JJU Drainage

DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION
ENGINEERING
By:- Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF]
August 2021
8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 1

Reading Materials
• (i) James, L.G. (1988). Principles of Farm

Irrigation System Design. John Wiley, New
York.
• (ii) Chin, D.A.. (2000). Water Resources
Engineering, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
• (iii) Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering, American Society of Civil
Engineers.
• (iv) Course comprehensive note book and other
handouts and tutorial sheets.
Introduction
Irrigation is the application of water to the soil to
supplement natural precipitation and provide an
environment that is optimum for crop production.

TYPES OF IRRIGATION
• SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION: IN AREAS WITH RAINFALL FOR A PART

OF THE SEASON OR YEAR
• TOTAL IRRIGATION: IN AREAS OF NO RAINFALL

OBJECTIVES OF IRRIGATION
• To Supply Water Partially • To Facilitate continuous

or Totally for Crop Need cropping
• To Cool both the Soil and • To Enhance Fertilizer
the Plant Application- Fertigation
• To Leach Excess Salts • Fertigation is the application of
fertilizer with irrigation water.
• To improve Groundwater
storage

To Understand Irrigation, One Needs
Knowledge of:
• Basic Soil • Hydraulics
Science/Physics
• Plants • Hydrology
• Water
• Plant/Soil/Water • General Engineering
Relations Principles

SOIL CONSTITUENTS
• Mineral Material: Sand, clay and silt

• Organic matter - very valuable
• Water
• Air

PROPORTIONS OF SOIL CONSTITUENTS
20%
45% MINERALS
OM
Water
Air
30%
5%

Constituents of a typical soil

Properties, phases and components

MINERAL COMPONENTS
• Except in the case of organic soils, most of a soil’s solid

framework consists of mineral particles.
• They are variable in size and composition. They can vary from
small rock particles to colloids.

MINERAL COMPONENT CONTD.
• The mineral can be raw quartz and other

primary materials – coarse fractions which have
not changed from parent material)
• They can also be silicate clays and iron oxides
formed by the breakdown and weathering of
less resistant minerals as soil formation
progressed. These are called secondary
minerals.

Soil texture
• Soil texture is the relative proportion of sand,
silt and clay separates found in the soil
• Particles that range in size from 0.05 – 2mm
are sand
• Particles that fall between 0.002 – 0.05mm are
silt and
• The smallest particles which are less than
0.002mm are clay
• The relative fraction of these soil particles is
important because it can determine factors
such as water holding capacity, aeration,
drainage and plant rooting depth
8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhD candidate] 13

Soil texture refers to the relative size of soil particles in a given soil.
According to their size soils particles are grouped into sand, silt and
clay. The percentage content of soil separates in a soil is determined by
mechanical analysis. Based on the percentage content of sand, silt and
clay present, the textural class of a soil is determined by using the
triangular diagram.

Classification of soils in to fractions depending up on particle size
distribution

Sand
• individual grains easily seen or felt
• feels gritty between fingers and particles are visible to the naked eye
• the voids between particles are relatively large and promotes free drainage
• form relatively simple capillary systems with a large volume of noncapillary
pore spaces. ensure good drainage and aeration
• because of their large size, particles of sand have relatively low
specific surface area. hold little water are prone to drought
• are relatively inert chemically, loose and non-cohesive, and have a
low water holding capacity
• have usually a low cation exchange capacity

Silt
• particle size: 0.002 – 0.05 mm
• individual particles are not visible to the unaided eye
• they do not feel gritty when rubbed between fingers
• are micro sand particles, with quartz generally the dominant mineral
• the pores between silt particles are much smaller (numerous) than
those in sand silt retains more water and lets less drainage through
• even when wet, silt does not exhibit much stickiness or Plasticity easily
washed away by flowing water in a process called piping

Clay
• particle size: smaller than 0.002 mm
• have a very large specific surface area tremendous capacity to adsorb
water and other substances
• a spoonful of clay may have a surface area equal to the size of a
football filed
• this large adsorptive surface causes clay particles to cohere together
in a hard mass after drying
• when wet, clay is sticky and can be easily molded
• the particles tend to be shaped tiny flat platelets
• pores between clay particles are very small and convoluted
movement of air and water is very slow

✓ What is the surface area
(As) of
A. The big cube
B. All the small cubes ? and
compare the results and
what can you say about As?

