many grams of KCl is produced from 1.00 g of Cl2 (and excess K)?

Answer: 2.10g KCl

3. Given the following equation: Na2O + H2O à 2 NaOH

a) How many grams of NaOH is produced from 1.20 x 102 grams of Na2O?

Answer: 1.55x102 g NaOH

b) How many grams of Na2O are required to produce 1.60 x 102 grams of NaOH?

Answer: 124g Na2O

4. Given the following equation: 8 Fe + S8 à 8 FeS

a) What mass of iron is needed to react with 16.0 grams of sulfur?

Answer: 27.8g Fe
b) How many grams of FeS are produced?

Answer: 43.9 g FeS

5. Given the following equation: 2 NaClO3 à 2 NaCl + 3 O2
a) 12.00 moles of NaClO3 will produce how many grams of O2?

Answer: 5.760 x 102g O2

b) How many grams of NaCl are produced when 80.0 grams of O2 are produced?

Answer: 97.5g NaCl

c) How many formular units of NaCl are produced?

7.226 x 1024 NaCl formular units

6. Molten iron and carbon monoxide are produced in a blast furnace by the reaction of
iron(III) oxide and coke (pure carbon). Fe2O3 + 3 C à 2 Fe + 3 CO
a)If 25.0 kilograms of pure Fe2O3 is used, how many kilograms of iron can be produced?

Answer: 17.5 kg Fe

7. How many mL of nitrogen dioxide are produced when 3.4mL of oxygen reacts with
an excess of nitrogen monoxide? Assume the reaction takes place under STP conditions
2NO (g) + O2 (g) à2NO2(g)
Answer: 6.8mL NO2

8. Barium sulfate is used in the "barium cocktail"given to patients prior to x-raying their
intestinal tracts. Based on the following equation, a chemist began with 75.00 grams of
Ba(NO3)2.
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
After collecting and drying the product, 64.45 grams of BaSO4 was obtained. What is the
percentage yield of the reaction? (%yield = actual/theoretical)

Answer: Theoretically we expect:

75.00g Ba(NO3)2 x 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 x 1 mol BaSO4 x 233.4g BaSO4 = 67.0g BaSO4
261.3g Ba(NO3)2 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 1 mol BaSO4

But in reality, we only got 64.45g BaSO4

So, find the percent yield by

64.45g BaSO4 x 100% = 96% yield

67.0g BaSO4

9. Phosphoric acid is produced by dissolving P4O10 in water according to the following

reaction:
P4O10 + H2O à H3PO4
a) Balance the equation

P4O10 + 6H2O à 4H3PO4

b) How many moles of H3PO4 are produced by using 0.78 moles of water?
Answer: 0.52 mol H3PO4

c) What mass of water is needed to react with 142g of P4O10?

Answer: 54.1 g H2O

10. Consider the reaction:

4NH3(g) + 5O2 à 6H2O(g) + 4NO(g) + 905kJ
a. What mass of NO(g) is produced when 2.0 moles of NH3(g) are reacted?

Answer: 60. g NO

b. What mass of H2O(g) is produced when 4.0 moles of O2(g) are reacted?

Answer: 86 g H2O

c. What volume of NH3(g) at STP is required to react with 3.0 moles of O2(g)?

Answer: 54 L NH3(g)

d. What volume of NH3(g) at STP is required to produce 0.75 moles of H2O(g)?

Answer: 11 L NH3(g)

e. How much heat is produced when 2.7 moles of NH3(g) react at STP?

Answer: 610 kJ
11. An organic compound burns according to the equation:
C14H10O3S(s) + 16O2(g) à 14 CO2(g) + 5H2O(l) + SO2(g)
a) What mass of H2O(l) is produced when 0.150g of C14H10O3S(s) is burned?

0.0523 g H2O(l)

b) What volume of gas will be produced when 0.316g of C14H10O3S(s) is burned and the
products collect at STP?

0.411 L gas

c) What volume of O2(g) at STP is required to produce 0.250g of CO2(g)?

0.145 L O2(g) at STP

d) What mass of H2O(l) is produced when 0.410g of CO2(g) is produced?

