DIODE

DOSEN PEMBIMBING :

Ir. Yordan Hasan., M.Kom

DISUSUN OLEH :
KELOMPOK 5 :

1. KERLIN WIJAYANTI
2. MUHAMMAD YUSUF
3. SARA YULIDA

POLITEKNIK NEGERI SRIWIJAYA

TEKNIK ELEKTRONIKA
2018/2019
 PREFACE

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

Praise be to Allah SWT for giving us convenience so we can finish this paper on time.
Without his help, of course we will not be able to finish this paper properly. Prayers and
greetings may best be poured out to our beloved king, the Prophet Muhammad, whom we
will later observe in the hereafter.

We thank Allah SWT for the abundance of His healthy favors, both in the form of
physical and mindfulness, so that the writer was able to finish making this paper well. The
author certainly realizes that this paper is far from perfect and there are still many errors and
shortcomings in it. For this reason, the author expects criticism and suggestions from readers
for this paper, so that this paper can later become a better paper. Thus, and if there are many
mistakes in this paper, we apologize profusely.

We also thank all parties, especially to our lecturer, Mr. Ir. Yordan Hasan., M.Kom
who has guided us in learning so far. So, hopefully this paper can be useful. thanks.

Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh

Palembang, November 2019

Editor
Table of Content
Background

Diodes are generally electronic components that function as rectifiers to convert

alternating voltage (AC) to direct voltage (DC). Diodes are very important because
almost all electronic equipment requires a direct current (DC) source. Power diodes have
the same specifications as ordinary diodes in general, the difference is that the power
diode has a higher power capacity (current and voltage) than ordinary signal diodes , but
the speed of switching on the power diode is relatively lower. Looking at the
characteristics of a power diode that has a higher power capacity than a normal diode, it
is often used in electronic circuits as rectifiers. Apart from being a rectifier, power diodes
are also often used as freewheeling (bypass) on switching regulators, separator circuits,
feedback circuits from loads to sources, and others.

Problem Formulation

Based on the problems described above, we formulate the problem as follows:

1. What is the meaning of a diode?
3. What is the working principle of a diode?
4. What are the types of diodes?
4. What is the function of the diode?

Purpose

The purpose of writing this paper is to find out the meaning of the diode, the
working principle of the diode, the types of diodes, and the function of the diode.
 Definition of Diode

Diodes are electronic components consisting of two poles and function to rectify the
current. This component consists of combining two semiconductors, each of which is given a
different doping (addition of material), and additional conductor material to conduct
electricity. The word diode comes from the word approach, which is two electrodes which (in
mean two) have two electrodes namely the anode and cathode. Diodes generally have 2
electrodes (terminals), namely Anodes (+) and Cathodes (-) and have a working principle
based on the meeting technology of the semiconductor PN, which can flow current from the
p-type side (Anode) to the n-type side (Cathode) but cannot flow in the opposite direction.

Diode Komponen

Images of diodes, symbols and components.

The main structure of the diode is two electrode poles made from conductors, each of which
is connected to a type P silicon semiconductor and type n silicon. Anodes are electrodes that
are connected to silicon type P where fewer electrons are contained, and the cathode is an
electrode connected with type N silicon where more electrons are contained. The meeting
between silicon n and silicon p will form a border called P-N Junction.

The semiconductor material used is generally in the form of silicon or germanium. The p-
type semiconductor is created by adding material that has valence electrons of less than 4
(Example: Boron) and type n semiconductors are created by adding material that has more
than 4 valence electrons (Example: Phosphorus).
How a Diode works

In simple terms, the workings of a diode can be explained in three conditions, namely an
unbiased condition, forward biased, and a negative voltage (reverse biased).

Voltageless condition

Under conditions not given a voltage, a boundary of the electric field will be formed in the P-
N junction area. This happens beginning with the diffusion process, namely the movement of
the electro charge from the n side to the side p. These electrons will occupy a place on the p
side called holes. The movement of these electrons will leave positive ions on the n side, and
the holes filled with electrons will cause negative ions on the side p. These immovable ions
will form a static electric field which blocks the movement of electrons in the diode.

