PAPER 4

(ELECTRONICS)

GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY PRIYA

ROJAN JOY SIR SAI
M. Sc PHYSICS
1ST SEM
CONTENTS
✓MICROPROCESSOR
✓BUILDING CONCEPT OF
MICROPROCESSOR
✓8085 INTRODUCTION
✓8085 FEATURES
 MICROPROCESSOR
DEFINITION:
❑ “The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven,
register based, digital- integrated circuit which
accepts binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in
its memory, and provides results as output.”
❑ “Microprocessor is a computer CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) on a single chip that
contains millions of transistors connected by wires.”
INTRODUCTION:
❑ A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic
and logic operations that make use of small
number-holding areas called registers.
❑ Typical microprocessor operations include adding,
subtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetching
numbers from one area to another.

Hoff’s invention brings computer to the masses: At the end of 1960s Intel’s Ted Hoff was asked
to design several different calculators for a Japanese client. The traditional way to do work
resulted in very huge devices. Joined by fellow engineers Stan Mazor and Federico Faggin,
Hoff squeezed an entire computer onto a single silicon chip, pairing with a small memory to
give it its instructions.
 How microprocessors are made?
INTEL 4004- THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR
The microprocessors are made by silicon or
germanium. Silicon and germanium are
semiconductors, almost all electronic
components are made by these
semiconductors.
A microprocessor is an integrated
circuit(IC) that contains a few millions of
transistors (semiconductor based
electronic devices) fused on a
semiconductor chip. It is just a few
millimetres in dimensions and is used in
almost every electronic device- from the
microwaves and washing machine in
homes to advanced super computers of
a space station.
MD (advanced micro devices), Intel, Nvidia, Marvell
technology group, Ensilica, ARM, are some best
companies of this processor.
 Building concept of microprocessor
➢ Microprocessor is capable of
performing various computing functions
ARITHMETIC
and making decisions to change the and LOGICAL
REGISTER
sequence of program execution. ARRAY
UNIT(ALU)

➢ The microprocessor can be divided into

three segments as shown in the figure:
CONTROL UNIT
➢ These three segments is responsible for
all processing done in a computer. Components of Microprocessor
 Building concept of microprocessor (µp)

MICROPROCESSOR
INPUT OUTPUT
DEVICE (ALU+ REGISTER DEVICE
ARRAY+ CONTROL
UNIT)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit REGISTER ARRAY

(ALU)
It performs both arithmetic and
logical operations. Arithmetic
operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplications,
divisions, and logical operations
such as NOR, AND, NAND, OR,
XOR, NOT, XNOR, etc.
It consists of registers which are
identified by letters B,C,D,E,H and L.
Registers are small additional
MEMORY memory location which are used to
store and transfer data and
programs that are currently being
executed.
THE CONTROL UNIT
It is used to control the
instructions and it generates
the signals to operate the
other components.
 Working of microprocessor

To get the output, the first microprocessor fetches the instructions

FETCHING
from the computer memory and then decodes it and executes
those instructions as a result in a binary form. The power of the
given microprocessor is measured in terms of bits.

•Fetching (IF): It is the first step of the microprocessor which DECODING

fetches the instruction from the memory.

•Decoding (ID): It is the second step of the microprocessor

used to decodes the instruction.

•Executing (EX): It is the last step of this processor that

executes the instructions and the output. EXECUTING
 • Low cost
• High speed
• Small size
• Gaming
• Low power consumption
• Web browsing
• Versatile
• Creating documents
• Reliable
• Mathematical calculations
• Portable
• Simulations
• Easy to implement
• Photo editing
• Easy to modify
• In-home appliances
• In automotive electronics
• In metering
• In mobile electronics
• In building automation etc

• Floating-point operations are not supported.

• Sometimes it may get overheated.
 BASIC TERMS USED IN MICROPROCESSORS
Instruction Set - The group of commands that the microprocessor can understand is called Instruction set.
It is an interface between hardware and software.

Bus - Set of conductors intended to transmit data, address or control information to different elements in a
microprocessor. A microprocessor will have three types of buses, i.e., data bus, address bus, and control bus.

