Triviño, Sapphaira Grazhel Y. Mr.

Benjamin Asakil

PS-21

In the 19th century, Political

Analysis relied on the historical,
descriptive and philosophical
narrations. Political analysis can be
defined as the various methods,
theories, concept and approaches
employed by a political scientist to
summarize and explain various
themes, political experience, events, political issues and phenomena. It help us to know what is
important, valuable, and real or true in politics.

In political science, the state is the main focus of analysis because it is the highest form
of human organization and the center of power. It is from the state that citizens and non-
citizens derive their political and social existence. From the 20th century modern political
analysis dominated the mode of political analysis. It places emphasis on man /human behavior.
Modern political analysis embodies the behavioural school. Behaviouralism sees man as a social
being. It analyses political behavior using the canons of science by observing patterns and
regularities in human behavior with a view to predict them

There are four forms of Political analysis. First is the Normative Type of political analysis
it ask questions of values and Seeks to identify what is good or better with a view of
recommends what we ought to value. Second is Empirical analysis it seeks to identify
observable phenomena in the real world with a view to establishing what is rather than what
ought to be. The key element of empirical approach to the study of politics is comparative
analysis. Third is the Semantic analysis also called conceptual analysis. It is concerned with
clarifying the meaning of concepts. And last Policy analysis it involves the search for policies or
course of action which will take us from the present state to that which will bring desired and
satisfactory results. The four types of political analysis are not used independently of each
other.

PESTEL ANALYSIS help you to analyze external environment of an organization, this is

useful in starting a new business or different industry with an existing company. A PESTEL
analysis it is also a framework or tool used by marketers to analyze and monitor the macro-
environmental (external marketing environment) factors that have an impact on an
organization. These factor cannot be controlled by the business, but can influence decision
making. It goes well with SWOT analysis. It stand for Political, Economic, Social, Technological,
Legal and Environmental.

These are the PESTEL Factors. First is the

Political it's all about government tax,
policies or regulations. Government laws
on competition in the market place.
When looking at political factors, you are
looking at how government policy and
actions may affect the economy, as well
as the specific industry the business
operates in. It includes the Tax Policy,
Labour Law, Environmental law, Trade
Restrictions and Tariffs. Economic Factors
is the extreme importance for a business,
take into account the various aspects of
the economy, and how the outlook on each area could impact your business. These economic
indicators are usually measured and reported by Central Banks and other Government
Agencies. It includes the Economic Growth rates, Interest Rates, Exchange Rates and Inflation.
PEST analysis also takes into consideration Social Factors, which are related to the cultural and
demographic trends of society. Social norms and pressures are key to determining a society’s
consumerist behavior. Factors to be considered include the following: Cultural Aspects, Health
Consciousness, Population, Growth rates, Age Distribution and Career Attitudes. Technological
Factors are linked to innovation in the industry, as well as innovation within the overall
economy. Not being up to date on the latest trends of a particular industry can be extremely
harmful to operations. Technological Factors include the following: R&D Activity, Automation,
Technological Incentives and The rate of change in technology. Environmental Factors have
become important due to the increasing scarcity of raw materials, polution targets and carbon
footprint targets set by governments. These factors include ecological and environmental
aspects such as weather, climate, environmental offsets and climate change which may
especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, agriculture and insurance. And last is the
Legal Factors, although these factors may have some overlap with the political factors, they
include more specific laws such as discrimination laws, antitrust laws, employment laws,
consumer protection laws, copyright and patent laws, and health and safety laws. It is clear that
companies need to know what is and what is not legal in order to trade successfully and
ethically.

Once you study the PESTEL ANALYSIS, it really help us to look at many different and influential
factors which could affect the success of your product launches. It encourages the development
of strategic thinking for a deeper understanding of strategic planning.

Research is everywhere. Whether you love

it or hate it, you need to do it. Finding out the facts
about your assignments, your job, or your life will
allow you to make better decisions and gain more
knowledge. In fact, the more research you do, the
more you can do with your life. It often satisfies
our curiosity. It keeps clever minds busy and helps
to give purpose.

Learning basic research skills is something that is lost in many educational systems.
While students are often told how to find information, the Internet has become the place most
people go first in order to find the facts they need. According to the American sociologist Earl
Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the
observed phenomenon”. Research involves inductive and deductive methods. Inductive
research methods are used to analyze an observed event. Deductive methods are used to verify
the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research and
deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative research.

And in this paper our topic is all about the first type of Research which is the
"Quantitative Research". What is quantitative research? Quantitative research is defined as a
systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing
statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. Quantitative research collects
information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out
online surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can be depicted in the
form of numerical.

