When did clinical psychology exist?

Around the turn of the 20th century, but it didn't rise to

prominence for decades after that.

What was the view of the 1700's and 1800's of mentally ill people? They were understood to be
possessed by evil spirits. They were also seen as deserving their symptoms as a consequence of
some reprehensible action or characteristic. They were frequently shunned by society and were
"treated" in institutions that resembled prisons more than they did hospitals.

Who laid the groundwork for a more humane approach to the mentally ill, foretelling the
emergence of clinical psychology as a formal discipline? William Tuke (1732 - 1822) England
Phillippe Pinel (1745 - 1826) France
Eli Todd (1762 - 1832) Hartford, Connecticut USA
Dorothea Dix (1802 - 1887) Boston

What did William Tuke do? - Raised funds to open the York Retreat, a residential treatment
center where the mentally ill would always be cared for with kindness, dignity and decency.
- It became an example of humane treatment.
- His ancestors continued his work.

What did Philippe Pinel do? - Created institutions in which patients were treated with
compassion and hope.
- Created case history which included treatment plan with an illness clarification of some kind-
components
- Saw his patients as simply human

What did Eli Todd do? - Raised funds and opened The Retreat
- He and his staff emphasized patient's strengths rather than weaknesses, and they allowed
patients to have significant input in their own treatment decisions

What did Dorothea Dix do? - She devoted her life to improving the lives and treatment of the
mentally ill
Her efforts resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill
throughout the US (and even more in Europe and Asia), providing more decent, compassionate
treatment for the mentally ill than they might have otherwise received.

What did Lightner Witmer do? - He studied under Wilhelm Wundt and James McKeen
Cattell and got his doctorate in psychology in
- He founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania.
- It was the first time that the science of psychology was applied to people's problems.
-Fist worked with kids with behavioral problems but didn't feel like it had to be that level of
restricted.
- He founded the first scholarly journal in the filed (The Psychological Clinic) in 1907
- Uninfluenced by Freud.

When Lightner Witmer told his colleagues in 1897 to "throw light upon the problems that
confront humanity," he was encouraging them to Open and operate psychological clinics.
What were the labeling systems for mental illnesses in the 1800's in Europe? * neurosis -
suffer from psychiatric symptoms
* psychosis - have hallucinations, delusions or grossly disorganized thinking

Who was Emil Kraepielin? Father of descriptive psychiatry (1855 - 1926)

* exogenous disorders - caused by external factors (far more treatable)
* endogenous disorders - caused by internal factors
* dementia preacox - endogenous disorder which was a predecessor to schizophrenia
- He proposed terms such as paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, involutional melancholia,
cyclothymic personality and autistic personality.
- He set the precedent for DSM

What is the DSM? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

- It was published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952
- It was representing a more sophisticated attempt to define and organize mental diagnoses.

What is DSM-II? It was revised in 1968 but is not considered to be significantly different
from the original.

What is DSM-III? - It was published in 1980 in a completely new way of thinking about
mental disorders.
- It provided a specific diagnostic criteria; lists indicating exactly what symptoms constitute each
disorder.
- It introduced a multiaxial system; a way of cataloguing problems of different kinds on different
axes, which remained for multiple editions before being taken out of the most recent.

What were other DSM revisions? DSM-III-R (1987)

DSM-IV (1994)
DSM-IV-TR (2000)
DSM-5 (2013)

What are some overall changes in the DSM? - Between the DSM and DSM-IV the number of
disorders increased by more than 300% to a total of 368 distinct diagnoses
- The first two editions of the DSM were brief, spiral bound books
- The current DSM is 947 pages long

What are the two theories on why there more such increase in new disorders included in later
DMSs? 1. "Scientific discovery"
2. Making disorders out of some aspects of human experience that had previously been
considered normal = social invention

Persistent complex bereavement is When a person experiences the death of a loved one and
continues to feel intense sorrow for over 12 months.
What did Edward Lee Thorndike promote? Promoted the idea that each person possesses
separate, independent intelligences.

What did Charles Spearman promote? Led a group of theorists who argued for the
existence of "g", a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities

Who created an important development in the history of intelligence testing in the early 1900s?
Alfred Binet created 1905 the Binet-Simon scale
- He was recruited by the French government sought to help in determining which public school
students should qualify for special services.
- The test yielded a single overall score, endorsing the concept of "g."
- It was the first to incorporate the comparison of mental age to chronological age.
- It is a measure of intelligence in the form of IQ or intelligence quotient.
- It was revised by Terman in 1937, it was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (this is
how the test is currently known)
- It is a child-focused measure of IQ

Who created the fist test of intelligence specifically for adults? David Wechsler in 1939
created the Wechsler-Bellevue test.
- It has been revised and restandardized numerous times:
WAIS (1955)
WAIS-R (1981)
WAIS-III (1997)
WAIS-IV (2008)

When was the first tests of intelligence created for children with the inclusion of specific
subtests? David Wechsler released the WISC in 1949.
- It is different from Stanford-Binet because of the inclusion of specific subtests as well as verbal
and performance scales in addition to overall IQ.
It has been revised and restandardized several times:
WISC-R (1974)
WISC-III (1991)
WISC-IV (2003)

When was the first test of intelligence for very young children created? David Wechsler
published a new test designed for very young children called Wechsler Preschool and Primary
Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) in 1967.
- It has been revised:
WPPSI-R (1989)
WPPSI-III (2002)

Who was the first person to use the term mental test? James McKeen Cattell in 1890 in an
article called "Mental Tests and Measurements"

How can we assess personality? With projective or objective personality tests.

