ِ

‫ال َعوَامل‬
“The Governors”
By
Zaynud-Din Muhammad ibn Bir Ali
al-Birgivi

Translated
by

Amienoellah Abderoef

 ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

All Praise be to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher of the worlds. Blessings and
Peace be upon our Master Muhammad and all of his family (and companions).

Thereafter, know that it is incumbent on everyone who desires to know

‫اإلعراب‬ (the science and art of syntactic analysis) to know a hundred things:
♦ Sixty of which are called ‫( عـ ـ ـ ـ ــامـ ـ ـ ـ ــل‬governor i.e. that which causes the
ending of another word to change),
♦ Thirty of which are called ‫( م ـ ـ ـ ـ ـعـمـول‬governed / governee i.e. the word
whose ending is changed by the governor) and
♦ Ten of which are called ‫( إع ــراب \ ع ــمل‬governing effect / declension i.e.
ِ ‫ ا ْلـ ـ ـ ـ ـع‬at the end of the
the particular change that is effected by the ‫َام ـ ـ ـ ــل‬
‫املَعْمُ وْل‬
ْ ).

I will explain to you – with Allah’s Permission – these three (categories) briefly
in three sections:

 Section One: The Governor

(‫)العامل‬
ِ ْ‫( َلـ ـ ـ ـ ـف‬i.e. a concrete word) and ‫ِي‬
It is of two types: ّ‫ظي‬ ّ ‫مـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ْعنَو‬
َ (i.e. an abstract
idea).

ِ ْ‫ الـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َّلف‬constitutes two groups: ّ‫اعـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ي‬

1 The ّ‫ظي‬ ِ َ‫سـ ـ ـ ـ م‬
‫( َـ‬i.e. it is confined to oral
‫( ِقـ ـ ـ ـ ي ِـ‬i.e. it follows a rule instead of being
transmission and hearsay) and ّ‫َاسـ ـ ـ ي‬
confined to oral transmission and hearsay).

1.1 ِ َ‫السم‬
The ّ‫اعي‬ َّ comprises forty-nine (words) and its classes are five:

The first class constitutes particles which cause only one ‫اس ـ ـ ـ ـ م‬
‫ ْ ـ‬to become
‫َجـ ُر ْور‬ ‫حـ ُر ْوف ا ْل َـ‬
‫ م ْـ‬, and are called ‫جـ ِّر‬ ‫ ُـ‬and ‫ض افَـ ـ ِة‬ ِ ‫حـ ُر ْوف‬
‫اإل َـ ـ‬ ‫( ُـ‬prepositions /
genitive particles), and they are twenty:

1) ‫( ا ْلبَاء‬with, through, by means), like:

"‫ ِو ِب ِه َألُبْ َعث َ َّن‬،ِ‫منْتُ ِباهلل‬

َ ‫"آ‬

(I believe in Allah and, By Him! I will be raised)

ْ ‫( ِم‬from, of), like:

2) ‫ن‬

" ٍ‫"تُبْتُ ِم ْن ُك ِّل ذَنْب‬

(I repented from every sin)

3) ‫( إِ َلى‬to, towards), like:

"‫"تُبْتُ إِ َلى اهللِ تَ َعا َ َلى‬

(I turn to Allah – Most High – in repentance)

ْ ‫ع‬
4) ‫ن‬ َ (from, about, of), like:

"ِ ‫ن ا ْلحَ َرام‬ َ ُ‫" ُك ِففْت‬

ِ ‫ع‬

(I was restrained from what is unlawful)

5) ‫ع َلى‬
َ (on, on top), like:

 "ٍ ‫ُسلِم‬
ْ ‫ع َلى ُك ِّل م‬
َ ‫ب التَّوْ َب ُة‬
ُ ْ‫"يَج‬
(Repentance is incumbent on every sinner)

6) ‫( الالَّم‬for, belonging to, to), like:

"‫عبَيْ ٌد هللِ تَعَا َلى‬

ُ ‫"أَنَا‬

(I am a small and insignificant servant of Allah – Most High)

7) ْ‫( ِفي‬in, at), like:

ِ ُ ‫"امل‬
"‫طيْعُ ِفي ا ْلجَ نَّ ِة‬ ْ

(The obedient one is in Paradise)

َ ‫( ا ْل‬like, same as), like:

8) ‫كاف‬

َ ‫ْس َك ِمثْلِ ِه‬

]‫شيْ ٌء‬ َ ‫[ َلي‬

(There is nothing like unto Him)

9) ‫( حَ تَّى‬until, up to including), like:

ِ ‫املَو‬
"‫ْت‬ ْ َ ‫"أ‬
ْ ‫عبُ ُد اهللَ حَ تَّى‬

(I will worship Allah until death)

10)‫ب‬
َّ ‫( ُر‬perhaps, sometimes), like:

ُ ‫َال يَ ْل َعنُ ُه ا ْل ُق ْرآ‬

"‫ن‬ ٍ ‫بت‬َّ ‫" ُر‬
(Perhaps there is a reader whom the Qur’an curses)

َ ‫ا ْل َق‬
11)ِ ‫سم‬ ‫َواو‬ (the ‫ ا ْلوَاو‬indicating oath i.e. “by”), like:

ِ ‫ الَ أَفْع َُل ا ْل َكب‬،ِ‫" َواهلل‬

"‫َائ َر‬

(By Allah, I will never perform major / grave sins)

َ ‫ا ْل َق‬
12)ِ ‫سم‬ ‫تَاء‬ ((the ‫ التَّاء‬indicating oath i.e. “by”), like:

 ِ ‫ َألَفْ َع َل َّن ا ْلفَ َر‬،ِ‫"تَاهلل‬

َ ‫ائ‬
"‫ض‬

(By Allah, I will perform the obligatory acts_

َ َ‫( ح‬except, excluding), like:

13)‫اشا‬

"ِ ‫اشا ا ْلعَالِم‬

َ َ‫اس ح‬ َ ‫ه َل‬
ُ َّ‫ك الن‬ َ "

(All the people are doomed except the learned person)

14)ْ‫مذ‬
ُ (since, from the time), like:

ُ ‫"تُبْتُ ِم ْن ُك ِّل ذَنْبٍ فَ َع ْلتُ ُه‬

"ِ‫مذْ يَوْم ِ ا ْلبُ ُلوْغ‬

(I repented from every sin I performed since puberty)

15)ُ‫منْذ‬
ُ (since, from the time), like:

"ِ‫منْذُ يَوْم ِ ا ْلبُ ُلوْغ‬

ُ ُ‫الصالَة‬
َّ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫"ت‬
ُ ‫َج‬
(Ritual prayer is compulsory since the day of puberty)

َ (except, excluding), like:

16)َ‫خال‬

"‫َام ِل ِب ِع ْل ِم ِه‬
ِ ‫خالَ ا ْلع‬
َ ‫ن‬ ِ ‫ك ا ْلع‬
َ ْ‫َاملُو‬ َ ‫ه َل‬
َ "

(The learned people are doomed except the one who acts in accordance with
his knowledge)

17)‫عدَا‬
َ (except, excluding), like:

ِ ِ‫خل‬
"‫ص‬ ْ ُ ‫امل‬
ْ ‫عدَا‬ َ ‫و‬
َ ‫ن‬ ِ ‫ك ا ْلع‬
ْ ‫َام ُل‬ َ ‫ه َل‬
َ "

[All those who act (in accordance with their knowledge) are doomed except the
sincere person]

18)َ‫( َلوْال‬had it not been for, if it was not for, was it not for), like:

َ ‫ال ِك – يَا َرحْ مَ َة اهللِ – َل َه َل‬

ُ َّ‫ك الن‬
"‫اس‬ َ ْ‫" َلو‬

(Had it not been for You – O Mercy of Allah – then all the people would have
been doomed)

 َ (for), like:
19)ْ‫كي‬

َ ‫" َكيْمَ ْه ع‬
" َ‫َصيْت‬

(For what i.e. Why did you disobey?)

