INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATES STUDIES

SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

COURSE: APPLIED HYDROLOGY

NAME: - AHMED ABDILAHI ISMAIL GSR/0105/13

LECTURER: DR. DEMELASH (PHD)

MARCH 2021

JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY
1. Given streamflow measurement made by the velocity-area method at a gauging station on the
river Genale on 15 December 2010 measured at 0.6 of the depth.
Estimate the discharge by the mid-section method.

Solution: the calculations are performed in a tabular form.

For the first and last segments,

w2 2 1.524 2
(W1+ 2
) (0.762+ 2
)
Average width, W = = = 1.524
2𝑊1 2∗0.762
For the rest of the segments,
𝑊2+𝑊3 1.524+1.524
Average width, W = = = 1.524
2 2

Since the velocity is measured at 0.6 depth, the measured velocity is the average
velocity at that vertical (Vav)

The calculation of the discharge by the mid-section method is shown in the

tabular form below.
Chainage (m) Average width Depth d (m) Average velocity Segmental
Wav (m) 0.6d (m/s) discharge
Qi (m3/s)
3.81 0 0 0 0.000
4.572 1.524 5.08 0.122 0.945
6.096 1.524 5.59 0.381 3.246
7.62 1.524 5.84 0.462 4.112
9.144 1.524 6.35 0.452 4.374
10.668 1.524 6.86 0.488 5.102
12.192 1.524 7.62 0.514 5.969
13.716 1.524 8.13 0.504 6.245
15.24 1.524 8.13 0.544 6.740
16.764 1.524 8.64 0.554 7.295
18.288 1.524 8.64 0.49 6.452
19.812 1.524 9.65 0.381 5.603
21.336 1.524 9.91 0.351 5.301
22.098 1.524 8.13 0.198 2.453
22.86 0 0 0 0.000
The total discharge in the stream 63.84
2. For the given data were collected for Webi-shabelle Tributary River (stream) at a
gauging station by hydrology department on 21st February 2021. Compute the
discharge, by using.
I) Mid-section method
In this method, the vertical in which the velocity measurements are
made (by one-point or two-points method) is taken as the middle of
the strip, and the water depth (d) in the vertical (determined by
sounding) is taken as the mean depth of the strip. If b is the width of
strip (usually same for all strips) then the discharge in the elemental
strip is given by
∆Q = (bd) ∗ V0.6 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
V0.2 + V0.8
∆Q = (bd) ∗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
2
Total stream discharge Q = ∑∆Q

In this method, the discharge in the two-triangular bits near the ends are not
included in the discharge computation as shown in tabular form below.
Distance from one Velocity (m/s) Average Discharge in strip
end of water depth velocity in Q=(bd)*V,
at 0.6d at 0.2d at 0.8d
surface (m) strip V(m/s) b=1.2m
0 0 0 0 0
1.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.336
2.4 1.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.224
3.6 2.5 0.9 0.6 0.75 2.25
4.8 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.78
6 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.21
7.2 0 0 0 0
Total Discharge 4.8 m3/s
 II) Mean-Section Method
In this method, the elemental strip is taken between two verticals and the mean
depth is taken as the average of the depths in the two verticals (determined by sounding).
The width of the strip is distance b between the two verticals. The velocity in the strip is
taken as the average of the mean velocity determined in the two verticals (by one-point or
two-points method). The discharge in the elemental strip is given by.
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 V1 + V2
∆Q = b ∗ ( )∗( )
2 2

V1, V2 determined as V0.6d in shallow strip.

V0.2+V0.8
And 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
2
Total stream discharge Q = ∑∆Q

In this method, the discharge in the two-triangular bits near the ends are not
included in the discharge computation as shown in tabular form below.
Distance from Velocity (m/s) Average Discharge in
one end of Depth Average velocity strip
water surface (m) at 0.6d at 0.2d at 0.8d depth in strip in strip Q=(bd)*V,
(m) dm (m) V(m/s) b=1.2m
0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2 0.7 0.4 0.35 0.4 0.168
2.4 1.7 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.864
3.6 2.5 0.9 0.6 2.1 0.75 1.89
4.8 1.3 0.6 0.4 1.9 0.5 1.14
6 0.5 0.35 0.9 0.35 0.378
7.2 0 0 0 0 0
Total Discharge 4.44 m3/s

3. Given data for urban multipurpose hall

Area = 5km2

Tc=t=50min
 Runoff coefficient for sub urban hall = 0.25-0.40

C=0.325

Solution

A) The discharge that must be used to design the sub urban multipurpose hall is.