0.0599 g H2O(l)

12. What volume of 0.337 M KOH provides enough solute to combine with the
sulphuric acid in 18.6 mL of 0.156 M H2SO4? The reaction is:
2 KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) à K2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O

0.0172 L= 17.2 mL KOH

13. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate as follows:

2 HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) à 2 NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O
What volume of 0.224 M HCl is neutralized by the titration of 24.2 mL of 0.284 M Na2CO3?

0.0614 L =61.4 mL HCl

19
15. Calculate the number of mL of 2.00 M HNO3 solution required to react with 216 grams of Ag
according to the equation.
3 Ag(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) à 3 AgNO3(aq) + NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)

1.33 L= 1330 mL HNO3

16. Calculate in mL the volume of 0.500 M NaOH required to react with 3.0 grams of acetic acid.
NaOH(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq) à NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)

1.0 x 102 mL NaOH

17. Calculate the number of grams of AgCl formed when 0.200 L of 0.200 M AgNO3 reacts with an
excess of CaCl2. The equation is:
2 AgNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) à 2 AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

5.73 g AgCl

18. Calculate the mass of AgCl formed when an excess of 0.100 M solution of NaCl is
added to 0.100 L of 0.200 M AgNO3.

2.87 g AgNO3

19. Calculate the mass of BaSO4 formed when excess 0.200 M Na2SO4 solution is added
to 0.500L of 0.500 M BaCl2 solution

58.3 g BaSO4

20. By the reaction CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl (aq) à CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l). What volume of
CO2(g) at STP is produced if 1.25L of 0.0055M HCl reacts with an excess of CaCO3?

0.077 L CO2(g) at STP

21. Consider the reaction of a solution of potassium phosphate with a solution of

magnesium chloride.
a) write the balanced equation for the double replacement reaction

2 K 3 PO 4 +3 Mg Cl 2 → Mg 3 (PO 4)2 +6 KCl

20
 b) calculate the mass (g) of magnesium chloride that would react with 30.0mL of
0.600 M potassium phosphate.

2.57 g

22. A 1.00mL sample of pure phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is titrated with 43.8mL of
0.853M NaOH according to the reaction. 2NaOH + H3PO4 à Na2HPO4 + 2H2O.
a) What is the molar concentration of pure H3PO4?

1.87 x 10-5 M pure H3PO4

b) Calculate the density of pure H3PO4.

1.83 x 10-3 g/L pure H3PO4

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Stoichiometry:

a quantitative study of chemical changes.

The most common type of stoichiometry calculation is a mass-mass problem. The

question looks like this: "given this amount of reactant, how much product will form?"
However stoichiometry calculations can involve moles, mass, gas volume and molecules.

Steps in solving a mass-mass problem:

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Convert mass of reactant to moles of reactant. (this is what we did
before)
3. Convert moles of reactant to moles of product. (using balanced
equation)
4. Convert moles of product to grams of product. (again like before)
5. Pick up the calculator and do the math.

Remember our mole conversion flow chart? Well with the balanced equation in between
we now have to content with two of them. One for Products in an equation and one for
Reactants. The ratios in the balanced equation act as the bridge. This will become your
best friend.

atoms
x # atoms
molecule Rx Ne a c t ax n tmols mass
mol molar mass
x molecule Molecules x molar mass
#atoms moles mol density
x mol x mol (g/L)
N 22.4L
ß N/mol or mol/N à x 22.4L volume
mol
EQUATION

BALANCED

x # atoms
atoms molecule x N x mol mass

x molecule Molecules
P r o mol
ducts molar mass
x molar mass
#atoms moles mol density
x mol x mol (g/L)
N 22.4L
ß N/mol or mol/N à x 22.4L volume
mol

22
 5. Limiting Reagent

It is simply the substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first. Back to our cheese
sandwich analogy, even if you have 8 cheese but only 4 bread, you can only make 2
cheese sandwich. The bread is the limiting factor.

Sandwich (product based on bread) Sandwich (product based on

cheese)

Before 0 0
Change 1 sandwich 1 sandwich
+ 4 bread × +8 bread ×
2 bread 1 cheese
After 2 sandwich 8 sandwich
Note: the reagent that produce the LEAST amount of product and that will be your
limiting reagent.