There are several methods by which you can collect quantitative data. Researchers often
rely on quantitative data when they intend to quantify attributes, attitudes, behaviors, and
other defined variables with a motive to either back or oppose the hypothesis of a specific
phenomenon by contextualizing the data obtained via surveying or interviewing the study
sample. As a researcher, you do have the option either for data collection online or use
traditional data collection methods. Discrete and continuous are the two major categories of
quantitative data where discreet data have finite numbers and the constant data values falling
on a continuum possessing the possibility to have fractions or decimals.
 Any traditional or online data collection
method that helps in gathering numerical data is
a proven method of collecting quantitative data.
Here are Five methods used for quantitative
data collection. First is the Probability Sampling
it is a definitive method of sampling carried out
by utilizing some form of random selection and
enabling researchers to make a probability
statement based on data collected at random
from the targeted demographic. It allows
researchers to collect the data from representatives of the population they are interested in
studying. Besides, the data is collected randomly from the selected sample rules out the
possibility of sampling bias. There are Three Signficant Types of Probability Sampling. First is
Simple Random Sampling, the targeted demographic is chosen for inclusion in the sample.
While Systematic Random Sampling, Any of the targeted demographic would be included in
the sample, but only the first unit for inclusion in the sample is selected randomly, rest are
selected in the ordered fashion as if one out of every ten people on the list. Moreover Stratified
random sampling allows selecting each unit from a particular group of the targeted audience
while creating a sample. It is useful when the researchers are selective about including a
specific set of people in the sample, i.e., only males or females, managers or executives, people
working within a particular industry.

Next is the Interviews, Interviewing

people is a standard method used for data
collection. However, the interviews conducted
to collect quantitative data are more
structured, wherein the researchers ask only a
standard set of questionnaires and nothing
more than that. There are three major types of
interviews conducted for data collection.
Telephone interviews: For years, telephone interviews ruled the charts of data collection
methods. However, nowadays, there is a significant rise in conducting video interviews using
the internet, Skype, or similar online video calling platforms. Face-to-face interviews: It is a
proven technique to collect data directly from the participants. It helps in acquiring quality data
as it provides a scope to ask detailed questions and probing further to collect rich and
informative data. Literacy requirements of the participant are irrelevant as F2F interviews offer
ample opportunities to collect non-verbal data through observation or to explore complex and
unknown issues. Although it can be an expensive and time-consuming method, the response
rates for F2F interviews are often higher. Also there is a Computer-Assisted Personal
Interviewing (CAPI). It is nothing but a similar setup of the face-to-face interview where the
interviewer carries a desktop or laptop along with him at the time of interview to upload the
data obtained from the interview directly into the database. CAPI saves a lot of time in updating
and processing the data and also makes the entire process paperless as the interviewer does
not carry a bunch of papers and questionnaires.

Surveys or Questionnaires created

using online survey software are playing a
pivotal role in online data collection be is
quantitative or qualitative research. The
surveys are designed in a manner to
legitimize the behavior and trust of the
respondents. More often, checklists and
rating scale type of questions make the
bulk of quantitative surveys as it helps in
simplifying and quantifying the attitude or
behavior of the respondents. There are Two Significant Types of Survey Questionnaires used
to collect online data for quantitative market research. The Web-based questionnaire: This is
one of the ruling and most trusted methods for internet-based research or online research. In a
Web-based Questionnaire, the receive an email containing the survey link, clicking on which
takes the respondent to a secure online survey tool from where he/she can take the survey or
fill in the survey questionnaire. Being a cost-efficient, quicker, and having a wider reach, web-
based surveys are more preferred by the researchers. The primary benefit of a web-based
questionnaire is flexibility; respondents are free to take the survey in their free time using
either a desktop, laptop, tablet, or mobile. And the Mail Questionnaire: In a mail questionnaire,
the survey is mailed out to a host of the sample population, enabling the researcher to connect
with a wide range of audiences. The mail questionnaire typically consists of a packet containing
a cover sheet that introduces the audience about the type of research and reason why it is
being conducted along with a prepaid return to collect data online. Although the mail
questionnaire has a higher churn rate compared to other quantitative data collection methods,
adding certain perks such as reminders and incentives to complete the survey help in drastically
improving the churn rate. One of the major benefits of the mail questionnaire is all the
responses are anonymous, and respondents are allowed to take as much time as they want to
complete the survey and be completely honest about the answer without the fear of prejudice.