َّ ‫( َلع‬hopefully) in the dialect of ‘Uqail, like:

20)‫َل‬

"ْ‫غ ِف ُر ذَنْ ِبي‬

ْ ‫" َلع ََّل اهللِ – تَعَا َلى – َي‬

(Hopefully, Allah – Most High – will forgive my sin)

The second class is ‫ر‬ َ ‫ا ْلـ ـ ـ‬

َ َ ‫خب‬ ُ‫االسـ ـ َم َوتَـ ـ ـ ْرفَـ ـ ـع‬
‫ْـ‬ ‫ب‬
ُ ‫ص‬ِ ْ‫حـ ـ ُر ْوف تَـ ـ ـن‬
‫( ُـ‬particles that
govern the ‫االس م‬
‫ْـ‬ in the case of ‫صب‬ َ ‫ ا ْلـ‬in the case of ‫) ال ـ َّرفْــع‬
ْ ّ‫ ال ـن‬and the ‫خبَر‬
and they are eight (particles):

َّ ِ‫( إ‬indeed, truly, definitely), like:

1) ‫ن‬

"‫شي ٍْء‬
َ ‫ن اهللَ – تَعَا َلى – عَالِ ُم ُك ِّل‬
َّ ِ‫"إ‬

(Indeed, Allah – the Most High – knows everything)

َّ َ ‫( أ‬that, to), like:

2) ‫ن‬

"‫شي ٍْء‬
َ ‫ع َلى ُك ِّل‬ ِ ‫ن اهللَ – تَعَا َلى – َق‬
َ ‫اد ٌر‬ َّ َ ‫عتَ َقدتُّ أ‬
ْ ‫"ا‬

(I believe that Allah – Most High – has power over everything)

َّ َ ‫( َكأ‬as if), like:

3) ‫ن‬

َّ َ ‫" َكأ‬
"‫ن ا ْلحَ َرا َم نَا ٌر‬

(As if the unlawful is fire)

َّ ‫( َل ِك‬but), like:
4) ‫ن‬

ِ َ‫اه ُل َل ِك َّن ا ْلعَالِ َم ف‬

"ٌ‫ائز‬ ِ َ‫"مَا فَازَ ا ْلج‬

(The ignorant person is not victorious but the learned person is victorious)

5) َ‫( َليْت‬how I wish), like:

 َ ‫" َليْتَ ا ْل ِع ْل َم‬

"‫م ْرزُ ْوقٌ لِ ُك ِّل أَحَ ٍد‬

[How I wish that knowledge was a means of subsistence provided to everyone]

َّ ‫( َلع‬hopefully), like:
6) ‫َل‬

ِ ‫غ‬
"ْ‫اف ُر ذَنْ ِبي‬ َ َ‫" َلع ََّل اهلل‬

(Hopefully Allah – Most High – will forgive my sin)

These six (particles) are called ‫ش بَّهَة ِبــا ْلـ ِـف ْع ِل‬
‫امل ُ َ ـ‬ ‫ا ْل ُ ـ‬
ْ ‫ح ُر ْوف‬ (the particles that
are likened to the verb).

ِ ‫امل ُـ ـ ـ ـ ـنْ َق‬

7) "َّ‫طعِ ] "إِال‬ ْ ِ َ‫االسـ ـ ـ ـ ِتثْن‬
‫اء‬ ‫ْـ‬ ‫( "إِالَّ" ِف ـ ـ ـ ــي‬i.e. but) used in a sentence
where the object is different in kind from the whole from which it is
excluded], like:

"‫م َق ِّر َب ٌة ِمنْهَا‬ َ ‫ن ا ْلجَ نَّ ِة إِالَّ الطَّا‬

ُ ‫ع َة‬ َ ٌ‫مب ِْع َدة‬
ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫"املَع‬
ُ ‫ْص َي ُة‬ ْ

[Disobedience distances from Paradise but obedience brings (one) close to it]

ِ ْ‫ـجن‬
8) "َ‫س ]"ال‬ ِ ‫ا ْلـ‬ ِ‫( "الَ" لِ ـنَفْي‬i.e. No) used to deny the whole genus / class
in the absolute sense], like:

ِ َ‫ش ٍّر ف‬
"ٌ‫ائز‬ ِ ‫"الَ َف‬
َ ‫اع َل‬

(No doer of evil is victorious)

َ ‫ا ْلـ‬
The third class is ‫خبَر‬ ‫ن‬ ِ ْ‫االس َم َويَـن‬
ِ ‫صبَا‬ ‫ْـ‬ ِ ‫ن يَـ ْرفَـعَا‬
‫ن‬ ِ ‫ح ْرفَـا‬
‫( َـ‬two particles that
govern the ‫االس م‬
‫ْـ‬ in the case of ‫رفْــع‬ َّ ‫ ال ـ‬and the ‫خبَر‬ َ ‫ ا ْلـ‬in the case of ‫صب‬ ْ َّ‫)ال ـن‬,
and they are:

1) ‫( مَا‬not)
and
2) َ‫( ال‬not)

َ ‫( َلي‬in meaning and function), like for example:

(both of) which are likened to ‫ْس‬

ٍ ‫متَمَ ِّكنا ً ِبمَ َكا‬

"‫ن‬ ُ – ‫"مَا اهللُ – تَعَا َلى‬

(Allah – Most High – is not firmly located/positioned in a place)

 "‫ُشا ِبها ً هللِ – تَعا َلى‬

َ ‫شيْ ٌء م‬
َ َ‫"ال‬

(Nothing resembles Allah –Most High)

َ ‫ـضا ِر‬
The fourth class is ‫ع‬ ‫ب ا ْلـ ِـفع َْل‬
َ ‫امل ُـ‬
ْ ِ ْ‫ح ُر ْوف تَ ـن‬
ُ ‫ص‬ ‫( ُ ـ‬particles that govern the
َ ُ ‫امل‬
‫ضا ِرع‬ ْ in the case of ‫صب‬
ْ َّ‫)الن‬, and they are four particles:

1) ْ َ ‫( أ‬to, that), like:

‫ن‬

ِ ُ‫ن أ‬
"‫طيْعَ اهللَ – تَعَا َلى‬ ْ َ‫ب أ‬ ِ ُ ‫"أ‬
ُّ ‫ح‬
(I love to obey Allah – Most High)

2) ‫( َل ْن‬will / shall never), like:

ِ ‫غ ِف َر اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – لِ ْل َك‬

"‫اف ِريْ َن‬ ْ ‫" َل ْن َي‬

(Allah – Most High – will never forgive the unbelievers)

3) ْ‫([ َكي‬in order) to, that], like:

"َ‫ص َل ا ْل ِع ْلم‬
ِّ َ‫ب طُو َْل ا ْلعُمُ ِر َكيْ أُح‬ ِ ُ ‫"أ‬
ُّ ‫ح‬
(I love long life in order that I may acquire knowledge)

4) ْ َ‫( إِذ‬In that case), like when you say:

‫ن‬

"‫خ َل ا ْلجَ نَّ َة‬

ُ ‫ن تَ ْد‬
ْ َ‫"إِذ‬

(In that case you will enter Paradise)

(in response) to someone who says:

ِ ُ ‫"أ‬
"‫طيْعُ اهللَ – تَعَا َلى‬

(I obey Allah – Most High)

َ ‫امل ُـ ـ ـ ـ‬
َ ‫ـضا ِر‬
The fifth class constitutes ‫ع‬ ْ ْ ‫( َكـ ـ ـ ــلِمَ ات ت‬words that govern the
‫َجـ ـ ـ ـ ِز ُم‬
ْ in the case of ‫) ا ْلجَ زْم‬, and they are fifteen (words):
َ ُ ‫امل‬
‫ضا ِرع‬

1) ‫( َل ْم‬did not, has / have not), like His Statement:

 ]ْ‫[ َل ْم يَلِ ْد َو َل ْم يُوْ َلد‬

(He does not give birth nor was He given birth to)

2) ‫( َّملَا‬did not yet, has / have not yet), like:

ْ ‫"ملَا يَنْفَعْ عُمْ ِر‬

"‫ي‬ َّ

(My life has not been of benefit yet)

3) ْ َ ‫( الَم األ‬the ‫ الالَّم‬denoting a command), like:

‫م ِر‬

"ً ‫صالِحا‬
َ ً‫"لِيَعْمَ ْل عَمَ ال‬

(Let him do righteous deeds)

4) ِ‫( "الَ" ِفي النَّ ْهي‬the "َ‫ "ال‬used for prohibition), like:

ْ ‫"الَ تُذْ ِن‬

"‫ب‬

(Do not sin)

these four cause one ‫ ِفعْل‬to be ‫وم‬

ْ ُ‫ مَجْ ز‬,

ْ ِ‫( "إ‬if …… , ……), like:

