Engineering Graphics

(ME-101)
By
Dr Dilshad Ahmad Khan
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NITH Hamirpur (H.P)
dilshad@nith.ac.in
https://sites.google.com/view/dilshadnith
 Syllabus
• UNIT-01:
Introduction: Importance of Engineering Drawing, Engineering Drawing Instruments and uses, B.I.S
and I.S.O. Conventions for drawings, Use of plane scales and Representative Fraction
• UNIT-02:
Projection of Points and Straight Lines: Introduction to principal planes, Notation System, Projection
of line parallel/ perpendicular to principal plane, Concept of true length of line.
• UNIT-03:
Projection of Planes: Concept of different planes, Projections of planes with its inclination to one
principal plane and with two principal planes. Concept of auxiliary plane method for projections of
the plane.
• UNIT-04:
Projection of Solids and Sections of Solids: Classifications of Solids, Projections of right and regular
solids with their axis Parallel to two and Perpendicular to one of the principal planes, axis parallel to
one and inclined to two principal planes, axis inclined to all the three principal planes. Section of
solids.
• UNIT-05:
Orthographic Projections & Isometric Projection: Principle of projection, Principal planes of
projection, Projections from the pictorial view of the object on the principal planes using first angle
projection method and third angle projection method, Full Sectional View, Isometric projection.

• UNIT-06:
Autocad’s Workspaces And User Interface: The Drawing Area, Accessing Autocad Commands,
Starting, Saving, And Opening Drawings, Closed User Interface, User Interface And Startup Tutorial,
Coordinates, World Coordinate System/User Coordinate System, Coordinate Systems Tutorial,
Drawing Using Coordinates Tutorial, Drawing Commands, Text & Modifying Commands, Object
Snap Commands.
 Unit I
Engineering Graphics-Basics
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
• Try to write a description of this object
• Test your written description by having someone attempt to
make a sketch from your description

• You can easily understand that

• The word language are inadequate for describing the size
shape and features completely as well as concisely
• Drawings
(A graphical Representation)

• The fact about

If compared with verbal or written description, drawing offers
far better idea about the shape, size and appearance of any
object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.

• Hence it become the Best Media of communication not only

in engineering but in almost all field.
 Composition of Graphic Language
• The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.

• A drawing can be done can be done using freehand,

instruments, or computer methods.

• Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

represent the surfaces, edges and contours of object.
Freehand Drawing
• The lines are sketched without using instruments
other than pencils and erasers.
• Example:
Instrument Drawing
• Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles
and curved concisely and accurately. Thus, the
drawings are usually made to scale.
• Example:
Computer Drawing
• The drawings are usually made by commercial software such
as AutoCAD, Solid works etc.
• Example:
Elements of Engineering Drawing
• Engineering drawings are made up of graphics
language and word language.
Basic Knowledge of Drafting
Drawing Standards
• Standards are set of rules that governs how technical
drawings are represented.
• Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same
meaning to everyone who reads them.
Drawing Sheet
• The use of standard size sheet, saves paper and facilitates
convenient storage of drawings.

Sheet Size

• The basic principles involved in arriving at the sizes of drawing

sheets are:

(a) X : Y = 1 : √2

(b) XY = 1

• where X and Y are the sides of the sheet. For a reference size A0
having a surface area of 1 m2, X = 841 mm and Y = 1189 mm.
• The successive format sizes are obtained either by halving along the
length or doubling along the width, the areas being in the ratio 1:2 .
Drawing Sheet
Drawing Scales
• Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object
as represented in the drawing, to the real linear dimension of the
same element of the object itself.

• Designation of a scale consists of the word “ SCALE” followed by the

indication of its ratio, as follows:

• SCALE 1:1 for full size

• SCALE X:1 for enlargement scale
• SCALE 1:X for reduction scale

[The designation of the scale used on the drawing should be

shown in the title block]
Recommended Scales
• The recommended scales for use on technical drawings are
given in Table. The scale and the size of the object in turn, will
decide the size of the drawing.
Drawing Sheet Margin
Title Block
• A typical title block, providing the following information:
 Title of the drawing
 Sheet number
 Scale
 Symbol, denoting the method of projection
 Name of the firm
 Initials of staff drawn, checked and approved
Basic Line Types
• For general engineering drawings, various types of lines are
recommended. Each line has a specific meaning and function.
Dimensioning
• BIS (SP 46: 2003) defines dimension as a numerical value
expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated
on drawings, using lines, symbols, notes, etc., so that all
features are completely defined.
 DIMENSIONING PRINCIPLE
1. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the
view.
2. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than
from hidden lines.
3. Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided except
when the centre line passes through the centre of a hole.
4. Each feature should be dimensioned once only on a drawing.

