Ch.

8 Kingdom Plantae
A. Quranic verses about plants

"And it is He who sends down rainwater from the sky, then We grow with it all kinds of plants, so
We bring out green plants from the plants. We take out of the green plants a lot of grain; and from
the palm tree lays down drooping stalks, and vineyards, and (We also bring forth) like and
dissimilar olives and pomegranates. Pay attention to the fruit at the time the tree bears fruit and (pay
attention to) ripeness. Indeed, in this there are signs (of God's power) for those who believe. "
(Surah Al An'am: 99)

B. Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

• The constituent cells of the body that contain chloroplasts.
• Eukaryotic cells and have cell walls that contain cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• Are autotrophic (can make their own food through photosynthesis).
• The structure of the plant body consists of roots, stems and leaves.
• Plants are stationary or can not move.

C. Classification of Kingdom Plantae

Biologists classify Plantae according to the following.
1. Differences in tissue structure that divide plants into non-vascular plants or atrakeophytes
(nonvascular plants) and tracheophytes (vascular plants).
2. Differences in reproductive organs that divide plants into open seed plants, closed seeds, and
spores.
3. Morphological differences (external appearance) that divide plants into moss, ferns, shrubs,
pines, trees, and herbs.
I. Vessel Plants
• Transport of water occurs only via between
cells imbibition.
• Are autotrophic.
• Moss takes turns heredity (metagenesis).
• The gametophyte phase is longer than sporophyte
phase.
• Lichens are grouped into three divisions,namely
leaf moss (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta),
and hornworts (Anthocerophyta).

a. Divisio Bryophyta (Moss)

• Has a structure such as leaves and roots (rhizoid).
• Rhizoids are multicellular and contain small amounts
of chlorophyll.
• Experiencing hereditary rotation. topperlearning.com
• The gametophyte phase is more dominant than the
sporophyte phase.
• Examples of leaf moss: Atrichum sp, Leucolepis acanthoneuron, Grimmia pulvinate,
Polytrichum sp.

b. Divisio Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

• The liverworts are shaped like a human heart.
• Has unicellular rhizoid.
• Sizes vary from small (0.5 mm in diameter) to more than 20 cm in diameter.
• The gametophyte phase of liverworts has two forms, namely the multi-leaf form and the talus
form.
• Examples of liverworts: Marchantia polymorpha, Calypogeia muelleriana, Ricciocarpus natans

c. Anthocerophyta Division (Hornworts)

• The structure of hornworts resembles liverworts.
• elongated sporophyte shape like horns.
• The shape of this moss gametophyte resembles a leaf that grows on the ground.
• An example is Anthoceros laevis

II. Vascular plants

• Has transport vessels, namely xylem and phloem.
• Xylem functions to transport water and nutrients
needed from the roots to the leaves.
• Phloem functions to transport photosynthesis
from the leaves to the rest of the plant body.

a. Seedless Plants (Cormophyta)

• You can distinguish the roots, stems and leaves.
• Covers all types of ferns.
• Has concentric type vessels.
• The roots of ferns are fiber roots.
• Based on the size of the leaves, ferns are divided into macrophils and microfiles.
• Has tropophil and sporophyte leaf shape.
• Experiencing hereditary rotation.
• The sporophyte phase is more dominant than the gametophyte phase.
 Metagenesis
at Fern

Classification of Nail Plants

1. Lycophyta Division
• The most dominant genera, namely Lycopodium (about 400 species) and Selaginella (about
700 species).
• Lycopodium (wire nails) is a homosporous fern plant.
• Selaginella (rane ferns) is a heterosporous fern.
• Mostly terrestrial plants, but there are some species that are epiphytic in trees.
2. Pteridophyta Division
1. Psilotopsida class is a primitive fern group because it does not have roots and leaves, has
rhizoid which functions to absorb water and minerals and leaves are in the form of scales. The
most dominant example of the genus is Psilotum nudum.
2. Equisetopsida class has rhizomes and stems that grow upright, have a strobilus where spores are
produced, Equisetum leaves are small and surround nodes, and this class has only one genus,
namely Equisetum.
3. Marattiopsida class is large, has rounded rhizomes, and pinnatus leaf shape. An example of the
most dominant genus is Marattia purpurascens.
4. Pteridopsida class leaf veins are clearly visible, already have roots, stems, and true leaves have
black dots on the underside of the leaves which are sorus (a collection of sporangium), rolling
young leaves called ental. For example Adiantum sp.

EVALUATION
1. Explain the three differences between nonvascular plants and Tracheophyte vascular plants!
2. Why is Pteridopsida called true ferns?
 BIOLOGY MODUL
FORM 4
JISc Upper Secondary