5) "‫ن‬

َ ُ‫غفَ ْر ذُنُوْب‬
"‫ك‬ ْ ُ‫ُب ت‬ ْ ِ ‫"إ‬
ْ ‫ن تَت‬
(If you repent your sins will be forgiven)

6) ‫مهْمَ ا‬
َ (whatever …... , ……), like:

"ُ‫عنْه‬ ْ ‫مهْمَ ا تَفْع َْل ت‬

َ ‫ُسأ َ ْل‬ َ "

(Whatever you do, you will be asked about)

7) ‫( مَا‬whatever …… , ……), like:

"ِ‫َج ْدهُ ِعنْ َد اهلل‬ َ ‫"مَا تَفْع َْل ِم ْن‬

ِ ‫خيْ ٍر ت‬

(Whatever you do of good you will find it with Allah)

 8) "‫م ْن‬
َ " (whoever …… , ……), like:

ِ َ‫صالِحا ً َي ُك ْن ن‬
"ً ‫اجيا‬ َ ً‫م ْن يَعْمَ ْل عَمَ ال‬
َ "

(Whosoever does righteous works will be successful)

9) "‫( "أَيْ َن‬wherever …… , ……), like:

" ُ‫املَوْت‬
ْ ‫ك‬َ ‫"أ َ ْي َن تَ ُك ْن يُ ْد ِر ْك‬

(Wherever you are death will overtake you)

10) ‫متَى‬
َ (whenever …… , ……), like:

ْ ِ‫س ْد تَهْل‬
"‫ك‬ ُ ْ‫متَى تَح‬
َ "

(Whenever you show jealousy you will be doomed)

11) ‫( أَنَّى‬wherever …… , ……), like:

"‫ك اهللُ – تَعَا َلى‬ ْ ‫"أَنَّى تُذْ ِن‬

َ ْ‫ب يَ ْع َلم‬

(Wherever you sin, Allah knows you – Most High)

ّ َ ‫( أ‬whichever …… , ……), like:

12) ‫ي‬

ْ ‫ي عَالِم ٍ يَتَ َكبَّ ْر يُب ِْغ‬

"‫ض ُه اهللُ – تَعَا َلى‬ ُّ َ ‫"أ‬
(Whichever scholar is arrogant, Allah – Most High – hates him)

13) ‫يثُمَ ا‬
ْ َ‫( ح‬wherever …… , ……), like:

َ ‫َب ِف ْع ُل‬
"‫ك‬ ْ ‫"حَ يْثُمَ ا تَفْع َْل يُ ْكت‬
(Wherever you do something your action will recorded)

14) ‫( إِذْمَا‬whenever …… , …….), like:

َ ُ‫ُب تُ ـ ـ ْقب َْل تَ ـ ـوْبَ ـ ـت‬

"‫ك‬ َ ْ‫( "إِذ‬Whenever you repent, your repentance will be
ْ ‫مـ ــا تَ ـ ـت‬
accepted)

10

 15) ‫( إِذَامَا‬whenever …… , ……), like:

ِ َّ‫خيْ َر الن‬
"‫اس‬ َ ‫"إِذَامَا تَعْمَ ْل ِب ِع ْل ِم‬
َ ‫ك تَ ُك ْن‬

(Whenever you act according your knowledge, you will be the best of people)

These eleven cause two ‫ن‬ ‫ ِف ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ْـ‬to be ‫ن‬

ِ َ‫ع ـ ال‬ ِ ‫مـ ـ ـ ـ ــا‬
َ ‫ـجـ ـ ـ ـ ـ زُ ْو‬
ْ ‫مـ‬
َ which are called
‫َـ‬
"‫"ش ـ ـ ـ ـ ْرط‬ (condition) and "‫"جـ ـ ـ ـ ـ زَاء‬ َ (response / result of the condition)
respectively.

1.2 ِ ‫ ا ْل ِقي‬comprises nine (categories):

The ّ‫َاسي‬

ِ ‫ ا ْلـ ـ ـ ـ‬generally speaking; for every ‫ ِف ـ ـ ـ ـ عْل‬makes ‫م ـ ـ ـ ـ ْرفُ ـ ـ ـ ـوْع‬

1) The ‫ـفعْل‬ َ and
ُ ْ ‫من‬
‫صوْب‬ َ , like:

"‫شي ٍْء‬
َ ‫خ َلقَ اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – ُك َّل‬
َ "

(Allah – Most High – created everything)

"ً‫ن نُزُ ْوال‬

ُ ‫"نَزَ َل ا ْل ُق ْرآ‬

(The Qur’an came down definitely)

It is necessary for every ‫ ِفـ عْل‬to have a ‫رفُ ـوْع‬

ْ ‫مـ‬
َ and if the sentence is complete
with it (i.e. with that ‫رفُـ ـوْع‬ ْ ) then it (i.e. the ‫ ) ا ْل ـ ِـفعْل‬is called "ّ‫تَ ــام‬
ْ ‫امل َـ ـ‬ ِ (a
‫"فـ ـ عْل‬
complete verb), like:

"‫"عَلِ َم اهللُ – تَعَا َلى‬

(Allah – Most High – knows)

and if the sentence is not complete with it but instead requires a َ that is
‫خـ ـ ـ ـ ـ بَـر‬
َ , it (i.e. the ‫ ) ا ْل ـ ِـفعْل‬is called "‫ـاق ــص‬
ُ ْ‫مـ ـن‬
‫صوْب‬ ِ ‫"فـ ـ عْل نَ ـ‬
ِ (an incomplete verb),
like:

"ً ‫ن اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – عَلِيْما ً حَ ِكيْما‬

َ ‫" َكا‬

(Allah – Most High – is All-knowing, All-wise)

ِ َ‫َحقاّ ً لِ ْل َعذ‬
"‫اب‬ ِ ‫ُست‬ ِ ‫"صا َر ا ْلع‬
ْ ‫َاصيْ م‬ َ

(The disobedient one has become deserving of punishment)

11

 "‫ب ب َِعيْدا ً ِم َن اهللِ – تَعَا َلى‬

ُ ‫املُذْ ِن‬ َ َ‫"مَا ز‬
ْ ‫ال‬

(The sinner continues to be distant from Allah – Most High)

ِ ‫َاخالً ِفي ا ْلبَ َد‬

"‫ن‬ ِ ‫"تُ ْقب َُل التَّوْ َب ُة مَا دَا َم ال ُّر ْوحُ د‬

(Repentance is accepted for as long as the soul is inside the body)

"ً ‫سما‬ ِ – ‫ْس اهللُ – تَعَا َلى‬

ْ ‫ج‬ َ ‫" َلي‬

(Allah – Most High – is not a body)

ِ َ‫ا ْل ـ ـ ـف‬
ِ ‫اعـ ـ ـ‬
2) The ‫ل‬ ‫( ْ ـ‬Active Participle); for it performs the ‫ ا ْل ـ ـ ـعَمَ ل‬of its
‫اسـ ـ م‬
‫ ا ْل ِفعْل‬which is ‫م ْع ُلوْم‬
َ , like:

َ َ‫سو ٍْد مُحْ ِرقٌ ح‬

"ُ‫س ُدهُ عَمَ َله‬ ُ َ‫" ُك ُّل ح‬

(Every jealous person ‘s jealousy burns down his action)

ِ ‫امل َ ـ ـفْ ُعو‬

3) The ‫ْل‬ ْ ‫( ْ ـ‬Passive Participle); for it performs the ‫ ا ْل ـ ـعَمَ ل‬of its
‫اسـ م‬
‫ ا ْل ِفعْل‬which is ‫ مَجْ ُهوْل‬, like:

"ُ‫م ْقبُو ٌْل تَوْبَتُه‬ ِ ‫" ُك ُّل ت‬

َ ٍ‫َائب‬

(Every one that repents his repentance is accepted)

4) The (‫ل‬ ‫ا ْـلفَ ِـ‬

ِ ‫اع‬ ‫امل ُ َـ‬
‫شبَّهَة ) ِب ْـ‬
‫ـاسم‬ ْ ‫ـصفَة‬
ِّ ‫( ال‬Descriptive noun resembling the
ِ َ‫اسم ا ْلف‬
‫اع ِل‬ ْ ), for it also performs the ‫ ا ْلعَمَ ل‬of its ‫ ا ْل ِفعْل‬, like:

َ َ‫"ا ْل ِعبَا َدةُ ح‬

"‫س ٌن ثَوَابُهَا‬

(Worship has a good reward)

ِ ْ‫التَّف‬
ِ ‫ض ْي‬
5) The ‫ل‬ ْ , for it also performs the ‫ ا ْلعَمَ ل‬of its ‫ ا ْل ِفعْل‬, like:
‫اسم‬

"ِ ‫ح ْل ُم ِمنْ ُه ِفي ا ْلعَالِم‬ َ ْ‫"مَا ِم ْن َرجُ ٍل أَح‬

ِ ‫س َن ِفي ِْه ا ْل‬

(There is no man in whom clemency is better than the scholar)

ْ (Infinitive / Verbal Noun), for it also performs the ‫ ا ْلـ ـ ـعَمَ ل‬of
ْ ‫امل َ ـ ـ‬
6) The ‫ـصدَر‬
ِ ‫ ا ْل‬, like:
its ‫فعْل‬

12

 "ً ‫عبْ ُدهُ ِد ْرهَما‬ ْ ِ‫ب اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – إ‬

َ ‫عطَا ًء َل ُه‬ ِ ‫"ي‬
ُّ ‫ُح‬
(Allah – Most High – loves his servant to give a dirham for His Sake)

ْ (Annexed Noun), for it also performs the ‫ ا ْل ـعَمَ ل‬of ‫جـ ّر‬
َ ‫امل ُـ‬
7) The ‫ـضاف‬ َ ‫ ا ْل‬,
like:

ِ
َ – ‫"عبَا َدةُ اهللِ – تَعَا َلى‬
"‫خيْ ٌر‬

(Worshiping Allah – Most High – is good)

8) The ‫الـ ـ ـتَّا ّم‬ ‫امل ُـ ـ ـبْهَم‬

ْ ‫االسـ ـ م‬
‫ْـ‬ (Complete Vague Noun), for it also performs
the ‫ ا ْلعَمَ ل‬of ‫صب‬ ْ َّ‫ الن‬, like:

"‫ن َر ْك َع ًة‬ ْ ‫"التَّ َرا ِويْحُ ِع‬

َ ‫ش ُر ْو‬

(Tarawih is twenty bowings)

9) ‫م ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ْـعنَـى ا ْلـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ِـ‬

‫ـف ْـع ِل‬ َ (Verbal Meaning), that is, every word from which the
meaning of a ‫ ِفعْل‬is understood, like:

"‫ب ِم َن اهللِ – تَعَا َلى‬

ُ ‫املُذْ ِن‬
ْ َ‫هيْ َهات‬
َ "

(Distant is the sinner from the Mercy of Allah – Most High)

ِ ‫"تَ َر‬
"ً ‫اك ذَنْبا‬

(Abandon sinning)

"‫"مَا ِفي ال ُّدنْيَا َراحَ ٌة‬

(There is no peace of mind in this Life)

ُ ً ّ‫ن مُحَ مَّ ِديا‬

"ُ‫خ ُل ُقه‬ ْ َ ‫"يَنْب َِغيْ لِ ْلعَالِم ِ أ‬
ْ ‫ن يَ ُك‬
َ ‫و‬

(It is necessary for the scholar to be Muhammadi / Muhammad-like in his

character

2. ّ ‫امل َ ْعنَو‬
The ‫ِي‬ ْ is of two (types):

13

 َ ‫َوا ْلـ‬
ِ َ ‫خب‬
2.1 The ‫ر‬ ‫امل ُـبْتَدَإ‬ ِ ‫( َر‬that which causes the ‫امل ُـبْتَدَأ‬
ْ ‫افـع‬ َ ‫ ا ْلـ‬to be
ْ and ‫خبَر‬
‫م ْرفُوْع‬
َ ), like:

"ِ‫سو ُْل اهلل‬ َ ‫ع َلي ِْه َو‬

ُ ‫س َّلمَ( َر‬ َ ُ‫)ص َّلى اهلل‬
َ ‫"مُحَ مَّ ٌد‬

[Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah]

َ ‫امل ُـ‬
ِ ‫ـضا ِر‬
2.2 The ‫ع‬ ْ ‫افــع ا ْلـ ِـف ْع ِل‬
ِ ‫( َر‬that which causes the ‫ـضا ِرع‬ ْ ‫ ا ْلـ ِـفعْل‬to be
َ ‫امل ُـ‬
‫م ْرفُوْع‬
َ ), like:

"‫ب‬ ِ ‫"يَ ْرحَ ُم اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – الت‬

َ ‫َّائ‬
(Allah – Most High – shows mercy to the one who repents)

14

 Section Two: The Governed / Governee

(‫)املعمول‬

ِ ‫صا َل‬
It is of two kinds: ‫ة‬ َ َ ‫ِباأل‬ َ (governed directly) and ‫معْمُ وْل ِبالتَّب َِعيَّ ِة‬
‫معْمُ وْل‬ َ
(governed by succession), that is, its declension is the same as the declension
of its ‫متْبُوْع‬
َ (the noun which it follows).

ِ ‫ا َل ـ ـ ـ ـ‬
The first kind (i.e. the ‫ة‬ ‫صـ ـ‬ ْ ) is of four types: , ‫م ـ ـ ـ ـ ْرفُ ـ ـ ـ ـوْع‬
‫امل َ ـ ـ ـ ـعْمُ وْل ِبـ ـ ـ ــاأل َ َ ـ ـ‬ َ
‫َج ُر ْور‬ ُ ْ‫مـن‬
‫ م ْـ‬, ‫صوْب‬ َ – (the latter of) which is specific to the ‫االس م‬ ‫ ْـ‬, and ‫َج زُ ْوم‬ ‫م ْـ‬
– which is specific to the ‫فعْل‬ ِ ‫ ا ْل‬.

As for the ‫رفُوْع‬

ْ َ ‫امل‬
ْ it comprises nine (things):

1. ِ َ‫( ا ْلف‬Doer / Subject of the Verbal Sentence), like:

The ‫اعل‬

"‫ب‬ ِ ‫ح َم اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – الت‬

َ ‫َّائ‬ ِ ‫" َر‬

(Allah – Most High – showed mercy to the one who repents / May Allah – Most
High – show mercy to the one who repents)

2. The ‫ل‬ ِ َ‫ا ْلف‬

ِ ‫اع‬ ِ َ‫( ن‬Agent of the Doer), like:
‫ائب‬

"‫ـب‬ ِ ‫حـ ـ ـ َم ال ـ ـ ـت‬

ُ ‫َّائـ ـ ـ‬ ِ ‫( " ُر‬The one who repented was shown mercy to / May the one
who repents be shown mercy to)

3. The ‫املُبْتَدَأ‬
ْ (Subject of the Nominal Sentence), and

4. َ ‫( ا ْل‬Predicate)
the ‫خبَر‬

"َ‫سلِ ْني‬
َ ‫امل ُ ْر‬ ِ ‫خاتَ ُم األَنْ ِبي‬
ْ ‫َاء َو‬ َ – ‫السالَ ُم‬
َّ ‫الصالَةُ َو‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬
َ – ‫"مُحَ مَّ ٌد‬

(Muhammad – On him be Peace and Blessings – is the Seal of the Prophets

and Messengers)

5. The ‫خوَا ِتهَا‬

َ َ ‫َوأ‬ َ ‫اسم " َكا‬
"‫ن‬ َ ‫ " َكا‬and its Sisters), like:
ْ (Noun of "‫ن‬

"ً ‫ن اهللُ – تَعَا َلى – عَلِيْما ً حَ ِكيْما‬

َ ‫" َكا‬

(Allah – Most High – is All-knowing and All-wise)

6. The ‫خوَا ِتهَا‬

َ َ ‫َوأ‬ َّ ِ‫خبَر "إ‬
"‫ن‬ َّ ِ‫ "إ‬and its Sisters), like:
َ (Predicate of "‫ن‬

15

 َ ‫ن ا ْلبَ ْع‬
"ٌّ‫ث حَ ق‬ َّ ِ‫"إ‬

(The Resurrection is real)

7. ِ ْ‫ـجن‬
The ‫س‬ ِ ‫ا ْل ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ ِ‫خـ ـ ـ ـ ـ بَر "الَ" لِـ ـ ـ ـ ـنَفْي‬
َ (Predicate of "َ‫ "ال‬used for the
absolute negation of the genus), like:

"‫م ْقبُو ٌْل‬ ٍ ‫م َر‬

َ ‫اء‬ ُ ‫"الَ عَمَ َل‬

(The deeds of the show-off will not be accepted)

8. َ ‫ِبـ" َلـ ـي‬

The "‫ْس‬ ‫امل ُ َـ‬
ِ‫شـ بَّ َهت َْني‬ ْ "َ‫م ــا" َو"ال‬ َ " ‫اسـ م‬
‫( ْـ‬Noun of "‫م ــا‬
َ " and
"َ‫ "ال‬which are likened to "‫ْس‬ َ ‫) " َلي‬, like:

"ِ ‫"مَا التَّ َكبُّ ُر الَ ِئقا ً لِ ْلعَالِم‬

(Arrogance is not befitting for the scholar)

"ً‫س ٌد حَ الَال‬
َ َ‫"الَ ح‬

(Jealousy is not lawful)

9. ِ ‫َوا ْل ــجَ وَا‬

The ِ ‫زم‬ ‫ن الـ ـنَّو ِـ ـ‬
ِ‫َاص ب‬ َ ْ‫خالِـ ـي‬
ِ ‫عـ ـ‬ َ ‫ـضا ِرع ا ْلـ ـ‬ ْ ‫( ا ْل ـ ِـفعْل‬the
َ ‫امل ُ ـ‬
ْ ‫ ا ْل ـ ِـفعْل‬that is stripped of the ‫َاص ب‬
َ ‫امل ُ ـ‬
‫ـضا ِرع‬ ‫ الـ ـنَّو ِـ ـ‬and ‫) ا ْل ــجَ وَا ِزم‬,
like:

ُ ‫ب اهللُ التَّو‬
"َ‫َاضع‬ ِ ‫"ي‬
ُّ ‫ُح‬
(Allah loves humbleness / humility)

ُ ْ‫املَن‬
As for the ‫صوْب‬ ْ it comprises thirteen (things):

1. The ‫املُطْ َلق‬

ْ ‫املَفْ ُعوْل‬
ْ (Absolute / Unrestricted Object), like:

ُ َ‫"تُبْتُ تَوْ َب ًة ن‬
"ً ‫صوْحا‬

(I made sincere repentance)

2. ِ ‫ِب‬
The ‫ه‬ ‫املَفْ ُعوْل‬
ْ (Direct Object), like:

"‫عبُ ُد اهللَ – تَعَا َلى‬

ْ َ ‫"أ‬

16

 (I worship Allah – Most High)

3. ِ ‫ِفي‬
The ‫ْه‬ ‫املَفْ ُعوْل‬
ْ (Adverbial Object), like:

َ ‫َضا‬
"‫ن‬ َ ‫"ص ْم‬
َ ‫ش ْه َر َرم‬ ُ

(Fast the month of Ramadhan)

4. ُ ‫َل‬
The ‫ه‬ ‫املَفْ ُعوْل‬
ْ (Object of Purpose / Reason), like:

ِ ‫ض‬
"‫اة اهللِ – تَعَا َلى‬ َ ‫"اِعْمَ ْل طَ َلبا ً ِمل َ ْر‬

(Do deeds seeking the pleasure of Allah – Most High)

5. ُ ‫م َع‬
The ‫ه‬ َ ‫املَفْ ُعوْل‬
ْ (Object of Accompaniment), like:

َ ‫ال َوتَبْ َقى َوعَمَ َل‬

"‫ك‬ ْ ‫"يَفْنَى‬
ُ َ ‫امل‬

(Wealth will perish and you will remain with your deeds)

6. The ‫( ا ْلحَ ال‬State / Condition), like:

"ً ‫اجيا‬ ِ ‫خ‬

ِ ‫ائفا ً َر‬ َ – ‫عب ُِد اهللَ – تَعَا َلى‬
ْ ُ ‫"ا‬

(Worship Allah Most High – fearing and hoping)

7. ِ ْ‫( التَّم‬Specification), like:

The ‫ييْز‬

"ً‫اب ا ْلعَالِ ُم ِعبَا َدة‬

َ َ‫"ط‬
(The scholar is good in ‘ibadah)

8. The ‫ستَثْنَى‬
ْ ُ ‫امل‬
ْ (Exceptive / Noun Excluded), like:

ِ ‫اس إِالَّ ا ْل َك‬

"‫اف َر‬ ُ َّ‫خ ُل ا ْلجَ نَّ َة الن‬
ُ ‫"يَ ْد‬

(The people will enter Paradise except the unbeliever)

9. َ ‫" َكا‬
The "‫ن‬ َ (Predicate of the Class of "‫ن‬
ِ ‫خبَر ب‬
‫َاب‬ َ ‫ " َكا‬verbs), like:

"‫املَالَ ِئ َك ُة ِعبَا َد اهللِ – تَعَا َلى‬

ْ ‫ت‬ِ َ‫" َكان‬

17

 (The angels are the servants of Allah – Most)

َّ ِ‫"إ‬
10. The "‫ن‬ ِ ‫اسم ب‬
‫َاب‬ َّ ِ‫ "إ‬particles),like:
ْ (Noun of the Class of "‫ن‬

َ ‫السؤ‬
"ٌّ‫َال حَ ق‬ ُّ َّ ِ‫"إ‬
‫ن‬

[Truly, the questioning (on the Day of Judgment) is real]

11. ِ ْ‫ـجن‬
The ‫ـس‬ ‫ا ْلـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ِـ‬ ِ‫اس ـ ـ ـ ـ م "الَ" لِ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـنَـفْـي‬
‫( ْ ـ‬Noun of "َ‫ "ال‬for the absolute
negation of the genus), like:

"‫م ْقبُوْ َل ٌة‬ ٍ ‫غت‬

َ ‫َاب‬ ُ ‫ع َة‬
ْ ‫م‬ َ ‫"الَ طَا‬

(The obedience of the backbiter is not accepted)

َ ‫ِبـ" َلـ ـي‬

12. The "‫ْس‬ ‫امل ُ َـ‬
ِ‫شـ بَّ َهت َْني‬ ْ "َ‫م ــا" َو"ال‬ َ (Predicate of "‫م ــا‬
َ " ‫خـ ـ بَر‬ َ "
and "َ‫ "ال‬that are likened to "‫ْس‬ َ ‫) " َلي‬, like:

"ً‫"مَا ا ْل ِغيْبَ ُة حَ الَال‬

(Backbiting is not lawful)

ِ َ‫"الَ نَ ِميْمَ ٌة ج‬
"ً‫ائزَة‬

(Slandering is not permissible)

13. The ِ‫َاص ب‬‫حـ دَى الـ ـنَّو ِـ ـ‬ ‫عـ ـ َلي ِْه إِ ْـ‬
َ ‫خـ َـل‬ ْ ‫ـضا ِرع ا َّل ـ ِـذ‬
َ ‫ي َد‬ ْ ‫( ا ْل ـ ِـفعْل‬the
َ ‫امل ُ ـ‬
ْ ‫ ا ْل ـ ـ ـ ِـفعْل‬that has one of the ‫َاصـ ـ ب‬
َ ‫امل ُ ـ ـ ـ‬
‫ـضا ِرع‬ ‫ الـ ـ ـ ـنَّو ِـ ـ‬preceding and
governing it), like:

"ْ‫غفَ َر ذُنُوْ ِبي‬ ْ َ‫ب أ‬

ْ ُ‫ن ت‬ ِ ُ ‫"أ‬
ُّ ‫ح‬
(I love that my sins would be forgiven)

ْ ‫املَجْ ُر‬
As for the ‫ور‬ ْ it comprises two (things):

1. the ‫ر‬ ‫ا ْل َ ـ‬
ِّ ‫ج‬ ِ ‫ح ْر‬
‫ف‬ ‫امل َ ْ ـ‬
‫ج ُر ْور ِب َ ـ‬ ‫ا ْل َ ـ‬
ْ (the Noun governed in the case of ‫ج ّر‬
by means of the genitive particle / preposition), like:

ْ ‫"اِعْمَ ْل ِب ِإ‬
ٍ َ‫خال‬
"‫ص‬
18

 (Do deeds with sincerity)