• Specific surface versus
equivalent radius of sphere particles

Fine sand
Moisture Status: 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%
Loam soils (sandy clay loam , loam , silt loam)

Clay soils
Moisture Status: 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

• The relative proportion of soil separates is determined by mechanical
analysis-Sieve Analysis. Triangular classification is then utilized to
differentiate the soil texture.

SOIL TEXTURE CONTD.
• From the mechanical analysis, the proportions of sand,

silt and clay are obtained.
• The actual soil texture is determined using the Soil
Textural Triangle e.g. for a Soil with 50% sand, 20%
silt and 30% clay, the texture is Sandy Clay Loam.
• Arranged in the increasing order of heaviness, there
are 12 soil textures namely: sand, loamy sand, sandy
loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, silty clay
loam, clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay and clay.

USDA Triangular soil Textural classification Chart
Sand = 35%/ 40%

Silt = 41%/ 24%
Clay = 24%/ 36%
8/22/2021 USDA textural triangle

Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 25
COLLOIDAL MATERIAL
• The smaller particles (< 0.001 mm) of clay and

similar sized organic particles) have colloidal
properties and can be seen with an electronic
microscope.
• The colloidal particles have a very large area
per unit weight so there are enough surface
charges to which water and ions can be
attracted. These charges make them adhere
together. Humus improves the water holding
capacity of the soil.

WATER
• Quantity of water in a soil as determined by its moisture

content does not give a true indication of the soil ‘wetness’.
• A clay soil, which on handling feels dry, can be at the same
moisture content as a sandy soil, which feels wet.
• A plant will have less difficulty extracting water from a sandy
soil than from a clay soil at the same moisture content.

SOIL WATER CONTD.
• There is need for a soil ‘wetness’ which reflects the ease or

difficulty of extraction of water from the soil by the plant.
• The Concept of Soil Water Potential is therefore used in
Soil/Plant/Water Relations

• Soil-Water-Plant Relationships relate the properties of the soil that
affect the movement, retention and use of water. It can be divided &
treated as:
✓ Soil-Water relation
✓ Soil-plant relation
✓ Plant- Water relation

Mechanism of Soil Water Movement
• The flow of water in any hydraulic system, including the soil-

plant-water system, takes place from a state of higher to one of
lower potential energy.
• The steepness of the potential gradient from one point in the
system reflects the ease with which water will flow down the
potential gradient between the points.

Components of Soil Water Potential
As in any other hydraulic system, the total potential (or total

hydraulic head) in the soil-water system is made up of a
number of distinguishable components. Some of these are as
follows:
• i ) Gravitational Potential: Reflects gravitational forces on the soil
water.

Components of Soil Water Potential Contd.
• ii) Pressure Potential: This is positive when

greater than atmospheric pressure, and
negative when below atmospheric.
• A negative pressure potential (or tension, or

suction) is also known as the matric potential.
It is characteristic of soil water above a free

water surface.

Components of Soil Water Potential Contd.
• iii) Osmotic Potential: reflects the effect of solutes

in soil water, in the presence of a semi-permeable
membrane
• The total potential of soil water at a point is the

sum of all the components of potential, which
are acting. Note that the movement of water in
the soil is slow, so kinetic energy is neglected.

Soil Water Potential and Soil Water
Content:
• If a water pressure less that atmospheric (usually
referred to as suction) is applied to a saturated soil,
some water will drain off until equilibrium is
reached.
• At this state of equilibrium, the total potential of the
soil water relative to a free water surface at the same
elevation will be negative. Its value is known as the
soil suction or matric suction since it is equal to the
negative pressure potential of the soil water.

Soil Water Potential and Soil Water
Content Contd.
• As the pressure potential is reduced ( i.e.
suction increased) more water is removed from
the soil.
• The relationship between suction and actual
water content is referred to as soil water
characteristic.
• Soil Water Potential is normally measured by
tensiometers (matric potential), hanging water
column (sand box) and pressure chamber.

Mass and Volume Relationships of soil
• If we could separate out the different soil
parts, called phases, in a cubic meter and
completely compact them, we might have
something like the picture on the right, the
air phase on top of the liquid (water) phase,
on top of the solid phase.
• Each phase has a certain mass, Ma, Mw
and Ms, and a volume, Va, Vw, and Vs.
• From this we develop other measures of
the soil.