Q= C*I*A
35 35 35
First find intensity rainfall =𝐼 = (𝑡+10)0.38 = (50+10)0.38 = = 7.38𝑐𝑚/ℎ𝑟
4.74
Q=CIA= 2.78*0.325*7.38*5= 33.34m3/s

B) If the watershed of such area consists of 2 km2 of cultivated area (c = 0.2),

1.5 km2 under forest (c = 0.1) and 3 km2 under grass cover (c = 0.35). There
is a fall of 20 m in a watercourse of length 2 km. Estimate the peak rate of
runoff for a 25-year frequency.

tc=0.02L0.8 S-0.4=0.02(2000)0.8{20/2000}-0.4 = 55min

35 35
intensity rainfall 𝐼= = = 18.6𝑐𝑚/ℎ𝑟
(𝑡+10}0.38 (55+10}0.38

Qp = CIA =2.78 I (∑Ci*Ai) =2.78*18.6*(2*0.2+1.5*0.1+3*0.35) =82.733m3/s

4. Given ordinates of the 1-h unit hydrograph of a catchment area as tabular form shown
below.

a) Derive the S-Curve for the catchment

TUH
Ord
Time (m3s- lagged 1-Hr S-curve
(Hr) 1) 1hr Lagged UH’s ordinate
0 0 0
1 0.8 0 0.8
2 5 0.8 0 5.8
3 7.5 5 0.8 0 13.3
4 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 18.3
5 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 21
6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 23
7 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 24.6
8 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 25.7
9 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 26.6
10 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 27.4
11 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 28
12 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 28.4
13 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 28.7
14 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 0 28.8
15 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 0.8 28.8
16 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2 2.7 5 7.5 5 28.8

b) Use the S-Curve to obtain the 2-h and 3-hr unit hydrograph

S-curve S-
S-curve lagged by (2/1) 2hr curve (3/1) 3hr
time 1 hr S-curve S-curve lagged 2hr UH lagged 3hr lag UH
(hr) UH addition Ordinate by 2hr ordinate ordinate by 3 hr ordinate ordinate
0 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 0
1 0.8 0 0.8 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.8 0.267
2 5 0.8 5.8 0 5.8 2.9 - 5.8 1.933
3 7.5 5.8 13.3 0.8 12.5 6.25 0 13.3 4.433
4 5 13.3 18.3 5.8 12.5 6.25 0.8 17.5 5.833
5 2.7 18.3 21 13.3 7.7 3.85 5.8 15.2 5.067
6 2 21 23 18.3 4.7 2.35 13.3 9.7 3.233
7 1.6 23 24.6 21 3.6 1.8 18.3 6.3 2.100
8 1.1 24.6 25.7 23 2.7 1.35 21 4.7 1.567
9 0.9 25.7 26.6 24.6 2 1 23 3.6 1.200
10 0.8 26.6 27.4 25.7 1.7 0.85 24.6 2.8 0.933
11 0.6 27.4 28 26.6 1.4 0.7 25.7 2.3 0.767
12 0.4 28 28.4 27.4 1 0.5 26.6 1.8 0.600
13 0.3 28.4 28.7 28 0.7 0.35 27.4 1.3 0.433
14 0.1 28.7 28.8 28.4 0.4 0.2 28 0.8 0.267
15 0 28.8 28.8 28.7 0.1 0.05 28.4 0.4 0.133
16 28.8 0 28.8 0 0 28.7 0 0.000
 S-curve
35

30

25
Runoff(m^3/s)

20
2hr UH
15
3hr UH
10 S-curve
5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-5
time (hr)

c) Forecast the peak runoff that would result from storm in which the effective rainfall totals in
two consecutive 2-h periods were 20 mm and 5 mm.