5. Dimensions should be placed on the view or section that

relates most clearly to the corresponding features.
6. Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions,
but without showing the unit symbol.
7. No more dimensions than are necessary to define a part
should be shown on a drawing.
8. No features of a part should be defined by more than one
dimension in any one direction.
• Center line(axis) itself shall not be used as a dimension line with
arrowheads as its ends

• Overall dimension shall be placed outside the intermediate

dimensions. i.e smaller dimensions shall be placed nearer the
view and the larger farther away so that extension lines do not
cross dimension lines

Wrong Correct
Points to remember
• The most convenient unit for length is millimeter.
• Angles are shown in degrees.
• Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry
wherever necessary.
Elements of dimensioning
• Dimensioning is often done by a set of elements, which
includes:
 Extension lines,
 Dimension lines,
 Leader lines,
 Arrowheads and
 Dimensions.
• Dimension line: Dimension line is a thin continuous line.
It is terminated by arrowheads touching the outlines,
extension lines or centre lines
• Extension lines: An extension line is also a thin
continuous line drawn in extension of on outline. It
extends by about 3 mm beyond the dimension line.
• Arrowheads: An arrowhead is placed at each end of a
dimension line. Its pointed end touches an outline, an
extension line or a center line. The size of an arrowhead
should be proportional to the thickness of the outlines.
The length of the arrowhead should be about three times
its maximum width
• Leader: A leader or a pointer is a thin continuous line
connecting a note or a dimension figure with the feature
to which it applies.
Termination of Arrow
 Dimension lines should be drawn at least 10 mm away from the
outlines
 Smaller dimensions should be placed nearer the view and the
larger further away so that extension lines do not cross
dimension lines
 As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed outside
the views. Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are
clearer and more easily readable.
• Arrowheads should
ordinarily be drawn
within the limits of the
dimensioned feature. But
when the space is too
narrow, they may be
placed outside.
• Dimensions should be
placed outside the views.

• Each dimension should

be given only once. No
dimension should be
redundant
Methods of Dimensioning
• Aligned System: Dimensions are placed perpendicular to
the dimension line so that they may be read from the bottom
or right-hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are
placed at the middle and above of the dimension lines.
• Unidirectional System: Dimensions are placed in such a
way that they can be read from the bottom edge of the
drawing sheet. Dimension lines are broken near the middle
for inserting the dimensions.
Arrangement Of Dimensions
• The arrangement of dimensions on a drawing must indicate
clearly the design purpose. The following are the ways of
arranging the dimensions.
 CHAINS DIMENSIONS
• Chains of single dimensions should be used only where the
possible accumulation of tolerances does not endanger the
functional requirement of the part.
 PARALLEL DIMENSION
• In parallel dimensioning, a
number of dimension lines,
parallel to one another and
spaced-out are used. This method
is used where a number of
dimensions have a common
datum feature .
 SUPER IMPOSED RUNNING
DIMENSIONS
• These are simplified parallel
dimensions and may be used
where there are space limitations.
Conventional Representation Of Materials
Conventional Representation Of Machine
Components
DRAWING TOOLS

DRAWING BOARD

MINI DRAFTER
DRAWING TOOLS
Letter Writing Or Lettering
Height and Width of Letters
 SCALE
• A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the
object as represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of
the same.
 Necessity
• Drawings drawn with the same size as the objects are called
full sized drawing.
• It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to
its actual size. e.g. Buildings, Heavy machines, Bridges,
Watches, Electronic devices etc.
• Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at
 Full size
 Reduced size
 Enlarged size
Example
Example
 Lab 1 (Scales)
Problem 1:
A 3.2 cm long line represents a length of 4 meters. Extend this
line to measure lengths up to 25 meters and show on it units
of meter and 5 meters. Show the length of 17 meters on this
line.
Problem 2:
• A room of 1728 m3 volume is shown by a cube of 216 cm3
volume. Find the RF & construct a plain scale to measure up
to 42 m. Mark a distance of 22m on this scale
Problem 3:
Draw a diagonal scale of RF = 3/100, showing meters,
decimeters & centimeters & to measure up to 5 meters. Show
the length of 3.69 meters on it.
Problem 4:
Construct a diagonal scale of RF = 1/6250 to read up to 1
kilometer and to read meters on it. Show a length of 653
meters on it.