2. ِ ‫ض افَـ‬
the ‫ة‬ ِ ‫ِب‬
‫ـاإل َـ‬ ‫امل َ ْـ‬
‫ج ُر ْور‬ ‫ ا ْل َـ‬by
ْ (the Noun governed in the case of ‫ج ّر‬
means of annexation), like:

َ ‫ب ا ْل َعب ِْد ي‬
"ُ‫ُسوِّ ُد َق ْلبَه‬ ُ ْ‫"ذَن‬
(The sin of the servant blackens his heart)

ْ ُ‫املَجْ ز‬
As for the ‫وم‬ ْ it comprises one (thing only):

ِ ‫ا ْلـجَ وَا‬
The ‫زم‬ ‫حدَى‬ ‫ع َلي ِْه إِ ْـ‬
‫خ َـل َـ‬ ْ ‫ـضا ِرع ا َّل ِـذ‬
َ ‫ي َد‬ ْ ‫( ا ْل ِـفعْل‬the ‫ـضا ِرع‬
َ ُ ‫امل‬ ْ ‫ا ْل ِـفعْل‬
َ ُ ‫امل‬
that has one of the ‫زم‬ ِ ‫ ا ْلجَ وَا‬preceding and governing it), like:

"‫ك‬ ْ ِ‫خل‬
َ ‫ص يُ ْقب َْل عَمَ ُل‬ ْ ُ‫ن ت‬
ْ ِ ‫"إ‬

(If you are sincere your deeds will be accepted)

ِ َّ‫ِبالتَّب َِعي‬
The second kind (i.e. the ‫ة‬ ‫املَعْمُ وْل‬
ْ ) is of five types:

The first is the ‫الصفَة‬

ِّ (attributive adjective), like:

ِ ‫عب ُِد اهللَ ا ْلع‬

"َ‫َظيْم‬ ْ ُ ‫( "ا‬Worship Allah, the Magnifecent)

َ ‫( ا ْل‬conjunction) by means of one of the ten ‫ ا ْلحُ ُر ْوف‬:

The second is ‫عطْف‬

1. the ‫( ا ْلوَاو‬and), like:

"‫سو َْل‬ ِ َ ‫"أ‬

ُ ‫طعِ اهللَ َوال َّر‬

(Obey Allah and the Messenger)

2. the ‫( ا ْلفَاء‬immediately after), like:

"ُ‫ب تَ ْك ِبيْ َرةُ االفْ ِتتَاحِ فَا ْل ِقيَام‬ ِ ‫"ت‬

ُ ‫َج‬
(The Takbirah of Consecration is compulsory, then the standing position)

3. ‫( ث َّم‬after awhile), like:

19

 "‫ب ا ْل ِع ْل ُم ث ُ َّم ا ْلعَمَ ُل‬ ِ ‫"ي‬

ُ ‫َج‬
(Knowledge is compulsory then action)

4. ‫( حَ تَّى‬even, until, up to including), like:

َّ ‫الصالَةُ َو‬
"ُ‫السالَم‬ َّ َ – ‫اس حَ تَّى األَنْ ِبيَا ُء‬
‫ع َليْ ِه ُم‬ ُ َّ‫ماتَ الن‬
َ "

(People are mortal and will die even the Prophets – May Peace and Blessings
be upon them)

5. ‫( أ َ ْو‬or), like:

ِ َ‫الضحَ ى أ َ ْربَعا ً أ َ ْو ثَم‬

"ً ‫انيا‬ ُّ ‫"ص ِّل‬
َ

[Prayer the Dawn prayer four or eight (bowings)]

6. ‫( إِمَّا‬or), like:

ِ ‫"اِعْمَ ْل إِمَّا َو‬

ْ ‫اجبا ً َو إِمَّا م‬
"ً ّ‫ُستَحَ با‬

(Do either what is compulsory or what is highly recommended)

7. ‫( أ َ ْم‬or), like:

َ ‫س‬
"ُ‫خطَه‬ ُ ‫ضا َء اهللِ تَطْ ُل‬
َ ‫ب أ َ ْم‬ َ ‫"أ َ ِر‬

(Is it the Pleasure of Allah that you seek or His Anger)

8. َ‫( ال‬not), like:

َ ‫"اِعْمَ ْل‬
َ َ‫صالِحا ً ال‬
"ً ‫سيِّئا‬

(Do what is righteous not what is evil)

9. ‫( ب َْل‬even better, rather, instead), like:

"ً ‫ب حَ الَالً ب َْل طَيِّبا‬

ْ ‫"اُطْ ُل‬
(Seek what is lawful even better the good things)

10. ‫( َل ِك ْن‬but), like:

20

 ْ ِ‫َح ُّل ِريَا ٌء َل ِك ْن إ‬

ٌ َ‫خال‬
"‫ص‬ ِ ‫"الَ ي‬

(Showing-off is not lawful but sincerity is)

ِ ْ ‫( التَّأ‬corroboration), like:
The third is the ‫كيْد‬

َ َ‫خال‬
"‫ص‬ ِ ‫ص‬
ْ ‫اإل‬ ِ ِ‫"اُطْ ُلب‬
ْ ‫اإل‬
َ َ‫خال‬

(Seek sincerity sincerity)

َ ‫"اُتْ ُر ِك الذُّنُو‬
"‫ْب ُك َّلهَا‬

(Abandon sin, all of it)

The fourth is the ‫( ا ْلبَدَل‬Substitute), like:

َ َّ‫عب ُِد اهللَ َرب‬

"‫ك‬ ْ ُ ‫"ا‬

(Worship Allah, your Lord and Cherisher)

"ْ‫َصى اهللَ ِمنْ ُهم‬

َ ‫م ْن ع‬ ِ ‫غ‬
َ َّ‫ض الن‬
َ ‫اس‬ ُ ْ‫"اُب‬

(Hate the people, those who disobey Allah amongst them)

ِ ‫"اِحْ َف‬
"ُ‫ظ اهللَ – تَعَا َلى – حَ َّقه‬

(Protect Allah – Most High – His Right)

ِ ‫ا ْلبَيَا‬
The fifth is the ‫ن‬ ‫عطْف‬
َ (Explicative / Explanatory Apposition)

َّ ‫الصالَةُ َو‬
"ُ‫السالَم‬ َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬
َ – ‫منَّا ِبنَ ِبيِّنَا مُحَ مَّ ٍد‬
َ ‫"آ‬

(We believe in our Prophet, Muhammad – Upon him be Peace and Blessings)

*
21

 Section Three: The Governing Effect / Declension

(‫)العمل \ اإلعراب‬

َ ‫( حَ َر‬vowel), a ‫( حَ ْرف‬letter/consonant) or ‫( حَ ذْف‬omission).

It is either a ‫كة‬

َ ‫ ا ْلحَ َر‬constitutes three (things):

The ‫كة‬

َ
‫ضمَّ ة‬ .1

‫فَتْحَ ة‬ .2

ْ ‫َك‬
‫س َرة‬ .3

ْ َ‫ ا ْلح‬constitutes four (things)

The ‫رف‬

‫َواو‬ .1

‫يَاء‬ .2

‫أَلِف‬ .3

‫نُوْن‬ .4

‫ ا ْلحَ ذْف‬constitutes three (things) that are specific to the al-fi‘l:

1. ‫( حَ ذْف ا ْلحَ َر َك ِة‬omission of the vowel)

2. ِ ‫( حَ ذْف ا ْلحَ ْر‬omission of the letter)

‫ف‬

3. ِ ْ‫( حَ ذْف النُّو‬omission of the ‫) النُّوْن‬. The sum total is ten.

