POLICY SCIENCE.

SANTOS, CARLOS MIGUEL.

CASAJE, MARICAR.
BUENAVENTURA, JAZZDARYLL.
OUTLINE.
I.Policy Science .

II.Sub-Fields of Policy Science

III.Distinct Characteristics of Policy Science

IV.Evolution of Policy Science .

V.Related Courses.

VI.Policy Science in the Philippines.

OBJECTIVES.

1.Explain the Different definitions of Policy Science.

2.The Sub-Fields of Policy Science.

3.Enumarate the Distinct Characteristics of Policy Science.

4.The Evolution of Policy Science.

5.Enumarate and Define the other related courses of Policy Science.

6.The Policy Science in the Philippines.

HAROLD D.
LASSWELL
 He was the Father of Policy Science.
 In 1951 happened the first
articulation to established a separate
field of public policy with the
publication of his academic paper
entitled “ The Policy Orientation ”
 Lasswell conceived of the social
sciences as methods of social
problem-solving and in the end
proposed that they be understood as
policy sciences.
WHAT IS POLICY SCIENCE ?
According to Dennis Palumbo, Policy science is any research
that relates to or promotes the public interest.

According to Yehezkel Dror, Policy science refers to the

application of knowledge and rationality to perceived social
problems.

According to Peter De Leon, Policy science is about identifying

the important societal problems that presumably require
government action in order to be effectively addressed,
formulating solutions to those problems, and assessing the
impact of those solutions on the target problem.
 WHAT IS POLICY SCIENCE ?
 According to Romeo Ocampo, Policy science refers to teaching research,
and related academic and professional activities at gaining and applying
knowledge for the improvement of government policies.

 According to Maria Fe Mendoza, Policy science is multi-disciplinary,

eclectic, problem solving activity intended to improve societal situations;
it is descriptive, evaluative, and prescriptive; it is both policy studies and
policy analyses; it is both, theoretical and practical, pure and applied;
and it is an applied social science, social engineering, design science,
and naturalistic inquiry.

 According to Carmelo Rico Bihasa, Policy science is a field of study which

treats of public policy as the calculated response of the government to a
perceived societal problem and as the product of carefully selected
processes in reaction to the demands
THE SUB-FIELDS OF POLICY SCIENCE.
 The first among the sub-fields of policy science that
were identified earlier is the "policy analysis" which is
considered as an "ex ante" policy process according to
Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009).

 The term ex-ante (sometimes written ex ante or

exante) is a phrase meaning "before the event".Ex-ante
or notional demand refers to the desire for goods and
services that is not backed by the ability to pay for
those goods and services. This is also termed as
'wants of people'.
THE SUB-FIELDS OF POLICY SCIENCE.
 The second sub-field of policy science is the "policy
evaluation" which is perceived by Kevin Smith and
Christopher Larimer (2009) as an "ex post" undertaking in
the field of public policy. The primary objective of the sub-
field is to assess the performance of a government policy as
to how far it has achieved its objectives.
 Ex-post is the opposite of ex-ante, which means "before the
event." Ex-post is a word for actual returns and translates
from Latin as "after the fact." Ex-post analysis looks at
financial results after they have occurred and utilizes them
to predict the likelihood of future returns.
THE SUB-FIELDS OF POLICY SCIENCE.
The third sub-field of policy science is
the "policy process" which focuses on
the different stages on how and why a
certain policy is formulated, adopted,
implemented, and evaluated according
to Kevin Smith and Christopher
Larimer (2009).
DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY SCIENCE
The vision of an impressive discipline of the policy
science started with the publication of Harold Lasswell's
seminal paper, "The Policy Orientation, in 1951. It was in
this foundational paper according to Kevin Smith and
Christopher Larimer (2009) where Lasswell proclaimed
his grand plan of developing a policy science which
centred primarily on the study of public policy and its
complementary processes. Since the beginning, Lasswell
was very clear with his concept of public policy which he
defined as "the most important choices made in
organized or in private life" (p. 15).
DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY SCIENCE

1.Policy Science is Problem Oriented.

2.Multi-disciplinary.
3.Methodologically Sophisticated.
4.Theorotically Sophisticated.
5.Value Oriented.
POLICY SCIENCE IS PROBLEM-ORIENTED

One of the unique characteristics of policy science is

that the discipline is problem-oriented according to
Kevin Smith and Christopher Larimer (2009)

Such orientation or inclination to societal problems is

expected as the discipline is designed to be a study
on the issues that complicate the lives of the general
public.
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY

Policy Science cuts across several disciplines

that provide the field with a range of models
and methodologies in attempting to provide
the right solutions to the problems of the
society.
METHODOLOGICALLY SOPHISTICATED

The discipline of policy science makes use of

sophisticated and practical methodologies in its analysis
of the problems of the society.

It employs some "out-of-the-box" but realistic techniques

on how to analyze the different policy process from policy
formulation and adoption to policy implementation and
evaluation
THEORETICALLY SOPHISTICATED
By Theoretically Sophisticated, this means that
the field of policy science is presumed to be
replete with several models and theories that
explain the cause and effect of policy issues and
problems in the real world.
VALUE ORIENTED

In the early days of his career, Harold Lasswell was particularly

threading the pragmatist approach of John Dewey and was of the
agreement that his project - the policy science plan - was devoted to
the cause of democracy.