Fig. Schematic diagram of the soil as a three-phase system

Bulk density b
• Mass per unit volume of soil comprising the solid and gaseous phase
in exclusion of the liquid phase is called bulk density.
• That means it describes the soil as it is in the natural state including
pore spaces. In other words, bulk density is the weight of oven dry
soil per unit total volume. It is sometimes referred to as apparent
specific gravity. Bulk density (gm/cm3) while apparent specific
gravity (dimensionless)

• It is normally expressed on a dry weight basis, which value ranges
from 1.0 – 1.8 gm/cm3 for mineral soils.
• It may vary due to compaction, swelling…
• Organic soils have lower bulk densities as compared to mineral soils
due to lower densities
Ms Ms
b = =
Vt (Vs + Va + Vw )

Particle density
s
• It denotes the mass of soil solid per unit volume of soil solid and is
expressed in gm/cm3. It is defined as the mass (weight) per unit
volume of soil particles (soil solids).
• Thus the particle density of any soil is constant and does not vary
with the amount of space between the particles. It is defined as the
mass (weight) per unit volume of soil particles (soil solids).
Ms
s =
Vs

Total pore space and porosity (E) / Soil porosity
• Soil porosity/Total pore space (E) is the ratio of the volume of pores
(voids) to the total volume of soil and is expressed in %. It is the
volume of soil occupied by air and water. Total porosity is influenced
by textural characteristics of soil and ranges from 35 to 50 % in sandy
soils and from 40 to 60 % in clayey soils.
Vf (Va + Vw ) Vt − Vs  Vs 
E= = = = 1 − 
Vt Vt Vt  Vt 
 b 
How=? E =
1 −  
 s 

• Total porosity is an index of the relative volume of pores or void
spaces in the soil.
• For mineral soils its value generally is between 0.3 and 0.6 m3/m3.
• For coarse textured soils, values of porosity tend to be less than for
fine textured soils, even though the average sizes of the pores are
larger in the coarse textured soils.
• Total porosity tends to decrease with depth in the profile due to
compaction.

• The total porosity of a core of soil is determined experimentally by
saturating and weighing the core, then oven-drying and re-weighing
the same core.
• The difference in weight between saturated and oven-dry cores of
soil represents a volume of water equal to the volume of the pore
space in the soil.

Void ration - e
• Void ratio expresses the relationship
between the volumes occupied by solids
and by voids.
• Therefore, the volume of voids in a soil
volume is the sum of the volumes of the
liquid and gaseous
• Void ratio also is an index of the relative
volume of soil pores but relates to the
volume of solids rather than to the total
volume of soil.

Methods of Measuring Soil Water Content
• i) By Feel: This is by far the easiest method.

Assessment by feel is good for experienced
people who have sort of calibrated their hands.
The type of soil is important.
• ii) Gravimetric Method: This is equal to:

Soil water content
• Soil wetness is characterized by Mass basis
the amount of water held in a
certain mass or volume of soil;
that is:
Gravimetric water content (w),:-
measured by drying the soil to a
constant weight at a temperature
of 105°C. θ is then calculated from

• Volumetric water content (θv), is given by
Vw Vw
= =
Vt (Vs + V f )
• Volumetric water content, θv , can also be calculated form w, i.e.
How=?

Gravimetric Method Contd.
• Weigh wet soil in a container, put in oven at 105 oC for about
48 hours; weigh again and obtain the weight of water by
subtraction. A good soil should have moisture contents
between 5 and 60% and for peat or organic soils, it can be
greater than 100%.

Methods of Measuring Soil Water
Content Contd.
• (iv) Neutron Probe: It consists of a probe lowered down a hole in
the soil.
• A box (rate meter or rate scalar) is at the top.
• Within the probe is a radioactive source e.g. beryllium (435 years
life span).
• Close to the source is a detector.
• The source emits fast neutrons, some of which are slowed down
when they collide with water molecules (due to hydrogen
molecules).
• A cloud of slow neutrons (thermal neutrons) build up near the
probe and are registered by the rate meter or rate scalar which
measures the number of slowed down neutrons.

NEUTRON PROBE
Fig. 1.3: Diagram and Photograph of Neutron Probe in Use
The method is quick but very expensive.

It is also dangerous since it is radioactive and must be used with care.

