Name: Nagum, Carl Joseph, B.

Date: April 28, 2021

Course/Section: TE1-PSE2-EE32S1 Assignment 5.1 Instructor: Engr. Ladero
QUESTION: List Power Quality Measurement Equipment with their functions, attached pictures or figures to your assignment
and do research for additional information on the operation of the monitoring/measurement equipment.
1,) Wiring and Grounding Testers

FUNCTION:
A wiring and ground testers are used to ensure that the facility’s grounding system can survive a lightning strike or
utility overvoltage. These testers are precise, safe, and simple to operate. The ability to log, store, and report test results is
one of the most overlooked features of ground-testing equipment. Ground testers today have higher output currents, are user-
programmable, and can store automatic frequency variation data with larger and easier-to-download capacities. Software has
improved, allowing for faster report generation or the development of more personalized reports.
IMPORTANT CAPABILITIES:
→Detection of isolated ground shorts and neutral-ground bonds
→Ground impedance and neutral impedance measurement or indication
→Detection of open grounds, open neutrals, or open hot wires
→Detection of ho and neutral reversals or neutral and ground reversals
OPERATION:
1.) There are three connections, wherein the first must be connected directly to the ground.
2.) The second must be connected to stake from the ground rod under test.
3.) The third must be connected to second stake from the ground rod under test.
4.) Start configuration test by turning the selector switch to three poles for calibrating purposes.
5.) After calibration, press start to take its first measurement.
6.) Repeat step 5 for 10 iterations to get the effective ground rating of your location.
2.) Oscilloscope

FUNCTION:
It is an electrical testing device that displays electrical signals graphically and demonstrates how they change with
time. This device is useful for measuring repetitive high-frequency waveforms containing high-frequency noise on power and
control circuits. Modern digital oscilloscopes are categorized to three classes which are the digital storage oscilloscopes
(DSO), digital phosphor oscilloscopes (DPO), and sampling oscilloscopes. All of the them contains the basic oscilloscope
features which are the vertical subsystem, horizontal subsystem, and trigger section.
BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE FEATURES:
1.) The vertical subsystem – controls how voltages are scaled and signals moved up and down along the y-axis. It is the point
where the probe's signals reach the system. It adjusts the incoming signal's amplitude to the voltage range of the following
circuits, especially the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). With the exception of deliberate amplitude and offset modifications,
it can make no changes to the signal.
2.) The horizontal subsystem -controls the scale and how signals are moved left and right along the x-axis. If the horizontal
signal is generated inside the scope, time will be along the x-axis. If another channel is used, the scope will be in so called
XY mode, so you will have voltage displayed along both the x and y axes.
3.) The trigger section – controls at what point in time the oscilloscope starts to display a signal. This is important so that a
repetitive waveform is displayed continuously. It is very easy to see when a scope is not triggering properly as waveform is
displayed seemingly, one after another. The scope is said to be free running in this situation.
OPERATION:
1.) Turn on the oscilloscope.
2.) Connect the device’s probe to a power source, and the waveform is instantly displayed on the screen.
ADVANTAGES:
→ One of the biggest advantages to using oscilloscopes is the fact that they give real-time analysis. This means that you get
the right reading once you connect the device to a power source. Other devices on the other hand, like the multimeter, only
give you voltage readings.
→ When you first lay eyes on an oscilloscope, you will notice a lot of knobs and controls. These are placed to help you control
the size and shape of a waveform, which is a very important function for the sake of data accuracy. You get to locate and
isolate, if needed, any other signals that might be causing interference with the waveform. This option also helps you get a
more accurate reading of frequencies.
3.) Power Quality Analyzer