This means that the discipline has a specific value orientation which
was identified by Lasswell himself as the "policy science of
democracy".

With this value orientation as backdrop, Lasswell popularly described

the role of the policy science through the following line, "the job of the
policy scientist was to diagnose the ills of the body politic,
understand the causes and implications of those ills, recommend
treatment, and evaluate the impact of the treatment."
EVOULUTION OF POLICY SCIENCE.
 Policy science emerged during the Second World War to
address societal problems caused by the US
government's response to the clamour of its people.
 Eventually, Lasswell came up with his proposal of the policy science
which was considered as the embodiment of knowledge acquired
through various methodologies and approaches of the fields of
political science, public administration, sociology, and economics.
in time, became so popular that several administrative agencies in
the federal government of the United States decided to adopt its
methodologies to guide them in making critical policy decisions.
 According to Peter De Leon and Danielle Vogenbeck
(2007), the evolution of the policy science was
significantly marked by its exceptional characteristics that
allowed the discipline to establish its separate identity
from the traditional fields of political science, public
administration, and sociology. In their seminal paper,
"The Policy Sciences at the Crossroads", De Leon and
Vogenbeck argued that the development of policy
science may be described in two perspectives, either as a
product of institutional or political growth
THE INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH.
 It centered on the application of the
discipline by different government agencies
of the United States of America and the
consequent employment of the same
knowledge by private corporation and civic
institutions.
THE POLITICAL GROWTH.
 It rested on a series of political events that
transpired in the American society starting
from the aftermath of the Second World
War. In these series of political events, the
knowledge of policy science was
extensively applied by the significantly
notable policymakers of the contemporary
times.
THE INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH PERSPECTIVE.
 Beryl Radin was espoused the development of
the field of policy science following the
tradition of the american public
administration. Radin also compared the
growth of the policy science with the
Progressive Movement that swept the
continental United States in early years of
20th century
THE INSTITUTIONAL GROWTH PERSPECTIVE.
 The societal problems were the economic,
political, and cultural questions that were the
results of the rapid changes brought about by
the Industrial Revolution from Europe.
"Fundamentally linear progression from a limited
analytic approach practiced by a relatively few
practitioners to a growing number of government
institutions, think tanks, and universities". (p.42)
THE POLITICAL GROWTH PERSPECTIVE.
 Peter De Leon suggests a more complex methodology
that explains how the field of policy science evolved in
the policy world. According to De Leon, policy science
emerged through a series of political events which
presented several analytic opportunities and
challenges to the federal government of the United
States.
THE EVENTS OR
ACTIVITIES.
THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
One of the political events that explain the
development of the field of policy science is the
distructive "Second World War". This political
event generated a number of policy concerns from
several governments in Europe which forced the
federal government of the United States to
perform problem-oriented analysis.
THE WAR ON POVERTY.
 Another political event which describes the development
of the discipline is the "War on Poverty" considered by
Walter Williams (as cited in De Leon and Vogenbeck,
2007) as the "glory days" of the policy science. This
political event was largely influenced by the emerging
demonstrations related to civil rights and the
prolefiration of the various non-profit organizations in
United States according to De Leon and Vogenbeck.
THE VIETNAM WAR.
 The "Vietnam War" is another political event that
accounted for the development of the policy
science in the policy world. This political events
brought policy science into action with war as the
subject of the various policy analyses of the
federal government of the United States.
THE WATERGATE SCANDAL.
 The "Watergate Scandal" is another major political
event that sent shockwaves to the American people
warranting the application of policy science to settle
some issues in the federal government. This political
event involved the members of the government of
President Richard Nixon who directed a number of
illegal activities including the wire-tapping of the
political opponents of his administration.
ENERGY CRISIS OF 1970s.
 Of equal importance among the political events
that played a pivotal role in the development of
policy science is the "Energy Crisis of the 1970s".
This political event supplied the federal
government of the United States with renewed
opportunities to employ policy analytic approach
in weighing the persistent problem of the energy
crisis.
POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS.
1.Political science
 Political science is one of the closely
related disciplines to the study of public
policy. It is a basic discipline in the social
sciences which maintains close
association with history, economics,
sociology, anthropology, geography, and
psychology.
POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS.
2.Public administration
 Public administration refers to the
management of men and materials in
the accomplishment of the purposes of
the state. It relates to the conduct of
thebusiness of government and the
affairs of any social organization.
POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS.
3.Economics
 Economics is the study of why
individuals make a particular choice
rather than another when buying
and selling, spending and saving.
Economics explains how businesses
are formed to satisfy various wants
and needs
POLICY SCIENCE AND OTHER FIELDS.

4.Sociology
 Sociology begins with the notion
that humans are to be understood
in thecontext of their social life, that
we are social animals influenced by
interaction, social patterns, and
socialization.
POLICY ANALYSIS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
 In 1978,According to Prof. Romeo Ocampo, the impetus for
developing a policy science was by and large influenced by the
expanding scope and authority of the government and growning
numbers of programs and project which it has pursued for years
to achieved national development, The government need to be
more precise and explicit on the objectives of their policiesost
unintended and unanticipated consequences the community.
 According to Prof.Maria Fe Mendoza, it is a field of study or
specialization. The study of public policy in the country is a sub-
field of public administration not political science. With the set of
scholars of Public Administration the problematic situation was
aborted.