Methods of Measuring Soil Water Suction
• i) Electrical Resistance Unit: This consists of a porous body

with two electrodes embedded into it.
• The porous body when buried equilibrates with the soil water and
the readings are obtained through the resistance meters attached
to the electrodes.
• Resistance units are measured and the instrument needs to be
calibrated against matric suction or volumetric moisture content
(Pv).
• Various porous bodies needed are gypsum, nylon or fibreglass.
• The instrument is relatively cheap but it takes a long time to
equilibrate or react e.g. 48 hours. The method is insensitive in wet
soils <0.5 bars. It measures from 0.5 to 15 bars and more.

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE UNIT
Figure 1.4 Portable meter and resistance blocks used to measure

soil moisture.
(Courtesy Industrial Instrument, Inc.)

Methods of Measuring Soil Water Suction
Contd.
• ii) Tensiometer: Tensiometer operates on the principle that a
partial vacuum is developed in a closed chamber when water
moves out through the porous ceramic tip to the surrounding.
• A vacuum gauge or a water or mercury manometer can measure
the tension. The gauge is usually calibrated in centibars or
millibars.
• After the porous cup is put in the soil, the tensiometer is filled
with water. Water moves out from the porous tip to the
surrounding soil (as suction is more in the soil). A point is reached
when the water in the tensiometer is at equilibrium with the soil
water. The reading of the gauge is then taken and correlated to
moisture content using a calibration curve.

Types of soil water
• The water may exist in the soil in various forms, on the

basis of which it may be classified in the following categories.
– Hygroscopic water
– Capillary water
– Gravitational water

Classes of soil Water availability
• Water can exist in either of the following forms in the soil.
1. Hygroscopic Water: The water that an oven dry soil absorbs when
exposed to air saturated with vapor is called hygroscopic water.
Water held tightly to the surface of soil particles by adsorption
forces. It occurs as a very thin film over the surface of soil particles
and is at a tension of 31 atmospheres.
• It is unavailable to plants & exerted by cohesion & adhesion forces.
2. Capillary water: is the water remaining after rapid drainage by
gravity. It is available to plants & exerted by only cohesion forces. The
soil water tension is about 0.10 – 0.33 atm. The capillary water
supplies the water needed by plants. Hence, it is also designated as
plant available water.

3. Gravitational water: is rapidly drained from the soil profile by the
force of gravity. When sufficient water is added to soil, water
gradually fills the pore system expelling air completely from soil.
Water moving downwards through soil under gravity is termed as
gravitational water. The water tension at this stage is 0.33 atm or less.

Types of soil water

Fig. Types of soil - water

Soil Moisture constants
1.Saturation Capacity:-When all micro and micro pore spaces are filled
with water, the soil is said to have reached its Saturation Capacity. At
field capacity water is held loosely and tensions are almost nill.
2.Field Capacity:-is the moisture content after the gravitational water
has drained down. At field capacity, the macro pores are field with air
& capillary pores (micro) pores filled with water. Field capacity is the
upper limit of the available soil moisture.
• Large pore spaces filled with air while the smaller ones with water.
• At FC Soil Moisture Tension (SMT) is b/n 1/10-1/3atm.
• The volumetric moisture content at Fc is given by
θfc=ρb.θm Where ρb=bulk density
θm=moisture content on mass basis

3. Permanent Wilting Point:-is the the moisture content beyond which
plants can no longer extract enough moisture and remain witted
unless water is added to the soil. At PWP the plant starts wilting and
if no water is given to the plant, and then it will die.The SMT changes
from 7 to 32atm.Hence,15atm is taken as SMT at PWT
• The volumetric moisture content at PWP is given by
θpwp=ρb.θm(Pwp)
Where ρb=bulk density
θm=moisture content on mass basis at PWP

Saturation
Gravitational water
Field capacity
Capillary water (Plant

available water)
Permanent welting point
Hygroscopic coeff.
Hygroscopic water Air dry
(Unavailable water)
Oven dry
Fig. 2.5: Illustration of soil water constants

Soil moisture ranges
1.Total available water, TAW
• The Soil moisture b/n FC and PWP is called available water. This is the water
available for plant use.
TAW=[θv(Fc)-θV(PWP)]D where D=Root depth of the crop
2. Management allowed deficit (MAD)
• The degree to which the volume of water in the soil is allowed deplete
before the next irrigation.
MAD=f.TAW take f=60-80%
3.Soil moisture deficit (SMD)
• Is the amount of water supplied by irrigation/Rainfall.
SMD=(θV(Fc)-θV)D

Basic concepts of soil water dynamics
• Forms of energy recognized in soil-water movement are:
1. The kinetic Energy- due to motion of water through soil layer.
- negligible due to the slow motion
2. The potential Energy – due to position of soil- water within soil
body & internal conditions.
- responsible in determining soil-water status.
• The magnitude the force is the difference b/n soil water potential at
two different points.