FUNCTION:
It is used to measure electric power signals to determine the load's ability to function properly with that electric power.
Without the correct electric power, electrical equipment may fail prematurely or malfunction. There are different power quality
issues that affect the power system such as voltage sags, voltage swells, overvoltage, harmonics, and unbalances in three
phases system. This device allows the engineer to capture the data needed to determine what countermeasures can manage
the power quality issue present in the system. Power quality analyzer helps the power quality engineer to trace and identify
voltage anomalies and harmonic distortion issues even the ones that are difficult to find.
IMPORTANT CAPABILITIES:
→Power quality analyzers and power meters detect mystery and unknown disturbances: those upsets to a process or
sensitive equipment operation that don't seem to correspond to any identifiable source of power disturbance. Such things as
ground loops, high speed transients, lightning, and common mode electrical noise come to mind.
→Power quality analyzers are helpful in determining short time frame disturbances which can’t be easily identified by other
devices because it occurs in milliseconds.
→Power quality meter can also detect repetitive, cyclical disturbances both within and outside of a facility. These problems
will be repetitive and cyclical in nature, definitely power-related, and line-to-line. Examples include voltage sags and surges,
momentary interruptions by circuit breaker operations, and power interruptions.
4.) Transient Disturbance Analyzers

FUNCTION:
This device is used for capturing, storing and presenting short-duration to long-duration outages, sub cycle power
system disturbances. The gathered frequency content from the device gives information on how the events affects other
circuits and how can they be mitigated. This device is capable of monitoring disturbances, harmonics, and other steady-state
phenomena on both utility systems and end-user systems.
5.) Multimeters

FUNCTION:
This device is used for quick checking and inspection of the voltage and current levels within an infrastructure. A
multimeter can be used to determine phase-to-ground voltages, phase-to-neutral voltages, neutral-to-ground voltages, phase-
to-phase voltages, phase currents, and neutral currents. The readings of multimeter can help to prevent overloading of circuits,
undervoltage, overvoltage problems, and unbalances between circuits.
OPERATION:
1.) Testing Continuity
1.1 Plug the black probe to the COM port of the multimeter.
1.2 Plug the red probe to the INPUT.
1.3 Switch on the multimeter and set the dial to continuity mode (indicated by an icon the looks like a sound wave)
1.4 Connect the tip of the two probes together, the screen should display a value of zero and the multimeter must
beep to ensure continuity.
1.5 To complete the continuity test, place one probe at each end of the circuit or component you want to test.
1.6 The multimeter must still display a value of zero and the multimeter must beep.
2.) Testing voltage
2.1 Plug the black probe to the COM port of the multimeter.
2.2 Plug the red probe to the INPUT.
2.3 Switch on your multimeter, and set the dial to DC voltage mode (indicated by a V with a straight line, or the symbol
⎓).
2.4 Place the red probe on the positive terminal, and the black probe on the negative terminal. If the range is too high
then the reading can be inaccurate and if the reading is to low the multimeter displays OL. Therefore, the range must be set
correctly to get accurate reading.
3.) Testing Resistance
3.1 Switch on your multimeter, and set the dial to resistance mode. (Symbol→Ω)
3.2 Since resistors have no polarity, you can obtain accurate reading as long as the multimeter is set to an acceptable
range. The working principle is the same with step 2.4 in voltage testing.
6.) Flicker Meters

FUNCTION:
Its primary purpose is to determine the perception of flicker caused by voltage fluctuations. As a result, the flicker
meter should be designed to be capable of converting input voltage fluctuations into an output parameter proportional to flicker
perception. It measures flicker in terms of the fluctuating voltage magnitude and its corresponding frequency of fluctuation.
The usual source light flickering is the electric arc furnaces. The flicker meter can help us on how to convert the voltage and
the frequency of fluctuation to a standard parameter.
7.) Spectrum Analyzers

FUNCTION AND OPERATION:

This device is frequency domain measurements tool unlike the oscilloscope which is in time domain. This device
measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. Specifically,
the primary use of spectrum analyzer is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. Spectrum
analyzer is used to measure power level, spurious, harmonics, sidebands, phase noise etc. Moreover, this device normally
uses a linear scale for the frequency on the horizontal or x-axis, but they normally use a logarithmic scale for the amplitude
on the vertical or y-axis. By using a logarithmic or decibel scale for the amplitude scale, it is possible to see signals with large
differences in amplitude. The operation of the spectrum analyzer is almost the same as the oscilloscope, the difference is the
function of knobs and controls. It also operates once the device to be tested is connected to the analyzer then the knobs and
controls are adjusted for the parameters needed to get an accurate data.
IMPORTANT CAPABILITIES:
→ Spectrum analyzer can analyze signals very faster and sample by sample. It also captures and analyzes phase related
information of the signal.
→ Swept type operates up to frequencies in many GHz.
8.) Energy Monitors

FUNCTION:
This device is not use for power quality issues detection hence it is used to monitor the consumption of a facility,
household and other infrastructures. These devices do not necessarily lower energy usage by themselves. The main purpose
is to raise the awareness regarding to consumption to develop and promote energy efficiency. Take note the we as the users
our responsibility is to preserve electricity and use it efficiently. For instance, you can see that running an incandescent bulb
is more expensive than an LED and that actually keeping your oven on for 2 hours to cook a roast is expensive. You can see
that running a washing machine at night is materially cheaper if you are on an economy with electricity tariff.
BENEFITS:
→Energy monitors provide you with the information that should help to change your usage behavior for efficiency
consumption.
→A study of greenage in UK provides that energy monitors report savings of 15% on the electricity bills.
OPERATION:
A sensor, transmitter, and handheld or portable display are all included in an energy monitor. The transmitter will be
able to send instantaneous energy consumption information back to the monitor once the sensor is attached around the main
electricity line running through your meter. Usually this will be in the form of Kilowatt Hours, carbon emissions or cost, with
most monitors able to let you choose how you want the information displayed.
1.) Switch on the appliance
2.) Alternating current carries electrical energy into it.
3.) The alternating current flows back and forth along the power cable between the power outlet and the appliance.
4.) As the current changes, it creates a magnetic field all around the cable.
5.) Put your energy monitor's sensor or probe near the cable and the magnetic field causes a secondary alternating current
to flow inside it.
6.) Your energy monitor measures the size of this secondary current and either converts it into a measurement in watts (W)
or calculates the running cost per hour.
 REFERENCES:

→Zirger, A. (n.d.). Basic Oscilloscope Features. http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/ecen3250/f05/pdf/basic_scope.pdf.

→Griffin, J., & Breslin, M. (2021, April 15). Cool Tools: Grounding Testers. Electrical Contractor Magazine.
https://www.ecmag.com/section/your-business/cool-tools-grounding-testers.

→ Edvard. (2021, January 18). How to measure power quality? What devices should you use and what to measure? EEP. EEP
- Electrical Engineering Portal. https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/how-to-measure-power-quality.

→How Oscilloscope Works and Its Advantages. Market Business News. (2020, October 20).
https://marketbusinessnews.com/how-oscilloscope-works/222229/.

→Power Quality Analyzer Explained. The Electricity Forum Copyright 2021. (n.d.). https://www.electricityforum.com/iep/power-
quality/power-quality-analyzer.

→How to Use A Multimeter? iFixit. (2021, April 19). https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/How+To+Use+A+Multimeter/25632.

→UIE/IEC FLICKERMETER FOR FLICKER MEASUREMENT. (2011, September 17).

http://www.powerqualityworld.com/2011/09/iec-flickermeter-flicker-measurement.html.

→How electrical energy monitors work? Explain that Stuff. (2020, July 30).
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/energymonitors.html.

→Jimbo. (2019, May 10). Energy Monitors. TheGreenAge. https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/tech/energy-monitors/.

→What is a Spectrum Analyzer: RF spectrum analyzer? Electronics Notes. (n.d.). https://www.electronics-

notes.com/articles/test-methods/spectrum-analyzer/spectrum-analyser-overview.php.