Enamel Rating: Reference Guide

This reference guide is a collection of useful information relating to the widely used enamel rating
test. The test itself is quite simple, but why it works and how to get the best from the test is not
necessarily well known.

What is enamel rating?

Enamel rating is a test that checks the integrity of internal coatings applied to metal packaging. The
test is carried out using an electronic gauge plus a device that holds the product and connects it to
the gauge.

If the internal coating of a can or end has not been adequately applied, some areas of the metal
substrate will be exposed to the contents of the can, which may result in metal corrosion and
contamination of the contents, depending on the product to be contained. Enamel rating is also
sometimes referred to as a ‘metal exposure test’, ‘mA test’, or ‘porosity test’.

How it works
Cans are tested by filling them with a conductive electrolyte—typically salty water. Ends are tested
with apparatus that dips the product side of the end in the electrolyte. A test probe is immersed in
the electrolyte and the metal substrate is connected via exterior contacts. These are normally
sharpened to cut through external lacquers and decoration.

The electrolyte naturally conforms to the inner surface of the can or end, potentially creating an
electrical circuit when a voltage (6.3VDC) is applied to the test probe for 4 seconds. Electricity can
flow through electrolyte because negatively charged salt ions migrate towards the positive electrode
(the contacts attached to the metal substrate) creating a current flow. However, internal coatings
are generally non-conductive, so a circuit is only completed if there is any exposed metal on the can
or end. If current does pass, this indicates that there are weaknesses in the coating. The enamel
rater gauge measures any current flowing. The current flow, which is measured in Milliamps, is
roughly proportional to the degree of weakness/porosity of the coating.

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Enamel Rating: Reference Guide

Setting up a can stand

Adjust the height of the can stand head for the correct fill level.

Lower the head Set for fill level Tighten the head bolt

A commonly used fill level is 3mm from the top of the can. This is a compromise
between testing all coated areas and avoiding the risk of high readings from electrolyte
bridging to the can’s exposed cut edge. Note the small air gap left between the head
and the can flange which helps to prevent bridging.

Sencon can stands accept all common diameters and heights of food and beverage can.
A specialised ‘SuperStand’ is available for testing unusually tall, wide or low-profile
products and even crown seals.

Testing the system before measuring

This demonstrates the electrical circuit between the test probe and gauge is complete and the gauge
is reading correctly.

Put the gauge into FREE RUN mode (constant reading)

• Press 0 (START) then 5 (FREE RUN)

• Press the test button on the can stand
• 6.3mA should be displayed. This confirms that the gauge and canstand are working properly.

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Enamel Rating: Reference Guide

Using ‘reverse polarity’ to locate faults

If a can or end fails an enamel rating test, it would be useful to know where the damage is on the
coating surface. Some can makers use a chemical such as copper sulphate solution, which is poured
into the can and left for a while. A chemical reaction then produces a coloured mark at the point of
damage. However, this is slow, messy and potentially toxic. A simpler, faster, and safer technique for
rapidly locating a coating fault is to reverse the electrical polarity of the circuit, which creates a
stream of bubbles originating at the point of weakness.

The bubbles are formed because passing electrical current through electrolyte causes electrolysis,
which splits water (H2O) into a small amount of oxygen at the positive terminal (anode) and double
that amount of hydrogen at the negative terminal (cathode). During normal testing voltage is
applied with a negative charge on the probe and positive charge on the can substrate. If there is any
current flow, bubbles of Hydrogen gas form on the surface of the probe. But if the voltage is
reversed (swapping the anode and cathode), the can substrate becomes the cathode and more
bubbles will form at any point where the coating is damaged and current is passing through. This
visible stream of bubbles makes a quick and easy way to locate coatings fault(s).

Reversing the polarity produces a stream of bubbles at the damage site

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Enamel Rating: Reference Guide

Failsafe testing
Perfect coating coverage would completely isolate metal packaging from the can contents. This
would give zero current flow when tested with an enamel rater. Unfortunately, a zero-current
reading, or at least very low value, may also be due to a fault with the gauge, the can stand, probe
connection or the interconnecting cable. This means that basic enamel rater systems do not fail in a
safe manner.