• The potential energy is defined w.r.t the reference state.
- Pure and free water ( no solute , no external
force other than gravity) arbitrarily equal to zero.
Components of soil-water forces
• Soil water is subject to several force fields – results in deviation from
the reference state (total soil water potential).
• Total soil water potential:the amount of work that an infinitesimal
unit quantity of water at equilibrium is capable of doing work when it
moves (isothermally and reversibly) to a pool of water at similar
standard (reference).

• The primary forces acting on soil water held within a rigid soil matrix under
isothermal conditions can be conveniently grouped as:
i - Matric forces: resulting from interactions of the solid phase with
the liquid and gaseous phases;
eg. adsorptive forces and capillary forces
- capillarity caused by liquid–gas interfaces
- adhesion of water molecules to solid surfaces
- ion hydration and water participating in diffuse double layers -
clay layers

ii - Osmotic forces: owing to differences in chemical composition of
soil solution;
- Soil water …dissolved salts + other solutes →soil solution
- Presence of solutes in soil water decreases the potential energy of
water in the soil.
- The potential energy of water in the solution is lower than the
reference state (pure water).
iii- Body/Gravitational forces:
• induced by gravitational and other (e.g., centrifugal) inertial force
fields.
• Compare to matric & osmotic forces

Soil Water Equilibrium Points
• In a soil, which is completely saturated, large pores are filled

with what is called gravitational water because it can drain out
under gravity.
• It drains out so fast that it is not available to the crops. The
time of draining out varies from one day in sandy soils to four
days in clay soils.

Soil Water Equilibrium Points
• Field Capacity (FC): This is the amount of water a well-drained

soil contains after gravitational water movement has materially
ceased.
• It is taken as the water content after 48 hours the soil has been
subjected to heavy rainfall or irrigation sufficient to cause
saturation.
• Field capacity can also be determined by finding the moisture
content when suction is 1/3 bar for clay and 1/10 bar for sand.
• There still remains the water held loosely between the soil particles
by surface tension at field capacity. This is called capillary water
and is the main source of water for plant growth. Plants
continuously take this up until there is no more water available for
crop growth and wilting occurs.

SOIL MOISTURE EQUILIBRIUM
POINTS CONTD.
• Permanent Wilting Point (PWP): This is the
soil moisture content at which crops can no
longer obtain enough water to satisfy
evapotranspiration needs.
• The plant will wilt and may die later if water is
not available. Water tension of soil at PWP is
generally taken as 15 bars.
• For field estimation, a crop is planted and when
it wilts, the moisture content is the PWP. This
technique requires personal judgment and
prone to mistakes.

SOIL MOISTURE EQUILIBRIUM
POINTS CONTD.
• Available Water (AW): This is the water
available to crops. It is the water content at
field capacity minus that at permanent wilting
point.
• Readily Available Water (RAW): This is the

level to which the available water in the soil can
be used up without causing stress in the crop.
For most crops, 50 to 60% available water is
taken as readily available.

Typical Soil Water Equilibrium Points
Field Permanent Available Readily
Capacity Wilting Point Water (AW) Available
(FC) (PWP) Water = 0.5
(By Weight) (By Weight) AW
Clay 45 30 15 7.5
Clay Loam 40 25 15 7.5
Fine Sand 15 8 7 3.5
Sand 8 4 4 2.0
Available Water in the Soil
Saturated
•Excess water
Field Capacity 100% available
Readily Available Water

Available
Water
•Little reserve available
and plants stressed
Wilting Point 0% Available
Oven dry •No water available

DEFINITION OF SOIL WETNESS
• Soil Wetness can be described as:
a) By Mass (Pm): This is the gravimetric system.
b) By Volume (Pv): This is the volumetric system. It is given as:

Pv = Pm x Dry bulk density ( Db).
c) By Equivalent Depth: This is expressed in depth eg. in mm. This

is normally used in irrigation engineering.
d = Pm . Db . D
• where: d is the equivalent depth of water applied (mm);

