Name: Nagum, Carl Joseph, B.

Date: April 30, 2021

Course/Section: Quiz 5.1 Instructor: Engr. Ladero

1.) Give the different power quality equipment used in power quality surveys, discuss the operation of each
equipment and their advantages.

Power quality surveys include the assessment of each power quality issue that concerns the electrical system such as voltage
sags and swells, Undervoltage and overvoltage, transient, harmonics, voltage unbalance, and voltage fluctuations. There are
several devices used to evaluate and manage the effect of different power quality issues in the electrical system, such as
multimeters, oscilloscopes, disturbance, and harmonic analyzers, wiring and grounding test devices, flicker meters, and power
quality analyzers.

1.1 Multimeters - This device is used for quick checking and inspecting the voltage and current levels within an infrastructure.
A multimeter can be used to determine phase-to-ground voltages, phase-to-neutral voltages, neutral-to-ground voltages,
phase-to-phase voltages, phase currents, and neutral currents. Multimeter readings can aid in the prevention of circuit
overloading, Undervoltage, overvoltage, and circuit unbalances. The main advantage of a multimeter is being accessible since
it is a hand-carried device and gives accurate data. Nowadays, most multimeters are digital wherein the display gives an
accurate value, unlike analog. This device is helpful because it can be used to measure voltage, current, resistance, and can
be used in testing the continuity of circuits, capacitors, diodes, and transistors. Moreover, the device is less expensive
compared to other power-quality equipment.

1.2 Oscilloscopes - It is an electrical testing device that displays electrical signals graphically and demonstrates how they
change with time. This device is useful for measuring repetitive high-frequency waveforms containing high-frequency noise
on power and control circuits. One of the biggest advantages of using oscilloscopes is the fact that they give real-time analysis.
This means that you get the right reading once you connect the device to a power source. Other devices, on the other hand,
like the multimeter, only give you voltage readings. Moreover, the device has a lot of knobs and controls because it can
function in a wide variety of ranges to ensure the accuracy of data.

1.3 Transient Disturbance Analyzers - This device is used for capturing, storing, and presenting short-duration to long-duration
outages, sub-cycle power system disturbances. The gathered frequency content from the device gives information on how
the events affect other circuits and how they can be mitigated. This device is capable of monitoring disturbances, harmonics,
and other steady-state phenomena on both utility systems and end-user systems. The advantage of this device is that it can
capture voltage fluctuations that happen in short periods. Fluctuations may occur in milliseconds. That is why devices such
as digital multimeter may not be suitable for this power quality survey because it will only give inadequate data.

1.4 Wiring and grounding test devices - Wiring and ground testers are used to ensure that the grounding system of the facility
can withstand a lightning strike or utility overvoltage. These testers are precise, safe, and simple to operate. The ability to log,
store, and report test results are one of the most overlooked features of ground-testing equipment. Ground testers today have
higher output currents, are user-programmable, and can store automatic frequency variation data with larger and easier-to-
download capacities. The software has improved, allowing for faster report generation or the development of more
personalized reports. This device can detect isolated grounds and neutral-ground bonds, gives ground and neutral impedance
measurement, detection of open grounds, open neutrals, and open hot wires, and detection of hot and neutral reversals.

1.5 Flicker meters - Its primary purpose is to determine the perception of flicker caused by voltage fluctuations. As a result,
the flicker meter should be designed to be capable of converting input voltage fluctuations into an output parameter
proportional to flicker perception. It measures flicker in terms of the fluctuating voltage magnitude and its corresponding
frequency of fluctuation. The usual source of light flickering is the electric arc furnaces. The advantage of the flicker meter is
that it can help us with how to convert the voltage and the frequency of fluctuation to a standard parameter. It provides data
sets that can assist a power quality engineer in determining the cause of a transient and managing it.

1.6 Power Quality Analyzers - It is used to measure electric power signals to determine the load's ability to function properly
with that electric power. Without the correct electric power, electrical equipment may fail prematurely or malfunction. Different
power quality issues affect the power system, such as voltage sags, voltage swells, overvoltage, harmonics, and unbalances
in the three-phase system. This device allows the engineer to capture the data needed to determine what countermeasures
can manage the power quality issue present in the system. The Power quality analyzer helps the power quality engineer to
trace and identify voltage anomalies and harmonic distortion issues, even the ones that are difficult to find. The advantage of
this device is that it can almost give all the data that is obtained from different power quality devices. The downside is that the
power quality analyzer is costly.