This could give false confidence in apparently good results. So it is very important that a gauging
system reduces the risk of incorrect readings and prevents measurements being taken if there are
problems with the circuit. Sencon enamel raters have a number of these built-in failsafe checks:

• Contact check —To make sure there is a true connection to the can/end, two points of
contact must be made to the metal via the can stand contacts. Any loss of contact prevents
the test from running as the gauge checks to ensure contact is maintained throughout the
test.
• Level check —The electrolyte must reach the level probe before the test will run. This
prevents under-filled cans from being tested, otherwise any coating above the fill height
level would not be tested.
• Voltage compensation — Sencon gauges continually check the voltage at the probe. If this is
incorrect, the voltage sent from the gauge is automatically adjusted to compensate for the
error.

Electrolyte recommendation
Sencon recommends 1% sodium chloride solution. This is made by dissolving 1 gram of salt in 1 litre
of de-ionised water. This is easy to obtain or to make locally. It is clean, safe to use, offers good
conductivity, and produces reliable results. Interestingly, sea water has three and a half times more
sodium chloride in solution than canmaking electrolyte.

There have been a number of variations to the electrolyte formula developed by specific canmakers.
Always refer to your company’s standard operating procedure regarding electrolyte usage.

Overcoming surface tension with added surfactant

1% sodium chloride solution has a similar surface tension to fresh
water. The surface tension may bridge over tiny areas of damaged
coating (voids) creating air pockets. Since air is non-conductive, this will
block current flow and prevent the enamel rater test from identifying
these faults.

To overcome this, some can

makers specify a trace amount of surfactant in the electrolyte
mix. This lowers the surface tension allowing the electrolyte to
penetrate very small defects. This will have the effect of
increasing the average Milliamp values.

Sencon does not offer any advice on the formulation of these

complex electrolytes.

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Enamel Rating: Reference Guide

Adapters for ends and other products

Dedicated adapters are available for testing the integrity of coatings on ends. An end adapter
consists of an electrolyte container equipped with test probes and contacts
which are connected to the enamel rater gauge. An end is placed, product
side down, in a precisely sized recess in the lid of the container.

The body contacts are engaged which cut through any external lacquer to
touch the metal substrate. A vacuum is used to keep the end in place
against a rubber seal that prevents electrolyte from leaking. Then the
container is inverted to bring electrolyte into contact with the coated
surface of the end. A voltage is applied to the test probe and a porosity
reading is obtained by the gauge. End adaptor

Sencon end adapters use a single electrolyte container with a range of

interchangeable lids, each one accepts an end of different shape or size. Special top plates also allow
cut samples from coated sheets to be tested.

A multi-end enamel rater is used to test multiple ends in

a single pass.

MEER Multi End

Enamel Rater

Sencon’s Superstand can be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of products

including bottle cans, aerosols, shallow fish cans and crown seals.

Superstand
Out of interest: why 6.3 volts and a 4 second delay?
6.3 Volts —The Enamel rating test has been around for a very long time. The earliest gauges used
thermionic valves, which were precursors to transistors. The gauge designers needed a safe, low
voltage for the test probe and thermionic valves (commonly called ‘tubes’ in the U.S.A.) needed 6.3
volts to power the heating element which is integral to their functioning and is what makes them
glow. Although valves are no longer used, 6.3 volts remained the accepted value since changing it
would change the amount of current recorded (Ohms law states that Current flow = Voltage divided
by Resistance: I=V / R). This would therefore shift the enamel rater values that everyone in the
industry has become used to.

4 Second Time Delay—The ‘industry standard’ enamel rater in the 1970s had a thermionic triode
valve and an un-stabilised power supply. This meant that the test voltage varied with current draw,
so you had to adjust the test voltage to 6.3v on an analogue meter each time you measured a
can. The triode circuit was a four second timer that operated a relay. After four seconds the meter
would switch from displaying voltage to current, so you had four seconds to adjust the voltage
before you saw the reading. The four second time has remained as a best practice ever since.

Research has also shown that the amount of current flow through coating voids varies before
settling. Some organisations have suggested other time periods, but four seconds remains the most
common value.

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