1.

A person's pace factor is determined by pacing (walking) a measured distance, usually

300 to 500 ft, several times and determining the average length of pace (step). With
practice it is possible to pace a distance with an error of less than 2 ft per 100 ft. To
achieve that level of precision a person must learn to adopt a pacing step that is different
from their normal walking step because many factors can cause variations in the length
of a person's pace.
2. Error is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.
Errors result from instrument imperfections, personal limitations, and natural conditions
affecting the measurement. An error is either systematic or random. A mistake is not considered
an error, but is a blunder on the part of the observer such as the failure to record each 100 ft in
taping, misreading a tape, forgetting to level the instrument, etc. Not correcting for these
effects gives rise to systematic errors, i.e. effects which act in a predictable manner and
therefore can be corrected by mathematical methods.
3. When measuring or laying out distances, the standard temperature of the tape and the
temperature of the tape at time of measurement are usually different. A difference in
temperature will cause the tape to lengthen or shorten, so the measurement taken will not be
exactly correct. A correction can be applied to the measured length to obtain the correct
length. Whatever material is used to make a tape, that material will expand and contract with
any change in temperature. Some materials are more affected than others, but every tape will
change length somewhat if warmed or cooled. If precise measurements are needed, an
adjustment needs to be made for the change in temperature between the current temperature
and the temperature at the time the tape was checked against a known distance. Changing the
temperature of an object will change its size. How much it changes depends on the temperature
differential and the material's thermal expansion coefficient. The latter defines size change as a
ratio per degree of temperature. Alloys can be blended to make some objects more dimensionally
stable. Because a tape has consistent uniform composition along its entire length, it expands or
contracts uniformly. That means for the same temperature increase, a 50 ft segment of a tape
expands half the amount as a 100 segment of the same tape.

4. Collecting data allows you to store and analyze important information about your
existing and potential customers. Collecting this information can also save your
company money by building a database of customers for future marketing and
retargeting efforts. You no longer need to cast a “wide net” to reach potential
consumers within your target audience. You can focus your marketing efforts and
dollars on those with the highest propensity to take action. As opposed to in-
person data collection, collecting data digitally allows for much larger sample
sizes and improves the reliability of the data. It costs less and is faster than in-
person data, and it removes any potential bias or human error from the data
collected.
5. It is important to know your pace factor, especially in the field of
engineering and architecture when it comes to surveying field because
you can use it if ever you don’t have an instrument that can be used in
 measuring a long distance of course or a line. An individual’s pace
factor is the best alternative way in measuring a long or a huge course.
6. LEVEL PARTY.- The smallest leveling party consists of two persons: an
instrumentman and a rodman. This type of organization requires the
instrumentman to act as note keeper. The party may need another recorder
and one or more extra rodmen to improve the efficiency of the different
leveling operations. The addition of the rodmen eliminates the waiting
periods while one person moves from point to point, and the addition of a
recorder allows the instrumentman to take readings as soon as the rodmen
are in position. When leveling operations are run along with other control
surveys, the leveling party may be organized as part of a combined party
with personnel assuming dual duties, as required by the work load and as
designated by the party chief.
TRANSIT PARTY.- A transit party consists of at least three people: an
instrumentman, a head chainman, and a party chief. The party chief is
usually the note keeper and may double as rear chainman, or there may be an
additional rear chainman. The instrumentman operates the transit; the head
chainman measures the hori-zontal distances; and the party chief directs the
survey and keeps the notes.
STADIA PARTY.- A stadia party should consist of three people: an
instrumentman, a note keeper, and a rodman. However, two rodmen should
be used if there are long distances between observed points so that one can
proceed to a new point, while the other is holding the rod on a point being
observed. The note keeper records the data called off by the instrumentman
and makes the sketches required.
PLANE TABLE PARTY.- The plane table party consists of three people: a
topographer or plane table operator, a rodman, and a computer. The
topographer is the chief of the party who sets up, levels, and orients the
plane table; makes the necessary readings for the determination of horizontal
distances and elevations; plots the details on the plane table sheet as the
work proceeds; and directs the other members of the party.
6.1 Combined Party. Leveling operations may be run along with a traverse or as part of a
taping survey. In these instances, the leveling party may be organized as part of
a combined party with personnel assuming duties as required by the workload and
as assigned by the party chief.

WALA PANG 11-12

 Military Survey is responsible for providng the forces with maps of border
areas. The author argues that not only is the agency not focussing on its
 primary task, but is also continuing to use outdated methods and
technology to prepare maps…Surveying, mapping, and drafting
technicians help determine, describe, and record geographic
areas or features. They conduct land surveys, take
measurements, make maps, and prepare detailed plans and
drawings for construction projects. They are also
sometimes called upon to provide maps and surveys that
locate military targets and help plot troop movements.
These technicians play key roles in the field of geospatial
information. All enlisted service members complete basic
military training, which includes time spent in a classroom
and in the field, and covers tactical and survival skills,
physical training, military life and customs, and weapons
training. Surveying, mapping, and drafting technicians in
the Military will gain skills through classroom study,
simulated combat conditions, and on-the-job experience.
 Construction surveying operations comprise approximately 60% of
all surveying work being performed and should be considered a
definite specialty of the modern surveyor. Three basic objectives of
construction surveying are (1) providing layout stakes, located both
horizontally and vertically, that construction personnel can utilize
in an accurate and efficient manner to position structures or
earthwork projects; (2) ongoing replacement of layout stakes as a
project progresses toward completion, along with periodic checking
of projects to ensure compliance with design dimensions; and (3)
providing a map at the completion of a project, showing the final
project location and configuration, incorporating any changes or
modifications in project design—an “as-built” map.
Surveying provides essential information for planning and design of
construction projects. Specifically, it provides information about markers and
reference points to guide the new construction (this can also include
restoration and renovation) of buildings.

Aside from serving as guides, those reference points and markers will also
determine the limit of the work area. This will properly determine the scope of
the project. In addition, these will aid in the compliance to council
requirements and regulations.

 Surveyors play an integral role in land development, from land subdivision

planning and design to the final road, utility and landscaping construction.
 Surveyors are the first people to calculate and chart the land on any construction
site. Surveyors play an integral role in land development, from the
planning and design of land subdivisions through to the final
construction of roads, utilities and landscaping. Surveyors are the
first people on any construction site, measuring and mapping the
land. These primary measurements are then used by architects to
understand and make the most of the unique landscape when
designing and engineers to plan structures accurately and safely,
ensuring buildings not only fit with the landscape but are able to be
constructed.

WALA PANG 16