2.) Discuss completely the monitoring consideration in doing power quality analysis.

The monitoring consideration while doing power quality analysis is very important because the analysis must not be
done in one sitting. It is because there are too many factors that affect the behavior of the power flow in an electrical system.
Monitoring is done for the objective of having safe, reliable, and efficient power quality. It is an evaluation process wherein
the system's performance is being checked thoroughly to make sure that there are no physical damages incurred by the
equipment used in the system. The first thing to consider is checking the status of the operation of different equipment, such
as observing if it is producing too much noise and too much heating because it might result in insulation failure, especially in
the winding of large motors. Next is the use of different power quality equipment to check the behavior of the system
concerning the waveform. In monitoring consideration, it is very important to gather data with the use of appropriate power
quality equipment because power quality issues cannot be seen by observing the equipment, hence they can only be seen
with the use of power quality equipment. Once the data is gathered, critical analysis and computations are required to
determine how to manage the power quality issue present in the system. For example, if the problem is voltage sags during
the peak load operation, a capacitor bank is required, and calculation is required to determine the corresponding value that
will solve the problem.
 Monitoring is done to enhance the power quality of the system because of its economic value. The more power quality
issues present in a system, the higher the cost for maintenance, and more hazards are present. Power quality issues are one
of the causes of high system losses resulting in inefficient operation of large motors. Moreover, monitoring is not only done to
prevent the power quality issues that might occur in the system but it is also used for predictive maintenance wherein they
analyze the present data and use it to predict future events that might occur in the system. In that way, more preparation and
studies are done to manage the power quality issues that can arise at any time. Therefore, power quality monitoring can only
be effective and efficient when the proper study is done on how to apply the monitoring techniques and devices to determine
the source of the problem. Once the monitoring system is installed from the location where disturbances mostly occur, then it
will be easier to gather sufficient data and distinguish the causes that trigger power quality issues and manage them.

3.) Discuss completely the assessment procedures of power quality measurement data.

Nowadays, the assessment of power quality for both utilities and industrial customers has invested in power quality
monitoring systems, data management, analysis, and interpretation. As mentioned earlier, many are becoming concerned
about the power quality because of its economic value. Off-line and on-line assessments are the two types of power quality
data analysis. The off-line power quality data analysis is done off-line at the central processing sites, while on-line power
quality assessments are done with the use of different power quality measuring devices for the acquisition of immediate
information.

Off-line power quality data assessment is carried out separately from the monitoring instruments. Dedicated computer
software is used for this purpose. The new standard format for interchanging power quality data is the Power Quality Data
Interchange Format (PQDIF), which makes sharing of data between different types of monitoring systems much more feasible.
This is accomplished by the use of specialized computer tools. Large-scale monitoring projects with large amounts of data to
analyze can be difficult for software designers and application developers to meet. First and foremost, the program must work
well with monitoring equipment as well as the wide range of productivity tools currently available. The storage of large amounts
of disruption and steady-state measurement data requires the use of a database that is both reliable and well-suited. Data
management tools that can easily define and load power quality data, as well as analysis tools that can be integrated with the
database, must be created. The design must allow for future expansion and customization, as well as the automation of data
processing and report generation activities.

The off-line power quality data assessment software can perform the viewing of individual disturbance events and
can handle RMS variation analysis that involves voltage sags and swells tabulations, magnitude-duration scatter plots based
on CBEMA, ITI, or user-specified magnitude-duration curves, and computations of a variety of RMS indices like System
Average RMRS Variation Frequency Index (SARFI), System Instantaneous Average RMRS Variation Frequency Index
(SIARFI), and Customer Average Interruption Index (CAIDI). Moreover, it can be used for the analysis of protective device
operation, steady-state analysis, and transient analysis, which can be helpful for equipment efficiency and sensitivity reports.
 On the other hand, on-line power quality data assessment is used for analyzing the data that is captured. On-line
assessment software design requirements are usually more complex than off-line assessment software design requirements.
The majority of features used in off-line research applications can also be found in an online environment. One of the most
significant benefits of online data analysis is the ability to send out instant messages to alert users to what power quality issue
has occurred in the system. After getting the updates, users may take immediate action to manage and prevent the damage
that the system can incur. This assessment is very useful for real-time incidents because it can help power quality engineers
to know where the fault occurs and evaluate the situation to make the most cost-effective decision to solve the problem and
reduce the damage. Therefore, this type of assessment is ideal for power quality issues that high hazard that can cause to
unsafety of equipment and personnel.