Another one is the Observation

Method, As the name suggests, it is a
pretty simple and straightforward method
of collecting quantitative data. In this
method, researchers collect quantitative
data through systematic observations by
using techniques like counting the number
of people present at the specific event at
a particular time and a particular venue or number of people attending the event in a
designated place. More often, for quantitative data collection, the researchers have a
naturalistic observation approach that needs keen observation skills and senses for getting the
numerical data about the “what” and not about “why” and ”how.”. There are to types of
Observation Method. The Naturalistic Observation is used to collect both types of data;
qualitative and quantitative. However, structured observation is more used to collect
quantitative rather than qualitative data. In Structured Observation, the researcher has to
make careful observations of one or more specific behaviors in a more comprehensive or
structured setting compared to naturalistic or participant observation. In a structured
observation, the researchers, rather than observing everything, focus only on very specific
behaviors of interest. It allows them to quantify the behaviors they are observing. When the
observations require a judgment on the part of the observers – it is often described as coding,
which requires a clearly defining a set of target behaviors.

And the Last Method is the

Document Review it is a process used to
collect data after reviewing the existing
documents. It is an efficient and effective
way of gathering data as documents are
manageable and are the practical resource
to get qualified data from the past. Apart
from strengthening and supporting the
research by providing supplementary
research data document review has
emerged as one of the beneficial methods to gather quantitative research data. Three primary
document types are being analyzed for collecting supporting quantitative research data. Public
Records: Under this document review, official, ongoing records of an organization are analyzed
for further research. Personal Documents: In contrast to public documents, this type of
document review deals with individual personal accounts of individuals’ actions, behavior,
health, physique, etch. Physical evidence or Physical Documents deal with previous
achievements of an individual or of an organization in terms of monetary and scalable growth.

Although there are many other methods to collect quantitative data, those mentioned
above probability sampling, interviews, questionnaire observation, and document review are
the most common and widely used methods either offline or for online data collection.

Quantitative Analysis is a technique

uses mathematical and statistical modeling,
measurement, and research to understand
behavior. It presents reality in terms of a numerical value. It is used for the evaluation of a
financial instrument and predicting real-world events such as changes in GDP. The advantages
of quantitative analysis are based mainly on the high value of having easily measured numerical
data collected from large populations. This type of analysis uses simple and cost-effective data
collection formats to gather information that can show an insightful influence on the future
decisions of an organization. This quantifiable info is essential for manufacturers. Moreover,
quantitative analysis can come up as a reliable determinant of success in business and other
fields.

After identifying a research topic, doing a literature background research, establishing

philosophical assumptions and focus problem, deciding on an appropriate research paradigm
and methodology with specific purpose, designing a research plan and collecting sufficient data,
the next step in the research process is data analysis and interpretation, which precedes
reporting of research. Data Analysis is, therefore, a process that involves examining, and
molding collected data for interpretation to discover relevant information, draw or propose
conclusions and support decision-making to solve a research problem. This involves interpreting
data to answer research questions and making research findings be ready for dissemination

These concepts are choices that must be made by each investigator in determining how
to best meet his or her research objectives and are not something that should be inherently
desired in and of itself.

It is critical to understand Rigor in Research. Rigor is simply defined as the quality or

state of being very exact, careful, or with strict precision or the quality of being thorough and
accurate. Rigor is perhaps best thought of in terms of the quality of the research process. In
essence, a more rigorous research process will result in more trustworthy findings.
Methodological Rigor in Quantitative Research refers to the soundness or precision of a study
in terms of planning, data collection, analysis, and reporting. Accordingly, it testifies to the
methodological soundness or precision of a study (Gulati, 2007) in terms of planning, data
collection, analysis, and reporting. The authors further defined rigor as the strength of the
research design and the appropriateness of the method to answer the questions. It is expected
that Qualitative Studies be conducted with extreme rigor because of the potential of
subjectivity that is inherent in this type of research. Creativity is key in research and innovation
processes. Creativity is of paramount importance to the innovation process. Therefore the
findings of creativity research should be thoroughly considered in organizations where
innovation processes are required. Moreover, Flexibility is defined in this research as an
organization’s, group's, and individual's ability to be proactive, adaptable, and resilient.
Qualitative methods are typically more flexible. They allow greater spontaneity and adaptation
of the interaction between the researcher and the study participant. To provide a contextual
understanding of social behavior. Positionality determined by where one stands in relation to
the other. Using positionality as an integral element of the research process. Without
contextualising the researcher and research environment in qualitative studies, often the
meaning of any research output is lost. What follows is that positionality does not undermine
the truth of such research instead it defines the boundaries within which the research was
produced. The absence of positionality when considered alongside the notion of bias, may
challenge the quantitative idea of validity. On the other hand, Agency is defined as the capacity
of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. By contrast, Structure
are those factors of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs,
etc.) that determine or limit an agent and their decisions. It is important in doing a research
that we should always prioritize the decision of our respondents to make their own choices.

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