S-curve S-curve (2/1) 2hr

Time S-curve
lagged lagged by UH RF1=20mm RF2=5mm Total
(Hr) Ordinates
by 2hr 2hr ordinate ordinate
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.8 0.8 0.4 8 8
3 5.8 0 5.8 2.9 58 0 58
4 13.3 0.8 12.5 6.25 125 2 127
5 18.3 5.8 12.5 6.25 125 14.5 139.5
6 21 13.3 7.7 3.85 77 31.25 108.25
7 23 18.3 4.7 2.35 47 31.25 78.25
8 24.6 21 3.6 1.8 36 19.25 55.25
9 25.7 23 2.7 1.35 27 11.75 38.75
10 26.6 24.6 2 1 20 9 29
11 27.4 25.7 1.7 0.85 17 6.75 23.75
12 28 26.6 1.4 0.7 14 5 19
13 28.4 27.4 1 0.5 10 4.25 14.25
14 28.7 28 0.7 0.35 7 3.5 10.5
15 28.8 28.4 0.4 0.2 4 2.5 6.5
16 28.8 28.7 0.1 0.05 1 1.75 2.75
17 0 28.8 0 0 0 1 1
 Flood Hydrograph due to RF1 (20mm) and RF2 (5mm)
160

140 4, 139.5
120
Flow (m3/s)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time(*hr)

5. Given Annual maximum recorded floods in a Shebelle River, for the period 1951 to 1977 shown as
tabular form. Determine
i) Plot the PDF and CDF curves assuming standard normal distribution.

Standard Normal distribution for PDF and CDF

When (ϻ=0 and σ=1) the normal PDF is reduced to standard normal distribution. The
Probability density function for Standard Normal Distribution is given as
1 𝑧2
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒− 2 −∞ <𝑥 < ∞
√2𝜋
The Normal distribution is transformed to standard normally distribute on by using the
following formula.
𝑋−𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎
The Cumulative Density Function (CDF) for Standard Normal Distribution is given a
𝑍
1 𝑧2
−2
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑒
√2𝜋
−∞
z is called the standard normal variate.

When you standardize a normal distribution, the mean becomes 0 and the standard deviation
becomes 1. This allows you to easily calculate the probability of certain values occurring in your
distribution, or to compare data sets with different means and standard deviations.
While data points are referred to as x in a normal distribution, they are called z or z-scores in
the z-distribution. A z-score is a standard score that tells you how many standard deviations
away from the mean an individual value (x) lies:

• A positive z-score means that your x-value is greater than the mean.
• A negative z-score means that your x-value is less than the mean.
• A z-score of zero means that your x-value is equal to the mean.
A) PDF Curve

pdf
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

B) CDF Curve

cdf
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
 ii) Estimate the flood discharge with return period of (a) 50 years and (b) 100 years using Gumbel
PWM and GEV PW

Year Q (m3/s) Rank Xi Fi=(i-0.35)/N 1-Fi Xi*(1-Fi) Xi*Fi Xi*Fi2

1951 2947 1 1971 0.024 0.976 1923.6 47.45 1.14
1952 3521 2 2399 0.061 0.939 2252.4 146.6055556 8.96
1953 2399 3 2709 0.098 0.902 2443.1 265.8833333 26.10
1954 4124 4 2947 0.135 0.865 2548.6 398.3907407 53.86
1955 3496 5 2947 0.172 0.828 2439.5 507.5388889 87.41
1956 2947 6 2988 0.209 0.791 2362.7 625.2666667 130.84
1957 5060 7 3320 0.246 0.754 2502.3 817.7037037 201.40
1958 4903 8 3380 0.283 0.717 2422.3 957.6666667 271.34
1959 3757 9 3496 0.320 0.680 2376.0 1120.014815 358.82
1960 4798 10 3521 0.357 0.643 2262.6 1258.431481 449.77
1961 4290 11 3700 0.394 0.606 2240.6 1459.444444 575.67
1962 4652 12 3757 0.431 0.569 2135.9 1621.075926 699.46
1963 5050 13 3873 0.469 0.531 2058.4 1814.572222 850.16
1964 9600 14 4124 0.506 0.494 2039.1 2084.911111 1054.04
1965 4366 15 4175 0.543 0.457 1909.7 2265.324074 1229.15
1966 3380 16 4290 0.580 0.420 1803.4 2486.611111 1441.31
1967 7826 17 4366 0.617 0.383 1673.6 2692.366667 1660.29
1968 3320 18 4593 0.654 0.346 1590.5 3002.461111 1962.72
1969 6599 19 4652 0.691 0.309 1438.7 3213.325926 2219.58
1970 3700 20 4798 0.728 0.272 1306.1 3491.877778 2541.31
1971 4175 21 4903 0.765 0.235 1153.1 3749.887037 2867.97
1972 2988 22 5050 0.802 0.198 1000.6 4049.351852 3246.98
1973 2709 23 5060 0.839 0.161 815.2 4244.777778 3560.90
1974 3873 24 6599 0.876 0.124 818.8 5780.235185 5063.06
1975 4593 25 6761 0.913 0.087 588.5 6172.542593 5635.30
1976 6761 26 6900 0.950 0.050 345.0 6555 6227.25
1977 1971 27 7826 0.987 0.013 101.4 7724.551852 7624.42
N 27 ∑ 115105 46551.7 68553.3 50049.20
4263.15 1724.14 2539.009945 1853.67423
M100 M101 M110 M120
C) For Gumbel’s PWM distribution