What were the first attempts to measure personality attributes empirically? Hermann Rorschach
in 1921 published the first projective personality test called Rorschach Inkblot Method.

What is is the Rorschach Inkblot Method based on? People will "project" their personality onto
ambiguous and vague stimuli; hence, the way individuals perceive and make sense of the blots
corresponds to the way they perceive and make sense of the world around them.

What were other tests that stemmed from the Rorschach? 1. Thematic Appreciation Test
(TAT) by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray in 1935.
- The TAT cards depicted people in scenes or situations that could be interpreted in a wide
variety of ways.
- Instead of identifying objects in the card, clients were asked to tell stories to go along with the
interpersonal situations.
- The responses were thought to reflect personality characteristics just as in the Rorschach test.
2. Draw a person test
3. Julian Rotter's Incomplete Sentence Blank test

What is objective personality test means? A method of assessing personality by a multiple

choice or true-false question test.

Who developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? - It was

written by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley in 1943.
- It consisted of 550 true-false statements.
- It had a built-in system to detect random responding or intentionally misleading responses.
By 1959 there were more than 200 separate scales consisting of combinations of MMPI items.
- Easy administration and scoring, demonstrable reliability and validity, and clinical utility.

How is the MMPI-2 different from the MMPI? - MMPI-2 was developed in 1989
- Added information from minorities and different regions in the sample
- It eliminated some of the outdated or confusing language from the original test

What the name of the adolescent version of MMPI test? Minnesota Mutiphasic Personality
Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) was published in 1992.

How is the NEO-PI different from the MMPI? - The NEO-PI is less geared towards
psychopathology.
- Rather than diagnostic categories, its scales are based on universal personality characteristics
coon to all individuals.
Other instruments have also refined their limit to one state of mind such as the Beck Depression
Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory

What are other personality tests measuring more specific states or states? - Beck Depression
Inventory
- Beck Anxiety Inventory

What are personality assessment tools used for outside of clinical practice?- Job screenings
- Forensic purposes (child custody evaluations)

What event pressured clinical psychologists to engage more in psychotherapy? The demand
created by psychological consequences of World War II on U.S. soldiers

List the influences of War on Clinical Psychology. - Robert Yerkes - Army Alpha and Beta
intelligence test during World War I.
- David Wechsler - Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test during World War I, and this lead later to
WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI tests.
- The aftermath of World War II "shell shock" later renamed as PTSD was the reason the U.S.
government (VA) requested the creation accreditation of clinical psychology doctoral training
programs and ultimately to the scientist-practitioner (i.e. Boulder) model of training.
- Because of Nazi presence in Eastern Europe in the 1930s, influential clinical psychologist
relocated to the U.S. which facilitated the spread of their theories.
- Recent U.S. military events (Iraq and Afghanistan) illustrated the crucial role that clinical
psychologists play for soldiers and veterans. VA is one of the country's largest providers of
mental health services.

Created during World War I, the Army Alpha and Beta tests are considered precursors to
Today's most widely used measures of intelligence.

Back in the middle of the 20th century, what was the most prominent approach?
Psychodynamic approach

What surfaced in response to the psychodynamic approach in 1950's and 1960's? Behaviorism
- The behavioral approach emphasizes the empirical method with problems and progress
measured in observable, quantifiable terms.
- This emphasis was was in part a reaction to the lack of empiricism evident in psychodyanimc
psychotherapy.

Which perspective did behaviorists and psychodynamic people accept? Humanistic

perspective, which arose in 1960's with Carl Rogers.

When did the family therapy revolution happen and how did it influence practice? 1950's and as
the 60's and 70's arrived, understanding mentally ill individuals as symptomatic of a flawed
system had become a legitimate- and by some clinicians, the preferred- therapeutic perspective.

What is the most popular type of therapy currently (excluding combination approaches)?
Cognitive therapy, which has an emphasis on logical thinking as the foundation of
psychological wellness.

What is also a big movement in psychology?Mixing psychological therapy styles such as eclectic
or integrative ways.

How did clinical psychology see itself as a profession in the beginning years? - 1917-
American Association of Clinical Psychologists
- 1919- Clinical Section of the APA
- 1921- Psychological Corporation was founded, foreshadowing the big business that was to
become of psychological tests and measures of intelligence and personality

What happened with clinical psychology in 1940's? - 1940's- education and training in clinical
psychology became more widespread and more standardized
- 1949- Boulder conference took place and was agreed that both practice and research were
essential facets of PhD clinical psychology training.

What happened with clinical psychology in 1950's? - In general, there was more evidence that
clinical psychology was a burgeoning profession
- 1953- APA develops a code of ethics

What happened with clinical psychology in the 1960's and 70's? - In general they continued to
diversify with more women and minorities in the field.
- The first PsyD programs appeared as well

What happened with clinical psychology in the 1980's? - Clinical psychologists got more
respect from the medical establishment as they gained hospital admitting privileges and
Medicare payment privileges.
- 50% of people who are APA members were clinicians
- Psychotherapy burgeoned mostly in private settings

What percent of people have had psychotherapy at some point in their lives 1950's versus today?
1950's- 14%
Today- 50%

What pages can I find all of the dates? p.43-45