Sample question 1. Let's say that I was given 6.0 grams of H2 and 160 grams of O2. What
is the limiting reagent? How much is in excess?
H2 + O2 à H2O
1. Check for balance
2H2 + O2 à 2H2O

2. Convert grams of given H2 into grams of the product H2O

6.0g H2 x 1 mol H2 x 2 mol H2O = 3.0 mol H2O
2 g H2 2 mol H2
3. Determine the moles of H2O formed if all 160g of O2 was consumed
160.0g O2 x 1 mol O2 x 2 mole H2O = 10.0 mol H2O
32.0g O2 1 mol O2
4. Compare the answers in step 2 and 3 and the one that produced the LEAST amount of
water is the limiting reagent:
H2 produces 3.0 mol and O2 produces 10.0 mol. Therefore, H2 determines
how much can be made.
H2 is the limiting factor

5. Now find out how much is in excess

To do this determine how much O2 is used when all 6.0g of H2 is used up.
6.0g H2 x 1 mol H2 x 1 mol O2 x 32.0g O2 = 48 g O2 is used
2.0 g H2 2 mol H2 1 mol O2

Finally subtract what is used from what is supplied

160.0g – 48 g =112g O2 is in excess

23
Guided Example 1: If you start with 56.8g of FeCl2, 14.0g of KNO3 and 40.0g of HCl are
mixed and allowed to react according to the equation 3FeCl2 + KNO3 + 4HCl à 3FeCl3
+ NO + 2H2O + KCl what are the limiting reagent and excess reagents? How much in
excess is the excess reagent?

3FeCl2 + KNO3 + 4HCl à 3FeCl3 + NO + 2H2O + KCl

56.8g 14.0g 40.0g

Arbitrarily I’m choosing to convert everything to NO

56.8g FeCl2 x 1 mol FeCl2 x 1 mol NO x 30.0g NO = 4.49g NO
126.8g FeCl2 3 mol FeCl2 1 mol NO

14.0g KNO3 x 1 mol KNO3 x 1 mol NO x 30.0g NO =4.15g NO

101.1g KNO3 1 mol KNO3 1 mol NO

40.0g HCl x 1 mol HCl x 1 mol NO x 30.0g NO = 8.22 g NO

36.5 g HCl 4 mol HCl 1 mol NO

14.0g KNO3 produces the least amount of NO therefore KNO3 is the limiting reagent and
FeCl2 and HCl are in excess.

14.0 g KNO3 x 1 mol KNO3 x. 3 mol FeCl2 x 126.8g FeCl2 =52.68g FeCl2
101.1g KNO3 1 mol KNO3 1 mol FeCl2

Therefore 56.8g FeCl2 – 52.68g FeCl2 = 4.1g FeCl2 is excess

14.0g KNO3 x 1 mol KNO3 x 4 mol HCl x 36.5 g HCl = 20.2 g HCl
101.1g KNO3 1 mol KNO3 1 mol HCl
Therefore 40.0g HCl – 20.2 g HCl = 19.8g HCl in excess

Required Practice 1

 Na + Cl à NaCl
 1 mole of H2SO4 + 2 mole NaOH produce 1 mole Na2SO4 + 2 mole H2O

Based on the recipes above:

1. If I have 1 mole of NaCl

a. How many moles of sodium do I have?

1 mole

b. How many moles of Chloride do I have?

1 mole

2. If I want to make 5 moles of Na2SO4:

a. How many moles of H2SO4 do I need?

5 moles
24
 b. How many moles of NaOH do I need?

10 moles

3. How much Na2SO4 can I make if I have:

a. 1 mole of H2SO4 and 2 mole of NaOH

1 mole; no LR because both will be consumed completely

b. 10 mole of H2SO4 and 20 mole of NaOH

10 moles; no LR because both will be consumed completely

c. 0.1 mole of H2SO4 and 0.2 mole of NaOH

0.1 mole; no LR because both will be consumed completely

d. 1 mole of H2SO4 and 20 moles of NaOH

1 mole; H2SO4

e. 0.42 mole of H2SO4 and 0.65 mole of NaOH

0.32 mole; NaOH

f. 5 grams of H2SO4 and 5 grams of NaOH

0.05 mole; H2SO4

g. 2 mol H2SO4 and 2 mol NaOH? Which reactant limited my product?