• Pm is the moisture content by mass (fraction or decimal);
• D is the root zone depth (mm). In this case, Db is the specific
gravity of the soil, which is dimensionless. It has the same units
as bulk density when expressed in gm/cm3. The unit of d is
therefore determined by the unit of the root zone depth, D

Table: Effective Rooting Depth (mm) of Some Crops
Crops Effective Rooting Depth

Fruits 750
Lucerne 1200
Cotton 900
Maize, small grains, 600
wheat
Most Vegetables 300
Source: Hudson’s Field Engineering
INFILTRATION OF WATER
• Infiltration is the entry of water into the soil. It is a
very important variable in irrigation design since it
shows the rate at which water can move into the soil
mass to replenish the root zone.
• Infiltration rate of a soil is the maximum rate at
which water will enter the soil mass through the
surface.
• Infiltration rates into soils depend on soil texture and
structure, density, organic matter content, hydraulic
conductivity (permeability) and porosity.

INFILTRATION CONTD.
• As wetting time increases, the infiltration rate
decreases and usually approaches a constant value,
which in the case of heavy clays may be zero. A
general equation for the Infiltration rate (I) is the
Kostiakov (1932) equation:
• I = (a Tn ) mm/hr.
• Where: a and n are constants and T is the elapsed

wetting time

Methods of Measuring Infiltration
Irrigation is practiced mainly in three ways:
• By flooding the whole surface of the soil surface;
• By Flooding part of the surface and
• By Sprinkling.
The method used influences the measured intake rate

of water into the soil. When designing irrigation
systems, the method used for measuring the soil
infiltration rate should simulate, as far as possible, the
mechanism of water intake during the application.

Infiltration Measurement For Flooded
Irrigation
• For Flooded irrigation (border strip and basin), a double
infiltrometer is normally used.
• This consists of two concentric cylinders, the inner about 0.4 m

diameter, the outer 0.5 m.
• Water is maintained at the same level in each cylinder, 25 mm
above the soil surface, or more if the water level is likely to be
higher during irrigation.
• The water infiltrating from the outer ring prevents lateral seepage
by the water from the center cylinder.
• By measuring the rate at which the water is added to the center
cylinder, the infiltration rate can be found.

Double Ring Infiltrometer

Infiltration Measurement For Furrow
Irrigation
• For flood irrigation (furrow), in addition to the
usual factors affecting infiltration, the intake of
water depends on the spacing and shape of the
furrow.
• The difference between inflows and outflows of
water flowing through hydraulic flumes placed
at different distances of test furrows represent
the total infiltration.
• Furrow dimensions are used to obtain the
infiltration rates. See Chapter 3 for test
calculations.

Infiltration Measurement For Sprinkler
Irrigation
• The mechanism of infiltration under sprinkler irrigation
is different from the surface methods.
• There is no head of water above the soil surface and
the effect of sprinkler drops on the soil tends to form
soil pans on the surface, reducing infiltration rate.
• The ideal method of measuring infiltration rates for
sprinkler irrigation is to use sprinklers at various rates of
spraying.
• Water could be sprayed into infiltrometers to obtain a
small head of water and the intake rate found as
described earlier.


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DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 1

• (i) James, L.G. (1988). Principles of Farm

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 3

• SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION: IN AREAS WITH RAINFALL FOR A PART

• TOTAL IRRIGATION: IN AREAS OF NO RAINFALL

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 4

• To Supply Water Partially • To Facilitate continuous

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 5

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 6

• Mineral Material: Sand, clay and silt

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 7

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8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 10

• Except in the case of organic soils, most of a soil’s solid

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 11

• The mineral can be raw quartz and other

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhDF] 12

8/22/2021 Alemeshet Kebede [PhD candidate] 13

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Moisture Status: 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Loam soils (sandy clay loam , loam , silt loam)

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Moisture Status: 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

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• From the mechanical analysis, the proportions of sand,

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Sand = 35%/ 40%

8/22/2021 USDA textural triangle

• The smaller particles (< 0.001 mm) of clay and

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• Quantity of water in a soil as determined by its moisture

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• There is need for a soil ‘wetness’ which reflects the ease or

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• The flow of water in any hydraulic system, including the soil-

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As in any other hydraulic system, the total potential (or total

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• ii) Pressure Potential: This is positive when

• A negative pressure potential (or tension, or

It is characteristic of soil water above a free

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• iii) Osmotic Potential: reflects the effect of solutes

• The total potential of soil water at a point is the

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