‫ن‬

َ ‫امل ُ ـ ـ ْع‬
The types of ‫رب‬ ْ (declinable word) – with reference to what they have been
afforded of these ten (signs) – are nine, because their declension is either by
means of ‫ضة‬ ْ ‫ح َر َكـات‬
َ ْ‫امل َـح‬ ‫( ا ْل َـ‬i.e. pure vowel-markings), or ‫ضة‬
َ ْ‫امل َـح‬ ‫ا ْل ُـ‬
ْ ‫ح ُر ْوف‬
(i.e. pure letters) – which are specific to the ‫االس ـ ـ ـ ـ م‬
‫ْـ‬ – or by means of
‫ف‬ِ ْ‫حـ ـ ـ ذ‬
َ ‫م ـ ـ ـعَ ا ْل‬
َ ‫حـ ـ ـ َر َـك ـ ــات‬
َ ‫( ا ْل‬vowel-markings plus omission) or َ‫م ـ ـ ـع‬ ُ ‫ا ْل‬
َ ‫حـ ـ ـ ُر ْوف‬
ِ ْ‫( ا ْلحَ ذ‬letters plus omission) – which are specific to the ‫ ا ْل ِفعْل‬.
‫ف‬
َ ْ‫املَح‬
The first (i.e. that which is declined by means of ‫ضة‬ ْ ‫ ) ا ْلحَ َر َكات‬is either:

22

 • ِ ‫عـ ـ َر‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫( تَ ــا ّم‬complete in its declension) by being ‫مـ ـ ْر ُفـ ـوْع‬
ْ ‫اإل‬ َ with the
‫صوْب‬ ُ ْ‫مـن‬ َّ ‫ ال‬with ‫ ا ْلـفَتْحَ ة‬and ‫َج ُر ْور‬
َ ,‫ـضمَّ ة‬ ‫ – ا ْل َك ْـ‬and
‫ م ْـ‬with the ‫س َرة‬
that is the ‫ص ِرف‬ ْ ‫املُـفْ َرد‬
َ ْ‫املُـن‬ ْ (fully-declinable singular noun),
like:

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬ ُ ‫"جَ ا َءنَا ال َّر‬
َ – ‫سو ُْل‬

(The Messenger – Upon him be Peace – came to us)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬ ُ ‫"ص َّد ْقنَا ال َّر‬
َ – ‫سو َْل‬ َ

(We believe the Messenger – Upon him be Peace)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬ ُ ‫منَّا ِبال َّر‬
َ – ‫سو ِْل‬ َ ‫"آ‬

(We believe in the Messenger – Upon him be Peace)

ِ َ‫السم‬
ٌ ‫اء َكت‬
"‫ُب‬ َّ ‫"نَزَ َل ِم َن‬

(Books descended from Heaven)

َ ‫"ص َّد ْقنَا ا ْل ُكت‬

"‫ُب‬ َ

(We believe the Books)

" ِ‫منَّا ِبا ْل ُكتُب‬

َ ‫"آ‬

(We believe in the Books)

• ِ ‫عـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َر‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫ـاق ـ ـ ـ ــص‬
ْ ‫اإل‬ ِ ‫( نَ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬incomplete in its declension), which is of two
groups: a group which is ‫رفُ ـ ـوْع‬ ْ ‫مـ ـ‬ ُ ْ‫م ـ ـن‬
َ with the ‫صوْب‬ َّ ‫ الـ ـ‬and
َ , ‫ـضمَّ ة‬
‫ مَجْ ُر ْور‬with the ‫ ا ْلفَتْحَ ة‬, like:

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬
َ – ‫"جَ ا َءنَا أَحْ مَ ُد‬

(Ahmad – Upon him be Peace – came to us)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬
َ – ‫"ص َّد ْقنَا أَحْ مَ َد‬
َ

(We believe Ahmad – Upon him be Peace)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬
َ – ‫منَّا ِبأَحْ مَ َد‬
َ ‫"آ‬

23

 (We believe in Ahmad – Upon him be Peace)

and a group which is ‫رفُ ـ ـوْع‬

ْ ‫مـ ـ‬ ُ ْ‫م ـ ـن‬
َ with the ‫صوْب‬ َّ ‫ الـ ـ‬and ‫َجـ ـ ُر ْور‬
َ , ‫ـضمَّ ة‬ ْ ‫م‬
with the ‫رة‬
َ‫س‬ْ ‫ ا ْل َك‬, like:

ُ ‫"جَ ا َءنَا‬
ِ ‫مع‬
" ٌ‫ْجزَات‬

(Miracles came to us)

ٍ َ‫ْجز‬
"‫ات‬ ُ ‫"ص َّد ْقنَا‬
ِ ‫مع‬ َ

(We believe Miracles)

ٍ َ‫ْجز‬
"‫ات‬ ِ ‫منَّا ِبمُ ع‬
َ ‫"آ‬

(We believe in Miracles)

‫ـح َـ‬
The second (i.e. that which is declined by means of ‫ضة‬ ‫امل َـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ْـ‬
ْ ُ ‫ ) ا ْل‬is
‫ـحـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ُر ْوف‬
either:

• ِ ‫عـ َر‬
‫اب‬ ْ ‫اإل‬ ِ ‫( تَــا ّم‬complete in its declension), by being ‫م ـ ْرفُ ـوْع‬ َ with the
‫صوْب‬ ُ ْ‫م ـن‬ َ , ‫ ا ْل ـوَاو‬with the ‫ األَلِــف‬and ‫َجـ ُر ْور‬ ْ ‫ م‬with the ‫ – ا ْل ـيَاء‬and
that is the ‫ـضافَـ ــة إِ َلـ ــى‬ ْ ‫امل ُ ـ ـ ْعتَ َّلة‬
َ ‫امل ُـ ـ‬ ْ ‫السـ تَّة‬
‫ِّ ـ‬ ‫األ َ ْ ـ‬
‫سـ مَ اء‬
‫امل ُ ـ ـ َكبَّ َرة‬
ْ ‫امل ُ ـ ـفْ َردَة‬
ْ ِ ‫امل ُ ـ ـتَ َك ِّلم‬ ِ ‫غ ـ ـ ْي ِر َيـ ـ‬
ْ ‫ـاء‬ َ (i.e. the six weak-ended nouns
annexed to a noun other than the ‫ ا ْل ـ ـ ـ ـ ـيَـاء‬of the first person singular
and which are singular and non-diminutive), and they are:
ُ َ ‫( أ‬his brother), ‫هـ ــا‬
‫( أ َ ُب ـ ـوْ ُه‬his father), ‫خـ ـ وْ ُه‬ َ (her in-law), ‫هـ ـ نُوْ ُه‬
َ ْ‫حـ ـ مُ و‬ َ (his
shameful object), ُ‫( فُـ ـ ـوْه‬his mouth) and ‫ـال‬
ٍ ‫مـ ـ‬
َ ‫( ذُ ْو‬possessor of wealth i.e.
wealthy), like:

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬ ِ ‫"جَ ا َءنَا أَبُو ا ْل َق‬
َ – ِ ‫اسم‬

(The Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace – came to us)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬ ِ ‫"ص َّد ْقنَا أَبَا ا ْل َق‬
َ – ِ ‫اسم‬ َ

(We believe Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َلي ِْه‬ ِ ‫منَّا ِبأ َ ِبي ا ْل َق‬
َ – ِ ‫اسم‬ َ ‫"آ‬

24

 (We believe in Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace)

• ِ ‫عـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َر‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫ـاقـ ـ ـ ـ ــص‬
ْ ‫اإل‬ ِ ‫( نَـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬incomplete in its declension), which are two
groups:

(a) a group which is ‫رفُـ ـوْع‬

ْ ‫مـ ـ‬
َ with the ‫صوْب‬ َ ,‫ ا ْلـ ـوَاو‬and ‫َجـ ُر ْور‬
ُ ْ‫مـ ـن‬ ‫ م ْـ‬with
the ‫ا ْل ـيَاء‬, which is the ‫ـسالِــم‬
َّ ‫الـ‬ ‫امل ُ ـذَ َّكـ ِر‬
ْ ‫ج مْ ع‬
‫( َ ـ‬sound masculine plural) as
well as "ْ‫ "أُو ُلو‬and "‫ن‬ ِ and its sisters, like:
ْ ‫"ع‬
َ ‫ش ُر ْو‬

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َليْ ِه ُم‬
َ –‫ن‬ ْ ‫س ُل‬
َ ‫و‬ ْ ‫"جَ ا َءنَا‬
َ ‫امل ُ ْر‬

(The Messengers – Upon them be Peace – came to us)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َليْ ِه ُم‬ َ ْ ِ‫سل‬
َ – ‫ني‬ ْ ‫"ص َّد ْقنَا‬
َ ‫امل ُ ْر‬ َ

(We believe the Messengers – Upon them be Peace)

"ُ‫السالَم‬
َّ ‫ع َليْ ِه ُم‬ َ ْ ِ‫سل‬
َ – ‫ني‬ َ ‫امل ُ ْر‬
ْ ‫منَّا ِب‬
َ ‫"آ‬

(We believe in the Messengers – Upon them be Peace)