1 mole; NaOH is the limiting reagent

Required Practice 2

1. Arcylonitrile, C3H3N, is the starting material for the production of a kind of synthetic
fiber acrylics) and can be made from propylene, C3H6, by reaction with nitric oxide,
NO, as follows:

4 C3H6 (g) + 6 NO (g) → 4 C3H3N (s) + 6 H2O (l) + N2 (g)

What mass of C3H3N can be made when 21.6 g of C3H6 react with 21.6 g of nitric
oxide?

THIS IS A LIMITING REACTANT PROBLEM BECAUSE WE HAVE

AMOUNTS OF BOTH REACTANTS! SOLVE TWICE!
21.6 g C3H6 x (1 mole C3H6) x ( 4 mole C3H3N) x (53.07 g C3H3N) = 27.2 g C3H3N
(42.09 g C3H6) ( 4 mole C3H6) (1 mole C3H3N)

25
 21.6 g NO x (1 mole NO) x ( 4 mole C3H3N) x (53.07 g C3H3N) = 25.5 g C3H3N
(30.01 g NO) (6 mole NO) (1 mole C3H3N)
THE ANSWER TO A LIMITING REACTANT STYLE QUESTION IS THE
SMALLEST AMOUNT OF PRODUCT! = 25.5 g C3H3N

2. Calculate the percent yield for the reaction: P4 (s) + 6 Cl2 (g) → 4 PCl3 (l) if 75.0
g of phosphorus reacts with excess chlorine gas to produce 111.0 g of phosphorus
trichloride.

IF IT SAYS PERCENT YIELD, YOU KNOW THE AMOUNT OF 1 REACTANT AND

THE ACTUAL YIELD OF 1 PRODUCT. START WITH REACTANT AND SOLVE
FOR THEORETICAL YIELD OF PRODUCT, THEN SOLVE FOR PERCENT.
75.0 g P4 x (1 mole P4) x ( 4 mole PCl3) x (137.32 g PCl3) = 333 g PCl3 is the theoretical yield
(123.88 g P4) (1 mole P4) (1 mole PCl3)

Percent Yield = Actual Yield x 100 = 111.0 g PCl3 = 33.33% Yield

Theoretical Yield 333 g PCl3

3. Formic acid, HCHO2, burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water as follows:

HCHO2 (aq) + O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

If a 3.15-g sample of formic acid was burned in 2.0 L of oxygen, what volume of
carbon dioxide would be produced? (Assume the reaction occurs at standard
temperature and pressure, STP.)

THIS IS A LIMITING REACTANT PROBLEM BECAUSE WE HAVE

AMOUNTS OF BOTH REACTANTS!
3.15 g HCHO2 x (1 mole HCHO2) x ( 2 mole CO2) x (22.4 L CO2) = 3.07 L CO2
(46.03 g HCHO2) (1 mole HCHO2) (1 mole CO2)

2.0L O2 x (1 mole O2) x ( 2 mole CO2) x (22.4 L CO2) = 4.0 L CO2

(22.4L O2) (1 mole O2) (1 mole CO2)
THE ANSWER TO A LIMITING REACTANT PROBLEM IS THE SMALLER
VALUE = 3.07 L CO2

4. Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.
a. Balance the following reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

b. A 3.50-g sample of zinc metal is allowed to react with 2.50 g of

hydrochloric acid.

26
 Complete the following table:

Reactants/products Zn (grams) HCl (grams) ZnCl2 H2 (L)

(grams)

Before reaction 3.50 g 2.50 g 0g 0g

Change -2.24 g -2.50 g +4.67 g +0.768L

After reaction 1.26 g 0g 4.67 g 0.768 L

1 mol Zn 2 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl
3.50 g × × × =3.90 g HCl If there’s 3.50 g of Zn, there
65.38 g Zn 1 mol Zn 1mol HCl
should be 3.90 g of HCl to completely react with 3.50 g Zn. Therefore, HCl should be the
limiting reagent.

2.50 g HCl x (1 mole HCl) x ( 1 mole Zn) x (65.38 g ZnCl2) = 2.24 g Zn

(36.46 g HCl) (2 mole HCl) (1 mole Zn)

2.50 g HCl x (1 mole HCl) x ( 1 mole ZnCl2) x (136.28 g ZnCl2) = 4.67 g ZnCl2
(36.46 g HCl) (2 mole HCl) (1 mole ZnCl2)
2.50 g HCl x (1 mole HCl) x ( 1 mole H2) x (22.4L H2) = 0.768 L H2
(36.46 g HCl) (2 mole HCl) (1 mole H2)

5. Consider the reaction: MnO2 + 4 HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O

If 0.45 mols of MnO2 can react with 48.2 g of HCl, how many grams of Cl2
could be produced?