IPC (Instructions Per Cycle) - It is a measure of how many instructions a CPU is capable of executing in
a single clock.

Clock Speed - It is the number of operations per second the processor can perform. It can be expressed in
megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). It is also called the Clock Rate .

Bandwidth - The number of bits processed in a single instruction is called Bandwidth.

Word Length - The number of bits the processor can process at a time is called the word length of the
processor. 8-bit Microprocessor may process 8 -bit data at a time. The range of word length is from 4 bits to 64
bits depending upon the type of the microcomputer.

Data Types - The microprocessor supports multiple data type formats like binary, ASCII, signed and
unsigned numbers.
 Intel 8085 microprocessor

8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five" microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor designed

by Intel in 1976 using NMOS technology. N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor logic uses n-type (-)
MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors) to implement logic gates and other
digital circuits.
It has the following configuration −
•8-bit data bus
It is used in •16-bit address bus, which can address upto 64KB
washing machines, •A 16-bit program counter
microwave ovens, •A 16-bit stack pointer
mobile phones, etc •Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
•Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock
➢ REGISTER UNIT: There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L. Each register
can hold 8-bit data. These registers can work in pair to hold 16-bit data and their pairing combination is like
B-C, D-E & H-L. W and Z are two internal registers. The user can use these registers to store or copy a data
temporarily during the execution of a program by using data transfer instructions.

➢ PROGRAM COUNTER(PC): It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address location of the next
instruction to be executed. Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is being
executed, so that the program counter points to the memory address of the next instruction that is going to be
executed.

➢ STACK POINTER (SP): It is also a 16-bit register works like stack, which is always incremented/decremented
by 2 during push & pop operations.

➢ ADDRESS BUFFER & DATA/ ADDRESS BUFFER REGISTERS: These registers hold the address/data, received
from PC/internal data bus and then load the external address and data buses.
➢ CONTROL UNIT: It consists of three parts; the INSTRUCTION REGISTERS(IR), INSTRUCTION
DECODER AND MACHINE CYCLE ENCODER and TIMMING and CONTROL UNIT. The control unit
generates signals within microprocessor to carry out the instructions, which has been decoded.

➢ ARITHMETIC and LOGICAL UNIT: It performs the actual numerical and logical operations like ‘add’,
‘subtract’, ‘AND’, ‘OR’, etc. ALU consists of accumulator, flag register and temporary register.

➢ ACCUMULATOR: the result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.

➢ FLAG REGISTERS: Flag registers include five flip-flops: Zero(0), Carry(CY), Sign(S), Parity(P) and Auxiliary
Carry(AC) flags. These flags have critical importance in decision making process of a microprocessor.

➢ TEMPORARY REGISTERS: It is an 8-bit register, which holds the temporary data of arithmetic and logical
operations.

➢ INTERRUPT CONTROL: It controls the interrupt activity of 8085 microprocessor.

➢ SERIAL IO CONTROL: It provides 2 lines for serial communication. The serial output data (SOD) line
sends data serially and serial input data (SID) line receives data linearly.
➢ It is an 8-bit microprocessor.
➢ It is manufactured with N-MOS technology.
➢ It has 16-bit address bus and hance can address upto 216= 65536 bytes (64 KB)
memory locations through AD-A15.
➢ The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are multiplexed AD0- AD7.
➢ Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0-D7.
➢ It supports external interrupt requests.
➢ A 16-bit program counter(PC).
➢ A 16-bit stack pointer(SP).
➢ Six 8-bit general purpose registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL.
➢ It requires a signal +5V power supply and operates at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock.
➢ It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP (Dual in Line Package).
• IMAGES COURTESY : GOOGLE IMAGES

• BOOKS :
• 1001 INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
• DIGITAL COMPUTER ELECTRONICS BY ALBERT PAUL MALVINO
• INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR BY DARSHAN

• WEBSITES
• WIKIPEDIA
• ELPROCUS.COM
• TUTORIALSPOINT.COM
• STUDY NOTES ON 8085 MICROPROCESSOR BY GRADEUP