𝑀100 − 2𝑀101 2539 − 2 ∗ 1724.14

𝛼= = = 1175.61
𝐿𝑛2 𝐿𝑛2

𝑢 = 𝑀100 − 0.5772𝛼 = 4263.15 − 0.5772 ∗ 1175.61 = 3584.59

Therefore, for the Gumbel’s distribution frequency factor YT for T-years return period flood
1
magnitude is given by 𝑌𝑇 = −𝐿𝑛 (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − 𝑇))

i) For 50 years return periods

1 1
𝑌50 = −𝐿𝑛 (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − )) = −𝐿𝑛 (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − )) = 3.912
𝑇 50

𝑋50 = 𝑢 + 𝛼 ∗ 𝑌50 = 3584.59 + 1175.61 ∗ 3.912 = 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟖

ii) For 100 years return periods

1 1
𝑌100 = −𝐿𝑛 (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − )) = −𝐿𝑛 (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − )) = 4.6
𝑇 100

𝑋50 = 𝑢 + 𝛼 ∗ 𝑌50 = 3584.59 + 1175.61 ∗ 4.6 = 𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟒

D) For GEV PWM distribution

𝑀110 = 2539.01

𝑏0 = 𝑀100 = 4263.15

𝑏1 = 𝑀110 = 2539.01

𝑏2 = 𝑀120 = 1853.67

( 2𝑏1 − 𝑏0) 𝐿𝑛2 2 ∗ 2539.01 − 4263.15 𝐿𝑛2

C = − = − = −0.003
3𝑏2 − 𝑏𝑜 𝐿𝑛3 3 ∗ 1853.67 − 4263.15 𝐿𝑛3

𝐾 = 7.859𝑐 + 2.9554𝐶 2 = 7.848 ∗ (−0.003) + 2.9554(−0.003)2 = −0.024

1 1
𝛤 (1 + 𝐾 ) = ∗ 𝛤 (1 − 𝐾 ) = 𝛤 (1 − 0.024) = ∗ 𝛤 (1 + 0.024) = 𝛤 (0.976)
(1 + 𝐾 (1 − 0.024)
1 1
= ∗ 𝛤 (1.024) = ∗ 0.98884 = 1.013 ~ 1
(0.976) (0.976)
 (2𝑏1 − 𝑏𝑜 )𝑘 (2 ∗ 2539.01 − 4263.5) ∗ −0.024
𝛼= −𝑘 = −0.024 = 1222.31
𝛤(1 + 𝐾) ∗ (1 − 2 1 ∗ (1 − 2 )

𝛼 ∗ (𝛤(1 + 𝐾) − 1) 1222.31 ∗ (1 − 1)
𝑢 = 𝑏𝑜 + = 4263.15 + = 4263.15
𝑘 −0.024

i) For 50 years return periods

𝑘 −0.024
1 1
(1 − (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − 𝑇) ) (1 − (−𝐿𝑛 (1 − 50) )
𝑋50 = 𝑢 + 𝛼 ∗ = 4263.15 + 1222.31 ∗
𝑘 −0.024
= 4263.15 + 1222.31 ∗ 4.1 = 4263.15 + 4999.83 = 𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟑
iii) For 100 years return periods
1 𝑘 1 −0.024
(1−(−𝐿𝑛(1−𝑇) ) (1−(−𝐿𝑛(1−100) )
𝑋50 = 𝑢 + 𝛼 ∗ = 4263.15 + 1222.31 ∗ = 4263.15 +
𝑘 −0.024
1222.31 ∗ 4.864 = 4263.15 + 5944.94 =10208.1

Thanks