THIS IS A LIMITING REACTANT PROBLEM BECAUSE WE HAVE AMOUNTS OF

BOTH REACTANTS!
0.45 moles MnO2 x ( 1 mole Cl2) x (70.90 g Cl2) =32 g Cl2
(1 mole MnO2) (1 mole Cl2)

48.2 g HCl x (1 mole HCl) x ( 1 mole Cl2) x (70.90 g Cl2) = 23.4 g Cl2
(36.46 g HCl) ( 4 mole HCl) (1 mole Cl2)
THE ANSWER TO A LIMITING REACTANT PROBLEM IS THE SMALLER OF THE
TWO NUMBERS, ONCE THAT AMOUNT OF PRODUCT IS MADE, THE REACTION
STOPS!
Answer = 23.4 grams made

6. One of the components of the fuel mixture on the Apollo lunar module involved a
reaction with hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4. If the balanced
equation for this reaction is

2 N2H4 (l) + N2O4 (g) → 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g),

What volume of N2 gas (measured at STP) would result from the reaction of 1500
kg of hydrazine and 1000 kg of N2O4?
27
THIS IS A LIMITING REACTANT PROBLEM BECAUSE WE HAVE AMOUNTS OF
BOTH REACTANTS!
We have to change kg to g first before we convert to moles.

1500 kg N2H4 x ( 103 g N2H4) x ( 1 mole N2H4) x( 3 mole N2) x (22.4 L N2) = 1.6x106 L N2
(1 kg N2H4) ( 32.06 g N2H4) (2 mole N2H4) (1 mole N2)

1000 kg N2O4 x ( 103 g N2O4) x ( 1 mole N2O4) x( 3 mole N2) x (22.4 L N2) = 7.3 x 105 L N2
(1 kg N2O4) ( 92.02 g N2O4) (1 mole N2H4) (1 mole N2)
SMALLEST ANSWER = TRUE ANSWER = 7.3 x 105 L N2

7. Calculate the percent yield for an experiment in which 5.50 g of SOCl2 was obtained
in a reaction of 5.80 g of SO2 with excess PCl5. Use the following equation:

SO2 (l) + PCl5 (l) → SOCl2 (l) + POCl3 (l)

IF IT SAYS PERCENT YIELD, YOU KNOW THE AMOUNT OF 1 REACTANT AND

THE ACTUAL YIELD OF 1 PRODUCT. START WITH REACTANT AND SOLVE FOR
THEORETICAL YIELD OF PRODUCT, THEN SOLVE FOR PERCENT.
5.80 g SO2 x (1 mole SO2) x ( 1 mole SOCl2) x (118.97 g SOCl2) = 10.8 g SOCl2 is
theoretically produced
(64.07 g SO2) ( 1 mole SO2) (1 mole SOCl2)
Percent Yield = Actual Yield x 100% = 5.50 g SOCl2 x 100 = 50.9%
Theoretical Yield 10.8 g SOCl2

8. Chlorine gas reacts with silica, SiO2, and carbon to give silicon tetrachloride and
carbon monoxide.
a. Balance the following equation: Cl2 (g) + SiO2 (s) + C (s) → SiCl4 (l) + CO (g)
b. How much CO gas can be produced from 15.0 g of silica?

WE ONLY KNOW ONE QUANTITY, SO START THERE AND SOLVE ONCE FOR WHAT
EVER THE QUESTION ASKS FOR.
2 Cl2 (g) + SiO2 (s) + 2 C (s) → SiCl4 (l) + 2 CO (g)
15.0 g SiO2 x (1 mole SiO2) x ( 2 mole CO) x (28.01 g CO) = 14.0 g CO
(60.09 g SiO2) (1 mole SiO2) (1 mole CO)

9. When iron (II) hydroxide is mixed with phosphoric acid, iron (II) phosphate
precipitate results.
a. Balance the following equation:
3Fe(OH)2 (aq) + 2H3PO4 (aq) → Fe3(PO4)2 (s) + 6H2O (l)