Positive voltage condition (forward bias)

In this condition, the anode part is connected to the positive terminal of the power source and
the cathode part is connected to the negative terminal. The presence of an external voltage
will cause the ions which become the barrier to the electricity flow to be attracted to each
pole. Negative ions will be attracted to the positive side of the anode, and positive ions will
be attracted to the negative side of the cathode. The loss of these barriers will allow the
movement of electrons in the diode, so that electric current can flow as in a closed circuit.
Negative voltage condition(reverse bias)

In this condition, the anode part is connected to the negative terminal of the power source and
the cathode part is connected to the positive terminal. The presence of an external voltage
will cause the ions which become the barrier to the electricity flow to be attracted to each
pole. Giving negative voltage will make negative ions attracted to the cathode (n-type) side
which is given a positive voltage, and positive ions are attracted to the anode (p-type) side
which is given a negative voltage. The movement of these ions is in line with the static
electric field that blocks the movement of electrons, so the barrier will be thicker by ions. As
a result, electricity cannot flow through diodes and the circuit is likened to an open circuit.
Types of Diodes and Diode Functions

Diodes are divided into several types based on their characteristics and functions. The types
of diodes and their applications are as follows:

• PN Junction Diode: A standard diode consisting of a PN arrangement and has a

work method as described previously. This type of diode is a commonly used
diode (also called a generic diode), used primarily as a current rectifier.

• Light Emitting Diode (LED): When forward-biased, the LED will emit light.
LEDs are currently commonly used as lighting devices and some are used to
replace fluorescent lamps.

• Laser Diode: This type of laser diode also produces light, but the light
produced is coherent light. The laser diode application is a CD and DVD reader
and laser pointer.

• Photodiode: Photodiode can produce electrical energy when the PN junction area
is illuminated. Generally the photodiode is operated in reverse-bias, so that a small
current due to light can be detected immediately. Photodiode is used to detect light
(photodetector).

• Gunn Diode: Gunn Diode is a type of diode that does not have PN Junction,
but only consists of two electrodes. This type of diode can be used to produce
microwave signals.

• BARITT Diode: BARITT (Barrier Injection Transit Time) Diode is a type of

diode that works with the principle of thermionic emissions. This diode is used to
produce microwave signals with low noise levels.

• Tunnel Diode: Tunnel Diode is a diode that works using one of the
quantum mechanical phenomena namely tunneling. Tunnel junction is
used as one component on the oscillator, amplifier, or signal mixer, mainly
because the speed reacts to changes in voltage.
 • Backward Diode: Backward diodes have characteristics similar to tunnels, the
difference lies in the presence of doping sides lower than the opposite side. This
difference in doping profiles makes backward diodes have similar voltage-current
characteristics in reverse and forward conditions.
• PIN Diode: In the PIN diode, there is an intrinsic (without doping)
semiconductor area placed between P and N junction. The effect of adding the
intrinsic area is the widening of the depletion area which limits the movement of
electrons, and this is precisely used for switching applications.
• Schottky Diode: The Schottky diode is given an additional metal in the
surface of the semiconductor center. The characteristics of the advantages of this
diode are the low activation voltage and short recovery time. This diode is very
commonly used for high frequency electronic circuits, such as radio devices and
logic gates.
• Step Recovery Diode: The semiconductor part of this diode has a doping level
which gradually decreases with the lowest point at the junction. This modification
can reduce switching time because there is less charge in the junction area. The
application of this semiconductor is on radio frequency electronic devices.
• Varactor Diode: Applied to the normal reverse mode with a barrier layer that
can change according to the voltage applied. This makes this diode as if it were a
capacitor.
• Zener diode: Has special characteristics that require a breakdown effect when
reverse bias. This diode can produce a fixed voltage and is commonly used as a
reference voltage generator in electronic circuits.

Conclusion

Diodes are the simplest semiconductor components. Diodes are a combination

of N-type semiconductor material which is a material with excess electrons and type P
is a lack of one electron to form a hole. As a whole, we can show the diode as a valve,
where the valve will open when the water flows from the back to the front. While the
valve will close if there is a push of water flow from the front of the valve. The diode
symbol is depicted with an arrow at the end of which has a crossing line. We can see
how the diode works from the symbol. Because the base of the arrow is called the
anode (P) and at the tip of the arrow can be called the cathode (N).