(b) a group which is ‫رفُـ ـوْع‬

ْ ‫مـ ـ‬
َ with the ‫صوْب‬ َ ,‫ األَلِ ــف‬and ‫َجـ ُر ْور‬
ُ ْ‫مـ ـن‬ ‫ م ْـ‬with
the ‫ا ْل ـ ـ ـيَاء‬, which is the ‫( ال ـ ـ ـتَّث ْ ِنيَة‬dual) as well as "‫ن‬
ِ ‫ "اِث ْ ـ ـ ـنَا‬and "َ‫"كـ ـ ـ ال‬
ِ
ْ ‫( م‬personal pronoun), like:
annexed to a ‫ُضمَ ر‬

‫السنَّ ُة‬ ُ ‫ي ا ْل َكت‬

ُّ ‫َاب َو‬ ُ َ‫ن ِكال‬
ْ َ ‫همَ ا" أ‬ ِ ‫"جَ ا َءنَا االثْنَا‬

(The two, both of them, came), that is, the Book and the Sunnah

"‫"اِتَّبَ ْعنَا االثْنَ ْنيِ ِك َليْ ِهمَ ا‬

(We follow the two, both of them)

"‫ني َك َل ْي ِهمَ ا‬ ِ ‫"ع‬

ِ ْ َ‫َم ْلنَا ِباالثْن‬

(We act according to the two, both of them)

ِ ْ‫حـ ـ ذ‬
The third (i.e. that which is declined by means of ‫ف‬ ‫ا ْل َـ‬ َ ‫حـ ـ َر َكـ ــات‬
َ‫مـ ـ ـع‬ ‫ ) ا ْل َـ‬is
only complete in its declension, and comprises two groups:

25

 (a) a group which is ‫رفُـ ـوْع‬

ْ ‫مـ ـ‬ ُ ْ‫مـ ـن‬
َ with the ‫صوْب‬ َّ ‫ ال ـ‬with the ‫ ا ْلـ ـفَتْحَ ة‬and
َ ,‫ـضمَّ ة‬
‫ـجـ ـ ـ ـ ـ زُ ْوم‬ َ with the ‫ـحـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َر َكـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ِة‬
ْ ‫م‬ َ ‫حـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ذْف ا ْل‬
َ (omission of the vowel), which is the
ٌ‫حيْح‬ ِ ‫ص‬ ‫ح ْرفٌ َـ‬ ُ ‫ض ِميْ ٌر َو‬
‫هـ وَ َـ‬ ‫ـآخ ِر ِه َـ‬
‫َّص ْل ِب ِـ‬ ِ ‫ي َلـ ْم يَـت‬ ِ ‫ـضا ِرع ا َّل‬
ْ ‫ـذ‬ ْ ‫( ا ْل ِـفعْل‬i.e.
َ ُ ‫امل‬
the ‫رع‬ ِ ‫ـضا‬ ْ ‫ ا ْلـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ِــف ْعـل‬that does not have a personal pronoun attached at its
‫امل ُـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َـ‬
ending with the latter being a strong letter), like:

"ْ‫َشفَعَ َو َل ْم نُحْ َرم‬

ْ ‫نت‬
ْ َ‫ب أ‬ ِ ُ ‫"ن‬
ُّ ‫ح‬
[We would like that you (O Muhammad) intercede (for us) and that we not be
deprived)

(b) a group which is ‫رفُ ـوْع‬

ْ ‫مـ‬ ُ ْ‫م ـن‬
َ with the ‫صوْب‬ َّ ‫ الـ‬with the ‫ ا ْل ـفَتْحَ ة‬and
َ , ‫ـضمَّ ة‬
‫ـجـ ـ ـ ـ ـ زُ ْوم‬
ْ ‫مـ‬َ with the ‫اآلخـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ِر‬ ِ ‫حـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ْذف‬
َ (omission of the ending), which is the
ٌ‫حيْح‬ ِ ‫ص‬ ‫ح ْرفٌ َـ‬ ُ ‫ض ِميْ ٌر َو‬
‫هـ وَ َـ‬ ‫ـآخ ِر ِه َـ‬
‫َّص ْل ِب ِـ‬
ِ ‫ي َلـ ْم يَـت‬ ِ ‫ـضا ِرع ا َّل‬
ْ ‫ـذ‬ ْ ‫( ا ْل ِـفعْل‬i.e.
َ ُ ‫امل‬
the ‫رع‬ ِ ‫ـضا‬ ْ ‫ ا ْلـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ِــف ْعـل‬that does not have a personal pronoun attached at its
‫امل ُـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َـ‬
ending with the latter being a weak letter), like:

"‫ َو َل ْم يَ ْر ِمنَا ِفي النَّا ِر‬،‫عنَّا‬ ْ َ ‫"نَ ْدعُو اهللَ – تَعَا َلى – أ‬
َ َ‫ن يَ ْعفُو‬

(We beseech Allah – Most High – to pardon us and not cast us in the Fire)

The fourth is only incomplete in its declension, which is the

‫ن‬ َ ‫ع‬
ِ ْ‫غ ـيْ ُر ال ـنُّو‬ َ ‫ض ِميْ ٌر‬
ٌ ْ‫م ـ ْرفُ ـو‬ ‫ـآخـ ِر ِه َ ـ‬
ِ ‫ـص َل ِبـ‬ ْ ‫ـضا ِرع ا َّلـ ِـذ‬
َ ‫ي اتَّـ‬ ْ ‫( ا ْلـ ِـفعْل‬i.e. the
َ ‫امل ُـ‬
‫ـضا ِرع‬ ْ ‫ ا ْل ـ ـ ِـفعْل‬that has a personal pronoun that is ‫مـ ـ ـ ْرفُـ ـ ـوْع‬
َ ‫امل ُ ـ ـ‬ َ other than the
‫ ال ـنُّوْن‬attached at its ending). It is ‫م ـ ْرفُ ـوْع‬ َ with the ‫ ال ـنُّوْن‬, and ‫صوْب‬ ُ ْ‫م ـن‬
َ and
‫ مَجْ زُ ْوم‬with the ‫ن‬ ِ ْ‫ حَ ذْف النُّو‬, like:

ْ‫ـشفَعَا َل ـنَا َو َل ـم‬

ْ ‫ن يَـ‬ َ ‫ن يَ ـوْ َم ا ْلـ ِـقيَا‬
ُ ‫ فَ ـنَ ْر‬،‫م ـ ِة‬
ْ َ ‫جـ وْ أ‬ ْ ‫"األ َ ْولِ ـيَا ُء َوا ْل ـ ُع َلمَ ا ُء يَـ‬
ِ ‫ـشفَعَا‬
"‫عنَّا‬
َ ‫ضا‬ َ ‫يُ ْع ِر‬

[The Friends (of Allah) and Scholars will intercede on the Day of Resurrection,
so we hope that they will intercede for us and not turn away from us]

Thereafter, ‫راب‬
َ ‫عـ‬ ِ (declension) – if it is evident in ‫( ال ـ َّلفْظ‬oral expression) – it
ْ ‫اإل‬
is called ‫َل ـ ـ ـ ـ ـفْ ِـ‬
ّ‫ـظ ي‬ (orally expressed / explicit), like in the case of the previous
examples, and – if it is not evident in ‫ ال ـ ـ ـ ـ َّلفْظ‬but instead is implied at its ending
ّ ‫( تَ ْق ِديْ ِر‬implied / implicit), like:
– it is called ‫ي‬

ِ ‫"أَنَا ا ْلع‬
"ْ‫َاصي‬

26

 (I am the one that is disobedient)

ِ ‫ – ) الـ ـ ـ ـ ـتَّ ْق‬it is

and – if it is not evident at its ending (whether in ‫ الـ ـ ـ ـ ـ َّلفْظ‬or ‫ديْ ـ ـ ـ ــر‬
called ّ‫( مَحَ ِّلي‬place-related), like:

"‫ج َه ِت ِه‬
ِ ‫ال ِم ْن‬
َّ ِ‫خيْ ُر إ‬
َ ‫م ْن الَ يَأ ْ ِتي ا ْل‬
َ ‫ع َلى‬
َ ‫"تَوَ َّك ْلنَا‬

(We put our trust in the One from Whose “Direction” alone Good comes)

End

*
‫والحمد هلل رب العاملني‬

27