28
 b. If 3.20 g of Fe(OH)2 is treated with 2.50 g of phosphoric acid, what is the
limiting reagent and what is the reactant in excess?
Look at question C because you are asked for the mass of Fe3(PO4)2 there so solve for that in this
question to save time.
3.20 g Fe(OH)2 x (1 mole Fe(OH)2) x ( 1 mole Fe3(PO4)2) x (357.49 g Fe3(PO4)2) = 4.24 g Fe3(PO4)2
(89.87 g Fe(OH)2) (3 mole Fe(OH)2) (1 mole Fe3(PO4)2)

2.50 g H3PO4 x (1 mole H3PO4) x ( 1 mole Fe3(PO4)2) x (357.49 g Fe3(PO4)2) = 4.56 g Fe3(PO4)2
(98.00 g H3PO4) (2 mole H3PO4) (1 mole Fe3(PO4)2)
Because Fe(OH)2 produces the least amount of product, it is the limiting reactant,
and H3PO4 is the excess.

c. How many grams of Fe3(PO4)2 precipitate can be formed?

The least amount of product is the answerà4.24 g Fe3(PO4)2

d. If 3.99 g of Fe3(PO4)2 is actually obtained, what is the percent yield?

Percent Yield = 3.99 g x 100 = 94.1 g Fe3(PO4)2

4.24 g

10. When copper (II) chloride reacts with sodium nitrate, copper (II) nitrate and sodium
chloride are formed.

a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction given above:

CuCl2 + 2NaNO3 à Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaCl

b) If 15 grams of copper (II) chloride react with 20. grams of sodium nitrate, how much
sodium chloride can be formed?

15g CuCl2 x ( 1 mole CuCl2) x( 2 mole NaCl) x (58.44 g NaCl) = 13 g NaCl

( 134.45 g CuCl2) (1 mole CuCl2) (1 mole NaCl)

20 g NaNO3 x ( 1 mole NaNO3) x( 2 mole NaCl) x (58.44 g NaCl) = 14 g NaCl

( 85.00 g NaNO3) (2 mole NaNO3) (1 mole NaCl)

c) What is the limiting reagent for the reaction in #2? ____CuCl2_______

d) How many grams of copper(II) nitrate is formed?

15g CuCl2 x ( 1 mole CuCl2) x( 1 mole Cu(NO3)2 ) x (187.57 g Cu(NO3)2) = 21 g Cu(NO3)2

29
 ( 134.45 g CuCl2) (1 mole CuCl2) 1 mole Cu(NO3)2

e) How much of the excess reagent is left over in this reaction?

1 g left

f) If 11.3 grams of sodium chloride are formed in the reaction described in problem #2,
what is the percent yield of this reaction?

87 %

11. When lead (II) nitrate reacts with sodium iodide, sodium nitrate and lead (II) iodide
are formed.

a) Balance the following equation:

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) à PbI2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)

b) If I start with 25.0 grams of lead (II) nitrate and 15.0 grams of sodium iodide, how
many grams of sodium nitrate can be formed?

8.51 g NaNO3

c) What is the limiting reagent in the reaction described in problem 2?

NaI

d) How many grams of lead(II) iodide is formed?

23.1 g PbI2

e) How much of the nonlimiting reagent will be left over from the reaction in
problem #2?

8.4 g
30
f) If 6 grams of sodium nitrate are formed in the reaction described in problem #2,
what is the percent yield of this reaction?

70%

12. 1000 grams of sodium chloride is combined with 2000 grams of barium phosphate.

a) Balance the following equation:

6NaCl + Ba3(PO4)2 à 2Na3PO4 + 3 BaCl2

b) What is the limiting reactant?

NaCl

c) How many grams of excess reactant are left?

300 g Ba3(PO4)2

13. 4000 grams of heptane is combusted with 7000 grams of oxygen.

C7H16 + 11 O2 à 7 CO2 + 8 H2O

a) What is the limiting reactant?

O2

b) How many grams of carbon dioxide is produced?

6126=6000 g CO2

c) How many grams of excess reactant are left?

2000 g

14. In the reaction of Zn with HCl, 140.15 g of ZnCl2 was actually formed, although the
theoretical yield was 143 g. What was the percent yield?

98.0%

31